modul kelas x. paling baru

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Modul Kelas X

. Procedure

- Tujuan Komunikatif Teks

Memberi petunjuk cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian atau langkah

- Struktur Teks

Tujuan kegiatan atau judul

Bahan-bahan

Langkah-langkah

- Ciri Kebahasaan

Pola kalimat imperative, misalnya, cut, dont mix, dsb.

Action verbs, misalnya turn, put, dont, mix, dsb.

Connectives untuk mengurutkan kegiatan, misalnya then, while, dsb.

Adverbial untuk menyatakan rinc waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat,

misalnya for five minutes, 2 sentimetres from the top, dsb.

Making a Cheese Omelette

Ingredients :

1 egg, 50g cheese, 4

1

cup milk, cooking oil, salt and pepper

Utensils :

Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate

Method :

1. crack an egg into a bowl

2. whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth

3. add milk and whisk well

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4. grate the cheese into the bowl and stir

5. heat the oil in frying pan

6. pour the mixture into the frying pan

7. turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns

8. cook both sides

9. place on a plate ; season with salt and pepper

10. eat while warm

Note :

Understanding Procedures

a Procedure is a place of writing which gives instructions how to do

something

types of procedure text

- recipe

- instruction manuals

- experiment report

- spoken direction

Features of procedure text Examples from the model

text

- Aim

The opening phrase states the

purpose of the procedure. It

usually emphasizes how the How to make a cheese

procedure is to be followed for omelet

the goal to be achieved success-

fully

- Materials (ingredients and utensils)

This section list all the materials, 1 egg, 50g cheese . Frying

Including tools and other equipment, pan, fork

Needed fir the procedure to success-

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full or effective.

- Method

The method is presented in a series of 1. crack an egg

Steps. In this recipe, the steps are in 2. whisk the egg

Chronological order.

- Evaluation

Some procedures, such as experiment,

include comments that evaluate the

success of the procedures.

Exercise :

1. Where would you see instructions like these ?

2. How is this piece of writing set out differently from a story ?

3. a. What are the subheadings ?

b. Why are they useful ?

4. You use the imperative mood in recipe. Now write down all the verbs in this way

in the recipe above

5. What would happen if the verbs were written in the past tense ?

- Did you know ?

In writing a procedure or a set of instructions, you use the base from of verbs, e.g.

crack, whisk. This use of the verb is know as the imperative mood.

Often, the reader is referred to directly, e.g. eat while warm.

Exercise :

Imagine you have made a delicious or weird snack or drink, and a friend wants you to

write out the instructions, so he or she can make it too. Use the heading below to

make notes for your recipe.

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Title of recipe :

Ingredients :

Utensil :

Method :

Exercise :

Now write down the recipe in full. Give an interesting title to your recipe!

Checklist for your recipe

1. List all the ingredients and equipment

2. Use the imperative mood for the instruct-tions, e.g. crack an egg, add milk.

3. Use abbreviated sentences where possible,

without reducing the details needed. For

example, cook both sides rather than

cook the omelet on both sides.

4. Check the spelling and punctuation marks.

Used in the recipe.

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Simple Present

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

You speak English.

Do you speak English?

You do not speak English.

Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual.The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event orsomething that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets orusually does not do.

Examples:

I play tennis.

She does not play tennis.

Does he play tennis?

The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.

The train does not leave at 9 AM.

When does the train usually leave?

She always forgets her purse. He neverforgets his wallet.

Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.

Does the Sun circle the Earth?

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USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was truebefore, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speakeris correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people orthings.

Examples:

Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk.

Do pigs like milk?

California is in America.

California is not in the United Kingdom.

Windows are made of glass.

Windows are not made of wood.

New York is a small city. ITISNOTIMPORTANTTHATTHISFACTISUNTRUE.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in thenear future. This is most commonly done when talking about publictransportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.

The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.

When do we board the plane?

The party starts at 8 o'clock.

When does class begin tomorrow?

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USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action ishappening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-ContinuousVerbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

Examples:

I am here now.

She is not here now.

He needs help right now.

He does not need help now.

He has his passport in his hand.

Do you have your passport with you?

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You only speak English.

Do you only speak English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Once a week, Tom cleans the car.ACTIVE

Once a week, the caris cleaned by Tom. PASSIVE

Exercise

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) .her kids to football practice.

