getview vol3 no3 may 2013

Committee of the Global Engineers & Technologists Review

Chief Editor Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, MALAYSIA

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Mohd Zulkifli Ibrahim, MALAYSIA

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Dear the Seeker of Truth and Knowledge

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©PUBLISHED 2013

Global Engineers and Technologists Review

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ISSN: 2231-9700 (ONLINE)

Volume 3 Number 3

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Printed and Published in Malaysia

Vol.3, No.3, 2013 1. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MANGROVE FROM KILIFI IN

KENYA MANGURIU, G.N., OYAWA, W.O. and ABUODHA, S.O.

6. SOFTWARE TOOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS: A SURVEY ON THE IMPORTANCE

AND ISSUES FACED IN IMPLEMENTATION AHMAD, T. and AL-SENAIDY, A.M.

11. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION ON METALS

ALONG THE COASTAL AREAS: A CASE OF EPE IN LAGOS STATE NEGERIA UDONNE, J.D., SALAMI, L., PATINVOH, R.J. and ODUNLAMI, M.O.

15. EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH AUTOMOTIVE IN INTERNATIONAL

COLLEGE OF AUTOMOTIVE AT PEKAN IN MALAYSIA MUNEER, S.

© 2013 GETview Limited. All right reserved

CONTENTS

ISSN 2231-9700 (online)

GLOBAL ENGINEERS & TECHNOLOGISTS REVIEW www.getview.org

G.L.O.B.A.L E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R.S. .& .-.T.E.C.H.N.O.L.O.G.I.S.T.S R.E.V.I.E.W 1

MANGURIU1, G.N., OYAWA2, W.O. and ABUODHA3, S.O.

1, 2 Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology

P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, KENYA [email protected]

3Department of Civil and Construction Engineering

University of Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, KENYA

[email protected]

1.0 INTRODUCTION Mangroves are types of evergreen forests, which are found in the zones between the open ocean and the dry land. They are found between the latitudes of 320 North and 380 South along the Sub-tropical and tropical coasts of Africa, Australia, Asia and the Americas. Tomlinson (1995) have scientifically established that there are approximately 16 to 24 mangrove families and 54 to 75 species respectively the majority of which are in Southeast Asia. Most mangroves vary in height from mere shrubs to 40 meters tall, these sizes depending on the species and environment in which the forests are found.

Mangrove forests in Kenya are found along the coastal strip in the tidal estuaries, creeks and the protected bays, between latitudes 1° 40’S and 4° 25’S and longitudes 41° 34’E and 39 17’E as shown in Figure 1. In Kenya the largest mangrove forests are mainly found in Lamu and the Tana River counties along the coastal strip. There are also less extensive mangroves forests found in Mida, Kilifi, Mombasa and Gazi-Funzi areas, which border Tanzania. Mangroves in Kenya may be divided into two main blocks; area north and south of River Tana. Mangroves forests found in the north of Tana River Delta are structurally more complex than those found in the south largely due to the influence of river Tana as well as due to the East African Coastal Currents (Kairo, 2001). Most mangroves are self propagating in their marine environment and have special adaptations in favourable soil conditions (Snedaker, 1993) hence through embryo germination on the tree itself the process of self propagation begins. The tree later drops its developed embryos called seedlings which take root in the soil below.

Lewis et al., (1995) stated that it is possible to restore some functions of the mangrove tree forests although certain parameters such as the condition and type of soil and the flora and fauna may have changed. Further, the restoration of selected ecosystem traits and the replication of natural functions stand a better chance of success than complete restoration of the mangrove forests to pristine conditions. In an effort to restock the forest cover in the country, in October 1991, the Kenya Government launched pilot reforestation projects to transform disturbed forests into uniform stands of higher productivity. This included the rehabilitation of the degraded mangrove areas. This initiative involved the commercially important mangrove species such as, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba and Ceriops tagal that proved to be suitable for reforestation. Initial planting was carried out with a spacing of 1.0–1.5 m for propagules and 2.0 m for saplings. Further in 1993, the Forestry Department (now Kenya Forest Service) in conjunction with the Kenya Wildlife Services passed a resolution banning all clear-felling and uprooting as well as a halting the commercial harvesting of both the boriti and mazio pole size classes of the mangrove. Moreover,

ABSTRACT

The structural behaviour of mangrove (Rhizophora Mucronata species) specimens are evaluated as for a renforcement material of cement based matrices such as normal and lightweight concrete, soil-cement and cement mortar. This study looks at the suitability of the mangrove harvested at Kilifi district along the Kenyan coast.The mangrove were haversted along the Kenyan coast between Kiunga north to Vanga in the south. Specimens of different moisture contents were tested for tensile, compressive, flexural loads,shear and their hardness both perpendicular or along the grains. Based on the results obtained mangrove are fairly strong materials that may be used to reinforce cement matrices. Keywords: Mangrove, Tensile, Compressive, Shear, Flexural, Reinforcement.

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MANGROVE FROM KILIFI IN KENYA

Global Engineers & Technologists Review, Vol.3 No.3 (2013)

© 2013 GETview Limited. All rights reserved

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a total protection against deforestation of the Sii and Chale Islands, River Tana delta and Kiunga area was also enacted. The extensive use of mangrove as a construction material, especially, along the Kenyan coastal region and in many other global regions has been going on for centuries. Mangroves have been used in the framing of roofs, general structural framing of lattice wall systems filled with adobe and as reinforcement material in floor slabs and beams with a lot of success in terms of structural performance, integrity and durability.

Figure1: Mangrove Forest Distribution in Kenya.

