fiqh al-tijarah: suatu sorotan awal perniagaan islam secara koprehensif

7/23/2019 Fiqh Al-Tijarah: Suatu Sorotan Awal Perniagaan Islam Secara Koprehensif

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]jihk`~ Cjz}ò`w`k`k H}aì HH \j~hkgc`v Cjn`kg}``k

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Ehpo à)Vhb`~ò2 ]z`vz ]d~dv`k @wà \j~kh`g``k H}aì

]jm`~` Cdi|~jojk}he

@oi`f ]zeh`k Moj @nfzaaò! Idof @nf Wò`n E`vdkh Idof Nàwh f`k

]zo`hah ]`~he

B`n`v`k ]x`~hò f`k \jkgz~z}`k

@c`fjih \jkg`bh`k H}aì

Zkhuj~}hvh Ià`x`

@n}v~`c

\j~cjin`kg`k vjckdadgh cdi|zvj~ f`k vjajcdizkhc`}h idfjk vjaòijkb`k` |jan`g`h njkvzc |j~kh`g``k fàì |jan`g`h nhf`kg+ Cj|j~az`k

cj|`f` njkvzc ehpo x`kg ajnho ijkxjkvzo }jm`~` coz}z} vjkv`kg

|j~kh`g``k! }v~`vjgh |ji`}`~`k f`k |jkgz~z}`k cjw`kg`k }jm`~` coz}z}

ijkb`fh ajnho cjv`~`+ @~vhcja hkh mzn` ijkxd~dv h}z)h}z |j~kh`g``k idfjk

}j~v` cj|j~az`k vj~o`f`| ehpo à)vhb`~ò x`kg ajnho edcz} cj|`f` nhf`kg

|j~kh`g``k }jm`~` ajnho cdi|~jojk}he+ Bhc` ehpo à)izìà`v ajnho

ijkedcz}c`k vjkv`kg h}z)h}z izìàò f`k `c`f fàì |j~kh`g``k! ehpo

à)vhb`~ò x`kg mzn` fhzv`~`c`k dajo `~vhcja hkh ajnho ijinj~h |jkzi|z`k

cj|`f` eà}èò |j~kh`g``k ijkz~zv H}aì! vjckhc |ji`}`~`k }j~v`

cjw`kg`k! `g`~ h}z)h}z |j~kh`g``k idfjk f`|`v fhaho`v }jm`~` ajnho

vj~edcz} f`k ijkxjaz~zo+ N`g`hi`k`|zk! `~vhcja hkh mzi` ijkxjkvzo

njnj~`|` h}z |j~kh`g``k vj~chkh }jn`g`h }`vz }d~dv`k `wà vj~o`f`|

cj|jkvhkg`k ehpo à)vhb`~ò zkvzc fhcjin`kgc`k }jn`g`h }`vz fh}h|ahk haiz

H}aì x`kg n`~z+


2/25


>

0+< \jkfòzaz`k

Fzkh` |j~kh`g``k i`}` chkh }zfò vhf`c vj~o`f a`gh cj|`f` }`vz ~z`kg

ehrhcà `kg ndajo ijkb`fh vji|`v |j~vjiz`k `kv`~` |jkbzà f`k |jinjah+

\`f` rì`k vjckdadgh cdizkhc`}h! |j~kh`g``k }jm`~` fàì vàh`k vjaò

ijkhkgc`v ijkb`fh njghvz |d|za`~ cj~`k` cjizfò`k `kg fhnj~hc`k

ijaàzh ijfhzi hvz cj|`f` i`kz}h`+ Ij~jc` vhf`c a`gh |j~az nj~`vz~

|`kb`kg fh bà`k ~``! mzcz|aò fjkg`k ijkjc`k nzv`kg }j~v` iji`}zcc`k

c`v` aàz`k |jkgjkà`k fh~h zkvzc z~z}`k |jin``~`k! bzg` ijij}`k

n`~`kg`k! }jvj~z}k` n`~`kg`k c`k vhn` fh |hkvz ~ziò i`}hkg)i }hkg+

\`f` i`}` `kg }ì`! vj~f`|`v |jan`g`h njkvzc |j~kh`g``k `kg

fhv`w`~c`k ijkggzk`c`k ijfhzi vjckdadgh i`cazi`v+ ]h}vji bzà`k

nj~`}`}c`k }h}vji i`v~hc! `zvd}z~e! kjvwd~c nz}hkj}}! |j~kh`g``k jnddc

vz~zv ijkb`fh nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k |jkvhkg fh fàì fzkh` hkvj~kjv+ ]ja`hk hvz!