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2. Usually, I (work) as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)

French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)...

4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain)..

5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always)..

6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) ..so

loudly.

7. Justin (write, currently) ..a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he

can find a good publisher when he is finished.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?

Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) ..to a movie tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards (be, normally ) printed by a company in New

York. Their prices (be) .inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is

quite good.

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10. This delicious chocolate (be) ..made by a small chocolate in Zurich,

Switzerland.

1. Narrative :

- Tujuan Komunikatif Teks

Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman nyata atau hayal. Ciri

naratif adalah adanya unsur konflik (masalah) dan resolusi (penyelesaian

masalah). Jumlah masalah atau penyelesaiannya mungkin hanya satu, mungkin

juga lebih.

- Struktur Teks

Pengenalan latar : tokoh, waktu dan tempat ;

Pengembangan konflik ;

Penyelesaian konflik ;

Koda : Perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh atau pelajaran yang dapat

dipetik dari cerita.

- Ciri Kebahasaan

Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, dalam cerita. Misalnya :

Stepsisters, housework, dsb.

Adjective yang membentuk noun phrase. Misalnya : Long black two red

apples, dsb.

Time connective dan conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian.

Misalnya : Then, before that, dsb.

Adverbs dan adverbial phrase untuk menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau

peristiwa. Misalnya : here, in the mountain, happily, ever after, dsb.

Action verbs dalam past tense.Misalnya : stayed, dsb.

Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti told dan thinking verbs yang

menandai pikiran, perasaan tokoh. Misalnya : thought, felt, dsb.

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Teks Type Narrative

Tumble Wood

It was a cold winters night when I went to tumble wood. The full moon drifted in

and out of the clouds, casting silvery light on the branches. My heart pounded like

a drum and meekness shook like jelly, but I couldnt turn back. I had to find the

gold ring I lost in the picnic, the ring my grandma gave me before she died.

All round me the trees towered like giants. The branches waved in the wind like

bony fingers. Snapping branches sounded like a thousand gunshots.

I run as fast as a cheetah until I came to the clearing. I got down on my hands and

knees and began to search for the ring. Then the full moon disappeared behind the

trees. The night was dark, as dark as the deepest well. I dug deeper into the frosty

earth with my bare hands. Suddenly I felt something soft but cold. I shone my

torch at the muddy earth. Then I screamed and jumped up, my face as white as a

ghost. I looked down at the gruesome sight. It was a hand a human hand.

- Did You Know?

The writer of Tumble Wood creates an effect in the story by using adjectives

and similes.

And adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun, e.g. black jacket. A

simile compares one thing to another using like or as . as, e.g. he sings like a

bird; I ran as fast as a cheetah.

- Here are the notes the writer made before writing Tumble Wood. Study how the

writer uses adjectives and similes in the story.

Adjectives or similes

When ? Winters night cold

Who ? Me as fast as cheetah

Where ? Wood trees like giants

Branches like fingers

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What ? Looking for lost ring frostily, muddy

- A writer may use the first person to tell the story, as in the narrative Tumble

Wood. The purpose of narrative is to entertain the reader.

- Types of Narrative

Short story

Fables

Modern fantasy

Folk tales

Plays

Legends

Myths

Ballads

Features of Narrative

Examples from the model Text

Orientation

The opening of story sets the mood

by defining the setting, time, main It was a cold winters night .

character/s and other information to

give the reader

Sequence of Events

The main body of the story outlines

an events a sequence of events that

leads the character/s into a compli

cation where the normal events are

upset by some form of conflict. I had to find the gold ring .

More than one complication may be

created to frustrated the character/s in

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their attempts to achieve what they

wish, and to build tension and anti-

cipation in the reader.

Resolution

After the conflicts are resolved ,

everything ends up happily ever after

but not in all narratives. For example, It was . A human had!

in the scary story Tumble Wood the

resolution is left for the reader to decide.

Exercise One :

1. Write three adjectives that are used in the story in the first column. Then name

three things or people that you can use with these adjectives in the second column

2. Write five similes that are used in the story1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Note :

Checklist for your scary story

1. Define the setting, time, place and main

character/s clearly.

2. Write in the past tense

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3. Use descriptive language to draw a clear

picture in the readers mind. e.g. silvery

light, gruesome sight, on my hands and

knees.