Mangrove poles have been used in Kenya for composite structures (i.e. structures framed using mangrove

poles in conjunction with other building materials such as coral, concrete, soil, etc.). They have been used as reinforcement for structural elements such as beams and slabs for a long period since early of fifteenth century. Despite this prolonged usage, there seems to be limited documented work regarding engineering design data although the existing historical and modern structures testify to their structural integrity and environmental benefits. Mangrove poles have been and are currently used in their natural state as “mkoko” or in their processed state as “banaa” for beam, wall and slab reinforcement and in the framing of wooden pole structures. They have been proven as high integrity materials for concrete reinforcement. In the olden and modern structures, the mangrove timber elements were and are used as reinforcement for floor slabs and beam elements consisting of coral rag prepared from lime mortar mixed with coral aggregate/hardcore and some soil.



3

P

P

6 0 m m2 0 m m

2 0 m m

2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Physical Properties To evaluate the physical properties of the mangrove, the moisture content of every sample considered have to be determined and measured before the tests performed by weighing the specimens before and after drying. The specimen sizes were as specified in BS 373. There was no volumetric variation noticed either along the length or in the lateral dimensions, before and after drying mangrove specimens; whose nominal dimensions were remained the same. 2.2 Mechanical Properties Mangrove poles for the study were sourced from Mombasa Kenya. The diameter of the poles ranged between 120 and 140 mm, the reason of choosing this range of diameters was to ensure that clear samples for the various tests are obtainable from the poles. The poles were converted into rectangular pieces of timber as the test samples. The tests carried are as referred to in BS 373 1957 that is towards grain, janka hardness, shear parallel to grain and static bending (centre-point loading).

2.2.1 Compression parallel to grain test The test specimen geometry shown as in Figure 2 with dimensions 20×20×60mm were used for this test., the end faces of the specimen were made truly parallel to each other and at right angles to the longitudinal axis. In this test the compression platen is attached to the underside of the moving crosshead while the plunger carrying the hemispherical bearing on its top end and resting on the spigot is at the bottom. The load was then applied continuously at a crosshead rate of 0.6mm per minute until failure and the failure load recorded.

(a) (b) Figure 2: Specimen (a) under load, (b) dimension geometry.

2.2.2 Janka hardness test This test required specimen with dimension 20×20mm in cross-section and 100mm long. The Janka indentation tool was fitted to the underside of the moving cross-head of the Universal Testing Machine while the specimen holder was fixed to the machine table as shown in Figure 3. The load applied continuously work at a rate of crosshead motion of 6.4mm/minute and removed immediately an alarm went on. Two indentations were made on the radial face and two others on one of the tangential faces. During the test, care was taken to ensure that no indentations were within 20mm of the end face, and that no two indentations were closer than 30mm. Any specimen which split during the test was rejected. The maximum load for each indentation was recorded.

Figure 3: Janka hardness test assembly. 2.2.3 Static bending with centre-point loading The static bending test is carried using specimen measuring 20×20×300mm and loaded at the centre as shown in Figure 4. After the specimen is measured, three small nails were driven perpendicular to one tangential face in the neutral plane, at the centre and at 140mm on either side from the centre. The bending knee was attached to the underside of the moving crosshead, and then the truni on supports fitted on the machine table. For the purpose of manual load-deflection curve tracing, the load was read at predetermined deflection intervals.



4


2.2.4 Shear parallel to grain test This test was carried out on 20mm cubes as shown in Figure 5. The specimen was prepared in such a way that there were matching pairs for both radial and tangential loading. The compression platen was attached to the underside of the moving crosshead of the universal strength testing machine and the appropriate shear tool fitted on the machine table. The load was applied continuously throughout the test at a rate of crosshead motion of 0.6mm per minute. Measurements were taken at the shear plane. At the end of the test the maximum load and all the data was recorded.

P

P

20 mm

20 mm


3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Moisture Content Based on the experiments carried out the average moisture content of all mangrove samples was found to be approximately 11.03 percent. The strength properties of wood are to a large extent influenced by its moisture content which is a good indicator of almost all of its other characteristics. Ideally a moisture content of approximately 12 percent is required to ensure accurate results for tests on clear small specimens. It has been shown that the moisture content of any specimen has a bearing on the reliability of the results conducted on timber specimens. Specimens with low values of moisture content below fibre saturation point giving better and more reliable results than those with higher values of moisture content. 3.2 Density The average density of mangrove was experimentally established to be approximately 890kg/m³. Almost all strength properties of any wood have a marked correlation with its density especially the ones of special structural interest such as compression, bending strength and shear.

3.3 Specific Gravity The specific gravity of the mangrove species used in this research (Rhizophora) is 0.81. The specific gravity of any type of timber will usually affect the ease with which it can be worked with hand tools. The lower the specific gravity the easier the cutting of the wood with sharp tools. The specific gravity generally affects the strength properties because they depend to a greater or lesser extent on the thickness of the fibre walls of individual kind of tissues.

3.4 Mechanical Properties The experimental strength tests results on clear small specimens of mangrove tested according to (BS 373 1957) are tabulated in Tables 1. From the tables it can be seen that the strength tests on the mangrove (Rhizorphhora mucronata) species compares very well with its average bending strength of 100.62N/mm² which is slightly higher than the commonly used structural timber cypress it also has higher strength compared to other species of the common locally available hardwood species in Kenya. Its average shear strength parallel to the grain is 18.14N/mm² radially and 22.62N/mm2 tangentially which are within the range of the toughest hardwoods in Kenya.

The average compressive strength parallel to the grain on the same clear specimens was 79.96N/mm2. This value is above the standard compressive strength of most Kenyan mangrove. The high shear strength of mangrove poles renders it suitable for use as a torsional moment resistance material as it has ability to resist shear loads; this is an important phenomenon with respect torsional stresses in beams which are essentially shear stresses.

Mangroves have an average tangential and radial hardness of 8085 KN and 8.67 KN respectively which give it a good resistance to impact loading and abrasion a good quality for quality for structural



5

timber. From the experiment the average modulus of rupture was determined as 134.83N/mm² which is relatively higher than for most other local hardwood species. The modulus of elasticity is a measure of stress and strain within limit of proportionality which provides a convenient model of expressing the stiffness or flexibility of a material, the higher it is the stiffer is the material. This species of mangrove had an average modulus of elasticity (M.O.E) of about 16689.80 N/mm². The average tensile strength of the mangrove was established to be 158.91(N/mm2) which higher than the average tensile strengths of other species.

