[ieee 2013 ieee malaysia international conference on communications (micc) - kuala lumpur, malaysia...

Wireless Backhaul for Broadband Communication

Over Sea Khurram Shabih Zaidi

1, Varun Jeoti

2, Azlan Awang

3

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Tronoh, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia [email protected],

[email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract— A comprehensive survey of different possible

solutions to provide wireless backhaul PTP links for

broadband communication over Sea is presented. The main

purpose of wireless backhaul network is to provide Long-

Distance Point-To-Point (PTP) broadband communication.

Wireless Backhaul gives a low cost solution for access to

remote areas with difficult terrain to install any wired link.

Long-range backhaul network with high capacity and

reliability is limited to line-of-sight (LOS) distances requiring

high antenna towers for further increase in range. A mirror

image of WiMax-like system used on land can be envisaged

on Sea to provide similar services at even non line-of-sight

(NLOS) distances. Satellite communication can also provide

large distance coverage for communication over Sea.

Tropospheric propagation using evaporation ducts over Sea

is also explored for long-range wireless communication over

Sea to achieve Trans-horizon NLOS distances. Current work

and future challenges regarding backhaul broadband

communication over Sea with some proposed solutions are

discussed at the end.

Keywords – Wireless Communication, Maritime, Wireless

Backhaul, Broadband Access, Over Sea Communication,

Evaporation Duct, Trans-horizon Communication, LOS & NLOS

Wireless Communication, Mesh Network.

I. INTRODUCTION

An increasing demand of high-capacity wireless

communications has driven an outstanding development

and innovations in Telecommunication industry in the last

few years. Advanced wireless access technologies such as

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

(WiMax) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) have come up

as a promising alternative to provide high-capacity reliable

broadband communications. Demand for high-speed

internet connections anywhere, has become a necessity for

everyone. This increasing demand has led to new

innovations for a reliable, high-speed broadband

infrastructure not only on land but also over Sea, with

millions of people travelling all around the World in Ships

and Ferries.

The importance of wireless communication between

ships and shore cannot, and should not be undervalued as

80 percent of world trade is transported on Sea. Maritime

communication is becoming more important in both

commercial and research fields especially in countries

which have economic dependence on an ocean area.

Numerous activities in the Ocean including oil

exploitation, maritime transportation, fish farming and

other activities make the maritime communications very

important. Some applications are near the shore and some

are at longer distance off-shore. Most of these needs can

be fulfilled by utilizing a 10Mbps data rate communication

system [1].

Fig. 1 Backhaul Links for Broadband wireless access

Fig. 1. Backhaul Links for Broadband wireless access

An overview of different backhaul connectivity options

is shown in Figure 1. Currently, Copper, Fiber Optic,

Microwave PTP & Satellite are the most popular choices

for backhaul links not only on land but also on Sea. Fiber

has always been the preferred choice due to its high

capacity and reliability, but its cost grows with the

distance and implementation over harsh terrain or deep

Sea can impose further challenges. Same goes for the

copper wired backhaul links. Microwave PTP Line of

Sight (LOS) Backhaul links over Sea can also provide

communication services, although LOS communication is

limited to visual distance for applications within a short

distance of 10km – 15km. Networks with WiMax-like

structure on land are being deployed around Sea-port areas

with clear LOS ranges.

Satellite communication has a cost model that is

insensitive to distance or location, requiring only a clear

path between the compact antennas dish and satellite. It

can also cover large distances over Sea. However, its high

cost data rate, latency and jitter, along with high

maintenance and replacement cost is still a hurdle for low-

cost, real-time applications at Sea [2].

Due to the curvature of the Earth the NLOS PTP

communication beyond visual horizon can be a problem.

2013 IEEE 11th Malaysia International Conference on Communications

26th - 28th November 2013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Recent studies reveal that using evaporation duct; the

communication range can be increased to Trans-horizon

distances in one hop. The signal at certain frequency and

angle gets trapped in the evaporation duct just above the

sea and therefore travels further achieving NLOS distances

[3].

This paper initially gives an overview of the current

maritime wireless communication implementations for

broadband access near Sea-shore and port LOS

environment. LOS is further discussed for PTP backhaul

links over Sea. Then covering larger NLOS distances over

Sea Satellite communication and tropospheric propagation

using evaporation duct over Sea is discussed. At the end

mesh topology MIMO techniques are discussed for high-

capacity and reliable backhaul links over Sea.