4. Use similes to create effect e.g. like a

thousand gunshots, like bony fingers, as

a ghost.

5. Use action verbs and feeling verbs to pro-

vide suspense and emotion e.g. drifted in

and out, towered like giants, disappeared,

behind.

6. Check the spelling and punctuation marks

Used in your story.

Exercise Two :

Make some notes for a scary story. Use suitable adjectives and similes to create the

desire effect.

Orientation

Who :

What :

When :

Where :

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Sequence of events / complications Adjectives or similes

Event 1 :

Event 2 :

Resolution :

Exercise Tree :

Now write your own scary story. Remember to give your story a title.

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Simple PastFORM

[VERB+ed] orirregular verbs

Examples:

You called Debbie.

Did you call Debbie?

You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at aspecific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention thespecific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

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We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. Theseactions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and

met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pourin the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past.A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for twoyears, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

They did not stay at the party the entire time.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

A: How long did you wait for them?

B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past.It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talkingabout a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never,when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

I studied French when I was a child.

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He played the violin.

He didn't play the piano.

Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

She worked at the movie theater after school.

They neverwent to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations whichare no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similarto the expression "used to."

Examples:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not completesentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I droppedmy pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, andthey are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both

clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the samething: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is notimportant whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of thesentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has adifferent meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her onedollar.

Example:

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I paid her one dollarwhen she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,

only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

Youjust called Debbie.

Did youjust call Debbie?

Report

- Tujuan Komunikatif :

Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan

sistematis atau analisis yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala alam,

lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah

teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum misalnya tentag rumah sederhana

dengan mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri subjet tersebut sehingga layak dikategorikan

rumah sederhana, dsb.

- Struktur Teks :

Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subject laporan,

keterangan, dan klasifikasinya

Deskripsi

- Ciri Kebahasaan

General noun, seperti Reptiles in Comodo Island

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Relating verb untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya Reptiles are scaly

animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilian)

Action verbs dalam menjelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards

cannot fly

Present tense untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang umum, misalnya

komodo dragons weight more than 160 kg

Istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen

Paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah

informasi

Text type : Information Report

My Town

Sally decided to write a report on her hometown. She made these notes firs

Notes about my town

Name : Black sands

Where : River Black, highway, near harstone

Kind of town : Seaside

Amenities : Beaches, cinema, swimming pool, bowling alley, parks,

playgroup,

Fairground

Buildings : Hotel, shops, new housing estates

Then she wrote this report :

My Town

Black sands is a large seaside town. Half of the town lines to the north of the

River Black and the other half lies to the south it is only a few kilometers to the

nearest highway and just ten minutes drive from the city of Harstone.

Situated near the beach are lots of brightly painted hotel, some of them are very

old. Many big name department stores, as well as smaller shop that sell souvenirs

and gifts, are found on main street just outside the town centre. The heart of town

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is occupied by older houses and many historical buildings. In recent years, some

new housing estates have been developed to the south of the town.

There are lots of things to do at Black sands. There is a harbor with boats for

fishing and cruises. There are two beaches which are popular for various water

events and whole year round swimming. A cinema, a swimming pool, a bowling

alley as well as a fairground are located within the town. Two parks and several

playgrounds are also easily accessible from the town centre and outlying housing

estates.

- Understanding Information Reports

An information report is a text type which presents information about a person,

thing or place. In addition to written text, you may use tables, diagrams,

photograph or pictures to present the information. In this unit My Town is a

report on a place called Black sands.

Although newspaper or eyewitness reports are often identified as information

report, they are more accurately described as factual recounts as they describe

incidents that have happened.

- Type of Information Report

Reverence article

Textbooks

Lectures

Scientific articles

- Features of procedure text Examples from the

model text

Classification

This is the opening statement which Black sands is a large seaside

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Classifies the subject of the report town .

it can be a general reference to the

subject or a formal definition.

Description

This is the main body, describing the Half of the town lies north

of ..

Various aspect of the topic covered ..lots of brightly painted

hotels

In the report. The description is in

Varying levels of detail.

Conclusion

A concluding comment completed

the report, but this may not always

be the case.

Exercise :

1. Imagine that sally decides to add this information to her notes expand on the notes

and add one paragraph at the end of her report

Best time to visit June to August fish festival, sailing competition, waterskiing

2. Sallys report is not chronological. This means the information does not have to

be written in any order, with the exception of the first paragraph

a. Check whether this is true. Swap the second paragraph with the third

paragraph. Does it make any difference?

b. Why do you think the first paragraph cant be swapped with any other

paragraph?