|j~kh`g``k nj~`}`}c`k |jkghca`k`k ijaàzh aì`k wjn bzg` ijkb`fh

nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k `kg }ji`chk |d|za`~+ \j~cjin`kg`k hkh ijkzkvzv |`~`

}`~b`k` H}aì `g`~ vhf`c fhì fàì ija`czc`k |jkjahfhc`k! `g`~ ozczi

H}aì vhf`c }jc`f`~ ijah|zvh ehpo izìàò `kg fhc`~`kg dajo zaì`'

|`f` j~` ca`}hc! vjv`|h vz~zv ijkjaj}`hc`k |jan`g`h i`}àò |j~kh`g``k

i`}` chkh f`k `c`k f`v`kg+

Bz}vj~z! zkvzc ijkj~v`h nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k `kg }ji`chk nj~cjin`kg

nj~hczv`k |j~cjin`kg`k vjckdadgh `kg njghvz |j}`v!ehpo à)vhb`~ò w`b`~

fh|j~cjkàc`k n`gh ijk`kg`kh h}z)h}z |j~kh`g``k fzkh` idfjk fjkg`k

ajnho edcz} f`k nj~cj}`k+ Cdk}j|)cdk}j| |ji`}`~`k }jm`~` H}aì!

|jkha`h`k nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k }jm`~` cdi|~jojk}he! }j~v` hi|ahc`}h

|j~kh`g``k vj~o`f`| }h}vji jcdkdih i`}`~`c`v |j~az fhvjahvh nj~`}`}c`k

cdk}j|)cdk}j|ehpo izìàò `kg }jfh` `f`! }j~v` fhg`nzkgc`k fjkg`k

eà}èò |j~kh`g``k /à)vhb`~ò( `kg vjaò fh}jfh`c`k dajo zaì`' vj~fòzaz

`c`k ijinjkvzc }`vz a`gh fh}h|ahk haiz |j~kh`g``k `kg ajnho coz}z}+


3/25


=

Ehpo à)vhb`~ò nzc`k }z`vz |j~c`~` n`~z cj~`k` h` ij~z|`c`k m`n`kg ehpo

izìàò `kg ajnho ijkzi|zc`k cj|`f` hi|ahc`}h cdkv~`c+ Ehpo à)

vhb`~ò `kg mzn` fh|j~cjkàc`k hkh hàò cdk}j| ozczi `kg ajnho

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|jkbzà f`k |jinjah! vjv`|h vz~zv ijkjkvzo h}z)h}z }v~`vjgh |ji`}`~`k!

|jkgz~z}`k cjw`kg`k d~g`kh}`}h |j~kh`g``k f`k |jkgz~z}`k }zinj~

i`kz}h` `g`~ h` }ja`~h fjkg`k cjojkf`ci`p`}hf }x`~hò H}aì

>+< Fjehkh}h

@a)Vhb`~ò fhbja`}c`k dajo Hnk I`krz~ `fàò |j~c`v``k `kg nj~`}àf`~h|`f` v`b`~` x`vbz~z vhb`~ò `kg ijinj~h i`c}zf z~z}`k

