kepimpinan dalam islam minggu 1

8/11/2019 Kepimpinan Dalam Islam Minggu 1

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Kepimpinan Dalam Islam

2012

Kuliah 1


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Pengenalan Modul

Modul ini akan membincangkan:

i) Prinsip-prinsip kepimpinan Islam

ii) Bagaimana ia dapat digunapakai di dalam era

moden ini samada dalam keluarga atau organisasi.

iii) Peserta juga akan membuat perbandingan ringkas

mengenai teori-teori kepimpinan barat serta

tamadun-tamadun lain seperti, Cina, Jepun danIndia untuk melihatkan kelebihan prinsip

kepimpinan Islam.


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Hasil Pembelajaran

Di akhir modul pelajar dapat, inshaallah:

Mengenalpasti krisis kepimpinan dan jalan keluarkepada krisis tersebut berdasarkan teori

kepimpinan Islam Membezakan teori-teori kepimpinan selain Islam

dengan teori Islam serta membuat perbandingan.

Menghayati Islam serta dapat berfikir secararasional, kreatif, kritikal dan analatikalberpandukan Islam serta berpengaruh dalamkomunikasi.


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Cara Pembelajaran

Minggu Pertama

Pengenalan Konsep Kepimpanan Dalam Islam

serta Barat

Ciri Kepimpinan (Leadership)

Cara-cara memilih pemimpin


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Cara Pembelajaran

Minggu Kedua

Ciri-ciri Pemimpin (Leader)

Rasulullah sebagai contoh

Pandangan Orientalist mengenai kepimpanan

Rasulullah saw

Konsep Khalifah dalam al-Quran


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Cara Pembelajaran

Minggu Ketiga

Krisis kepimpinan

Modal pemerintahan Barat dan Dunia IslamSekarang

Sumber Perlembagaan


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Cara Pembelajaran

Minggu Keempat

Perbincangan kertas kerja Kepimpinan dalamIslam (Sesi 1) - Krisis Kepimpinan

Rumusan


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Cara Pembelajaran

Minggu Kelima

Perbincangan - Kepimpinan dalam Islam (Sesi2) Kegagalan Pemimpin: Apa jawapannya?

Rumusan


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GENERAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISLAM AND THE WEST

Never the twain shall meet is an interestingphrase to use describing the ever conflictingrelationship between the West (reads secular)

and Islam.

Samuel P Huntingtons The clash of

Civilization?has opened the Pandora box andcritically examined this bitter sweetrelationship.


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The West and Islam differ in practical every

aspect from its ideology, concept and

practices.

Religion to the West, plays second fiddle as

compared to sciences and this is not surprising

as the West had a bitter experience with it

(namely Christianity).


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When Constantine, the Roman Emperor, acceptedChristianity and made Christianity the State religion,which had all the necessary structures there were nosynthesis, no permeation of the state structure by

Christian values

In other words Christianity had no answer on how togovern a country. The two (the State and Christianity)

stood close but apart, no symbiotic relationship so saythe least. Thus they felt apart from each other.


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In contrast to Islam which not only provide the structure,but also the blueprint on how to run the State - as religionis the basic guiding foundation of running it, of whichDivine laws is the only and ultimate law that is recognized,others must abide under its framework

In Islam religion is the Deen, a way of life and not as seenby the West as religion per se. This is the Deen wherethemessage is from Allah, whose sole purpose of creating Manis to worship Him and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), the bestexample of Man is the messenger of this message.


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With the Quran and the Prophets Hadith as theguiding principles, Islam has the answer to all mattersand Muslims are ordained to refer to these in the dailydealings of their lives, so much so if conflict arises

Islam and the West, each on its own promotes adifferent ethics, values and principles. Notwithstandingthis, the quest for power is both pursued by the West

and Islam relentlessly. Power is the name of the gameand a leader is the main character behind this powerplay


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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP

In politics, there are various factors that shaped thestyle of government. This holds true not only in seculargovernment states but also in Islamic governmentstates

However, the main driving force behind thesegovernments is the leadership. It will make or break agovernment just like driving a car which looks simple

but bringing the car to the intended direction requirescertain skills and concentration.


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DEFINITION OF KEYWORDS

The word leader carries the meaning as a person who rules orguides or inspires others.

In politics the leader is represented by the estate known as theExecutive.