II. MARITIME WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

A novel framework for the simulation of maritime

wireless communication was introduced [4]. A high-speed

maritime ship-to-ship/shore mesh network in a project

called TRITON (Tri-media Telemetric Oceanographic

Networks) is proposed. A series of studies that form a

systematic approach to studying and establishing the

feasibility of developing a multi-hop communication

system for ships based on LOS 802.16d mesh technology.

Each mesh node can route and relay traffic. Field

measurements have been carried out at 2.3GHz and

5.8GHz. Maritime wireless communication challenges

include sea surface movement, channel property and the

effect of first Fresnel zone. There is plenty of spectrum

White Space (WS) at sea so the authors propose to use the

cognitive radio technology which in effect will solve the

spectrum scarcity issue, offer large bandwidth for wireless

maritime communications and reduce the cost. The system

can be implemented considering three network scenarios,

first is the mesh/ad hoc network alongside the coastline,

second is the ad hoc network in deep sea and third is mesh

network formed by the maritime facilities like the oil/gas

platforms, sea farms or small islands in between [5].

Measurements were taken to see the effect of

evaporation duct, present over Sea, for wireless

propagation at 10.5GHz [6]. Along a 9.9km low-altitude

path on Sea near Netherlands within the horizon

measurements were taken and compared with the

propagation prediction model program RPE (Radiation

Parabolic Equation). Further measurements for

Tropospheric propagation over the Sea at 2GHz were

reported in the British Channel Islands. The power

received was compared with ITU-R predictions for three

paths at various antennas heights [7].

A feasibility report of high speed radio link with

suitable frequency and receiver antenna height has been

studied over sea off Malaysian shores resulting in solution

of using 10.5GHz with low antenna height for beyond-the-

horizon radio wave propagation using evaporation duct

[8]. A high-speed wireless link with long offshore range

requires a design with optimal frequency to achieve such

range in one hop. The other issues such as Earth’s Bulge,

Sea wave motion, multiple reflections and diversity were

not addressed.

The backhaul links with single-hop and long-range

provide wireless services at larger distance without delay.

A framework for a sea-based network simulation along

with a specific routing protocol for maritime

communication network has been proposed in [9]. The

continuous motion of the ship on the waves causes the

swaying motion which changes the orientation and the up

and down movement of the ship alters the altitude and thus

varies the antenna gains as the height of the antenna varies

at every instant. The effect of wave motion on wireless

transmission, the strong two-ray path interference on sea

surface and the ship movement patterns in ship lanes have

been incorporated in [10]. The new model effectively

works for simple Sea conditions, with prior knowledge of

the location of ships.

Long-distance propagation measurements of mobile

radio channel over Sea at 2GHz have been taken in [11].

They took measurements along a 45km route, but the

distance between the Tx and Rx never exceeded LOS.

Another 5.8GHz fixed WiMax performance in a Sea Port

environment has been carried out in [12]. Measurements

access the performance of WiMax in the presence of

multipath, Doppler shift and boat’s rocking. Boat’s

rocking could increase BER especially when the link is

marginal. All these factors should be carefully taken into

consideration when deploying a fixed WiMax system in

sea ports. The distance was still at all times within the

LOS range. Other experimental measurements of

propagation characteristics for maritime radio links were

taken in [13]. WiMax performance was accessed at

3.5GHz and 5.8GHz. The experiments revealed strong

masking effect due to the presence of small islands

between the 14km range Tx and Rx. A propagation

channel measurement campaign in maritime environments

was carried out to investigate the impact of the wireless

channel in LOS and NLOS situations in [14]. An

empirical path loss model is obtained for NLOS. For

prediction of the average level of received power for a

given Tx-Rx separation Pr(d) is indicated as in [15].

! " !#$%& ' ()*+ ,-./%#$ $%0 & ' 1 , for $ 2 $% (1)

Using this path loss prediction equation for NLOS

groups all effects in to two main parameters; path loss

exponent n and the zero-mean Gaussian random variation

3, which represents the shadowing factor. The shadowing

value 3 is typically modeled as a normal random variable.

i.e:

1+4+5#)6 78& (2)

Where N(0, 2) is a Gaussian (normal) distribution

with mean 0 and standard deviation , in decibel units.