|jinjah`k f`k |jkbzà`k+0

à)Pz~`k ijkggzk`c`k |j~c`v``k à)vhb`~ò

}jn`g`h jkì càh zkvzc ijkggìn`~c`k cj|jkvhkg`k |j~kh`g``k cj|`f`

i`kz}h`+ Nòc`k @aaò ijkhe`vc`k d~`kg)d~`kg `kg ijin`m` chv`n

@aaò /à)Pz~`k(! ijkzk`hc`k }da`v! ijinja`kb`c`k o`~v` cj bà`k @aaò

hàò d~`kg `kg ijkgo`~`|c`k |j~kh`g``k `kg vhf`c `c`k ~zgh+> ]ja`hk

hvz @aaò bzg` ijkhe`vc`k ìà`k)ìà`k }j|j~vh `kg fh}jnzv fh `v`}

ij~z|`c`k |j~kh`g``k `kg ndajo ijkjaì`vc`k i`kz}h` f`~h|`f` `|h

kj~`c`+=

Oà hkh ijkggìn`~c`k njv`|` |jkvhkgk` |j~kh`g``k cj|`f`

i`kz}h`+

=+< Cj|jkvhkg`k \j~kh`g``k

Ijkz~zv N`f~ à)Fhk à)'@kh fàì ijkgoz~`hc`k chv`n ]òho a)Nzco`~h!

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h`hvz Chv`n à)Nzz }jaj|`} n`n)n`n nj~cjk``k fjkg`k hn`fò `fàò

cj~`k` cj|jkvhkg`k |j~kh`g``k hvz }jkfh~h nj~n`kfhkg vd|hc a`hk }j|j~vh

|j~còwhk`k! cjcjaz`~g``k f`k bjk`ò+ Ijkz~zvk`! vj~f`|`v zaì`

0 Hnk I`krz~ /v+v+(!Ah}`k a)@~`n+ Còj~ò2 F`~ à)I``~he! b+ :! o+ 6> ]z~ò E`vh~2 >8= ]z~ò à)]èe2 0


4/25


6

nj~|`kf`kg`k nò`w` ~ì`h i`kz}h` iì|z zkvzc vhf`c nj~còwhk vjv`|h

}jiz` i`kz}h` |`}vhk` vhf`c `c`k vj~aj|`} f`~h|`f` iji`}zch nhf`kg

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Nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k ij~z|`c`k ìà`k `kg nh`}` i`}`~`c`v @~`n

}jnjazi H}aì+ Nòc`k ^`}zazaaò ]@W }jkfh~h `fàò }jd~`kg òah

|j~kh`g``k f`k |j~kò ijkgz~z}c`k |j~kh`g``k b`kf` o`~v`w`k Co`fhbò

~+`+ }jnjazi n`ghkf` iji|j~h}vj~hc`kk`+: Nòc`k `kv`~` |`~` }ò`n`v

`kg i`}oz~ }jn`g`h òah |j~kh`g``k `kg nj~b`` hàò @nf à)^òi`k

nhk @we ~+` f`k Zvoi`k nhk à)@ee`k+ Fhmj~hv`c`k fàì }jnzò o`fh}`kg }òho! }jn`hc }ò`b` @nf à)^òi`k fh|j~}`zf`~`c`k dajo ^`}zazaaò

fjkg`k ]``f nhk à)^`nh! ]``f vjaò ijk`w`~c`k }jbziaò o`~v` cj|`f`

@nf à)^òi`k }j~v` ijk`w`~c`k h}vj~hk` zkvzc fh|j~h}vj~hc`k dajo @nf

^òi`k /}jvjaò fhmj~`hc`k f`k vì`v vji|do hffò(! vjv`|h @nf à)

^òi`k nhk @we vjaò ijkda`c fjkg`k n`hc }j~v` ijihkv` `g`~ fhvzkbzc`k

cj|`f`k` |`}`~ fh I`fhkò+ Aàz fhvzkbzcc`k cj|`f` njah`z \`}`~

P`kzp` `kg ij~z|`c`k |`}`~ `kg vj~}dod~ fh I`fhkò f`k |`f` cjvhc`

hvz fh|jad|d~h dajo d~`kg Xòzfh+5 Ch}ò hkh ijkzkbzcc`k nò`w` }hc`|

hkghk nj~fhc`~h }j~v` ihk`v `kg ijkfàì }ò`n`v ^`}zazaaò }+`+w hvz

zkvzc ijkmjnz~h fàì nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k+ F`k }j|j~vh `kg fhcjvòzh