4.0 CONCLUSION From the experimental results and the analysis of the materials used in this research it is concluded that the results derived from this study confirm the structural viability of using mangrove poles as reinforcement for lightweight concrete beams. More specifically, it is concluded;

i) Mangrove forests can be adequately regenerated with a short span of ten years due to their tendency of self propagation, this would provide enough reinforcement continually.

ii) That the basic physical and mechanical (strength) characteristics of mangrove poles present suitable levels for use as reinforcement in concrete beams. The compressive strength is determined as 79.96N/mm2, the Bending tensile strength as 100.62N/mm2,tensile strength as 158.91/mm2, the shear strength as Tangential 23.01N/mm2 and Radial 18.04N/mm2the strength values are much higher than that of ordinary structural timber.

iii) Mangrove is an eco-friendly material which has a high strength to weight ratio which can be used to replace steel as reinforcement and help reduce the carbon emission problem associated with the production of steel.

REFERENCES [1] Tomlinson, P.B. (1995): The Botany of Mangroves – Cambridge Tropical Biology Series, Cambridge

University Press. [2] Kairo, J.G. (2001): Ecology and Restoration of Mangrove System in Kenya, PhD thesis at University of

Brussels. [3] Snedaker, S.C. (1993): Impact on Mangroves, Routledge, Chapman and Hall Inc., New York. [4] Lewis, R.R., Kusler, J.A. and Erwin, K.K. (1995): Lessons learned from Five Decades of Wetland Restoration

and Creation in North America, in the Proceeding of Bases Ecologicas Para La Restauracion De Humedales En La Cuenca Mediterranea, Andulucia, p.107.



AHMAD1, T. and AL-SENAIDY2, A.M.

1, 2 Department of Biochemistry College of Science

King Saud University P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA

[email protected]

1.0 INTRODUCTION Today world education is based on technology in any fields, including science, engineering, mathematics, management and so on cannot think to be formulated into higher levels in their own field without a technology. Any science data and application integration and ability is one of the most challenging problems facing Bioinformatics tools today. With software engineering develop and maintain software application or tools by using computer science theory and engineering methodology. The software developer and user in such a particular environment as Bioinformatics, they calculate mathematical formulas, space exploration and many sequins etc. According to Counsell (2003) the bioinformatics defines as a any application of computational methods and analysis to biological problems. Software engineer or systems biologists work with many kinds of programming languages to develop biochemistry tools for biologists or users. Bioinformatics tools programming is complex nature of and its growing volume day by day, there is expected demand to support bioinformatics programmers in developing worthy of reliance and maintainable software systems. Bioinformatics programmers and users in a particular environment as bioinformatics space systematic exploration and mathematical modelling have developed into communities of exercise with their own domain-specific ideas to and philosophies about bioinformatics software development. It particular purpose encouraged computing and information technology to examine a broad range of biological data generated by several botanical experiments. Bioinformatics concedes the potential to perceive biological information and sequences process in a more effective, reliable and efficient way by utilizing computational technologies for extracting knowledge from the dumb amount of blended biological data; then again, it allows for a new and composite domain for data analysis. Hence, bioinformatics tools have been developed into a vital area of study for both biology and computer science. Bioinformatics tools are developed by many programming languages (C, C++ , Java etc.) and that tool run on different operating system , the first free open source bioinformatics tools are developed for Unix/ Linux operating systems, whereas life scientists are well companion with the windows operating system environment, bioinformatics tools are not easily adjusted to run under the computer bunch. Commercial and open-source bioinformatics in that researches end up covering more with the complexity of the bioinformatics tools, rather than the scientific and mathematical problems at hand as mentioned by Johnson et al., (2004).

The biochemists research project started out by isolating and serving to purge bulk amounts of a protein from its main source organism in order to characterize a special gene product. Now scientists done such a process by using sequence analysis tools, derive all classifies of functional and perhaps, structural insight within that stretch of DNA. This research conduct a survey to give descriptions of some popular bioinformatics tools is used for research. The main objective is to determine the awareness and popular tools of bioinformatics. The

ABSTRACT

Bioinformatics tools are very complex and critical software tools in life sciences. Bioinformatics tools in today’s world range from simple basic tools to very large sophisticated software packages. In spite of increasing complexity and sophistication of the bioinformatics tools, these tools are increasingly used in the field of modern biology. This introduction of software tools in the field of modern biology has its distinct advantages as well as there are some challenges in their implementation. This study was conducted in keeping with the aim of discussing these advantages and challenges faced with the implementation of bioinformatics tools. This paper has two main objectives; first discusses the challenges faced in the development of bioinformatics tools from a software development point of view. Second, the results of the survey based on the importance and issues in bioinformatics tools are presented from an end user point of view. The main audience of this survey were students, educators and implements of the bioinformatics tools. Keywords: Software, Tools, Bioinformatics, Survey, Implementation.

SOFTWARE TOOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS: A SURVEY ON THE IMPORTANCE AND ISSUES FACED IN IMPLEMENTATION



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research surrounds with following questions such as do you use software tools in bioinformatics?, why do you use bioinformatics tools?, which tools are important?, what are the issues in using bioinformatics tools?. 2.0 RELATED WORK Bioinformatics is a comparatively open area of scientific research programs, the first things is to understand the information tasks and end-user programming activities of biologists. According to MacMullen and Denn (2005) all research into information projects of biologists revealed three categories sequence alignment, structure prediction and function prediction. Meanwhile Bartlett and Toms (2005) worked with biologists to know how they control functional examines of gene sequence using tools such as NCBI tools, MLST, BLAST the genetic sequence database, and GenBank, an analytical tool for calculating similarities between sequences.