Analyzing experimental data and then comparing with the

predicted path loss model in Eq. 1 provide a good

similarity. The experimental results after analyzing key

wireless parameters can be compared to the free space and

two-ray theoretical models. The results showed that at

short distances the two-ray model fits measured large scale



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path loss reasonably well when LOS condition remains.

However, when the distance is very large, the received

signal is found to attenuate at a higher rate. This limits the

coverage zone of WiMax.

Many other experimental measurements are reported

for maritime wireless communication in [16]-[18].

III. LOS MICROWAVE PROPAGATION

Microwave Radio Links are an alternative choice for

wired backhaul links especially in geographically

challenging areas where wired connections are not

available or very difficult to install. Microwave

transmission can be carried out in various frequency bands

including licensed (6GHz to 38GHz) and unlicensed

(2.4GHz and 5.8GHz) bands [2]. The presence of Line of

Sight (LOS) between cell sites and aggregation points is

required and hence microwave is limited to short distance

transmission when used in metropolitan environments.

However, in rural environments, when a LOS is present,

microwave transmission can be quickly installed to cover

long distances. LOS distances are limited due to the

curvature of the Earth.

For any long-range backhaul wireless mesh network

the main features are extreme reliability, high-capacity,

security and easy network management. These features are

based on primary performance matrices such as

throughput and packet delay. In practice, the IEEE 1588

PTP may be used as an alternative due to its lower cost. For highly reliable synchronization in the network, IEEE1588 PTP can serve as a backup timing reference in base stations deployed with GPS receivers [19].

To obtain longer distances high antenna towers are

required with no obstruction in between. Microwave can

be implemented in the Point-to-Point (PTP), Point-to-

Multipoint (PMP). Whereas the PTP system requires a

radio and antenna at the end of every wireless link, in

PMP, one radio and antenna at an aggregation point are

sufficient to serve a number of cell sites [2]. Current

research is focused, for a microwave PTP link over Sea

which requires small height antenna towers. It is not

possible to construct very tall towers in deep Sea for an

off-shore long-range, PTP Backhaul Microwave link, to

clear Earth’s Bulge for LOS clearance, like on land.

Cambium Networks provides a free distribution of the

PTP LinkPlanner software [20] to help predict PTP fixed

Wireless Links using actual terrains from Google Earth.

Fig. 2. PTP LOS 20km Link over Sea

Availability defines how big portion of a certain time span a service should be up and running. With aggregation transport the number is usually four nines (99.99% availability) resulting in 52.56-minute downtime per year. Availability in general is impacted by equipment failure, power outages etc. and in wireless systems further reduced by weather conditions, Sea state level, rain and distance [21]. The software provides accurate prediction for LOS

links. Figure 2 shows a 20km PTP Backhaul Link over Sea

for Broadband communication. The Tx height is 10m

above sea-level and the Rx heights is only 5m. Greater

distance links might not be possible due to the curvature of

the Earth. Using PTP Link planner software based on the

above configurations an availability chart could be

obtained as in Figure 3. Four nines (99.99% availability)

resulting in only 52.56-minute downtime per year is quite efficient for this LOS PTP link path over the Sea.

Fig. 3. Availability for a 20km LOS link over Sea is 99.99% for 40Mbps

IV. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

The Satellite communication by Inmarsat

(International Maritime Satellite) system, which is suitable

for ships far away from shore, is a NLOS, between the Tx

and Rx, solution for long-range wireless maritime

communication. Long distances can be covered by satellite

and its integration with a network on ground or Sea can

provide extra reliability and wireless access [22].

Satellite communication with its very wide coverage

range is very useful for cellular backhaul and has

significant advantages when expanding the network into

the remote rural areas [23]. The most expensive part in

satellite based backhaul solution is its bandwidth.

Optimization of this important resource in all

communication layers is still a challenge.

Satellite Communication solutions provide low data

rate and its high cost communication fee along with

maintenance and replacement cannot be afforded by

simple maritime users who require broadband

communication services at Sea. Satellite communication

induces unnecessary latency, which is not suitable for real-

time industrial and commercial application over Sea.

Recent studies have introduced an integrated wireless

communication architecture that tries to provide maritime

customers ubiquitous services by integrating

heterogeneous underlying wireless networks [24].