According to Abdul Rashid Moten, In every political system thehighest executive power remains in the hands of a single individualor small elite and he further reiterated In its narrow sense theexecutive means only the heads of government, the chief executive

head of a state, members of the cabinet or council ofministers

Abdul Rashid Moten and Syed Serajul Islam, 2006, p. 163


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LEADERSHIP BETWEEN THE WESTERN SECULAR STATE

AND AN ISLAMIC STATE

The differences and similarities of the concept and characteristics ofleadership in the Western Secular and Islamic States will bediscussed

Depending on the types of political system Presidential, Prime

Ministerial or Monarchy systems,

i) We will try to understand where power and authority resides,how the leaders are appointed the issue of legitimacy andmandate, and who make the laws.

ii) In the Islamic perspective, we will look at the concept of khalifahfil ardand the characteristics that come with it, like the roles of aleader, methods of selection, sovereignty, obedience to leadersand issue of gender.


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Concept and Characteristics of

Leadership in Western Secular State In the Western Secular State, there are a few models of

leadership depending on the types of political systemadopted by the State.

In a Democratic State, the Executives are in the centre ofthe power of the government with the President or PrimeMinister at the apex of the pyramid of the government.

Thus, power resides in the hands of a single person or a

group of elites. They are given the sovereign power andauthority by the constitution which allows them to makeor break laws they term fit directly or indirectly -according to the condition of the people and State.


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Leadership in Western Secular State In the Western democracy like the US, where the President

is not under any control of the Legislators the Congress -the President can veto a bill passed by the Legislators.

It is also with this sovereign power and authority thatpowerful leaders of the world not only change theirdomestic laws, but also laws concerning internationalaffairs.

They used their influence to push for international lawsthat will suit and benefit their own national interest.

Here within, lies the opportunity for the abuse of power.


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Leadership in Western Secular State

In a western functional democracy like the US,

having the Presidential system, the President is

elected by a direct popular election by the

people, but can only stay in office for a maximumperiod of eight years or two terms

Here, the people give mandate directly to thePresident. The President of the US is both the

Head of State as well as the Head of Government


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Leadership in Western Secular State For both types of system discussed above, legitimacy for the

leadership is obtained through the process of election.

In a country like Switzerland which adopts plural executive, theFederal Assembly selects a commission of seven persons to sit in

the Federal Council to act as the executive authority. Every memberof the commission has equal power.

Another atypical political system is the Monarchy, which is a one-person rule, appointment is normally through hereditary. In thepast, the Monarch held all the powers of the State as the ChiefExecutive, including legislation and judiciary.


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Leadership in an Islamic State

Like the Western democracy, Islam sees theimportance of leadership and the need for a leader.

As commanded by the Prophet (pbuh) in a Hadith,when three people go on a journey, they must selectone of them as the leader.

In a Quranic verse, Allah commanded that the leadermust be obeyed, O you who believe! Obey Allah andobey the Messenger (Muhammad) and those of you(Muslims) who are in authorityQuran,4:59


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Leadership in an Islamic State

In Islam, a leader is known as khalifah fil ard

(Allahsvicegerent on earth). In this aspect, we

are able to look at several key characteristics

of Islamic leadership:

a) Leaders as Gods Trustees

b) Leaders have no sovereign powers and do

not make laws

c) Conditional Obedience to Leaders


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Leaders as Gods Trustees

Leaders in Islam act as GodsTrustees. The role of a leader in Islamis one of an amanahnot a privilege that a person must fulfill.

The leader being the khalifah vicegerent must uphold Allahsdivine laws (Shariah) upon himself and upon his subjects and

citizens

It is thus a very heavy responsibility that one shall not demand orask for, nor it is a role that can be given to any individual.

It is a great trust to be undertaken not by any man but by Godabiding man


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Shahibuddin Lamin in his dissertation on the trust quoted theQuranic verse:

Lo!We offered the trust unto the heavens and the earth and themountains but they shrank from bearing it and were afraid of it.

Man alone undertook to bear it Al-Quran 33:72

And he further reiterated Trust, according to Ibn Abbas, impliesduties imposed upon man. The Giver of trust expects from thetrustee its proper use and not other wise. This implies that manshould discharge his duties in strict conformity with Divine Laws

Shahibuddin Laming,2002, p.189


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Thus the trust is taken not by any individualwithout prior evaluating his capabilities in Islamicperspective

And if he qualifies, a Muslim leader should bevery clear of his role and responsibility to thepeople he leads as well as his accountability toAllah.