Exercise

Make some notes for a report about place where you live. Use these suggested

heading to help you.

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Name :

Location :

Kind of town :

Buildings :

Amenities :

Concluding comment :

Checklist for your information report

1. Use a formal style of writing avoiding

Personal language

2. Choose vocabulary related to the topic

E.g. amenities, recreation, housing

estate

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3. Use factual language rather than imaginative,

e.g. Black sands is a large seaside town

rather than Black sands is a beautiful and

Peaceful seaside town

4. Use the present tense to state facts or things

That are always true, e.g. lies to the north,

Are very old.

5. Check the spelling and punctuation marks.

Used in your report.

Exercise :

Now write your report in full

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Passive Voice

Active / Passive Verb FormsSentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active

forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference tosuccessfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence andthe thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentenceand the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action ismore important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if

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you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who isdoing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doingaction]

Examples:

Active / Passive Overview

Active Passive

SimplePresent

Once a week, Tom cleansthe house.

Once a week, the house iscleaned by Tom.

PresentContinuous

Right now, Sarah is writingthe letter.

Right now, the letteris beingwritten by Sarah.

Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The carwas repaired by Sam.

PastContinuous

The salesman was helpingthe customer when the thiefcame into the store.

The customerwas beinghelped by the salesman whenthe thief came into the store.

PresentPerfect

Many tourists have visitedthat castle.

That castle has been visitedby many tourists.

PresentPerfectContinuous

Recently, John has beendoing the work.

Recently, the work has beenbeing done by John.

Past Perfect George had repaired manycars before he received hismechanic's license.

Many cars had been repairedby George before he receivedhis mechanic's license.

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Past PerfectContinuous

Chef Jones had beenpreparing the restaurant'sfantastic dinners for twoyears before he moved toParis.

The restaurant's fantasticdinners had been beingprepared by Chef Jones fortwo years before he moved toParis.

Simple FutureWILL

Someone will finish thework by 5:00 PM.

The work will be finished by5:00 PM.

Simple FutureBEGOINGTO

Sally is going to make abeautiful dinner tonight.

A beautiful dinneris going tobe made by Sally tonight.

FutureContinuousWILL

At 8:00 PM tonight, John willbe washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the disheswill be being washed byJohn.

FutureContinuousBEGOINGTO

At 8:00 PM tonight, John isgoing to be washing thedishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishesare going to be beingwashed by John.

Future PerfectWILL

They will have completedthe project before thedeadline.

The project will have beencompleted before thedeadline.

Future PerfectBEGOINGTO

They are going to have

completed the project beforethe deadline.

The project is going to have

been completed before thedeadline.

Future PerfectContinuousWILL

The famous artist will havebeen painting the mural forover six months by the time itis finished.

The mural will have beenbeing painted by the famousartist for over six months by thetime it is finished.

Future PerfectContinuousBEGOINGTO

The famous artist is going tohave been painting the

mural for over six months bythe time it is finished.

The mural is going to havebeen being painted by the

famous artist for over sixmonths by the time it isfinished.

Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid byJerry.

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Would Always My motherwould alwaysmake the pies.

The pies would always bemade by my mother.

Future in the

PastWOULD

I knew John would finish the

work by 5:00 PM.

I knew the work would be

finished by 5:00 PM.

Future in thePastWASGOINGTO

I thought Sally was going tomake a beautiful dinnertonight.

I thought a beautiful dinnerwas going to be made bySally tonight.

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. He opens the door. -

2. She sang a song.

3. You will not do it.

4. She is taking a picture of him

5. I was repairing their bikes

6. Farmer Joe is milking the cows.

7. The sheep ate a lot

8. They will show the new film

9. A thief stole my car

10. I draw a picture

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. John collects money. -

2. Anna opened the window. -

3. We have done our homework. -

4. I will ask a question. -

5. He cut out the picture. -

6. The sheep ate a lot. -7. We clean our rooms. -

8. William will repair the car. -

9. Our boss will sign the contract

10. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea

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Recount

Recounts tell the reader what happened. They retell a past event e g a visit to a farm.