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V. NLOS TROPOSPHERIC PROPAGATION

Propagation Path through evaporation duct is one

solution to achieve trans-horizon distances. At a particular

frequency and antenna angle the signal can achieve long

distances using the evaporation duct. An experimental link

between Davies Reef and the AIMS was built to verify

this approach. This link operates at a frequency of

10.6GHz and provides a data rate of 10Mbps over a range

of about 78km using antennas located 7m above mean sea

level. This is the first ever reported use of the evaporation

duct to implement a high-capacity radio communication

link between the reef and the Australian mainland [3].

The radio refractive index (n) is caused due to the

molecular constituents of the air [17]. Normally, the

numerical difference in refractivity is a very small fraction

of unity. There are four refractive conditions which depend

upon refractive gradient. The relations of refractivity

gradient and related refractive condition are summarized in

Table 1. [25]. Trapping condition, often called ducting

phenomenon, causes anomalous radio wave propagation.

Well known tropospheric ducts are surface duct (ground-

based duct), surface-based duct and elevated ducts.

TABLE 1. REFRACTIVE CONDITION [8]

Condition N-Gradient

(N – Unit/km)

M-Gradient

(M – Unit/km)

Trapping dN/dh ! –157 dM/dh ! 0

Supper Refraction –157 < dN/dh ! –79 0< dM/dh ! 78

Standard –79 < dN/dh ! 0 78 < dM/dh ! 157

Sub Refraction dN/dh > 0 dM/dh > 157

Refractive conditions in Table 1, can be further explained by the tropospheric signal propagation shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4. Four different refractive conditions

NLOS long distance communication using low height antenna transmitter and receiver is impossible to achieve without either relay or some other mechanism. Due to the changes in the refractive index above large portions of Sea water an evaporation layer is developed at an average height of 15m – 20m (Malaysian Region). Distances which are unachievable due to the Earth’s bulge can be achieved by propagating within the evaporation duct over Sea. Signal bends and is trapped between the duct layer and Sea surface, when refractive index dN/dh ! –157, as shown in

Figure 4. Therefore, signal can overcome the Earth’s bulge and travel longer distances, as shown in Figure 5.

Fig. 5. Signal path through Evaporation duct for a 50km NLOS Link

Tropospheric Multipath (one example of which is

ducting) is where there are many reflections arriving at the

antenna and the angles are not constant over time. In this

case larger separations are preferred and the availability

calculation will show the improvement which can be

achieved for a given antenna separation. In general

increasing the separation will improve the availability and

decreasing the separation will reduce the availability. This

will be more obvious in geographic locations which are

prone to high levels of tropospheric multipath. Figure 6

below shows a comparison of the predicted path loss using

evaporation duct and free space model using AREPS

simulation software [26]. Results clearly show 12dB less

path loss prediction as compared to free space model at a

50km link over Sea.

Fig. 6. PTP backhaul 50km NLOS link path loss comparison

Paths over the sea are subject to a special problem due

to the very strong reflection from the water. This reflection

can add an anti-phase signal to the direct wave and cancel

it out completely. This gradient can change and in certain

circumstances causes the signal to travel a long way in

ducts [18].

VI. MESH NETWORK

Backhaul applications can use the relatively simple

802.16-2004 standard for fixed connectivity applications,

in point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and mesh

topologies. WiMax with new ratified 802.16a extension

uses a lower frequency range of 2GHz to 11GHz, and does

not require line of sight towers. It also boasts 70Mbps data

transfer rate that can support a large number of users.

WiMax Mesh networks support relatively high data

throughput [27] and communication over Sea requires

stable and highly reliable links. Mesh Network can

provide redundancy and for every wireless node there are

always more than two paths available. This provides

reliable high reliability as threshold SNR for one path goes



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below a certain level then there is always another path for

the continuity of high-speed services. Theoretically,

WiMax can provide single channel data rates up to

75Mbps and up to 350Mbps via multiple channel

aggregation [2].

Fig. 7. PTP Backhaul Mesh Network scenario over Sea

A WiMax-like PTP mesh network backhaul scenario

over Sea is assumed in Figure 7. It shows the possible

connections between trans-horizon wireless nodes.