Tran et al., (2004) formulated a study with six different bioinformatics research centre and discovered four common subjects with the way bioinformatics tasks were carried out. These admitted and included a lack of procedural confirmation that some fact of high level tasks, use of home grown schemes, lack of awareness of current in existence bioinformatics tools, and so many variations in individual demands and preferences. A study conducted by Umarji and Seaman (2008) shows the software developers in 2008 for bioinformatics and declare a plan the design and pattern of a search tool for biologists that would make easier access to open-source bioinformatics software components. Near about 50% of their 126 respondents had held the computer science degrees, and others had done biology-related professionals. Their determinations showed that open-source projects and program on a free web were the most common configuration management tools were used, need for a room of such tools are an improvement in testing and maintainability of software, and that comments, feedback and documentation could have with a possibility of becoming an actual useful information that should be exploited. Javahery et al., (2004) in their research shows the Human-Centred Software Engineering (HCSE) at Concordia University has worked on and developed web-based interfaces to popular tools of bioinformatics portals in order to allow for integrated access to web resources relevant to a set of typical tasks. Almost similar cases also can be find in study by Hochheiser et al., (2003) for the Human-Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland is looking into advanced visualization a practical method or techniques to access and manipulate large multimedia information sets in biological databases. With the end-user programming, Massar et al., (2005) performed with purpose and intent BioLingua, an interactive or user friendly web-based programming environment to afford biologists more control and easily to access in performance analyses with genomics, metabolic, and experimental data and higher-level representations. Their system based on symbolic programming language to provide a transparent, integrated interface to normally used bioinformatics tools. Letondal (2006) is also helped of end-user programming to develop Biok to analyzing DNA and protein sequences or multiple alignments with integrated programmable application. Although these contributions cover the shed light on important aspects of improving the user go through of biological databases, and end-user programming activates of biologists. This study is filling the gap by looking into the information activities that occur in developing, testing and maintains bioinformatics software by considering both biologists and software developer with no biological domain knowledge. 3.0 ISSUES IN BIOINFORMATICS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Great career opportunities and very attractive salary in the field of a bioinformatics software developer, those developers developed the bioinformatics tools, including database and data warehouses, web-based retrieval and query application, data mining software, storage application, etc. However, at the same time so many issues with computer professionals, they should be concerned with building and testing robust application and performance issues such as real-time processing, complex formulas, understanding the biological terms, reliability, data integrity, etc. In today world's more and more prominent scale biological analyses designed to improve health outcomes are attempted, and the very important it becomes in an accurate manner translate experimental results. A large variety of genomic data sources have emerged every day, so that bioinformatics tools are needed that correctly and rapidly report results to labs in order to decide treatment strategies. Some important challenges facing by software developers to develop any bioinformatics tools or database. i) Requirements specification : One of the major problems of requirements analysis to develop any

Bioinformatics tools such as, developer's lack of attention in biologic terms, communication breakdown with biological scientist or software developer and also a wide range of people used this bioinformatics project so requirements must follow an end-user programming basis.

ii) Bioinformatics tool design : Design is a very important part of any product's success, here is also some coordination problem with biological scientist or software developer.



8

iii) Implementation and integration : Developer must be working with implementing correct algorithms, understand the complexity of biological terms or calculation made a right manner, etc.

iv) Testing the bioinformatics tools: Finally, developer investigation the tool is working or not, those tools functioning everywhere or operating system, after input its give out correct output. Most of the test effort occurs after the requirements have been defined.

v) Quality assurances : One of the major challenge of software development is the failure system or software are highly costly; the nature of bioinformatics development is very complex; therefore, more effective quality assurance actions should be followed in bioinformatics projects.

The scientists of molecular biologists and other are concerned with data input and user interfaces, analysis and analytical tools and interpretation in a shared, global environment Kesh (2004). Furthermore, some scientists compiled about software application are incapable of being used with one another as they use different file formats. As a phenomenon that follows the output of one bioinformatics tool cannot be used directly as an input for other tools, without data format conversion. Table 1 shows the issues faced by software developer and its cause.

Table 1: Problem faced by software developer

Issues with Software Developer Cause User friendly or visualization interface It must be user friendly to work very easy. Effective bioinformatics tool development Biologists use tools to perform data analysis. Must be web-based access Biologists access any data and tools on Internet

Needs background knowledge of bioinformatics Exploit the biological characteristics and symbol as much as possible and resolved to use established procedures.

Data encoding representation It must be good encoding of bioinformatics data to success the tools. Well structured It solved the problem with logic or algorithms. Operating system free It must be platform independent.

When any software developer developed any bioinformatics tools, database, data warehouses, so many

responsibilities on such as compatibility for every operating system, methods for benchmarking genomics tools, develop strong cross functional relationship within the R&D and operation, publicly open source tools, track quality metrics for sequencing and variant detection work flows testing of bioinformatics methods or algorithms for data analysis, deliver written and verbal technical reports, etc.

Today, with the help of computers bioinformatics tools to access much more biological data than ever before. The bioinformatics tools help lot of scientists, researchers analyze data every day like identify genes by comparing genomic data across organisms and recognize patterns in the data. Insights as to the structure of proteins can come into possession of through computer analyses of the protein sequence. The tools help sequence and alignment editing, analyze statistics libraries, user-friendly and easy to use etc. That way bioinformatics tools are very popular day by day. 4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION This survey was conducted over a period of 4 months. This questionnaire used in this survey was given to a wide range of audience including doctors, professionals working in the field of bioinformatics as well as to students. The survey instrument was made and distributed online and hard copy different in university, colleges as well as scientific research labs. The total amount of respondents returned after giving answers is 179. The whole process of getting a response from people was completed in 104 days.