zizi @nf à)^òi`k nhk @we `fàò ijkb`fh }ò`n`v `kg vj~c`` fh

cà`kg`k |`~` }ò`n`v `}zazaaò }+`+w+

Nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k bzg` fh`kgg`| dajo |`~` zaì` }jn`g`h nhf`kg `kg

|àhkg èfà zkvzc fhmjnz~h+ ]jcàh |zk vj~f`|`v }jfhchv |j~njr``k `kv`~`

nhf`kg `kg |àhkg zvì`3 }ì` `f` nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k! |j~v`kh`k `v`z |zk

6 Aho`v N`f~ à)Fhk! @nz Izoìi`f Iòizf Nhk @oi`f à)@kh />5+: Aho`v @nz à)Ehf` H}i`ha Hnk Zi`~ Hnk C`voh~ /0887(! à)Nhf`xò wà a)Kho`xò+

v+v+|2 F`~ O`b`~! b+ =! o+ 65>+5 Izoìi`f nhk H}i`ha à)Nzco`~h! ]òho à)Nzco`~h! Chv`n à)Nzz! N`n I` B`` Eh

P`wa @aaòh V`à`! E`hr` Pzfhò à)]àò E`kv`}h~z Eh! Kd+ O`fh}2 08


5/25


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|jinz`v`k+ Kìzk ij~jc` vjv`| nj~}jvzbz nò`w` o`}ha `kg vj~n`hc

`fàò o`}ha cj~b` `kg fhz}ò`c`k }jkfh~h dajo }j}jd~`kg i`kz}h`+7

Hkh

`fàò nj~`}`}c`k o`fh} ^`}zazaaò }+`+w `kg fh~hw``vc`k dajo à)

Ihpfì nò`w` `}zazaaò }+`+w nj~c`v`2

Vhf`caò }j}jd~`kg hvz i`c`k f`~h|`f` i`c`k`k x`kg ajnho n`hc

f`~h|`f` o`}ha `|` x`kg fhz}ò`c`k dajo v`kg`kkx` }jkfh~h+

]j}zkggzokx` K`nh @aaò F`wzf `+}+ i`c`k f`~h|`f` o`}ha x`kg

fhz}ò`c`k dajo v`kg`kkx` }jkfh~h+?

\j~kh`g``k ij~z|`c`k cj|j~az`k `}`} n`gh }j}z`vz i`}`~`c`v `kg vjaò

wzbzf }jb`c rì`k nj~rì`k a`gh+ H}aì ijkg`kgg`| nhf`kg hkh `fàò

}`vz |j~c`~` f`~z~hxx`v`kg }`kg`v |jkvhkg zkvzc i`kz}h`+ Bz}vj~z! H}aì

vhf`c |j~kò ijkgo`~ìc`k }jn`g`h `cvhuhvh |j~kh`g``k nòc`k

ijkggà`cc`k zi`vk` zkvzc ijkb`fh }jd~`kg z}ò`w`k `kg nj~fhc`~h

}j~v` ndajo ijkgo`}hac`k cjzkvzkg`k `kg }jvj~z}k` f`|`v

ijinja`kb`c`k cjzkvzkg`k vj~}jnzv |za` cj bà`k @aaò+8

6+< Njnj~`|` H}z Ozczi Fàì \j~kh`g``k H}aì

]jnjazi ijin`w` o`fh} nj~cjk``k fjkg`k cjajnho`k njcj~b` }jkfh~h!

Hiì à)Nzco`~h vj~ajnho fòzaz ijkgzv`~`c`k |j~}dà`k }xznoò `kg

|j~az fhja`cc`k dajo }jvh`| d~`kg `kg vj~ahn`v fàì |j~kh`g``k+ Njah`z

}jvj~z}k` ijin`w` o`fh})o`fh} nj~cjk``k fjkg`k cjmjkfj~zkg`k zi`v

`coh~ rì`k zkvzc ijkg`n`hc`k o`}ha z}ò` ij~jc` }ì` `f` o`~ì `v`z

oàà+ Bja`} fh }hkh nò`w` fàì ijkb a`kc`k }j}z`vz `cvhuhvh |j~kh`g``k!