Mobility, link quality and interference remain an issue and

needs a lot more research in this field. Routing protocols

rely on routing metrics for calculation of efficient routing

paths. The metric should provide stable, high throughput

with low delay, computationally efficient and loop-free

routing paths. The other thing is the Sea characteristics,

which can produce high variation in SNR. Sea conditions

vary with wind speeds and temperature. High wind speeds

and Sea waves can cause the received SNR level to fall

below the threshold required for high-speed

communication. Even during worst Sea conditions when

signal may breakup and cause one wireless path to

disconnect, there is always another wireless route

available in mesh network topology.

Based on information from routing tables, wireless

backhaul mesh network in necessary processes relating to

MIMO signal detection such as synchronization, channel

state acquisition and so on [28]. This feature in wireless

backhaul will deliver a larger benefit of MIMO adoption

to wireless backhaul compared with other wireless multi-

hop networks. Each link can be assigned with some weight

based on hop count, minimum delay, throughput, link

availability, traffic load, maximum bandwidth, etc. Based

on these weights best route with lowest weight can be

selected for packet forwarding. Routing topology can

change according to channel information from physical

layer. A threshold point for each route in a routing table is

made to decide the backhaul link.

Centralized and proactive routing algorithms are

feasible to achieve better network performance. This can

be implemented based on the network entry mechanism in

the 802.16 MAC layer. Such a routing algorithm

implementation can avoid the need for a separate routing

protocol and reduce network control overhead.

Determination of flow assignment and time slot allocation

by a scheduling algorithm depends largely on the routing

algorithms. The problems of routing and scheduling can be

solved either separately or jointly [29].

VII. IMPROVEMENT WITH MIMO

A key challenge in wireless communications is to

provide high data rate wireless communication services

with maximum reliability. Multiple-input multiple-output

(MIMO) wireless communication systems employing

multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver

can provide higher data rates through multiplexing and

improve the system performance through diversity [28].

The combination of MIMO techniques with OFDM is

regarded as a promising solution for increasing data rates

and wireless access qualities of future 4th generation

wireless communication systems. MIMO multiplies data

throughput, and provides for a simultaneous increase in

range and reliability, all without consuming extra radio

frequency.

MIMO based wireless backhaul has a higher

throughput, lower average delay, and lower packet loss

rate than SISO based one [20]. MIMO is a multi-

dimensional approach that transmits and receives two or

more unique data streams through one radio channel

whereby the system delivers two or more times the data

rate per channel. A brief overview of MIMO-OFDM

wireless technology covering some key aspects of the

system design such as; channel modeling, ICI analysis,

channel estimation and space time block coding aimed at

increasing the transmission rate and providing reliable

QoS to users is presented in [24]. Multiple-antenna

transmission and reception techniques can include

transmitter beam-forming and receiver diversity. Beam-

forming and receiver diversity can improve range for

conventional one-dimensional signals, and are appropriate

for certain applications such as outdoor point-to-point

wireless backhaul, although they might not achieve

MIMO's capacity-multiplying effect, but still enhances the

coverage range using intelligent Beamforming [30].

VIII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

This paper briefly summarises various techniques

being used for long-range wireless backhaul networks.

Whereas LOS might be readily available on land by

installing tall towers for transmission and therefore

achieving a long-range backhaul network. This might not

be possible on Sea, therefore an alternate solution is

required to achieve long-range distance for backhaul

networks. Satellite communication still is very expensive

and with its high delay it might not be the right choice for

real-time applications. For NLOS propagation based on

WiMax standard is one possible option to cover large

distance for backhaul links similar to its implementation

on land. The signal can achieve long-distances even by

using low-height antennas using evaporation duct present

over Sea. A complete Backhaul network solution for

Broadband communication still needs to be practically

implemented for beyond-the-horizon long range distances.

Future challenges for backhaul PTP links over Sea

mainly include the long-range with reliability. The Sea



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surface is not constant and with sometimes small and large

waves makes the surface irregular. The irregular surface of

the Sea causes scattering of signal and therefore induces

multipath which may or may not be useful. The main

attribute of backhaul links is reliability which might not be

so high with low SNR. Techniques such as MIMO can be

explored using the multipath available from sea surface

reflections. MIMO techniques can not only increase

capacity but also increase reliability. The resultant

complete system will be extremely useful not only for the

coast guards for security and protection but also for

commercial use in future for the maritime customers

demanding low-cost, high-speed internet access on board

ships and vessels.

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