kejahatan korporasi tinjauan perspektif restoratif
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KEJAHATAN KORPORASI MASA KINI DAN YANG AKAN DATANG: TINJAUAN
PERSPEKTIF RESTORATIF
Dedi Vitriyanto
Mahasiswa Pasca Sarjana Kajian Ilm K!"#lisian
Uni$!rsi%as Inn!sia' Ja(ar%a
Email : $i%ri)an%#&!&i*)ah##+c#m
Abstrak
Korporasi sebagai badan hukum sudah tentu memiliki identitas hukum tersendiri. Identitas hukum suatu korporasi atau
perusahaan terpisah dari identitas hukum para pemegang sahamnya, direksi, maupun organ-organ lainnya. Dalam kaidah
hukum perdata (civil law), jelas ditetapkan bahwa suatu korporasi atau badan hukum merukapan subjek hukum perdata dapat
melakukan aktivitas jual beli, dapat membuat perjanjian atau kontrak dengan pihak lain, serta dapat menuntut dan dituntut di
pengadilan dalam hubungan keperdataan. ara pemegang saham menikmati keuntungan yang diperoleh dari konsep tanggung
jawab terbatas, dan kegiatan korporasi berlangsung terus-menerus, dalam arti bahwa keberadaannya tidak akan berubah
meskipun ada penambahan anggota-anggota ,ar a%a ,!rh!n%in)a a%a m!nin--aln)a an--#%a.an--#%a )an- a&a+ Namn
sam"ai saa% ini' (#ns!"pertanggungjawaban pidana oleh korporasi sebagai pribadi (corporate criminal liability) merupakan hal
yang masih mengundang perdebatan. !anyak pihak yang tidak mendukung pandangan bahwa suatu korporsi yang wujudnya
semu dapat melakukan suatu tindak kejahatan serta memiliki criminal intent yang melahirkan pertanggungjawaban pidana.
Disamping itu, mustahil untuk dapat menghadirkan di korporasi dengan "isik yang sebenarnya dalam ruang pengadilan dan
duduk di kursi terdakwa guna menjalani proses peradilan. !aik dalam sistem hukum common law maupun civil law, sangat sulit
untuk dapat mengatribusikan suatu bentuk tindakan tertentu (actus reus atau guilty act)serta membuktikan unsur mens rea
(criminal intent atau guilty mind) dari suatu entitas abstrak seperti korporasi. Di Indonesia, meskipun undang-undang diatas
dapat dijadikan sebagai landasan hukum untuk membebankan criminal liability terhadap korporasi, namun engadilan idana
sampai saat ini terkesan enggan untuk mengakui dan mempergunakan peraturan-peraturan tersebut. #al ini dapat dilihat dari
sedikitnya kasus-kasus kejahatan korporasi di pengadilan dan tentu saja berdampak pada sangat sedikitnya keputusan
pengadilan berkaitan dengan kejahatan korporasi.$kibatnya, tidak ada acuan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai preseden bagi
lingkungan peradilan di Indonesia. Dua kasus yang muncul di peradilan sampai dengan saat ini hanya berkaitan dengan
pelanggaran lingkungan hidup.endekatan restorati" dipandang sangat e"ekti" dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana korporasi
oleh karena konsep yang ditawarkan dalam pendekatan restorati" adalah di samping proses penyelesaiannya lebih cepat dan
sederhana, juga dapat meniadakan e"ek samping yang pada umumnya sering terjadi dalam implementasi pendekatan represi"
retributi". enerapan pendekatan restorati" sebagai suatu alternati" dalam menyelesaikan tindak pidana khususnya bagi tindak
pidana korporasi sebagai suatu kebijakan baru dalam sistem hukum pidana Indonesia dapat ber"ungsi melengkapi kebijakan
sistem peradilan pidana yang ada.
Kata kunci : korporasi, identitas hukum, c#r"#ra%! criminal lia,ili%), ac%s r!s a%a -il%) ac%' criminal
in%!n% a%a -il%) min&' !n%i%as a,s%ra(' r!"r!si/ r!%ri,%i/' "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/+
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I. PENDAHULUAN
K#r"#rasi m!r"a(an is%ilah )an- ,iasa &i-na(an #l!h "ara ahli h(m "i&ana &an
(rimin#l#-i n%( m!n)!,% a"a )an- &alam ,i&an- h(m lain' (hssn)a ,i&an- h(m
"!r&a%a s!,a-ai ,a&an h(m' a%a &alam ,ahasa ,!lan&a &is!,% r!ch%"!rs##n a%a &alam,ahasa In--ris &!n-an is%ilah l!-al "!rs#n a%a l!-al ,#&)+ P!n-!r%ian s,j!( h(m "a&a
"#(#(n)a a&alah mansia &an s!-ala s!sa% )an- ,!r&asar(an %n%%an (!,%han mas)ara(a%'
)an- #l!h h(m &ia(i s!,a-ai "!n&(n- ha( &an (!waji,an+ P!n-!r%ian )an- (!&a inilah
)an- &inama(an ,a&an h(m+0
K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi 1corporate crime2 m!r"a(an salah sa% wacana )an- %im,l
&!n-an s!ma(in majn)a (!-ia%an "!r!(!n#mian &an %!(n#l#-i+ %orporate crime ,(anlah
,aran- ,ar' m!lain(an ,aran- lama )an- s!nan%iasa ,!r-an%i (!masan+ Ti&a( a&a )an- &a"a%
m!n)an-(al ,ahwa "!r(!m,an-an 3aman s!r%a (!majan "!ra&a,an &an %!(n#l#-i %r% &is!r%ai
&!n-an "!r(!m,an-an %in&a( (!jaha%an ,!rs!r%a (#m"l!(si%asn)a+ Di sisi lain' (!%!n%an
H(m Pi&ana )an- ,!rla( &i Inn!sia ,!lm &a"a% m!njan-(an)a &an s!nan%iasa
(!%in--alan n%( m!rms(ann)a+ Salah sa% c#n%#hn)a a&alah Tin&a( Pi&ana P!nccian Uan-
1money laundering2 )an- ,ar &i(riminalisasi s!cara r!smi "a&a %ahn 4554+ 6#n%#h lain a&alah
(!jaha%an &nia ma)a a%a cyber crime )an- sam"ai &!n-an saa% ini "!n-a%rann)a masih
m!n-n&an- %an&a %an)a+ A(i,a%n)a' ,an)a( ,!rmnclan %in&a(an.%in&a(an a%a (ass.(assill!-al' namn %i&a( &a"a% &i(a%!-#ri(an s!,a-ai crime.
4
Tin&a( "i&ana 1crime2 &a"a% &ii&!n%i/i(asi &!n-an %im,ln)a (!r-ian 1harm2' )an-
(!m&ian m!n-a(i,a%(an lahirn)a "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana a%a criminal liability.7 Yan-
"a&a -ilirann)a m!n-n&an- "!r&!,a%an a&alah ,a-aimana "!r%an--n-jawa,an (#r"#rasi a%a
corporate liabilitym!n-in-a% ,ahwa &i &alam Ki%a, Un&an-.n&an- H(m Pi&ana 1KUHP2
Inn!sia )an- &ian--a" s!,a-ai s,)!( h(m "i&ana han)alah #ran- "!rs!#ran-an &alam
(#n#%asi ,i#l#-is )an- alami 1naturlijkee person2+
0 h%%":88r!"#si%#r)+s+ac+i&8,i%s%r!am80479;8700==8786ha"%!r?45II4 Sin--ih'Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' Psa% S%&i H(m @isnis Fa(l%as H(m Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455'
Hal+ >7
H)man Gr#ss' $ 'heory o" %riminal ustice' O/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0>' hal+009+
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Di sam"in- i%' KUHP j-a masih m!n-an% asas sociates delinuere non potest &imana
,a&an h(m a%a (#r"#rasi &ian--a" %i&a( &a"a% m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana+9
Ji(a s!an&ain)a
(!-ia%an a%a a(%i$i%as )an- &ila((an n%( &an a%as nama sa% (#r"#rasi %!r,(%i
m!n-a(i,a%(an (!r-ian &an hars &i,!ri(an san(si' sia"a )an- a(an ,!r%an--n-jawa, B
A"a(ah "ri,a&i (#r"#rasi i% s!n&iri a%a "ara "!n-rsn)a B A%as &asar "!mi(iran %!rs!,%'
"!nlis m!milih j&l ma(alah CKejahatan Korporasi masa kini dan yang akan datang:
Tinjauan Perspektif Restoratif &!n-an %jan n%( m!n&!%!(si sam"ai s!jah mana(ah
(!jaha%an (#r"#rasi %!rs!,% &a"a% &i%an-ani &!n-an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' )an- %in&a( "i&ana
%!rs!,% &ila((an #l!h &an #l!h "!-awai a%a (ar)awan' (ar!na i% &a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a sa%
(#r"#rasi (ar!na a(%i$i%as.a(%i$i%as "!-awai a%a (ar)awann)a' )an- s!rin- j-a &is!,% s!,a-ai
(!jaha%an (!rah "%ihC
1.1 Kejahatan Korporasi
@lac(s aw Dic%i#nar) m!n)!,%(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a%a corporate crime a&alah any
criminal o""ense committed by and hence chargeable to a corporation because o" activities o" its
o""icers or employees (e.g., price "i*ing, to*ic waste dumping), o"ten re"erred to as +white collar
crime. K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a&alah %in&a( "i&ana )an- &ila((an #l!h &an #l!h (ar!na i%
&a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a sa% (#r"#rasi (ar!na a(%i$i%as.a(%i$i%as "!-awai a%a (ar)awann)a
1s!"!r%i "!n!%a"an har-a' "!m,an-an lim,ah2' s!rin- j-a &is!,% s!,a-ai (!jaha%an (!rah
"%ihC+
Sall)+ A+ Sim"s#n )an- m!n-%i" "!n&a"a% J#hn @rai%hwai%! m!n)a%a(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi
a&alah conduct o" a corporation, or employees acting on behal" o" a corporation, which is
proscribed and punishable by law+C;
9Rsmana'SH'ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan' h%%":88www+s#lsih(m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9+"h"