4.1 Importance of Bioinformatics Tools Figure 1 shows the importance of bioinformatics tools with 93% respondents agreed that the bioinformatics software tools play a very vital role of bioinformatics while as many 7% of respondents were not sure about the use of bioinformatics tools.

Figure 1: Importance of bioinformatics tools result.



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4.2 Introduction to Bioinformatics Tools Figure 2 shows the survey result on the introduction to bioinformatics tools 179 professional workers. As many 53% obtain bioinformatics training in an education period, 29% respondents whom they took some bioinformatics training courses or training period. 11% of respondents received their training during their job and 7% have no introduction to bioinformatics tools at all.

Figure 2: Introduction to bioinformatics tools result.

4.3 Commonly Used the Tools Figure 3 shows the result of commonly used the tools whereas 65 % of respondents come from Blast, NCBI, Fasta, Expasy, Genbank, ClustalW and Primer 3.

Figure 3: Commonly used the tools result.

Sequence analysis and structure analysis is where majority 48% of a bioinformatics scientist are working. Protein expression analysis, Gene's expression analysis and mutation analysis are also very favourites where the scientist works. The worst features of bioinformatics tools are according to majority of the respondents is, hard to interpret the results sometimes and poor documentation, is most of the responder select. A majority of scientist also suggests the new feature that should be included in fresh Bioinformatics stools, they say must be an improvement on tutorials and documentation for all programs, some programs are dependent on other programs so be sure all programs can work independently, be able to align sequences and show % homology between sequences.

5.0 CONCLUSION The field of bioinformatics is rapidly developing with each passing day. Each day, new tools and approaches are introduced in the field of modern biology and medicine. With the development of new bioinformatics tools every day, their challenges and complexity of these tools are supposed to decrease. This study was conducted to measure the current state of these challenges and complexities of these tools. The paper first discusses the challenges faced with the development of bioinformatics tools from a software engineering point of view. The results found the prior knowledge of the subject as one of the issues in bioinformatics tools development as well as other issues of user friendliness and mode of access. Second, a survey was conducted to students, educators and implementations of this tool. The respondents of the survey were asked about their introduction and importance of bioinformatics tools. A majority of 93% of respondents found bioinformatics tools important in the field of modern biology. The respondents were then asked about their exposure to bioinformatics tools. 53% of respondents claimed that they were first introduced to these tools in education period while as 29% said they have done some kind of certification courses in bioinformatics tools. 48% of respondents claimed sequence analysis and structure analysis as main areas of implementation of bioinformatics tools. In the end, respondents were asked about the issues they face in the usage of these tools. The majority of the respondents said that the difficulty to interpret results is one of the main issues with these tools. Some respondents blamed this on the poor quality of documentation available with these tools. The majority of respondents demanded for the introduction of tutorials and documentation as a new feature to be added in these tools. This study found many problems faced by bioinformatics software developing. The research can further be extended to investigate the tasks of bioinformatics software development process in depth and continue to evaluate collaboration among software developers and biologist.



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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the work through the research group project no RGP-VPP-151. REFERENCES [1] Counsell, D. (2003): A Review of Bioinformatics Education in the UK, Briefings in Bioinformatics, Vol.4, No.1,

pp.7-21. [2] Johnson, C.R., MacLeod, R., Parker, S.G. and Weinstein, D. (2004): Biomedical Computing and Visualization

Software Environments,” Communications of the ACM, Vol.47, No.11, pp.64-71. [3] MacMullen, W.J. and Denn, S.O. (2005): Information Problems in Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics,

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol.56, Iss.5, pp.447-456. [4] Bartlett, J.C. and Toms, E.G. (2005): Developing a Protocol for Bioinformatics Analysis: An Integrated

Information Behavior and Task Analysis Approach, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol.56, Iss.5, pp.469-482.

[5] Tran, D., Dubay, C., Gorman, P. and Hersh, W. (2004): Applying Task Analysis to Describe and Facilitate Bioinformatics Tasks,” Stud Health Technol Inform, Vol.11, pp.818-822.

[6] Umarji, M. and Seaman, C. (2008): Information Design of A Search Tool for Bioinformatics,” in the Proceedings of ICSE workshop on Software Engineering for Computational Science and Engineering.

[7] Javahery,H., Seffah, A. and Krishnan, S. (2004): Beyond Power-Making Bioinformatics Tools User-Centric, Communications of the ACM, Vol.47, No.11, pp.58-63.

[8] Hochheiser, H., Baehrecke, E.H., Mount, S.M. and Shneiderman, B. (2003): Dynamic Querying for Pattern Identification in Microarray and Genomic Data”. In the Proceedings of 2003 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. Washington, DC, USA.

[9] Massar, J.P., Travers, M., Elhai, J. and Shrager, J. (2005): BioLingua- A Programming Knowledge Environment for Biologists, Bioinformatics, Vol.21, No.2, pp.199-207.

[10] Letondal, C. (2006): Participatory Programming - Developing Programmable Bioinformatics Tools for End User, Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol.9, pp.207-242.

[11] Kesh, S. (2004): Critical Issues in Bioinformatics and Computing, Perspectives in Health Information Management, Vol.1, pp.1-9.



UDONNE1, J.D., SALAMI2, L., PATINVOH3, R.J. and ODUNLAMI4, M.O.

1, 2, 3 Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering Lagos State University Epe, Lagos, NIGERIA

[email protected]

4Department of Chemical Engineering Lagos State Polytechnic

Ikorodu, Lagos, NIGERIA

1.0 INTRODUCTION Atmospheric corrosion is the corrosion of materials exposed to the air and its pollutants rather than immersed in a liquid as stated by Adebomojo (2009). It occupies the territory between immersed corrosion and dry oxidation since metals exposed to damp atmospheres and subjected to the full force of the weather. Atmospheric corrosion is surely the most visible of all corrosion processes and atmospheric environment varies drastically with regards to corrosion, depending on the geographical location. In atmospheric corrosion, the electrolyte is moisture from precipitation, fog or dew, sea or spray. The three main factors that most influence on the corrosion of the atmosphere at a given site are the amount of time that exposed surfaces remain wet at the site, second factor is the amount of chloride from the sea that reaches the surface and the last factor is the amount of industrial pollutants that reach the surfaces (Tullmin and Roberge, 2000).