Recounts begin by telling the reader who was involved, what happened, where this event

took place and when it happened. This is called the orientation.

The sequence of events is then described in some sort of order

eg time.

There may be a reorientation at the end which summaries the event.

Example of a recount: shows the structure and language features of a recount text.

Writingrecounts

When writing recounts you should:

Focus on individual people i.e. use the words, I or we

use words which indicate when (e g after lunch) and where the events took place

(e g in the shed)

Write in the past tense e.g. had, visited

Use action words e.g. helped, crutched.

Use the sample recount to answer these questions.

1 Write a phrase that indicates when an event took place.

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2 Write a phrase that indicates where the event took place.

3 List two words that are written in the past tense.

4 List two other action words from the text.

Check your answers

Practice by writing a recount of a visit to the show, a field day, a farm, the vet or a your

favorite place. Include people, time and the location.

Suggestedanswers

Recount

1 Phrases that indicate when an event took place include: last holidays; on the firstday; the end of the day; then; and the next day.

2 Phrases that indicate where an event took place include: a sheep property; in theshearing sheds; the yards; the paddocks.

3 Words that are written in the past tense include helped, picked and enjoyed.

4 Other action words include sweeping, picking and shearing.

Recount: example

This sample recount is labeled to show you the structure and language features of a

recount text.

titleA visit to a sheep property

orientationLast holidays I visited a sheep property. Ihelped in the shearing sheds and in theyards.

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http://www.lmpc.edu.au/resources/Science/research_projects/text_types/2_recount.html#answers%23answershttp://www.lmpc.edu.au/resources/Science/research_projects/text_types/2_recount.html#answers%23answers


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sequence of

events

On the first day the Merino wethers werecrutched. I helped by sweeping up after therouseabout picked up the wool pieces.Shearers start early (at 7.30 am).

After lunch, we started shearing the lambs.There were more than 400 so we didn'tfinish until the next day. Once again I wassweeping and picking up dags.

I was tired by the end of the day in the shedbut our work wasn't finished. We all had tohelp to get the wethers and lambs back intothe paddocks. As well, we had to get a mobof ewes and their lambs into the yards forshearing the next day. Then it was time for

tea (that's what my nanna calls dinner).

reorientation This was a very long day but I enjoyed it alot.

Key to languagefeatures:

past tense action terms

indicateswhen

indicates where

focuses on individuals

Its time for Recount Text!

Posted by: francisxavier, in Genre / Text type

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RECOUNT TEXT

GENERIC

STRUCTURE

Dear Grandma and Grandpa,

Yesterday at my school we had anInternational Day. We had performances,

food stalls, displays, raffle ticket draw, andsome of us were dressed in costumes.

ORIENTATION

We started our day with performances. Theperformance I was in was Ladamba.However, the one I liked best was the one

EVENT 1

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from the fourth grade.

Right after our performances we had our

lunch. There were food stalls. They camefrom Australia, Asia, Arab, and Greece.

EVENT 2

Everyone had a job. I did my job after I hadlunch. My job was to sell International Daybooks.

EVENT 3

We also had displays in the hall. Thesedisplays were good, but I didnt get to see

them. The displays came from a lot ofcountries.

EVENT 4

There was also a Trash and Treasure stallwhere they sold toys. The school got thesethings by asking the children to bring themin.

EVENT 5

Although I didnt win anything, International

Day was still fun. REORIENTATION

Nah, dari contoh diatas, kita tahu bahwa teks RECOUNT mempunyai GENERICSTRUCTURE sebagai berikut :

1. Orientation : Provides the setting and introduces the participants(memberikan informasi tentang apa, siapa, di mana dan kapan).

2. Events : Tell what happened in what sequence ( Laporan urutan kegiatan

yang biasanya disampaikan secara berurutan)

3. Reorientation : Optional closure of events. (biasanya berisi komentarpribadi / penilaian. Tidak selau ada dalam teks RECOUNT.

Ayo, berdasarkan contoh diatas ada yang bisa menyebutkan ciri ciri teksRECOUNT! Yap, betul, sebagian ciri ciri teks RECOUNT adalah sebagaiberikut :

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Use of past tense (Penggunaan waktu masa lampau) Focus on temporal sequence (Fokus pada urutan waktu dengan kata

kata penghubung yang menunjukkan waktu mis : when, after, then dsb) Noun and noun phrases (Penggunaan kata benda maupun phrasa kata

benda)

Focus on specific participant ( Fokus pada tokoh secara spesifik I, We, thefourth grade).