H!nr) 6am",!ll @lac(' !lacks aw Dictionary, !s% P,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pal' Minn!ss#%a' 0>>5' hal+ 77>+
;Sall) S+ Sim"s#n' S%ra%!-)' S%rc%r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-ical Th!#r) 0>72+
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Sim"s#n m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa a&a %i-a i&! "#(#( &ari &!/inisi @rai%hwai%! m!n-!nai
(!jaha%an (#r"#rasi+ertama' %in&a(an il!-al &ari (#r"#rasi &an a-!n.a-!nn)a ,!r,!&a &!n-an
"!rila( (riminal (!las s#si#.!(#n#mi ,awah &alam hal "r#s!&r a&minis%rasi+ Kar!nan)a' )an-
&i-#l#n-(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi %i&a( han)a %in&a(an (!jaha%an a%as h(m "i&ana' %!%a"i j-a
"!lan--aran a%as h(m "!r&a%a &an a&minis%rasi+ Kedua' ,ai( (#r"#rasi 1s!,a-ai s,)!(
h(m "!r#ran-an legal persons2 &an "!rwa(ilann)a %!rmas( s!,a-ai "!la( (!jaha%an 1as
illegal actors2' &imana &alam "ra(%!( )&isialn)a' ,!r-an%n- "a&a an%ara lain (!jaha%an )an-
&ila((an' a%ran &an (ali%as "!m,(%ian &an "!nn%%an+ Ketiga' m#%i$asi (!jaha%an )an-
&ila((an (#r"#rasi ,(an ,!r%jan n%( (!n%n-an "ri,a&i' m!lain(an "a&a "!m!nhan
(!,%han &an "!nca"aian (!n%n-an #r-anisasi#nal+ Ti&a( m!n%" (!mn-(inan m#%i/
%!rs!,% &i%#"an- "la #l!h n#rma #"!rasi#nal 1in%!rnal2 &an s,.(l%r #r-anisasi#nal+
S!hin--a' ji(a KUHP
Inn!sia saa% ini %i&a( ,isa &ija&i(an s!,a-ai lan&asan n%( "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana #l!h
(#r"#rasi' namn han)a &imn-(in(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an #l!h "!n-rs (#r"#rasi+ Hal ini
,isa (i%a liha% &alam "asal 7>= KUHP )an- m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa ji(a s!#ran- "!n-rs a%a
(#misaris "!rs!r#an %!r,a%as' mas(a"ai an&il Inn!sia a%a "!r(m"lan (#r"#rasi )an-
&in)a%a(an &alam (!a&aan "aili% a%a )an- &i"!rin%ah(an "!n)!l!saian #l!h "!n-a&ilan' &iancam
&!n-an "i&ana "!njara "alin- lama sa% %ahn 9 ,lan: 0+ ji(a )an- ,!rsan-(%an %r% m!m,an%
a%a m!n-i3in(an n%( m!la((an "!r,a%an."!r,a%an )an- ,!r%!n%an-an &!n-an an--aran
&asar' s!hin--a #l!h (ar!na i% s!lrh a%a s!,a-ian ,!sar &ari (!r-ian &i&!ri%a #l!h "!rs!r#an'
mas(a"ai' a%a "!r(m"lan+ 1&an s!%!rsn)a2+
Di @!lan&a s!n&iri' s!,a-ai %!m"a% asal KUHP Inn!sia' "a&a %an--al 47 Jni 0>
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Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i @!lan&a s!,!lm "!r%an--n-.jawa,an
"i&ana (#r"#rasi &i%!%a"(an &alam KUHP @!lan&a' s!,a-aimana &is!,%(an #l!h R!mm!lin(
&alam ,(n)a #ukum idana 0 Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab ndang-
ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita ndang-ndang #ukum idana
Indonesia' &alam ,i&an- h(m "i&ana /is(al a%a !(#n#mi' &i%!m(an (!mn-(inan m!nn%%
"!r%an--njawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi+ Pan&an-an ini ,ah(an s&ah &i(!nal lama
s!,!lm KUHP @!lan&a &i,a%+ Hal ini &imn-(in(an &!n-an m!m"!r%im,an-(an (!"!n%in-an
"ra(%is+ Dari s&% "an&an- ini' h(m "i&ana &a"a% &!n-an m&ah m!la((an "!rj(an "a&a
(!waji,an )an- &i,!,an(an #l!h h(m /is(al "a&a "!mili(' "!n)!wa' a%a )an- m!n)!wa(an
&an lain.lain' )an- s!rin- (ali ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ Namn' %!rl!"as &ari i%' &alam
"!r(!m,an-an s!lanj%n)a h(m "i&ana mm j-a s!ma(in s!rin- &!n-an masalah %!rs!,%+
S!ma(in ,an)a( "!rn&an-.n&an-an &an "!ra%ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar )an- ,!rmnclan+
Dalam a%ran.a%ran %!rs!,%' "!m,a% n&an-.n&an- m!rj( "a&a "!n-!m,an ha(.ha(
war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana sa% (!waji,an %i&a( &i"!nhi' ma(a
,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an- a&a' (#r"#rasi j-a &imn-(in(an n%(
&i"an&an- s!,a-ai "!la(+ Di @!lan&a' (!mn-(inan ini s&ah lama &i(!nal &alam
waterschapsverordening1"!ra%ran- %!n%an- %a%a -na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2 )an- s!rin-
m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a salran air n%( m!m,!rsih(an
a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihan(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila &ilalai(an+
Dalam "ra(%!( common law' P!n-a&ilan In--ris "!r%ama (ali m!m,!rla((an
"!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ,a-i (ass.(ass "!lan--aran (!waji,an h(m
#l!h (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi uasi-public )an- han)a ,!rsi/a% "!lan--aran (!%!r%i,an mm 1public
nuisance2+ S!jalan &!n-an s!ma(in m!nin-(a%n)a jmlah &an "!ranan (#r"#rasi' "!n-a&ilan
m!m"!rlas "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi "a&a ,!n%(.,!n%( "!lan--aran a%a
(!jaha%an )an- %i&a( %!rlal s!ris )an- %i&a( m!m!rl(an "!m,(%ian mens reaa%a criminal
intent 1o""enses that did not reuire criminal intent2' )an- &i&asar(an "a&a (%rin vicarious
liability+ Hal ini &ii(%i #l!h "!n-a&ilan &i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- %r% m!m,!rla((an
(!%!%a"an )an- s!r"a+
P!m,!,anan "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an )an- m!m!rl(an
"!m,(%ian mens rea,ar &ila((an s!%!lah m!lali wa(% &an "!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di
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Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama (ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (ass
/ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. nited 4tates' &imana "!m!rin%ah
Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!rsahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah m!lan--ar5lkins $ctsection.
1.2. Impementasi Kebijakan.
Analisa s!cara /a(%#r !(s%!nal' sa% (#r"#rasi a&alah s!,ah a,s%ra(si &imana (!jaha%an
(##r"#rasi+ Ia %i&a( ,!r&iri &an %m,h )ai% (ar!na a&a (!h!n&a( )an- hars &icari a%a
&i%!m(an n%( %jan %!r%!n% )an- &a"a% &is!,% s!,a-ai a-!n8"!ran%ara' )an- ,!nar.,!nar
m!r"a(an #%a( &an (!h!n&a( n%( m!n-arah(an 1directing mind and will2' ma(a %in&a(ann)a
"as%i m!r"a(an %in&a(an &ari "!rsahaan i% s!n&iri+ D!n-an (a%a lain nsr mens rea &ari
"!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!r"!nhi &!n-an &i"!nhin)a nsr mens rea"!n-rs
(#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan %!rs!,%+ @!-i% "la &!n-an actus reus )an- &iwj&(an #l!h
"!n-rs (#r"#rasi )an- ,!rar%i m!r"a(an actus reus"!rsahaan+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% %!rha&a"
"!la( %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!r(#m"l#% a%a ,!r(#ns"irasi n%( m!n--!la"(an an- &an
m!m"!r#l!h an- &!n-an cara m!ni"+ Ji(a m!man- &!mi(ian s!harsn)a P!n-a&ilan
,!r"!n&a"a% ,ahwa %i&a( a&a alasan m!n-a"a sa% (#r"#rasi )an- &a"a% m!n-i(a%(an &irin)a
&alam sa% "!rjanjian &!n-an in&i$i& a%a (#r"#rasi lain %i&a( &a"a% m!m!nhi nsr mens
rea(!%i(a (#r"#rasi %!rs!,% m!li,a%(an &irin)a &alam "!rjanjian )an- m!nja&i &asar %ama
(#ns"irasi &an "!ni"an %!rs!,% &an s!cara mm %!rha&a" "!rsahaan )an- m!r"a(an
(!h!n&a( ,!r%in&a( &an m!n-arah(an 1acting and directing will2 &ari "!rsahaan+ Nia% n%(
m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana 1mens rea2 &an %in&a(an h(mn)a 1actus reus2 m!r"a(an nia% &an
%in&a(an &ari "!rsahaan &an ,ahwa (#ns"irasi n%( "!n--!la"an an- &an "!ni"an
m!r"a(an (!jaha%an )an- mam" &iwj&(an #l!h sa% "!rsahaan+
II+ PEM@AHASAN
4+0+ PE!"AN##UN#AN $A%A& PIDANA 'E&A#AI AKI&A" (ELA%AN HUKU(
KE$AHA"AN K)!P)!A'I
T!r&a"a%n)a ,!,!ra"a "rinsi" a%a (#ns!" )an- "!n%in-+ Pertama' directing mind &ari
sa% (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan %i&a( %!r,a%as han)a sa% in&i$i& saja+ S!jmlah "!ja,a%
(#r"#rasi a%a an--#%a &ir!(si ,isa m!m,!n%( directing mind. Ked*a' /a(%#r -!#-ra/is %i&a(
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,!r"!n-arh+ Fa(%a ,ahwa sa% (#r"#rasi m!mili(i ,an)a( #"!rasi a%a ca,an- &i &a!rah )an-
,!r,!&a.,!&a %i&a( a(an m!m"!n-arhi "!n!n%an in&i$i&.in&i$i& )an- mana )an- m!nja&i
directing minds (#r"#rasi+ D!n-an &!mi(ian' s!s!#ran- %i&a( &a"a% m!n-hin&ar &ari %an--n-
jawa, han)a (ar!na ia %i&a( &i%!m"a%(an a%a ,!r%-as &i &a!rah &imana "!r,a%an m!lawan