Atmospheric corrosion severity tends to vary significantly in different locations and historically it is classified as rural, urban, industrial, marine or combination of these (Tullmin and Roberge, 2000; Money, 1987; Feliu and Morillo, 1993; Graedel and Keene, 1995; Upham, 1961). In general, the least corrosive atmospheric found in dry inland (desert) sites while the most corrosive sites are on the industrial or industrial marine sites. Atmospheric corrosion may significantly change and depending on the exposure condition in coastal zones due to the deposition of airborne salinity change and the washing effect of precipitations that plays an important role depending on the metal. The accumulation of contaminant in the metal surface may cause increase in corrosion rates in the absence of precipitations (Yuhazri et al., 2011a). This is an important factor to take into account in the design of structures, buildings and installations in these regions and also for making decisions with respect to corrosion protection in this environment. Atmospheric corrosion rates of metals vary greatly with respect to time and space as a result of variations in environmental conditions. The corrosion of moisture layers toward a given metal is determined by the chemical composition of the air, the associated amount and composition of reactive material deposited on the surface (Yuhazri et al., 2011b).

Many investigators have worked on the corrosion rates of various metals exposed to the different atmospheres (Costal and Valarrasa, 1993; Hsu, 1995; Singh et al., 1973). These exposure studies were carried out to evaluate the corrosion rates of metals in the different atmospheric conditions. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of atmospheric corrosion on galvanised iron and mild steel along the coastal area of Epe of Lagos State. A metal resisting corrosion in one atmosphere may lack the capacity to resist corrosion in

ABSTRACT

Atmospheric corrosion is the most common form of corrosion and it is the degradation of materials due to the exposure to air and its pollutants. The aim and objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of atmospheric corrosion of mild steel and galvanised iron along the coastal area of Epe in Lagos State. Mild steel and galvanised iron was placed in different locations along the coastal areas of Epe and corrosion was monitored for different period through weight loss method. The results showed that the corrosion rates of mild steel were higher than the galvanised iron. It also revealed that the corrosion rates proximity to the coast is severe while the corrosion becomes less severe as distance increases from the coast. Keywords: Atmospheric Corrosion, Mild Steel, Galvanised Iron, Coastal Area, Lagos.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION ON METALS ALONG THE COASTAL AREAS: A CASE OF EPE IN

LAGOS STATE NIGERIA



12

another atmosphere which makes the relative performance of metals to change with location. This work will assist in planning for corrosion resistance in the Epe axis of Lagos State which justifies the work. 2.0 METHODOLOGY A slab of mild steel was washed under a stream of tap water and the surface was scrubbed vigorously with a rubber stopper in order to expose the clear surface to the atmosphere. Eight specimens, each of dimensions (0.31 x 0.12 x 0.5) meter were cut off from the slab and were labelled as As, Bs, Cs, Ds, Es, Fs, Gs, and Hs. Each of the specimens prepared with weight were 174.3 grams and they were placed in the different locations along the coastal line of Epe as shown in Table 1. The specimens were left exposed in these locations and they are measured for weight at 30 days, 60 days, 90 days and 120days. The same way carried out also for galvanised iron. The specimens were labelled as Ai, Bi, Ci, Di, Ei, Fi, Gi, and Hi.

Table1: Location of specimens along the coast of Epe.

Specimens Location Distance from the Coast (KM) As and Ai Chief market 1 Bs and Bi Itoikin 5 Cs and Ci Agbowa 9 Ds and Di Imota 13 Es and Ei Arowosola 17 Fs and Fi Isiu 21 Gs and Gi Adamo 25 Hs and Hi Maya 30

3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Atmospheric corrosion has been reported to account for more failures in terms of cost and tonnage than any other type of material degradation processes in the environment (Tullmin and Roberge, 2000). It is the major contributor to the overall costs of corrosion which have been estimated to be in the range of two until four percent of gross national product (GNP) for several countries (Money, 1987). Several worked have been done on atmospheric corrosion (Upham, 1961; Costal and Valarrasa, 1993; Hsu, 1995; Singh et al., 1973; Knotkova et al., 1995; Mikhailov et al., 1995; Sabah et al., 2004) but the atmospheric corrosion differs from one location to another. The atmospheric corrosion of mild steel and galvanised iron along the coastal area of Epe in Lagos State has not been studied to the best of our knowledge which means this is the first time such a study is carried out in Epe which happens to be outskirt of Lagos State.

Specimens As and Ai are the closest to the coastal area while specimens Hs and Hi are farthest to the coastal area of Epe. The subscript s and i represent mild steel and galvanized iron respectively. The Figures 1(a) and Figure 1(b) which show a graph of weight loss against days for mild steel and a graph of weight loss against distance for mild steel respectively.

Figure 1: weight loss of mild steel based on (a) days, (b) distance.

Moreover, Figures 2(a) and Figure 2(b) show a graph of weight loss against days for galvanised iron and a graph of weight loss against distance for galvanised iron respectively. Meanwhile the Figures 3(a) and Figure 3(b) which show graph of corrosion rate against days for mild steel and a graph of corrosion rate against distance for mild steel respectively. Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b) which show a graph of corrosion rate against days for galvanised iron and a graph of corrosion rate against distance for galvanised iron. As distance increases from the coastal, the weight loss and corrosion rate of specimens decreases. The specimens closest to the coast have highest weight loss while the specimens at the farthest distance have the least weight. This also applied to corrosion rate as the specimens closest to the coast have the highest corrosion rate while the specimens at the farthest distance from the coast have the least corrosion rate. The weight loss of specimens increases as the

a b



13

number of days increases but the corrosion rate decreases as the number of days increases. This revealed that the number of days is directly proportional to weight loss but inversely proportional to corrosion rate.

