Parasitoid Diversity and Ecology

Hari Purnomo, PhD DIC

Parasitoid vs Parasit

PARASITOID

Serangga yang yang memparasit serangga lain/arthropoda lain pada fase pradewasa, dan ketika dewasa free living

eventually kill their host after completing develop-ment and use only a single host.

PARASIT

Organisme hidup yang hidup pada/dalam organis-me lain (seluruh siklus hidupnya berada di inanng)

they gain nourishment

Most parasitoids are Diptera or Hymenoptera, but a few are Coleoptera, Neuroptera, or Lepidoptera.

26 families of parasitoids,the groups used most frequently in biological control are Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, and Aphelinidae (HYMENOPTERA)

Tachinidae (DIPTERA)

Mostly Holometabalous Males in many species are smaller than females

and The immatures feed on hosts either externally or internally and usually have no legs or eyes.

The free-living adult parasitoids have eyes, antennae to detect chemical cues, legs, and wings. Adults are therefore usually the mobile stage, being better able to disperse, find a mate and find healthy hosts for development of their progeny

Females have an elongated tubular egg-laying structure, called an ovipositor

Karakteristik Parasitoid

Term and Processes

All insect life stages can be parasitized : parasitoid telur, larva dan pupa

Parasitoids whose larvae develop inside the host are called endoparasitoids and those that develop externally are ectoparasitoids

If parasitoids permit hosts to grow after being attacked they are called koinobionts : internal parasitoids that attack young larvae or nymphs and a few ectoparasitoids, such as some pimpline ichneumonids on spider and most ctenopelmatine ichneumonids

Term and Processes

idiobionts allow no growth after attack. These are either internal parasitoids of egg, pupae, or adults (which do not grow), or external parasitoids

the number of parasitoid individuals or species that develop in a single host include solitary parasitoid; gregarious Parasitoid for which several can do so

Superparasitism occurs when more eggs, of onespecies, are laid than can survive

the presence of two or more individuals of different species is called multiparasitism

When one parasitoid attacks another hyperparasitism occurs

Seleksi Inang

Pencarian Lokasi Habitat InangPencarian Lokasi InangPenerimaan InangKecocokan Inang

HYMENOPTERA PARASITOIDS

KARAKTER MORFOLOGI PENTING Alat mulut Wing Coupling Modifikasi Abdomen

(Propodeum dan Ovipositor) Serangga Sosial Haplodiploid sex

determination

1) Mouthparts (ancestral feature)

Distinguishing Features

2) Wing coupling (derived feature)

hamulae

Distinguishing Features

3) Abdominal modifications (derived feature)

Narrow “waist”

Distinguishing Features

3) Abdominal modifications

Distinguishing Features

3) Abdominal modifications

Distinguishing Features

3) Abdominal modificationsFirst abdominal segment (propodeum)

Distinguishing Features

3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers

gonoplac

Tergum 9

first gonapophysis (lancet)

second gonapophysis (stylet)

Distinguishing Features

3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers

first gonapophysis (lancet)

second gonapophysis (stylet)

Distinguishing Features

4) Social structure

Queen

Workers Males(drones)

Chalcidoidea

Icneumonoidea

Diptera Parasitic