h(m &ila((an+ Keti+a' (#r"#rasi%i&a( ,isa lari &ari %an--n- jawa, &!n-an ,!r(ilah ,ahwa
in&i$i&.in&i$i& %!rs!,% m!la((an "!r,a%an m!lawan h(m m!s(i"n %!lah a&a ins%r(si
n%( m!la((an %in&a(an lain )an- sah 1%i&a( m!lawan h(m2+ An--#%a &ir!(si &an "!ja,a%
(#r"#rasi lainn)a m!mili(i (!waji,an n%( m!n-awasi %in&a( %an&( "ara "!-awai l!,ih &ari
s!(!&ar m!n!%a"(an "an&an mm )an- m!laran- %in&a(an ill!-al+Keempat' n%( &a"a%
&in)a%a(an ,!rsalah m!la((an "!r,a%an m!lawan h(m' in&i$i& ,!rsan-(%an hars
m!mili(i criminal intent a%a mens rea+ Directing mind &an mens rea a&a "a&a in&i$i& )an-
sama+ Namn &alam %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi' an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lain )an-
m!r"a(andirecting mind (#r"#rasi %i&a( ,isa &i(!na(an %an--n- jawa, a%as "!r,a%an
m!lawan h(m )an- &ila((an %an"a m!r!(a sa&ari+ Keima' n%( &a"a% m!n!ra"(an %!#ri
i&!n%i/i(asi hars &a"a% &i,(%i(an,ahwa %in&a(an s!#ran-directing mind a&alah : i2 ,!r&asar(an
%-as a%a ins%r(si )an- &i%-as(an "a&an)a' ii2 ,(an m!r"a(an "!ni"an 1"raud2 )an-
&ila((an %!rha&a" "!rsahaan' &an iii2 &ima(s&(an n%( &a"a% m!n&a%an-(an (!n%n-an
,a-i "!rsahaan+ Keenam' %an--n- jawa, (#r"#rasi m!m!rl(an analisa (#n%!(s%al+ D!n-an
(a%a lain' "!n!n%ann)a hars &ila((an ,!r&asar(ancase-to-case basis+ Ja,a%an s!s!#ran-
&alam "!rsahaan %i&a( s!cara #%#ma%is m!nja&i(ann)a ,!r%an--n-jawa,+ P!nilaian %!rha&a"
(!w!nan-an s!s!#ran- n%( m!n!%a"(an (!,ija(an (#r"#rasi a%a (!"%san (#r"#rasi )an-
"!n%in- hars &ila((an &alam (#n%!(s (!a&aan )an- %!r%!n% 1particular circumstances2+
Dalam hal P!r%an--n-an Jawa, Pi&ana s!,a-ai a(ai,a% P!r,a%an M!lawan H(m
K!jaha%an K#r"#rasi+ K#r"#rasi s!,a-ai ,a&an h(m s&ah %!n% m!mili(i i&!n%i%as h(m
%!rs!n&iri+ I&!n%i%as h(m sa% (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan %!r"isah &ari i&!n%i%as h(m "ara
"!m!-an- sahamn)a' &ir!(si' ma"n #r-an.#r-an lainn)a+ Dalam (ai&ah h(m "!r&a%a 1civil
law2' j!las &i%!%a"(an ,ahwa sa% (#r"#rasi a%a ,a&an h(m m!r(a"an s,j!( h(m
"!r&a%a &a"a% m!la((an a(%i$i%as jal ,!li' &a"a% m!m,a% "!rjanjian a%a (#n%ra( &!n-an
"iha( lain' s!r%a &a"a% m!nn%% &an &i%n%% &i "!n-a&ilan &alam h,n-an (!"!r&a%aan+ Para
"!m!-an- saham m!ni(ma%i (!n%n-an )an- &i"!r#l!h &ari (#ns!" %an--n- jawa, %!r,a%as'
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&an (!-ia%an (#r"#rasi ,!rlan-sn- %!rs.m!n!rs' &alam ar%i ,ahwa (!,!ra&aann)a %i&a( a(an
,!r,ah m!s(i"n a&a "!nam,ahan an--#%a.an--#%a ,ar a%a ,!rh!n%in)a a%a m!nin--aln)a
an--#%a.an--#%a )an- a&a+ Namn sam"ai saa% ini' (#ns!" "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana #l!h
(#r"#rasi s!,a-ai "ri,a&i 1corporate criminal liability2 m!r"a(an hal )an- masih m!n-n&an-
"!r&!,a%an+ @an)a( "iha( )an- %i&a( m!n&(n- "an&an-an ,ahwa sa% (#r"#rsi )an-
wj&n)a s!m &a"a% m!la((an sa% %in&a( (!jaha%an s!r%a m!mili(i criminal intent)an-
m!lahir(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana+ Disam"in- i%' ms%ahil n%( &a"a% m!n-ha&ir(an &i
(#r"#rasi &!n-an /isi( )an- s!,!narn)a &alam ran- "!n-a&ilan &an &&( &i (rsi %!r&a(wa
-na m!njalani "r#s!s "!ra&ilan+
@ai( &alam sis%!m h(m common law ma"n civil law' san-a% sli% n%( &a"a%
m!n-a%ri,si(an sa% ,!n%( %in&a(an %!r%!n% 1actus reus a%aguilty act2 s!r%a m!m,(%i(annsr mens rea 1criminal intent a%aguilty mind2 &ari sa% !n%i%as a,s%ra( s!"!r%i (#r"#rasi+ Di
Inn!sia' m!s(i"n n&an-.n&an- &ia%as &a"a% &ija&i(an s!,a-ai lan&asan h(m n%(
m!m,!,an(an criminal liability %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi' namn P!n-a&ilan Pi&ana sam"ai saa% ini
%!r(!san !n--an n%( m!n-a(i &an m!m"!r-na(an "!ra%ran."!ra%ran %!rs!,%+ Hal ini
&a"a% &iliha% &ari s!&i(i%n)a (ass.(ass (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi &i "!n-a&ilan &an %!n% saja
,!r&am"a( "a&a san-a% s!&i(i%n)a (!"%san "!n-a&ilan ,!r(ai%an &!n-an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi+
A(i,a%n)a' %i&a( a&a acan )an- &a"a% &ija&i(an s!,a-ai "r!s!&!n ,a-i lin-(n-an "!ra&ilan &i
Inn!sia+ Da (ass )an- mncl &i "!ra&ilan sam"ai &!n-an saa% ini han)a ,!r(ai%an &!n-an
"!lan--aran lin-(n-an hi&"+
Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i @!lan&a s!,!lm "!r%an--n-.jawa,an
"i&ana (#r"#rasi &i%!%a"(an &alam KUHP @!lan&a' s!,a-aimana &is!,%(an #l!h R!mm!lin(
&alam ,(n)a #ukum idana 0 Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab ndang-
ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita ndang-ndang #ukum idana
Indonesia' &alam ,i&an- h(m "i&ana /is(al a%a !(#n#mi' &i%!m(an (!mn-(inan m!nn%%
"!r%an--njawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi+ Pan&an-an ini ,ah(an s&ah &i(!nal lama
s!,!lm KUHP @!lan&a &i,a%+ Hal ini &imn-(in(an &!n-an m!m"!r%im,an-(an (!"!n%in-an
"ra(%is+ Dari s&% "an&an- ini' h(m "i&ana &a"a% &!n-an m&ah m!la((an "!rj(an "a&a
(!waji,an )an- &i,!,an(an #l!h h(m /is(al "a&a "!mili(' "!n)!wa' a%a )an- m!n)!wa(an
&an lain.lain' )an- s!rin- (ali ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ Namn' %!rl!"as &ari i%' &alam
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"!r(!m,an-an s!lanj%n)a h(m "i&ana mm j-a s!ma(in s!rin- &!n-an masalah %!rs!,%+
S!ma(in ,an)a( "!rn&an-.n&an-an &an "!ra%ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar )an-
,!rmnclan+ Dalam a%ran.a%ran %!rs!,%' "!m,a% n&an-.n&an- m!rj( "a&a"!n-!m,an ha(.ha( war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana sa% (!waji,an %i&a(
&i"!nhi' ma(a ,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an- a&a' (#r"#rasi j-a
&imn-(in(an n%( &i"an&an- s!,a-ai "!la(+ Di @!lan&a' (!mn-(inan ini s&ah lama
&i(!nal &alam waterschapsverordening1"!ra%ran- %!n%an- %a%a -na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2
)an- s!rin- m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a salran air n%(
m!m,!rsih(an a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihan.(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila
&ilalai(an+
Dalam "ra(%!( common law' P!n-a&ilan In--ris "!r%ama (ali m!m,!rla((an
"!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ,a-i (ass.(ass "!lan--aran (!waji,an h(m
#l!h (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi uasi-public )an- han)a ,!rsi/a% "!lan--aran (!%!r%i,an mm 1public
nuisance2+ S!jalan &!n-an s!ma(in m!nin-(a%n)a jmlah &an "!ranan (#r"#rasi' "!n-a&ilan
m!m"!rlas "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi "a&a ,!n%(.,!n%( "!lan--aran a%a
(!jaha%an )an- %i&a( %!rlal s!ris )an- %i&a( m!m!rl(an "!m,(%ian mens reaa%a criminal
intent 1o""enses that did not reuire criminal intent2' )an- &i&asar(an "a&a (%rin vicarious
liability+ Hal ini &ii(%i #l!h "!n-a&ilan &i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- %r% m!m,!rla((an
(!%!%a"an )an- s!r"a+ P!m,!,anan "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an
)an- m!m!rl(an "!m,(%ian mens rea ,ar &ila((an s!%!lah m!lali wa(% &an
"!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability"!r%ama
(ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (ass /ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. nited
4tates' &imana "!m!rin%ah Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!rsahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah
m!lan--ar5lkins $ctsection I+
Tin&a(an )an- &ila((an s!s!#ran- &i&-a m!la((an (!jaha%an &a"a% &iji ,!r&asar(an
(a!&ah h(m )an- &ilan--ar a"a(ah %in&a(an s!s!#ran- %!rs!,% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri %in&a(an
)an- m!r"a(an mala in se a%a "!r,a%an )an- m!r"a(an mala in prohibita+ Tin&a(an )an-
%!rmas( mala in se' a&alah "!r,a%an )an- m!lawan h(m' a&a a%a %i&a( a&a "!ra%ran )an-
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m!laran-n)a misaln)a m!ncri' m!ni"' m!m,nh' &an s!,a-ain)a+ S!&an-(an "!r,a%an )an-
m!r"a(an mala in prohibitaa&alah "!r,a%an )an- &in)a%a(an m!lan--ar h(m a"a,ila a&a
a%ran )an- m!laran-n)a misaln)a a%ran.a%ran lal lin%as &i jalan ra)a' a%ran.a%ran