}jvh`| vhkf`c`k `kg fha`czc`k nj~iza` f`~h|`f` |~d}j} |jkgzi|za`k

7 @oi`f Hnk @ah Hnk O`b`~ />


6/25


5

idfà! |jkgo`}ha`k |~dfzc! `cvhuhvh bzà`k }j~v` |ji`}`~`k ij}vhaò

fh|`kv`z }jm`~` vj~|j~hkmh `g`~ zk}z~)zk}z~ }xznoò }j~v` o`~ì vhf`c

i`}zc cj fàì |j~kh`g``k `kg fha`czc`k dajo }jd~`kg H}aì+

]jn`g`h }`vz }d~dv`k |j~iza``k! edcz} ehpo à)vhb`~ò fhnj~hc`k cj|`f`

njnj~`|` |j~c`~` |j~az fhb`g` zkvzc ijkbìhk |j~kh`g``k }jd~`kg H}aì

nj~bà`k fh `v`} a`kf`}`k `kg njvza }jm`~` cdi|~jojk}he2

h+ Eà}èò }jnjk`~ |j~kh`g``k H}aìhh+

Nhf`kg |j~kh`g``k `kg fhmjnz~h

hhh+ H}z cjw`kg`k `kg vhf`c ijahn`vc`k ~hn` f`k |j~c`~` o`~ìhu+ ]v~`vjgh |ji`}`~`k `kg ijahn`vc`k |jkh|z`k