Tag Questions

You speak English, don't you?

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A tag question is a special constructionin English. It is a statement followed bya mini-question. The whole sentence is a

"tag question", and the mini-question atthe end is called a "question tag".

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They meansomething like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.

The basic structure is:

+

Positive statement,-

negative tag?

Snow is white, isn't it?

isn't it?+

positive tag?

You don't like me, do you?

Look at these examples with positive statements:

positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes:

subject auxiliarymainverb

auxiliary not

personalpronoun(same assubject)

You are coming, are n't you?

We have finished, have n't we?

You do like coffee, do n't you?

You like coffee, do n't you? You (do) like...

They will help, wo n't they? won't = will not

A "tag" is something small that we add tosomething larger. For example, the littlepiece of cloth added to a shirt showing size orwashing instructions is a tag.

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I can come, can 't I?

We must go, must n't we?

He should try harder, should n't he?

You are English, are n't you? no auxiliary formain verb bepresent & pastJohn was there, was n't he?

Look at these examples with negative statements:

negative statement [-] positive tag [+]

subject auxiliary main verb auxiliarypersonalpronoun(same as subject)

It is n't raining, is it?

We have never seen that, have we?

You do n't like coffee, do you?

They will not help, will they?

They wo n't report us, will they?

I can never do it right, can I?

We must n't tell her, must we?

He should n't drive so fast, should he?

You are n't English, are you?

John was not there, was he?

Some special cases:

I am right, aren't I? aren't I (notamn't I)

You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...

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I have been answering, haven'tI?

use first auxiliary

Nothing came in the post, did it?treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negativestatements

Let's go, shall we? let's = let us

He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)

Here are some mixed examples:

But you don't really love her, do you? This will work, won't it?

Well, I couldn't help it, could I?

But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you? We'd never have known, would we? The weather's bad, isn't it?

You won't be late, will you?

Nobody knows, do they?

Notice that we often use tag questions to ask for information or help, starting with anegative statement. This is quite a friendly/polite way of making a request. For example,instead of saying "Where is the police station?" (not very polite), or "Do you know wherethe police station is?" (slightly more polite), we could say: "You wouldn't know wherethe police station is, would you?" Here are some more examples:

You don't know of any good jobs, do you? You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?

You haven't got $10 to lend me, have you?

Intonation

We can change the meaning of a tag question with the musical pitch of our voice. Withrising intonation, it sounds like a real question. But if our intonation falls, it sounds morelike a statement that doesn't require a real answer:

intonation

You don't know where my wallet is, do you? / rising real question

It's a beautiful view, isn't it? \ falling not a real question

Answers to tag questions

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A question tag is the "mini-question" at theend. A tag question is the whole sentence.

How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No. Sometimes we may

repeat the tag and reverse it (..., do they? Yes, they do). Be very careful about answeringtag questions. In some languages, an opposite system of answering is used, and non-native English speakers sometimes answer in the wrong way. This can lead to a lot ofconfusion!

Answer a tag question according to the truthof the situation. Your answer reflects the realfacts, not (necessarily) the question.

For example, everyone knows that snow is white. Look at these questions, and the correct

answers:

tag questioncorrectanswer

Snow is white, isn't it? Yes (it is). the answer is the same inboth cases - because snowIS WHITE! but notice the change of stress

when the answerer does notagree with the questioner

Snow isn't white, is it? Yes it is!

Snow is black, isn't it? No it isn't! the answer is the same in

both cases - because snowIS NOT BLACK!Snow isn't black, is it? No (it isn't).

In some languages, people answer a question like "Snow isn't black, is it?" with "Yes"(meaning "Yes, I agree with you"). This is the wrong answer in English!

Here are some more examples, with correct answers:

The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.

The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.

The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!

Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do! Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!

Men don't have babies, do they? No. The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.

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Tag Questions Quiz

1 He's still sleeping, ..?

2 You go to school, ..?

3 You like to eat apple?

4 We won't be late, ?

5 She has a new house, ?

6 They will wash the car, ?

7 We didnt lock the doors, ..?

8 I'm correct, ?

9 So you bought a car, ..? Congratulations!

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You dont want to invite my Dad, ?

modul kelas x. paling baru

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