a&minis%rasi in%!rnal sa% l!m,a-a+ A"a,ila %in&a(an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( "!r,a%an mala in
prohibita' a&a (!mn-(inan &ia han)a m!lan--ar a%ran a&minis%rasi &an %i&a( &a"a% &i(!na(an
h(man "i&ana m!lain(an han)a %in&a(an a&minis%ra%i/+ Namn' a"a,ila %in&a(an )an-
&ila((an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri mala in se' misaln)a' &alam (ass #,li-#r m!s(i"n
&ana %!rs!,% &i(!m,ali(an' nsr %in&a( "i&anan)a %i&a( hilan-' "!n-!m,alian %!rs!,% han)a
m!r"a(an nsr "!r%im,an-an n%( m!m,!ri (!rin-anan h(man+ Un%( i% "!rl &i%!lsri
(a!&ah h(m a"a )an- &ilan--ar B A"a(ah %in&a(an %!rs!,% %!rmas( m!lan--ar (a!&ah
h(m ,ahwa s!s!#ran- %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il ,aran- #ran- lain %an"a ha( s!"!r%i "a&a
"!ncrian' "!ni"an a%a "!ram"#(an ma(a s!lanj%n)a &i %!lsri "la nsr lainn)a s!"!r%i
a&an)a mens rea&an actus reus+
Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i @!lan&a s!,!lm "!r%an--n-.jawa,an
"i&ana (#r"#rasi &i%!%a"(an &alam KUHP @!lan&a' s!,a-aimana &is!,%(an #l!h R!mm!lin(
&alam ,(n)a #ukum idana 0 Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab ndang-
ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita ndang-ndang #ukum idana
Indonesia' &alam ,i&an- h(m "i&ana /is(al a%a !(#n#mi' &i%!m(an (!mn-(inan m!nn%%
"!r%an--njawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi+ Pan&an-an ini ,ah(an s&ah &i(!nal lama
s!,!lm KUHP @!lan&a &i,a%+ Hal ini &imn-(in(an &!n-an m!m"!r%im,an-(an (!"!n%in-an
"ra(%is+ Dari s&% "an&an- ini' h(m "i&ana &a"a% &!n-an m&ah m!la((an "!rj(an "a&a
(!waji,an )an- &i,!,an(an #l!h h(m /is(al "a&a "!mili(' "!n)!wa' a%a )an- m!n)!wa(an
&an lain.lain' )an- s!rin- (ali ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ Namn' %!rl!"as &ari i%' &alam
"!r(!m,an-an s!lanj%n)a h(m "i&ana mm j-a s!ma(in s!rin- &!n-an masalah %!rs!,%+
S!ma(in ,an)a( "!rn&an-.n&an-an &an "!ra%ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar )an- ,!rmnclan+
Dalam a%ran.a%ran %!rs!,%' "!m,a% n&an-.n&an- m!rj( "a&a "!n-!m,an ha(.ha(
war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana sa% (!waji,an %i&a( &i"!nhi' ma(a
,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an- a&a' (#r"#rasi j-a &imn-(in(an n%(
&i"an&an- s!,a-ai "!la(+ Di @!lan&a' (!mn-(inan ini s&ah lama &i(!nal &alam
waterschapsverordening 1"!ra%ran- %!n%an- %a%a -na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2 )an- s!rin-
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m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a salran air n%( m!m,!rsih(an
a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihan(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila &ilalai(an+ 05
Dalam "ra(%!( common law' P!n-a&ilan In--ris "!r%ama (ali m!m,!rla((an
"!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ,a-i (ass.(ass "!lan--aran (!waji,an h(m
#l!h (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi uasi-public )an- han)a ,!rsi/a% "!lan--aran (!%!r%i,an mm 1public
nuisance2+ S!jalan &!n-an s!ma(in m!nin-(a%n)a jmlah &an "!ranan (#r"#rasi' "!n-a&ilan
m!m"!rlas "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi "a&a ,!n%(.,!n%( "!lan--aran a%a
(!jaha%an )an- %i&a( %!rlal s!ris )an- %i&a( m!m!rl(an "!m,(%ian mens reaa%a criminal
intent 1o""enses that did not reuire criminal intent2' )an- &i&asar(an "a&a (%rin vicarious
liability+ Hal ini &ii(%i #l!h "!n-a&ilan &i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- %r% m!m,!rla((an
(!%!%a"an )an- s!r"a+
P!m,!,anan "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an )an- m!m!rl(an
"!m,(%ian mens rea,ar &ila((an s!%!lah m!lali wa(% &an "!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di
Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama (ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (ass
/ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. nited 4tates' &imana "!m!rin%ah
Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!rsahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah m!lan--ar5lkins $ctsection I+
2.2. (ALA IN 'E
Tin&a(an )an- &ila((an s!s!#ran- &i&-a m!la((an (!jaha%an &a"a% &iji ,!r&asar(an
(a!&ah h(m )an- &ilan--ar a"a(ah %in&a(an s!s!#ran- %!rs!,% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri %in&a(an
)an- m!r"a(an mala in se a%a "!r,a%an )an- m!r"a(an mala in prohibita+ Tin&a(an )an-
%!rmas( mala in se' a&alah "!r,a%an )an- m!lawan h(m' a&a a%a %i&a( a&a "!ra%ran )an-
m!laran-n)a misaln)a m!ncri' m!ni"' m!m,nh' &an s!,a-ain)a+ S!&an-(an "!r,a%an )an-
m!r"a(an mala in prohibitaa&alah "!r,a%an )an- &in)a%a(an m!lan--ar h(m a"a,ila a&a
a%ran )an- m!laran-n)a misaln)a a%ran.a%ran lal lin%as &i jalan ra)a' a%ran.a%ran
a&minis%rasi in%!rnal sa% l!m,a-a+ A"a,ila %in&a(an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( "!r,a%an mala in
prohibita' a&a (!mn-(inan &ia han)a m!lan--ar a%ran a&minis%rasi &an %i&a( &a"a% &i(!na(an
h(man "i&ana m!lain(an han)a %in&a(an a&minis%ra%i/+
05 Jan R!mm!lin('#K& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab ndang-ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan
adanannya dalam Kita ndang-ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia Ps%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557' Hal+ 055+
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Namn' a"a,ila %in&a(an )an- &ila((an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri mala in se'
misaln)a' &alam (ass #,li-#r m!s(i"n &ana %!rs!,% &i(!m,ali(an' nsr %in&a( "i&anan)a
%i&a( hilan-' "!n-!m,alian %!rs!,% han)a m!r"a(an nsr "!r%im,an-an n%( m!m,!ri
(!rin-anan h(man+ Un%( i% "!rl &i%!lsri (a!&ah h(m a"a )an- &ilan--arB A"a(ah
%in&a(an %!rs!,% %!rmas( m!lan--ar (a!&ah h(m ,ahwa s!s!#ran- %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il
,aran- #ran- lain %an"a ha( s!"!r%i "a&a "!ncrian' "!ni"an a%a "!ram"#(an ma(a s!lanj%n)a
&i %!lsri "la nsr lainn)a s!"!r%i a&an)a mens rea&an actus reus+
2.,. (EN' !EA DAN A-"U' !EU'
Dalam wacana common law' a&a ,!,!ra"a "!n&!(a%an )an- &a"a% &i-na(an n%(
m!n!n%(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi+
2.,.1.Identification Tests / Directing Mind Theory
@!r&asar(an %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi a%a directing minds theory' (!salahan &ari an--#%a &ir!(si
a%a #r-an "!rsahaan8(#r"#rasi )an- %i&a( m!n!rima "!rin%ah &ari %in-(a%an )an- l!,ih %in--i
&alam "!rsahaan' &a"a% &i,!,an(an (!"a&a "!rsahaan8 (#r"#rasi+ T!#ri ini &ia"si &i In--ris
s!ja( %ahn 0>0' )ai% m!lali (assennards %arrying %o. td v. $siatic etroleum %o +'
0>0L A+6+
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Dalam (ass lain &i In--ris' )ai% (ass 'esco 4upermarkets td v /attrass0>
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D!n-an (!salahan )an- &ila((an #l!h salah sa% in&i$i& %!rs!,%' (!salahan i% s!cara
#%#ma%is &ia%ri,si(an (!"a&a (#r"#rasi+ Dalam hal ini (#r"#rasi ,isa &i"!rsalah(an m!s(i"n
%in&a(an )an- &ila((an %!rs!,% %i&a( &isa&ari a%a %i&a( &a"a% &i(#n%r#l+ @!r&asar(an hal ini'
%!#ri ini &i(ri%i( (ar!na %i&a( m!m"!&li(an nsr mens rea 1guilty mind2 &ari m!r!(a )an-
&i,!,an(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an+ P!n-a&ilan &i In--ris &an Kana&a %!lah m!n#la( (%rin ini'
&an m!n-a"si %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi+ Namn' "!n&!(a%an (%rin ini masih &i-na(an &i
"!n-a&ilan /!&!ral Am!ri(a S!ri(a%+ 07
Di Inn!sia' (%rin ini &i%!ra"(an &alam Un&an-.n&an- N#+47 %ahn 0>>< %!n%an-
in-(n-an+
2.,.,. The #orporate #u"ture Mode"
P!n&!(a%an j!nis ini &i-na(an #l!h As%ralia+ Is%ilah corporate culture&a"a% (i%a liha%
&alam $ustralian %riminal %ode $ct 0>> 1Un&an-.n&an- Pi&ana As%ralia2 )an-
&i&!/inisi(an s!,a-ai ,!ri(% :
an attitude, policy, rule, course o" conduct or practice e*isting within the body corporate
generally or in the part o" the body corporate in which the relevant activities take place;.