In the Western democracy, the term amanah ortrust do exist but not to the same degree ofacceptance, measurement or extent as in Islam.


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Leaders have no sovereign powers

and do not make laws Sovereign powers solely belong to Allah and the leaders are but mere implementers of Allahs

shariahon the face of the earth.

Hence, upholding Allahsshariahis the prime responsibility of any Muslim leaders.

This differential in concept of leadership between Islam and the Western Secular State lies in theformer emphasis and indigenous attitude towards religion and the latter blatant indignant towards

the same.

In this aspect, we see the Western democracy different from Islam.

Unlike Islamic laws which are divine laws that believers cannot challenge and he must fully obeywith full obligation without fear and favour, and can only be changed and removed by Allah the AllMighty,

Where else Western laws are man-made which can be manipulated and broken when the leaderdeem fit to do so, even if it is with the intention to serve the interest of the political elites andruling party.


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Conditional Obedience to Leaders

Thus, in Islam there is check and balance between theleader and the citizens unlike the Western democracywhich do not allow such direct channel of communication,what more to reprimand or point out the wrong deed of aleader.

But this does not mean that the Western leader is abovethe law as any leader who breaks the law can beprosecuted by the Judiciary.

In this sense both Western and Islamic leaders are falliblejust like any human being and are not above the law.


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Conditional Obedience to Leaders

Citizens of an Islamic State can check on the leadersand correct them.

Hence, whether Muslims need to have an absoluteobedience to a leader is debatable as majority of

Muslim scholars deduced that obedience to a leadershall be conditional, subjected to the leader complyingwith Allahsdivine laws (shariah).

Muslims need not obey the leaders command if it isagainst the shariah.

In fact it is the duty of every Muslims to correct amungkarto the best of his ability, irrespective whetherthe mungkaris done by the leader or the commoner.


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Various methods of selection of

leaders The method of selecting leaders varies throughout the history of

the Islamic empire.

The Quran does not specifically mention how a leader shall beappointed.

As such even the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) did not appoint asuccessor prior to his death or leave any will.

Thus, when the shariahis silent on the appointment of the leader,

it was left to the Muslims to decide the most suitable candidate tobe the leader as the method of selection is immaterial compared tothe quality of the incumbent leader.


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All four khalifahwere appointed to the post in a different way. (See notes onselection of Caliphs)

The first Khalifah, Saidina Abu Bakar As Siddiq, was appointed after severalconsiderations by the Muslims.

The second Khalifah, Saidina Umar Al Khattab was directly nominated bySaidina Abu Bakar when he was about to die after a fortnight of high fever.

His nomination of Umar was agreed by all Muslims, who gave their baiahin Masjid Nabawi.

This direct nomination of a successor by the predecessor was the secondtype of election of a Khalifah.


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The third Khalifah, Saidina Uthman bin Affan

was appointed by a syura of six persons

appointed by Saidina Umar and among them

they would elect a successor.

This nomination was made after Saidina Umar

was struck by a poisonous dagger while he

was about to lead the Fajar prayer.


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The forth Khalifah, Saidina Ali was appointed after rebels martyred SaidinaUthman.

After Saidina Uthmansdeath, the rebels offered the Khilafah to severalprominent persons like Zubair, Saadand Ali but all rejected it.

Malik Ashtar the rebel, then forced Saidina Ali to accept the appointmentof Khalifahor be killed.

When Saidina Ali accepted, unlike the previous Khalifah, he did notreceive a full baiahfrom all Muslims.

Companions like Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Talhah, Aishah and Muawiyah,would not pledge the baiahunless Saidina Ali took revenge on the deathof Saidina Uthman.


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Issue of gender in Leadership

Last, on the issue of gender, there had never been a woman caliphor monarch in the history of the Islamic empire.

Of course we cannot deny historical fact that Saidatina Aisyah hadled an army in the Battle of Jamal, but never as a head of state.

Thus, the Western democracy is more acceptable to woman beingappointed as the head of state or government as can be seen inrecent times.

A point to note, the Quran does mention the only female leaderthat of Saba, however on further scrutiny the leadership of theQueen of Saba was invalidated and later came under the rule ofKing Solomon.


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Questions and Answer

Recap Recall..Revise.


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InsyaallahNext Session

Ciri-ciri Pemimpin (Leader)

Rasulullah sebagai contoh

Pandangan Orientalist mengenai kepimpananRasulullah saw

Konsep Khalifah dalam al-Quran

kepimpinan dalam islam minggu 1

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