Figure 2: Weight loss of galvanised iron based on (a) days, (b) distance.

Figure 3: Corrosion rate for mild steel (a) days, (b) distance.

Figure 4: Corrosion rate for galvanised iron (a) days, (b) distance.

The weight loss and corrosion rate are more pronounced at closest distance to the coast. This is because time of wetness which is an important variable in atmospheric corrosion is obviously a function of critical relative humidity (Money, 1987). However, atmospheric salinity increases atmospheric corrosion rates (Tullmin and Roberge, 2000). This also attributed to the high weight loss and corrosion rate near the coast of Epe as the coast of Epe has a high degree of salinity. Comparatively, the weight loss of mild steel is greater than the weight loss of galvanised iron under the same conditions. Also corrosion rate in mild steel is higher than the corrosion rate in galvanised iron. This is because the iron has been galvanised which made it to be less susceptible to corrosion.

4.0 CONCLUSION The atmospheric corrosion of mild steel and galvanised iron in the coastal axis of Epe has shown that the materials very close to the coast are more prone to atmospheric corrosion than materials very far from the coast. It was noted that the weight loss and corrosion rate are inversely proportional to distance from the coast. Consequently, the number of days was observed to be directly proportional to weight loss of mild steel and galvanised iron but inversely proportional to corrosion rate. The rate of attack is severe in mild steel but less in galvanised iron which proves that using protected materials reduces corrosion. This work has given insight on the evaluation of mild steel and galvanised iron which can now be used for planning especially by the local authority.

a b

a b

a b



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The contribution of Adenomojo Moyosere during the experiments has made this work to be successful. The authors thank him for his support. REFERENCES [1] Adebomojo, M.S. (2009): An Evaluation of the Atmospheric Corrosion on Metals along the Coastal Areas:

Epe as A Case Study, B.Sc thesis at Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Lagos State University, Epe, Lagos, Nigeria.

[2] Costal J.M. and Valarrasa, M. (1993): Effect of Air Pollution on Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc, British Corrosion Journal, Vol.28, No.2, pp.117-120.

[3] Feliu, M. and Morillo, M. (1993): The Prediction of Atmospheric Corrosion from Meteorological and Pollution Parameters, Corrosion science, Vol.34, No.3, pp.403-414.

[4] Money, K.L. (1987): Corrosion Testing in the Atmosphere, 9th edition, ASM International, Vol.13, pp.204-206.

[5] Graedel, T.E. and Keene, W.C. (1995): The Tropospheric Budget of Reactive Chlorine, Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, Vol.9, pp.47-48.

[6] Hsu, K.J. (1995): Time Series Analysis of the Interdependence among Air Pollution, Atmospheric environment, Vol.26, No.4, pp.491-503.

[7] Knotkova, D., Boschek, P. and Kreislova, K. (1995): Effect of Acidification on Atmospheric of Structural Metals in Europe, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol.85, pp.2661-2666.

[8] Sabah, A.A., Charles, S.B., Saddiqui, R.A. and Saleh, M.A. (2004): Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals, Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering, Vol.5, No.1, pp.60-69.

[9] Singh, J., Chandler, H., Bhalerae, V.R. and Dastur, N.N. (1973): Studies on Corrosion from Atmosphere, Journal of Corrosion Science and Technology, Vol.10, pp.53-60.

[10] Tullmin, M. and Roberge, P.R. (2000): Atmospheric Corrosion, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons International, pp.305-321.

[11] Upham, J.B. (1961): Atmospheric Corrosion Studies in Two Metropolitan Areas, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol.17, No.6, pp.398-402.

[12] Yuhazri, M.Y., Jeefferie, A.R., Haeryip Sihambing and Siti Rahmah, S. (2011a): Effect of Coating Controlled in Tin Coating on the Mild Steel Substrate. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. Vol.3, Iss.3, pp.2113-2117.

[13] Yuhazri, M.Y., Jeefferie, A.R., Haeryip Sihambing, Nooririnah, O. and Warikh, A.R. (2011b): Coating effect Condition on the Corrosion Properties of Mild Steel Substrate. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology. Vol.1, Iss.1, pp.45-49.



MUNEER, S.

Department of Business and Management International College of Automotive

DRB-HICOM Automotive Complex, Peramu Jaya Industrial Area, P.O. Box 8, 26607 Pekan, Pahang, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

1.0 INTRODUCTION Empowerment is a process which generates changes in ideas and perceptions and creates awareness about one’s rights and opportunities for self development in all important spheres of life. It creates circumstances and conditions in which people can make use of their potentialities and abilities up to the maximum level in furtherance of some common objectives. It involves delegation of power or assignment of authority for participation at different levels. Empowerment therefore, means acquisition of authority and power and shouldering of greater responsibilities in several fields of activities. Empowerment involves both individual a n d collective actions for greater participation and sustainable development. It is a process which enables individuals and groups to change the balance of power by way of knowledge, know-how and experience to strengthen one’s capacity and self reliance. Empowerment of women may normally mean equal access to and control over important productive resources. It believes in participation in the decision-making process. Individuals or women may say to be empowered when they are able to utilize or maximize the opportunities available to them without fetters for their development. Demand for empowering is not a demand for equality or superiority, it is the demand to let a women realize their ’own true self’, which would not be denied to women on any basis, whatsoever, anywhere, anytime and at any place. Women empowerment therefore, may normally be describe as a process by which women become able to develop their confidence and increase their inner strength and self-reliance to decide and determine their important choices in life. Women have a crucial role in the family and a pivotal position in the household economy. Women have an immeasurable contribution in the sustenance of family in shaping the destiny of the people, and of the society.