Yai% sa% ,!n%( si(a"' (!,ija(an' a%ran' ran-(aian "!r,a%an a%a "ra(%!( )an- "a&a
mmn)a %!r&a"a% &alam %,h (#r"#rasi a%a &alam ,a-ian %,h (#r"#rasi &imana (!-ia%an.
(!-ia%an %!r(ai% ,!rlan-sn-+
M!nr% n&an-.n&an- ini' %an--n- jawa, "i&ana ,isa &ija%h(an a"a,ila %!r,(%i
,ahwa : Pertama' &!wan &ir!(si (#r"#rasi &!n-an s!n-aja a%a &!n-an %i&a( ha%i.ha%i 1c!r#,#h2
m!la((an %in&a(an.%in&a(an 1conduct2 )an- r!l!$an' a%a s!cara %!r,(a' s!cara &iam.&iam a%a
s!cara %i&a( lan-sn- m!n-!sah(an 1authori
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Ked*a' a-!n manaj!rial (#r"#rasi %in-(a% %in--i 1s!"!r%i &ir!(si' (#misaris' manaj!r2 s!cara
s!n-aja' m!n-!%ahi ,!nar a%a %i&a( ha%i.ha%i %!rli,a% &alam %in&a(an.%in&a(an )an- r!l!$an'
a%a s!cara %!r,(a' s!cara &iam.&iam a%a s!cara %i&a( lan-sn- m!n-!sah(an 1authori
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G#,!r% m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa ji(a sa% (#r"#rasi %i&a( m!la((an %in&a(an "!nc!-ahan
a%a m!la((an &! &ili-!nc! -na m!n-hin&ari m!la((an sa% %in&a( "i&ana' ma(a hal ini
a(an %am"a( &ari ,&a)a &an (!"!rca)aann)a )an- %!rc!rmin &ari s%r(%r' (!,ija(an' "ra(%!(
&an "r#s!&r )an- &i%!m"h #l!h (#r"#rasi %!rs!,%+
T!#ri ini m!n#la( "!mi(iran ,ahwa (#r"#rasi hars &i"!rla((an sama s!"!r%i haln)a
#ran- "!r#ran-an &an m!n&(n- ,ahwa hars a&a (#ns!" h(m lain n%( m!n)#(#n-
"!r%an--n-jawa,an s,)!(.s,)!( h(m"ictitious 1(#r"#rasi2+ Hal ini m!r!/l!(si(an s%r(%r
(#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi m#&!rn )an- mmn)a %!r&!s!n%ralisasi &an &imana (!jaha%an %i&a( %!rlal
&i(ai%(an &!n-an "!r,a%an jaha% a%a (!lalaian in&i$i&al' %!%a"i l!,ih (!"a&a sis%!m )an- -a-al
n%( m!n-a%asi "!rmasalahan "!n-awasan &an "!n-a%ran r!si(#+ 0;
4+9+ PENYEESAIAN KEJAHATAN KORPORASI MEAUI PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF
4+9+0+ K#ns!" P!n&!(a%an R!s%#ra%i/+
K#ns!" "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!r"a(an sa% "!r(!m,an-an &ari "!mi(iran mansia
)an- &i&asar(an "a&a %ra&isi.%ra&isi "!ra&ilan &ari "!ra&a,an ,an-sa.,an-sa ara, "r,a' ,an-sa
Ynani' &an ,an-sa R#mawi &alam m!n)!l!sai(an masalah %!rmas( m!n)!l!sai(an masalah
%in&a( "i&ana+ 0< Dalam"!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lali "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i$!' sa% (#n/li(
a%a (!rsa(an )an- %im,l a(i,a% %in&a( "i&ana a&alah &i"an&an- s!,a-ai sa% (#n/li( )an-
%!rja&i &alam h,n-an an%ara an--#%a mas)ara(a% )an- hars &is!l!sai(an &an &i"lih(an #l!h
s!lrh "iha( s!cara ,!rsama.sama+ in-(aran "!n)!l!saian ,!r"sa% (!"a&a (!s!im,an-an
m!lali "!m,!rian (!s!m"a%an %!rha&a" (#r,an n%( ,!r"!ran &alam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saian
%in&a( "i&ana+
0;I,i&+
0< R/ins H#%malana H%ar('enanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi melalui endekatan 3estorati"' Sinar Gra/i(a' Ja(ar%a 4507' hlm+ 057+
Um,r!i% m!nj!las(an ,ahwa:
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 17
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3estorative justice is a +victim-centered response to crime that allows the victim, the
e""ender, their "amilies, and representative o" the community toaddress the harm caused
by the crime;.
1 K!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/ a&alah s!,ah %an--a"an %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!r"sa%(an
"a&a (#r,an' "!la( %in&a( "i&ana' (!lar-a.(!lar-a m!r!(a' &an "ara "!rwa(ilan &ari
mas)ara(a% n%( m!nan-ani (!rsa(an &an (!r-ian )an- &ia(i,a%(an #l!h %in&a(
"i&anaC+2
M!nr% "!n&a"a% "!nlis' "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ s!sn--hn)a %!lah &i(!nal &an
&i"ra(%!((an &i Inn!sia &alam lin-(" h(m a&a%+ Ji(ala &alam sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana
,!r&asar(an h(m ,ara% s!%ia" %in&a( "i&ana a&alah "!lan--aran h(m %!rha&a" n!-ara ,(an
#ran-."!r#ran-an s!cara "ri,a&i' ma(a &alam h(m a&a% sa% %in&a( "i&ana &a"a% &i"an&an-
s!,a-ai sa% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" #ran-."!r#ran-an' sa% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" sa%
-#l#n-an (!lar-a a%a sa% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" sa% &!sa' s!hin--a m!r!(a masin-.masin-
,!rha( n%( m!n-rsn)a+
@!r(!naan &!n-an "ra(%i( "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i Inn!sia' @rai%hwair! m!n-a%a(an: 0=
+Indonesia is a nation with wonder"ul resources o" intracultural restorative justice.
