fungi, parasit

8/19/2019 Fungi, Parasit

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V.V. PROTOZOAPROTOZOA

Unicellular, chemoheterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms ofUnicellular, chemoheterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms of

kingdom Protista (!"###kingdom Protista (!"### m$.m$. Protozoan Protozoan means %first animal&.means %first animal&.

"#,### species, only a fe' are pathogens."#,### species, only a fe' are pathogens.

ost are free!li)ing organisms that inha*it 'ater andost are free!li)ing organisms that inha*it 'ater and

soil. +ome li)e in association 'ith other organisms assoil. +ome li)e in association 'ith other organisms as

parasites or sym*ionts.parasites or sym*ionts.

Reproduce aseually *y fission, *udding, or schi-ogony.Reproduce aseually *y fission, *udding, or schi-ogony.

+ome ehi*it seual reproduction+ome ehi*it seual reproduction ( ( e.g.e.g. Paramecium Paramecium$$ . . Tropho-oiteTropho-oite Vegetati)e stage 'hich feeds upon *acteria Vegetati)e stage 'hich feeds upon *acteria

and particulate nutrients.and particulate nutrients.

/yst/yst +ome proto-oa produce a protecti)e capsule under +ome proto-oa produce a protecti)e capsule under

ad)erse conditions (toins, scarce 'ater, food, or oygen$.ad)erse conditions (toins, scarce 'ater, food, or oygen$.


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V.V. PROTOZOA (/ontinued$PROTOZOA

(/ontinued$

0utrition0utrition

ost are heterotrophic aero*es. 1ntestinal proto-oa canost are heterotrophic aero*es. 1ntestinal proto-oa cangro' anaero*ically.gro' anaero*ically.

+ome ingest 'hole algae, yeast, *acteria, or smaller+ome ingest 'hole algae, yeast, *acteria, or smaller

proto-oans. Others li)e on dead and decaying matter.proto-oans. Others li)e on dead and decaying matter.

Parasitic proto-oa *reak do'n and a*sor* nutrients fromParasitic proto-oa *reak do'n and a*sor* nutrients from

their hosts.their hosts. +ome transport food across the mem*rane.+ome transport food across the mem*rane.

Others ha)e a protecti)e co)ering (Others ha)e a protecti)e co)ering (pelliclepellicle$ and re2uired$ and re2uired

speciali-ed structures to take in food.speciali-ed structures to take in food.

/iliates take in food through a cytostome./iliates take in food through a cytostome. 3igestion takes place in )acuoles.3igestion takes place in )acuoles.

4aste may *e eliminated through plasma mem*rane or4aste may *e eliminated through plasma mem*rane or

an anal pore.an anal pore.


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edically 1mportant Proto-oaedicall

y 1mportant Proto-oa 5. Amoe*oflagellates5. Amoe*ofla

gellates (Phylum +arcomastigophora$(Phylum +arcomastigophora$

o)e using pseudopods (false feet$ or flagella.o)e using pseudopods (false feet$ or flagella.

A.A. Amoe*asAmoe*as (+u*phylum +arcodina$(+u*phylum +arcodina$ o)e *y etending *lunt, lo*elike pro6ectionso)e *y etending *lunt, lo*elike pro6ections

(pseudopods$.(pseudopods$.

Amoe*as engulf food 'ith pseudopods and phagocyti-e it.Amoe*as engulf food 'ith pseudopods and phagocyti-e it.

+e)eral species cause amoe*ic dysenteries of )arying+e)eral species cause amoe*ic dysenteries of )arying

degrees of se)erity.degrees of se)erity. Entamoeba hystolytica Entamoeba h

ystolytica:: 7eeds on red *lood cells. Produces7eeds on red *lood cells. Produces

dysentery and etraintestinal cysts.dysentery and etraintestinal cysts.

Dientamoeba fragilis Dientamoeba

fragilis 7ound in 89 of humans. Usually7ound in 89 of humans. Usually

commensal. /an cause chronic, mild diarrhea.commensal. /an cause chronic, mild diarrhea.

Other diseases includeOther diseases include eningoencephalitisenin

goencephalitis /aused *y/aused *y Naegleria fowleri Naegleria fowleri . . PenetratePenetrate

nasal mucosa of s'immers in 'arm 'aters. ortality ratenasal mucosa of s'immers in 'arm 'aters. ortality rate

almost 5##9.almost 5##9.

:eratitis:eratitis /aused *y/aused *y Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba. /an cause *lindness.. /an cause *lindness.

Associated 'ith use of contact lenses.Associated 'ith use of contact lenses.