]jcàh |zk H}aì ijkggà`cc`k zi`vk` nj~kh`g`! vjv`|h H}aì |`f` i`}`

`kg }ì` ijinj~hc`k |`kfz`k cj|`f` i`kz}h` `g`~ |j~kh`g``k `kg

fha`czc`k `fàò }ja`~`} fjkg`k dnbjcvhe }jnjk`~k` h`hvz zkvzc ijkm`|`h

à)eàò h`hvz cjb```k fh fzkh` f`k fh `coh~`v+0< Zkvzc ijkm`|`h à)eàò

h`hvz cj}hkìnzkg`k cjzkvzkg`k |j~kh`g``k fh fzkh` f`k `coh~`v! |`~`

|jkh`g` w`b`~ nj~w`}|`f` fjkg`k ahi` h}z vj~}jnzv+

:+< Ijkgo`x`vh Eà}èò \j~kh`g``k H}aì

Fàì eà}èò H}aì! |j~kh`g``k hàò }`vz cj~b` `kg }`kg`v vj~|zbh `kg

ijkgohfz|c`k i`}`~`c`v+ @cvhuhvh hkh nzc`k }ò`b` fha`czc`k zkvzc

ijkf`|`vc`k cjzkvzkg`k! vjv`|h |`f` i`}` `kg }ì` ijkzk`hc`k

cjw`bh|`k }jn`g`h `kggdv` i`}`~`c`v H}aì+ Eà}èò |j~kh`g``k H}aì

`fàò nj~`}`}c`k cj|`f` eà}èò jcdkdih H}aì hvz }jkfh~h h`hvz

|j~kh`g``k `kg nj~`}`}c`k cj|`f` ~`nn`kh `v`z|zk |~hk}h|)|~hk}h|

0< Aho`v @n Izihk @n Go`kh />


7/25


7

cjvzo`k`k+00 Fjkg`k c`v` a`hk! `|`)`|` vhkf`c`k `kg fha`czc`k dajo

}jd~`kg òah |j~kh`g``k ojkf`caò `cz~ fjkg`k }jgà` |j~hkvò @aaò f`k

vhf`c ndajo a`~h f`~h|`f` ozczi `kg fhvjv`|c`k dajo @aaò+ Ijkz~zv

Xz}ze à)P`~`f`wh! `}`} cj|`f` `cvhuhvh |j~kh`g``k f`k jcdkdih H}aì

ij}vhaò nj~vzkb`kgc`k `chfò H}aì `kg bj~kho+ Fàì cdk}j| H}aì

bzg`! o`~v` `fàò ij~z|`c`k ì`kò @aaò cj|`f` i`kz}h` f`k i`kz}h`

`fàò |jijg`kg ì`kò @aaò+ ]jcàh|zk }jvh`| d~`kg dajo ijkm`~h

cjzkvzkg`k }jn`k`ck`! kìzk h` vj~v`cazc cj|`f` ozczi `kg vjaò

fhvjv`|c`k dajo @aaò+

Eà}èò |j~kh`g``k H}aì hkh fhi`khej}v`}hc`k dajo njnj~`|` |j~`vz~`k

`kg vjaò fhvjv`|c`k dajo @aaò+ Fh fàì a)Pz~`k! @aaò vjaò nj~eh~i`k2

F`k `|`nha` ij~jc` ijkgjvòzh cjf`v`kg`k n`~`kg)n`~`kg

f`g`kg`k /x`kg n`~z vhn`( `v`z /ijkfjkg`~( }j}z`vz ohnz~`k!

ij~jc` nj~}z~`h /aàz |j~gh( cj|`f`kx` fjkg`k ijkhkggàc`k

jkgc`z nj~fh~h /fh `v`} ihin`~ nj~cozvnò(+ C`v`c`kaò /wò`h

Izoìi`f2 \òà`! nà`}`k( x`kg `f` fh }h}h @aaò! ajnho n`hc

f`~h ohnz~`k f`k n`~`kg)n`~`kg f`g`kg`k hvz f`k @aaò }jn`hc)

n`hc |jinj~h ~jrjch+

Sà)Bziò2 00Y

Fàì ``v fh `v`}! @aaò vjaò ijkji|ja`c ij~jc` `kg ijkgzvì`c`k

|j~kh`g``k }johkgg` ijkg`n`hc`k cjw`bh|`k ijkfjkg`~ cozvnò f`k

ijkzk`hc`k }da`v Bzi``v! }jf`kgc`k `kg ijinj~hc`k ~jrjch cj|`f`

ij~jc` hvz `fàò @aaò f`k nzc`kk` |j~kh`g``k hvz }jkfh~h+ ]jm`~` ajnho

az`}k`! ``v hkh ijkbja`}c`k nò`w` }jgà` z~z}`k |jkvhkg `kg wzbzf

fàì fzkh` |j~kh`g``k vhf`c ndajo fha`czc`k }johkgg` ijkg`n`hc`k

00 Xz}ze a)P`~`f`wh /088:(!F`w~ a)Phxì w` a)@coa`p eh à)Hpvh}`f a)H}aìh!

Còj~ò2 I`cv`nò Wònò! oo >8)=0


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13/25


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0?

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@h Ziz~oh @efà! Kd+ O`fh} :?+


19/25


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i`kz}h` ija`czc`k cj~d}`c`k fjih ijkf`|`vc`k w`kg+


20/25


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21/25


>0

Z}za Ehpo vji` zvì` ``v `kg fh}jnzvc`k fh `v`} nzc`k }ò`b` zkvzc

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22/25


>>

n`~`kg`k v`fh! i`c` nj~bzà njahaò cìz }j|j~vh x`kg

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Czà` Azi|z~2 ]+ @nfza I`bjjf % Md! o 5>+>5 Aho`vHnhf+


23/25


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24/25


>6

fjkg`k o`~g` ^I0


25/25


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vj~k`v` ajnho bja`} bhc` `|` `kg fhvzah} dajo }`~b`k` }haì fhvj~bjiòc`k

fàì njkvzc |~`cvh} dajo d~g`kh}`}h |j~kh`g``k+

fiqh al-tijarah: suatu sorotan awal perniagaan islam secara koprehensif

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