'raditions o" musaywarah decision by "riendly cooperation and deliberation-traverse thearchipelago. $dat law at the sama time allows "or devercity to the point o" local criminal laws
being written to complement universal national laws.;
1 Inn!sia a&alah s!,ah ,an-sa &!n-an sm,!r &a)a )an- san-a% m!na(j,(an &ari
"!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ lin%as ,&a)a+ Tra&isi.%ra&isi ms)awarah "!n-am,ilan (!"%san m!lali
ramahn)a (!rja sama &an "!r%im,an-an )an- c!rma%%!rs!,ar &i (!"laan ini+ H(m a&a%
&!n-an (!an!(ara-amann)a "a&a saa% )an- ,!rsamaan &i"!r%im,an-(an &!n-an h(m "i&ana
l#(al )an- %!r%lis &!n-an %jan n%( m!l!n-(a"i h(m nasi#anal )an- ,!rsi/a% ni$!rsal2+
0=I,i&' hlm+ 05>+
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Marc Anc!l m!n-a%a(an ,ahwa %in&a( "i&ana a&alah m!r"a(an masalah (!mansiaan
&an masalah s#sial (a human and social problem2 )an- %i&a( &a"a% &is!l!sai(an s!cara
m!n)!lrh m!lali (#ns!"si (!a&ilan &is%ri,%i$! a,s%ra(' (!,ija(sanaan "i&ana )an- hars
&i"!r-na(an &alam "!r%an--n-jawa,ann)a hars ,!r%#la( "a&a (#ns!"si "!r%an--n-jawa,an
)an- ,!rsi/a% "ri,a&i (individual responsibility2+ K#ns!" in&i$i& a%a ,a-aimana"n j-a' %i&a(
&a"a% m!n-a,ai(an (!n)a%aan m!n-!nai "!rasaan in&i$i& &an mas)ara(a% %!n%an-
"!r%an--n-jawa,an )an- ,!rsi/a% "!r#ran-an+
M!nr% h!ma% "!nlis' &alam (!,ija(an h(m masa (ini' "!ma(naan %in&a( "i&ana
s!,a-aimana )an- &isam"ai(an #l!h Marc Anc!l ,(an han)a s!,a-ai "!n-!jawan%ahan a%as
"!n-a(an &an "!n-har-aan %!rha&a" ha(.ha( asasi mansia )an- s&ah m!nja&i "rinsi" "#(#(
&alam s!%ia" N!-ara h(m' %!%a"i j-a m!r"a(an "!m,!rian (!s!im,an-an %!rha&a" ha(.ha((#r,an )an- s!cara n#rma%i/ masih ,!lm &a"a% &i,!ri(an s!cara ma(simal #l!h sis%!m "!ra&ilan
"i&ana+ D!n-an a&an)a "an&an-an ,ahwa %in&a( "i&ana ,(an s!ma%a.ma%a s!,a-ai "!lan--aran
%!rha&a" h(m n!-ara %!%a"i j-a m!r"a(an "!r,a%an )an- m!nim,l(an (!r-ian ,a-i
mas)ara(a% (hssn)a (#r,an )an- lan-sn- m!rasa(ann)a' ma(a m&ah &i"ahami
"!r%an--n-jawa,ann)a ,(an &i%j(an (!"a&a n!-ara %!%a"i l!,ih &i"sa%(an (!"a&a (#r,an
s!,a-ai ,!n%( "!r%an--n-jawa,an )an- hars &i%!,s m!lali "!m,!rian -an%i r-i ,a-i si
(#r,an &an ,(an (!"a&a n!-ara+
M!nr% Mla&i' 0> hars &ia(i ,ahwa "!r(!m,an-an (#ns!" (!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/ %i&a(
%!rl!"as &ari "!r(!m,an-an ilm "!n-!%ahan %!n%an- (#r,an (!jaha%an 1victimology2' )an-
&i"!l#"#ri #l!h #n H!n%i-' s!#ran- ahli (rimin#l#-i "a&a %ahn 0>90 &an m!n&!ls#hn "a&a
%ahn 0>9interactionist victimology2 )an- m!l!(a% "a&a h(m
"i&ana &an (rimil#l#-i m!liha% (#r,an s!,a-ai "ar%isi"an &an "!n)!,a, %!rja&in)a sa%
(!jaha%an (ar!na (!salahann)a s!hin--a hal ini m!r"a(an sa% hal )an- hars
&i"!r%im,an-(an &alam "!mi&anaan "!la(+
0>Mla&i' KKR &an K!a&ilan R!s%#ra%i/' h%%":88www+(#m"as+c#m8(#m"as.c!%a(85598408#"ini80
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Taha" (!&a 1general victimology2 )an- ,!r(!m,an- s!%!lah "!ran- &nia II 10>;2'
m!r"a(an s%&i %!n%an- $ic%imi%as &alam ran-(a n%( m!nc!-ah %!rja&in)a (#r,an m!lali
%in&a(an "!nc!-ahan &an ,an%an "a&a (#r,an 1victim assistance2+
Taha" (!%i-a ,!r(!m,an- "a&a %ahn 0>
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4+ PRINSIP.PRINSIP PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF
@!,!ra"a "rinsi"."rinsi" )an- ,!rla( s!cara ni$!rsal )an- m!l!(a% &alam (#ns!"
"!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &alam "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana' an%ara lain s!,a-ai ,!ri(%:
a2 Prinsi" P!n)!l!saian )an- A&il 1Due rocess2
Dalam s!%ia" sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana &i s!lrh n!-ara' (!"a&a %!rsan-(a
s!lal &i,!ri(an ha( n%( m!n-!%ahi %!rl!,ih &ahl %!n%an- "r#c!&ral."r#s!&ral
"!rlin&n-an %!r%!n% (!%i(a &iha&a"(an "a&a "!nn%%an' a%a "!n-h(man+ Pr#s!s
"!ra&ilan 1&! "r#c!ss2 harslah &ian--a" s!,a-ai ,!n%( "!rlin&n-an n%(
m!m,!r (!s!im,an-an ,a-i (!(asaan n!-ara n%( m!nahan' m!mnn%%' &an
m!la(sana(an h(man &ari sa% "%san h(man+40
,2 P!rlin&n-an )an- s!%araDalam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lali "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/'
(!a&ilan hars %im,l &ari sa% "r#s!s salin- m!mahami a(an ma(na &an %jan
(!a&ilan i%' %an"a m!man&an- s(' j!nis (!lamin' a-ama' asal ,an-sa' &an
(!&&(an lainn)a+ T!r&a"a% (!ra-an %!n%an- (!mam"an sis%!m "!n&!(a%an
r!s%#ra%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an sa% masalah &an m!m,!ri(an rasa (!a&ilanC
&ian%ara "ara "ar%isi"an )an- ,!r,!&a.,!&a' (ar!ns &a"a% saja salah sa% "iha(
m!m"n)ai (!l!,ihan (!(a%an !(#n#mi' in%!l!(%al' "#li%i(' a%a ,ah(an /isi(' 44
s!hin--a a(an %!rja&i sa% (!%i&a(s!%araan &i an%ara "ara "iha( )an- ,!r"ar%isi"asi
&alam sa% "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/+
c2 Ha(.Ha( K#r,anDalam sa% "!n)!l!saian sa% masalah m!lali "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' ha(.
ha( (#r,an "!rl m!n&a"a% "!rha%ian' (ar!na (#r,an a&alah "iha( )an-
,!r(!"!n%in-an )an- s!harsn)a m!m"n)ai (!&&(an 1h(m2 &alam "r#s!s
"!n)!l!saiann)a+
40 an N!ss &an S%r#n-' 0>>>0' hlm+ ;=' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%!h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-'"a&a hari S!n!n %-l 7 mar!% 4509' jam 07+4 wi,+
R#wlan& ,!r"!n&a"a%' ,ahwa (!"!n%in-an.(!"!n%in-an (#r,an s!rin-
,!rsim"an-an &!n-an (!"!n%in-an.(!"!n%in-an n!-ara+ 47Para "!n&(n- %!rha&a"
(#ns!" "!rlin&n-an ,a-i ha(.ha( (#r,an j-a ,!r"an&an-an a&alah j!las %i&a( a&il
,a-i (#r,an ,ila n!-ara l!,ih m!n-in&ah(an (!,%han.(!,%han ma%!rial'
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 21
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"si(#l#-i' h(mm' ,a-i "!la( "!lan--ar' s!m!n%ara n!-araa %i&a( m!m,!ri(an
%an--n- jawa,n)a a%as (!hi&"an )an- la)a( ,a-i (#r,an+ 49&2 Pr#"#rsi#nali%as
Ga-asan "airness &i &alam sis%!m r!s%#ra%i/ &i&asar(an "a&a (#ns!nss
"!rs!%jan )an- m!m,!ri(an "ilihan al%!rna%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an masalahs!&an-(an "!n-!r%ian "r#"#rsi#nali%as a&alah ,!r(ai%an &!n-an lin-(" (!samaan
san(si.san(si "!n&!ri%aan )an- hars &i(!na(an "a&a "!lan--ar )an- m!la((an
"!lan--aran+ Pa&a "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a mmn)a' "r#"#rsi#nali%as &ian--a" %!lah
%!r"!nhi ,ila %!lah m!m!nhi sa% "!rasaan (!a&ilan r!%ri,%i/ 1(!s!im,an-an
%im,al! ,ali( an%arapunish&an reward2' s!&an-(an &alam "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &a"a%
m!m,!rla((an san(si.san(si )an- %i&a( s!,an&in- %!rha&a" "!lan--ar )an-
m!la((an "!lan--ran )an- sama+ 4@!,!ra"a (#r,an mn-(in han)a m!n-in-in(an
"!rmin%aan maa/ )an- ,!rsahaja' s!m!n%ara (#r,an.(#r,an lainn)a mn-(in
m!n-hara"(an r!s%#rasi "!nh &ari "!lan--ar+!2 Pra&-a Ta( @!rsalah
Dalam "!ra&ilan "a&a mmn)a' n!-araa m!mili(i ,!,an "!m,(%ian n%(
m!m,(%i(an (!salahan %!rsan-(a+ S!ja( &an sam"ai ,!,an "!m,(%ian i%
&ila((an' %!rsan-(a hars &ian--a" %i&a( ,!rsalah+ @!r,!&a haln)a &!n-an "r#s!s
r!s%#ra%i//' )an- m!ns)ara%(an sa% "!n-a(an ,!rsalah m!r"a(an s)ara% &a"a%
&ilanj%(ann)a lin-(aran "!n)!l!saian+ Dalam "r#s!s."r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/' ha(.ha(
%!rsan-(a m!n-!nai "ra&-a %a( ,!rsalah &a"a% &i(#m"r#mi(an &!n-an cara' )ai%