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;.;. 7lagellates7l

agellates (+u*phylum astigophora$(+u*phylum astigophora$

o)e *y one or more 'hiplike flagella. +ome parasitico)e *y one or more 'hiplike flagella. +ome parasitic

flagellates ha)e up to eight flagella.flagellates ha)e up to eight flagella.

ost are spindle shaped 'ith flagella pro6ecting fromost are spindle shaped 'ith flagella pro6ecting from

anterior end.anterior end. Outer mem*rane is a tough pellicle. 7ood is ingestedOuter mem*rane is a tough pellicle. 7ood is ingested

through an oral groo)e or cytosotome.through an oral groo)e or cytosotome.

1mportant pathogens1mportant pathogens

Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas va

ginalis /auses genital and urinary infections. /auses genital and urinary infections.9 of

U.+. population are healthy carriers.U.+. population are healthy carriers. Try!anosoma brucei gambienseTr

y!anosoma brucei gambiense


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edically 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$edicall

y 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$

". Apicompleans". A

picompleans (Phylum Apicomplea$(Phylum Apicomplea$

0ot motile in their mature form.0ot motile in their mature form. O*ligate intracellular parasites.O*ligate intracellular parasites.


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edically 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$edicall

y 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$

". Apicompleans". A

picompleans (Phylum Apicomplea$(Phylum Apicomplea$

1mportant pathogens1mportant pathogens Plasmoium viva" Plasmoium viva" andand

falci!arum

falci!arum:: /ause malaria in humans/ause malaria in humans

(intermediate host$.(intermediate host$.

1nitially treated 'ith 2uinine, drug resistance is a ma6or pro*lem1nitially treated 'ith 2uinine, drug resistance is a ma6or pro*lem

today.today.

a6or cause of 'orld'ide mortality :ill million people@yeara6or cause of 'orld'ide mortality :ill million people@year

and infect ## million.and infect ## million.

Transmitted *yTransmitted *y Ano!heles An

o!heles mos2uito (definiti)e host$.mos2uito (definiti)e host$.

33T 'as used etensi)ely in 5BC#s in an attempt to eradicate the33T 'as used etensi)ely in 5BC#s in an attempt to eradicate the

mos2uito )ector.mos2uito )ector.

+uccessful )accine not a)aila*le yet.+uccessful )accine not a)aila*le yet.


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=ife /ycle of Plasmoium s!!. the

1nfectious Agent of alaria


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edically 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$edically 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$

". Apicompleans". Apicompleans (Phylum Apicomplea$(Phylum Apicomplea$

1mportant pathogens1mportant pathogens To"o!lasma gonii To"o !lasma gonii /auses tooplasmosis in humans. /auses/auses tooplasmosis in humans. /auses

*lindness and lymphatic infections in adults. 3angerous to*lindness and lymphatic infections in adults. 3angerous to

pregnant 'omen, causes se)ere neurological defects in un*ornpregnant 'omen, causes se)ere neurological defects in un*orn

children. /ats are part of life cycle, oocysts ecreted in feces.children. /ats are part of life cycle, oocysts ecreted in feces./ontact 'ith infected feces or meat are means of transmission./ontact 'ith infected feces or meat are means of transmission.

#ry!tos!oriium# ry!tos!oriium /auses respiratory and gall*ladder infections /auses respiratory and gall*ladder infections

in immunosuppressed indi)iduals. 7ound in intestines ofin immunosuppressed indi)iduals. 7ound in intestines of

mammals and 'ater. a6or cause of death in A13+ patients.mammals and 'ater. a6or cause of death in A13+ patients.

#yclos!ora cayetensis# yclos!ora cayetensis 0e' parasite (5BBC$ caused diarrhea0e' parasite (5BBC$ caused diarrhea

associated 'ith rasp*erries.associated 'ith rasp*erries.


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edically 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$edically 1mportant Proto-oa (/ontinued$

. /iliates. /iliates (Phylum /iliophora$(Phylum /iliophora$

o)e and o*tain food using cilia.o)e and o*tain food using cilia. Only kno'n human pathogen isOnly kno'n human pathogen is $alantiium coli% $alantiium coli% 'hich'hich

causes a se)ere intestinal infection in pigs and humans.causes a se)ere intestinal infection in pigs and humans.

8. icrosporans8. icrosporans (Phylum ycrospora$(Phylum ycrospora$

O*ligate intracellular parasites, lack mitochondria andO*ligate intracellular parasites, lack mitochondria and

microtu*ules.microtu*ules.

3isco)ered in 5BD8 to cause chronic diarrhea and3isco)ered in 5BD8 to cause chronic diarrhea and

con6uncti)itis, mainly in A13+ patients.con6uncti)itis, mainly in A13+ patients.

fungi, parasit

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