The automotive industry is a term that covers a wide range of companies and organisations involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, towed vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds. It is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue. The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations. Dramatic changes to the automobile have occurred over the last 40 years, including the addition of emission control systems, more fuel efficient and cleaner – burning engines, and lighter body weight.

The International College of Automotive (ICAM) is owned by HICOM University College Sdn Bhd (HUCSB), a wholly owned subsidiary of DRB-HICOM Berhad. ICAM was officially established on the 2nd of April 2010, upon receiving approval from The Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia. ICAM serves two major roles, acting as a private college that produces a cadre of skilled professionals to join the workforce for the automotive sector,

ABSTRACT

Empowerment is a process which generates changes in ideas and perceptions and creates awareness about one’s rights and opportunities for self-development in all important spheres of life specifically in automotive field. Though the women are encouraged to participate in every field of the industries, but their real economic advancement is possible only when their involvement is in automotive industry. Study of the capacity building in automotive is a great potential for women to participate in automotive industry. Empowerment of women through automotive is needed when women itself is working in the automotive college because most of woman receives less education than men in automotive industry. Thus, a study has conducted to know the knowledge of women in automotive field. The study aims to find out the knowledge of women in automotive skills in ICAM and ultimately suggestions have been framed to improve the knowledge in basic automotive skills to women staff of academic and non-academic departments at ICAM. Keywords: Empowerment, Automotive, Women, College, ICAM.

EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH AUTOMOTIVE IN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF AUTOMOTIVE AT PEKAN IN

MALAYSIA



16

and also serving as an institution that enables the group’s automotive workers to continuously upgrade their skills and knowledge. ICAM’s goal is to complement the automotive industry through sustainable development of human capital. In ICAM more than sixty women staff are working in academic and non–academic activities. Empowerment of women through automotive is needed when women itself is working in automotive college.

Empowerment of Women in Automotive plays a very significant role in the economic development and growth of the country’s economy. Though the women are encouraged to participate in every field of the industries, but their real economic advancement is possible only when their involvement is in automotive industry. The specific objectives of the research are to examine the knowledge of women in automotive, second objective is to study the reasons for women teaching and also not teaching automotive module to students, meanwhile third objective is to examine the knowledge of women in driving, and the last objective is to study the training required in knowledge of automotive skills. This study conducted in ICAM with 100 percent respondents is women that come from academic and non-academic staffs. 2.0 METHODOLOGY This study is prepared based on primary data as well as secondary data. The primary data has been collected from the women staff of academic and non-academic departments of ICAM by administering total sample of 40 structured questionnaires. The questionnaire covers the knowledge of women in automotive, teaching of automotive module to the students and also knowledge of driving. The secondary data has been collected from the records of the human resource department of ICAM and all possible existing literature is obtained by covering journals, online magazines, and publications. 3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Survey results shows as many as 40 respondents involved in this study. 23 respondents come from academic staffs and rest is non-academic staff that worked in ICAM. 26 respondents have been working in academic and also non-academic for one year experience, followed by 10 respondents for two year experienced and only 4 respondents working for maximum of three years. Therefore it can be concluded that, women staff was less since formation of ICAM.

Table 3 shows survey result on the three important elements that required by women staff in ICAM in order to empowerment women in automotive industry. 26 women staff from both the departments have responded negatively for not having knowledge in automotive in ICAM and 14 women staff respondents have given positive response for having knowledge in automotive. Therefore it can be concluded that, the women staff are very poor in knowledge of automotive in ICAM.

Table 3: Survey result on knowledge in automotive, teaching experience and training required.

Department Knowledge Teaching Training Required Yes No Yes No Yes No

Academic 7 14 1 25 17 7 Non-Academic 7 12 - 14 9 7

Total 14 26 1 39 26 14

There are 39 women staffs have responded negatively for not teaching automotive module to the students and only one women staff from academic has given positive response towards teaching automotive module to the students in ICAM. Therefore it can be concluded that, the women staff are concentrating on other than automotive modules because of lack of knowledge in automotive skills.

The following are the suggestions to women staff of academic and non-academic departments to improve the knowledge in automotive skills in ICAM. i) Finding of the research reveals that due to lack of knowledge in automotive, majority of the women staff

from academic and non-academic are facing fundamental problems in basics of automotive. In such a case management of ICAM should arrange seminars, workshops and practical training to women staff of both the departments in automotive in the college after office hours.

ii) When it comes to own a car, women of both the departments of ICAM are self-driving in such a case knowledge is definitely a power. Breaking down anywhere is stressful, getting stranded in a remote area with no self-service is a serious problem. To solve this type of problem, management of ICAM should provide practical training in automotive skills in the following basic problems to women staff such as changing a flat tire, installing own battery, replacing windshield wipers, jump- starting own vehicle safely, checking and refilling essential fluids, understanding the warning lights on own dash, knowing the essential tools to carry in own car, making basic diagnoses if own car cannot start, checking tire pressure and properly inflating own car tires.



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iii) Ultimately, women staff of ICAM being neglected to teach automotive module to the students. In such a case management of ICAM should encourage women staff to learn automotive and at the same time to teach automotive module to the students in ICAM.

4.0 CONCLUSION Therefore every woman have the right to autonomy and reproductive choice in all equal areas of education, equality in the workplace, equal workload, equal representation, and equal opportunity in every field including in automotive industry. The role of women is no longer one sided view or a narrow street partly in automotive field. A woman receives less education than men in automotive industry. Achieving change requires action programmes in automotive that will improve women’s valued resources. A woman should be trained in automotive skills in seminars as well as in workshops so that their rights and fundamental freedoms are promoted and protected so that they can make choices free from coercion and discrimination at workplace. REFERENCES [1] Maya, S. (1997): Women and Wage Labour in the Medieval Islamic West- Legal Issues in an Economic

Content, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.40, No.2, pp.174-206.

No 59, Jalan Puncak 1, Taman Puncak,

75450, Bukit Katil, Melaka, MALAYSIA.

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