%!rsan-(a m!mili(i ha( n%( m!la((an %!rminasi "r#s!s r!s%#rasi &an m!n#la(
"r#s!s "!n-a(an ,ahwa ia ,!rsalah' &an s!lanj%n)a m!milih #"si "r#s!s /#rmal
&imana (!salahan hars &i,(%i(an+ 4;
47 R#wlan&' 0>>4' hlm+ 0=>' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!lasa %-l 9 Mar!% 4509' jam 04+7 wi,+49 Karm!n' 0>>5' hlm+ 700' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%!h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-'"a&a hari S!lasa %-l 9 Mar!% 4509' jam 07+45 wi,+4 arn!r' 0>>9' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%!h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-'"a&a hari Ra, %-l Mar!% 4509' jam 05+7 wi,+4; M##r!' 0>>7' hlm+ 0>' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%!h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-'"a&a hari Ra, %-l Mar!% 4509' jam 07+4 wi,+
/2 Ha( @an%an K#nsl%asi a%a P!nas!ha% H(m
Dalam "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/' a&$#(a% a%a "!nas!ha% h(m m!mili(i "!ran
)an- san-a% s%ra%!-is n%( m!m,an-n (!mam"an "!lan--ar &alam m!lin&n-i
ha(n)a vis a vis,an%an "!nas!ha% h(m+ Dalam s!ma %aha"an "r#s!s in/#rmal
)an- r!s%#ra%i/' %!rsan-(a &a"a% &i,!ri in/#rmasi m!lali ,an%an "!nas!ha%
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 22
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h(mm m!n-!nai ha( &an (!waji,ann)a )an- &a"a% &i"!r-na(an s!,a-ai
"!r%im,an-an &alam m!m,a% (!"%san+ 4>9' hlm+ ;>;' hlm+ 70' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%!h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-'"a&a hari Ra, %-l Mar!% 4509' jam 0
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4+;+9+ H),ri& S)s%!m
Dalam m#&!l ini' "r#s!s "!n!n%an a%a "!n!%a"an s!s!#ran- ,!rsalah &i"r#s!s &alam
sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a mmn)a &an (!m&ian &alam"r#s!s "!n!n%an san(si ma(a
(#ns!" "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &a"a% &i-na(an n%( m!n!n%(an j!nis san(sin)a+ Dalamsystemhybrid' ,ai( r!s"#n "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i// ma"n r!s"#n "!ra&ilan "i&ana (#n%!m"#r!r
&i"an&an- s!,a-ai ,a-ian.,a-ian n#rma%i/ &ari sis%!m "!ra&ilan+Mar%in ri-h% m!n-a%a(an' ,ahwa sis%!m "!n-a&ilan a(an han)a &i"!rl(an &alam
s!jmlah (ass.(ass %!r%!n% &i mana "!mlihan a%a r!"arasi s(ar!la %i&a(lah c("' s!"!r%i
"!lan--ar m!n#la( n%( m!la((an "!mlihan a%a r!"arasi s!cara s(ar!la (#r,an m!n!rima
"!mlihan a%a r!"arasi )an- %i&a( s!sai &!n-an m!m!nhi hara"an ",li( "!lan--ar m!n#la(
a%a %i&a( m!n-a(i %!lah m!la((an "!lan--aran "!m!njaraan a%a "!m,a%asan."!m,a%asan
(!,!,asan si "!lan--ar &i"!rl(an n%( m!lin&n-i ",li(+
III+ PENUTUPIII+0+ K!sim"lan
U"a)a "!n!-a(an h(m %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i Inn!sia &i mlai s!ja(
%ahn 0>5.an )an- (!m&ian &ii(%i &!n-an ,!,!ra"a (!%!n%an "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an-
,ar )an- m!n-a%r %!n%an- "!n!-a(an h(mm a%a "!mi&anaan %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana
(#r"#rasi' namn "a)a %!rs!,% ,!lm &a"a% m!m,!r rasa (!a&ilan (!"a&a mas)ara(a%
(hssn)a %!rha&a" (#r,an+ K#n&isi %!rs!,% %i&a( %!rl!"as &ari (ran-n)a "!nilaian %!rha&a"
ha(.ha( (#r,an &alam "!rmsan (!,ija(an "i&ana &alam sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an-
m!n-a%r %!n%an- "!m,!ran%asan %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i Inn!sia+ U"a)a "!nan--lan-an
masih l!,ih m!n!(an(an "!n&!(a%an )an- ,!rsi/a% r!"r!si/ &an r!%ri,%i/ )an- c!n&!rn- l!,ih
m!n!(an(an as"!( "!m,alasan n%( m!m,!r !/!( j!ra (!"a&a "!la( m!n-a(i,a%(an
(!"!n%in-an si (#r,an (ran- %!rwa(ili &an s!rin- %!ra,ai(an+
P!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i"an&an- san-a% !/!(%i/ &alam m!nan--lan-i %in&a( "i&ana
(#r"#rasi #l!h (ar!na (#ns!" )an- &i%awar(an &alam "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ a&alah &i sam"in-
"r#s!s "!n)!l!saiann)a l!,ih c!"a% &an s!&!rhana' j-a &a"a% m!nia&a(an !/!( sam"in- )an-
"a&a mmn)a s!rin- %!rja&i &alam im"l!m!n%asi "!n&!(a%an r!"r!si/ r!%ri,%i/+
P!n!ra"an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ s!,a-ai sa% al%!rna%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a(
"i&ana (hssn)a ,a-i %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi s!,a-ai sa% (!,ija(an ,ar &alam s)s%!m
h(m "i&ana Inn!sia &a"a% ,!r/n-si m!l!n-(a"i (!,ija(an sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana )an-
a&a+
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III+4+ Saran.Saran
an-(ah.lan-(ah &alam m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi' &a"a% &ila((an s!,a-ai
,!ri(%:
02 P!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &a"a% &is!l!sai(an %!rl!,ih &ahl m!lali
"!n&!(a%an "!rsasi/ n%( m!n-hin&ari "!n-!laran ,ia)a &an (!r-ian )an- a(an
hilan- 1"#%!n%ial l#s%2+
42 P!rln)a &i,!n%( (!,ija(an l!-islasi )an- m!m,!ri(an &(n-an )ri&is a-ar:a2 s%r(%r (!l!m,a-aan "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!m"n)ai %!m"a% (!&&(an
&alam sis%!m h(m "i&ana &i Inn!sia
,2 %!r&a"a% lan&asan )an- "as%i s!,a-ai "!man ,a-i "ara a"ara% "!n!-a(
h(m a%a sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana &alam m!la(sana(an %-asn)a m!la((an
"!nan-anan &an "!m,!ran%asan %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi
c2 "r#s!s s#sialisasi %!rha&a" mas)ara(a% a-ar &a"a% m!n!rima (#ns!""!m,!rian san(si m!lali "!n--naan %!#ri responsive regulation+
((((((((((((((( !eri"a ka#i$% !eri"a Ka#i$% !eri"a
Ka#i$& ((((((((((((((((((
0= S"#m#' @a,.@a, %!n%an- H(m A&a%' P!n!r,i% Uni$!rsi%as' 0>;7' Hlm+ >;+
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 25
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0;I,i&+
Pertan++*n+ja0aban Pidana oeh Pen+*r*s Korporasi
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 26
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Dalam (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan' "ara an--#%a &ir!(si &an (#misaris s!,a-ai salah sa% #r-an
$i%al &alam ,a&an h(m %!rs!,% m!r"a(an "!m!-an- amanah 1"iduciary2 )an- hars
,!r"!rila( s!,a-aimana la)a(n)a "!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan+ Di sini (#misaris &an &ir!(%r
m!mili(i "#sisi "iducia &alam "!n-rsan "!rsahaan &an m!(anism! h,n-ann)a hars
s!cara "air. M!nr% "!n-alaman common law h,n-an i% &a"a% &i&asar(an "a&a %!#ri
"iduciary duty.74L H,n-an "iduciary duty %!rs!,% &i&asar(an a%as (!"!rca)aan &an
(!rahasiaan 1trust and con"idence2 )an- &alam "!ran ini m!li"%i' (!%!li%ian 1scrupulous2' i%i(a&
,ai( 1good "aith2' &an (!%!rs%!ran-an 1candor2+77L Dalam m!mahami h,n-an "!m!-an-
(!"!rca)aan 1"iduciary relationship2 %!rs!,%' common law m!n-a(i ,ahwa #ran- )an-
m!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan 1"iduciary2 s!cara na%ral m!mili(i "#%!nsi n%( m!n)alah-na(an
w!w!nan-n)a+ Ol!h s!,a, i% h,n-an "!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan %!rs!,% hars &i&asar(an
(!"a&a s%an&ar )an- %in--i+79L
N!-ara.n!-ara common laws!"!r%i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- %!lah m!m"n)ai s%an&ar )an- j!las
n%( m!n!n%(an a"a(ah s!#ran- &ir!(%r &a"a% &imin%ai "!r%an--n-jawa,ann)a &alam
%in&a(an )an- &iam,iln)a' )ai% &i&asar(an "a&a s%an&ar duty o" loyality &an duty o" care.
K!waji,an %ama &ari &ir!(%r a&alah (!"a&a "!rsahaan s!cara (!s!lrhan ,(an (!"a&a
"!m!-an- saham ,ai( s!cara in&i$i& ma"n (!l#m"#(+7L 's!sai &!n-an "#sisi s!#ran-
&ir!(%r s!,a-ai s!,ah trustee&alam "!rsahaan+ P#sisi ini m!n-hars(an s!#ran- &ir!(%r
n%( %i&a( ,!r%in&a( c!r#,#h &alam m!la((an %-asn)a 1duty o" care27;L+ S!lain i% &alam
m!la((an %-asn)a %!rs!,% s!#ran- &ir!(%r %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il (!n%n-an n%( &irin)a
s!n&iri a%as "!rsahaan 1duty o" loyality ).7
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%-as n%( (!"!n%in-an &an saha P!rs!r#an+ P!lan--aran %!rha&a" hal ini &a"a% m!n)!,a,(an
Dir!(si ,!r%an--n- jawa, "!nh s!cara "ri,a&i a"a,ila )an- ,!rsan-(%an ,!rsalah a%a lalai
m!njalan(an %-asn)a %!rs!,%+
Dalam (#n%!(s &ir!(%r' san-a% "!n%in- n%( m!n-#n%r#l "!rila( &ari "ara &ir!(%r )an-
m!m"n)ai "#sisi &an (!(asaan ,!sar &alam m!n-!l#la "!rsahaan' %!rmas( m!n!n%(an
s%an&ar "!rila( 1standart o" conduct2 n%( m!lin&n-i "iha(."iha( )an- a(an &ir-i(an
a"a,ila s!#ran- &ir!(%r ,!r"!rila( %i&a( s!sai &!n-an (!w!nan-ann)a a%a ,!r"!rila( %i&a(
jjr+7>L
Un%( m!m,!,an(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an %!rha&a" &ir!(%r a%a "!n-rs (#r"#rasi' ma(a
hars &i,(%i(an a&an)a "!lan--aran %!rha&a" (!(asaan (!waji,an (!w!nan-an )an-
&imili(in)a+ P!n-rs (#r"#rasi &alam hal ini hars &a"a% &i,(%i(an %!lah m!lan--ar good
"aith )an- &i"!rca)a(an "a&an)a &alam m!njalan (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan' s!,a-aimana &ia%r
&alam "rinsi""iduciary duty+
Ji(a (i%a m!n-h,n-(ann)a &!n-an identi"ication theory &alam wacana common law
s!,a-aimana %!lah &irai(an &ia%as' (!salahan )an- &ila((an #l!h an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a%
(#r"#rasi lainn)a han)a &a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a (#r"#rasi ji(a m!m!nhi s)ara%: i2 %in&a(an )an-
&ila((an #l!h m!r!(a ,!ra&a &alam ,a%as %-as a%a ins%r(si )an- &i,!ri(an "a&a m!r!(a' ii2,(an m!r"a(an "!ni"an )an- &ila((an %!rha&a" "!rsahaan' iii2 &ima(s&(an n%(
m!n-hasil(an a%a m!n&a%an-(an (!n%n-an ,a-i (#r"#rasi+ D!n-an (a%a lain' ji(a salah sa%
s)ara% ini %i&a( &i"!nhi' ma(a (!salahan %!rs!,% %i&a( &a"a% &i"i(l #l!h (#r"#rasi' namn
hars &i"i(l s!cara "ri,a&i #l!h #r-an (#r"#rasi )an- m!la((an %in&a(an %!rs!,%+
&*siness $*d+ment !*e
@!r(ai%an &!n-an %in&a(an an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi )an- m!n-am,il %in&a(an
n%( (!"!n%in-an &an (!n%n-an ,a-i (#r"#rasi' %!r&a"a% "la (%rin &alam h(m (#r"#rasi
)an- m!lin&n-i "ara &ir!(%r )an- ,!ri%i(a& ,ai( %!rs!,% s!,a-aimana %!r&a"a% &alam %!#ri
!usiness udgment 3ule)an- m!r"a(an salah sa% %!#ri )an- san-a% "#"lar n%( m!njamin
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 28
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(!a&ilan ,a-i "ara &ir!(%r )an- m!m"n)ai i%i(a& ,ai(+ P!n!ra"an %!#ri ini m!m"n)ai misi
%ama' )ai% n%( m!nca"ai (!a&ilan' (hssn)a ,a-i "ara &ir!(%r s!,ah "!rsahaan %!r,a%as
&alam m!la((an sa% (!"%san ,isnis+ 95L
Salah sa% %#la( (r n%( m!m%s(an a"a(ah sa% (!r-ian %i&a( &is!,a,(an #l!h (!"%san
,isnis 1business judgment2 )an- %i&a( %!"a% s!hin--a &a"a% m!n-hin&ar &ari "!lan--aran "rinsi"
duty o" care a&alah: pertama, m!mili(i in/#rmasi %!n%an- masalah )an- a(an &i"%s(an &an
"!rca)a ,ahwa in/#rmasi %!rs!,% ,!nar Kedua, %i&a( m!mili(i (!"!n%in-an &!n-an (!"%san
&an m!m%s(an &!n-an i%i(a& ,ai(+Ketiga, m!mili(i &asar rasi#nal n%( m!m"!rca)ai ,ahwa
(!"%san )an- &iam,il a&alah )an- %!r,ai( ,a-i "!rsahaan+90L S!hin--a' a"a,ila %!r,(%i
,ahwa %in&a(an a%a (!"%san )an- &iam,il #l!h &ir!(%r n%( m!m,!rla((an sa%
(!,ija(an (#r"#rasi )an- &i&asar(an a%as business judgment )an- %!"a% &alam ran-(a m!raih(!n%n-an s!,an)a(.,an)a(n)a ,a-i (#r"#rasi' ma(a a"a,ila %!rn)a%a %in&a(an )an- &iam,il
%!rs!,% m!nim,l(an (!r-ian )an- m!lahir(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana' %i&a( &a"a%
&i,!,an(an "a&a "ri,a&i "!n-rs 1&ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a2' %!%a"i &i,!,an(an
"a&a (#r"#rasi+ P!r%an--n-jawa,an #l!h "!n-rs han)a &imn-(in(an a"a,ila %!r,(%i
%!rja&i "!lan--aran duty o" care &an duty o" loyalty.
A"a,ila (i%a m!m,an&in-(an &!n-an "ra(%!( )an- &ila((an &i @!lan&a' (i%a &a"a% m!liha%
sa% beschikking %an--al 0> N#$!m,!r 0>=
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m!n&(n- &ila((ann)a %in&a(an %!rlaran- i%+ Dalam (ass )an- &i"!ri(sa' "!n!rimaan a%as
%in&a( "i&ana %!rs!,% &ian--a" %!rja&i ji(a )an- ,!rsan-(%an m!n-!%ahi ,ahwa &ila((ann)a
%in&a( "i&ana s!cara /a(%al #l!h (#r"#rasi 1sa% ,an(2 ,!r(ai%an lan-sn- &!n-an a"a )an-
&i&a(wa(an+ 97L
Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i Kana&a' ,!r&asar(an Un&an-.n&an- H(m
Pi&ana Kana&a' &ir!(si &an "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a &a"a% ,!r%an--n- jawa, s!cara "ri,a&i+
Al%!rna%i/ lain )an- &imn-(in(an a&alah m!r!(a j-a &a"a% &i%n%% s!,a-ai "iha( a%as
%in&a(an )an- &ila((an #l!h in&i$i& )an- lain+99L
Pri$a%! M!m,!rs @ill 6.4=9 9L %!lah m!n!%a"(an ,ahwa "!nja%han "!r%an--n-jawa,an
"i&ana %!rha&a" &ir!(si &an "!ja,a%."!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a &imana m!r!(a ,!r%in&a( s!n&iri.
s!n&iri a%a ,!rsama.sama &!n-an #ran- lain' &an m!nsah(an 1authori
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DA"A! PU'"AKA
@lac(' H!nr) 6am",!ll' !lacks aw Dictionary, !s% P,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pal' Minn!ss#%a'0>>5' !&+;' hal+ 77>+
Din!' Jan!%' %ompany aw' Macmillan Pr!ss %&+' 0>>=+
F!r-s#n' G!rr)' %orruption and %riminal iability' h%%":88www+icclr+law+,c+ca8 P,lica%i#ns8
R!"#r%s8 F!r-s#nG+PDF
Gr#ss' H)man' $ 'heory o" %riminal ustice' O/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0>'
hal+009+
K!!nan' D!nis J#s!"hin! @iscar!' 4mith 2 Keenans %ompany aw :or 4tudents' Financial
Tim!s' Pi%man P,lishin-' 0>>;+
Khanna' +S' %orporate %riminal iability0 @hat urpose Does It 4erveA' 05> Har$+ +R!$+
09;
i"%#n' Phili" &an A,raham H!r3,!r-' nderstanding %ompany aw, @ris,an!' Th! @##( aw
6#m"an) %&' 0>>4+
i%%l!' 6hris%#"h!r M+ Na%asha Sa$#lin!' %orporate %riminal iability in %anada0 'he
%riminali=>+
R!mm!lin(' Jan'#K& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab ndang-
ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita ndang-ndang #ukum idana
Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia Ps%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 31
http://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/http://www.filion.on.ca/pdf/CML%202003%20Paper.pdfhttp://www.filion.on.ca/pdf/CML%202003%20Paper.pdfhttp://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/http://www.filion.on.ca/pdf/CML%202003%20Paper.pdf -
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Rsmana'SH' ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan'
h%%":88www+s#lsih(m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9+"h"
Sc#%%' 6hari%)' %aveat ?endor0 !roker-Dealer iability nder the 4ecurities 5*change $ct'C
S!cri%i!s R!-la%i#n aw J#rnal' 1#l+ 072+
Sin--ih' Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' Psa% S%&i H(m @isnis Fa(l%as H(mUni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455+
S#!san%#' +6' Uni$!rsi%as Di"#n!-#r#' 'he 4pectrum o" %orporate %rime in Indonesia'
h%%":88www+aic+-#$+a8",lica%i#ns8"r#c!!&in-s8048s#!san%#+"&/
Ssan%#' I+ S' S%a%is%i( Kriminal s!,a-ai K#nsr(si S#sial' P!n)snan' P!n--naan &an
P!n)!,arann)a' sa% S%&i Krimin#l#-i' Dis!r%asi' S!maran-' 0>>5 1Ti&a( &i%!r,i%(an2+
a-%s' D!%l!$ F+, !asic %orporation aw &aterials-%ases 'e*t, 1N!w Y#r(: Th! F#n&a%i#n
Pr!ss Inc+ 0>=>2
h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i
0LSin--ih'Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' Psa% S%&i H(m @isnis Fa(l%as H(m
Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455' Hal+ >+
4LH)man Gr#ss' $ 'heory o" %riminal ustice' O/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0>'
hal+009+
7LRsmana'SH'ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan'
h%%":88www+s#lsih(m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9+"h"
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 32
http://www.solusihukum.com/artikel/artikel45.phphttp://www.aic.gov.au/publications/proceedings/12/soesanto.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wikihttp://bismar.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref3http://bismar.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref4http://bismar.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref5http://www.solusihukum.com/artikel/artikel45.phphttp://www.solusihukum.com/artikel/artikel45.phphttp://www.aic.gov.au/publications/proceedings/12/soesanto.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wikihttp://bismar.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref3http://bismar.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref4http://bismar.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref5http://www.solusihukum.com/artikel/artikel45.php -
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9LH!nr) 6am",!ll @lac(' !lacks aw Dictionary, !s% P,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pal' Minn!ss#%a'
0>>5' !&+;' hal+ 77>+
LSall) S+ Sim"s#n' S%ra%!-)' S%rc%r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-icalTh!#r) 0>72+
;LIbid.
=+
>LIbid. hal+054+
05Lirj#n# Pr#&j#&i(#r#'$sas-asas #ukum idana di Indonesia' E&+4' 6!%+;' @an&n- :Er!sc#' 0>=>' hal++
00LPasal 9; Un&an-.n&an- N#m#r 47 %ahn 0>>< %!n%an- in-(n-an Hi&" m!n)!,%(an :
A)a% 102: Ji(a %in&a( "i&ana s!,a-aimana &ima(s& &alam @a, ini &ila((an #l!h a%a a%as
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Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 35
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