bab-2-tg4.ppt

OBJEKTIF PEMBELAJARAN1. Menyatakan latar belakang tamadun

Yunani, Rom, India dan China.2. Mengenal pasti aspek-aspek yang membawa

kepada peningkatan tamadun.3. Menghuraikan sumbangan tamadun Yunani,

Rom, India dan China.4. Merasionalkan kepentingan agama dan

ajaran utama dunia dalam perkembangan tamadun manusia.

YUNANIROM

CHINA INDIA

KEDUDUKAN TAMADUN DALAM PETA DUNIA

ASPEK PENINGKATAN TAMADUN:PEMERINTAHAN & PENTADBIRANPERUNDANGANPERLUASAN KUASAPENINGKATAN EKONOMIPENINGKATAN SOSIAL

PENDIDIKANFALSAFAHSAINS DAN TEKNOLOGISENI BINABAHASA & SASTERASISTEM SOSIAL

TUKESAHDAPATFULUSTAPIBUATSAMPAHSARAP

MONARKI

OLIGARKI

ARISTOKRASI

TIRANI/DIKTATOR

DEMOKRASI

PERBEZAAN DEMOKRASI

UNDANG-UNDANG DIGUBAL

OLEH DEWAN PERHIMPUNAN

NEGARA HARUS DIPERINTAH OLEH AHLI

FALSAFAH KERANA HANYA MEREKA FAHAMI UNDANG-

UNDANG(PLATO)

PENYATUAN MACEDONIA DENGAN YUNANI OLEH PHILIP II

Telah menyebarkan kebudayaan Hellenistik ke negara-negara

Jajahan takluknya.

Hellenistic civilization thus represents a fusion of the Ancient

Greek world with that of Asia, and a departure from the traditional Greek attitude to "barbarian" cultures. The

extent to which a genuinely hybrid Greco-Asian cultures emerged is

contentious; consensus tends to point towards pragmatic cultural

adaptation by the elites of society; for the mass of the population, life would

probably have continued much as before[1].

During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture

were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria

respectively. Cities such as Pergamon, Ephesus, Rhodes and Seleucia were also

important, and increasing urbanization of the Eastern Mediterranean was

characteristic of the time.

Hellenistic culture. The name derives from the fact that Greek culture spread throughout the area in the last 3 centuries before

the common era. In the Hellenistic period, It was in the cities that the descendants of the Greco-Macedonian conquerors became a professional class

of rulers and soldiers and merchants, which provided a cultural and economic bond throughout the area, even though political

unity did not survive the death of Alexander. As the administrators and the merchants of their world, in spite of

being in the minority, they had an influence out of proportion to their numbers.

The city of Alexandria, founded by Alexander, located on the Mediterranean at the mouth of the Nile, became the most

prominent center of commerce and learning. The library in Alexandria became the depository for recording many of the

literary and scientific achievements of the time. Although women continued to have a subordinate status, some

lucky few of the wealthy and ruling classes, would have the opportunity to become involved in commerce or in intellectual

activities. For the most part, however, women had no part in public life.

Slavery, which had been a commonly accepted practice throughout the history of ancient civilization, remained a

prominent part of Hellenistic culture.

Serba sedikit tentang riwayat hidup dan perjuangan Alexander The Great meluaskan empayar…

The Iliad (Greek: Ἰλιάς [iliás] (Ancient), Ιλιάδα [ili'aða] (Modern)) is, together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient Greek epic

poems traditionally attributed to Homer. However, the claim of a single author is disputed, as the poems show evidence of a long

oral tradition and hence, possible multiple authors.Many scholars believe the poem to be the oldest extant work of

literature in the ancient Greek language. The poem concerns events during the tenth and final year of the

Trojan War, the siege of the city of Ilion or Troy, by the Greeks. The plot centers on the Greek warrior Achilles and his anger

toward the king of Mycenae, Agamemnon, which proves disastrous for the Greeks.[2] It provides many of the events that

the later poems of the Epic Cycle build on, including the death of the Trojan captain Hector.

Written in dactylic hexameter, the Iliad comprises 15,693 lines of verse. Later ancient Greeks divided it into twenty-four books or

scrolls, a convention that has lasted to the present day with little change.

The word Iliad means "pertaining to Ilios" (in Latin, Ilium), the city proper, as opposed to Troy (in Greek, Τροία, Troía; in Latin,

Troia, Troiae, f., in Turkish Truva), the state centered around Ilium.

Boys were taught at home by their mothers until they were 6 or 7 years old. In Athens the education was left up to the

father. Students were taught by private schoolmasters. The boys from wealthy families were taken to school by a

trusted slave. The students learned to write on wax-covered tablets with a stylus. Books were very expensive, so they

were rare. The students in Athens learned to add, subtract, multiply, and divide. They also learned about fractions.

Students learned the words of Homer and how to play the lyre. Boys were trained in sports. Wealthy children learned to ride horseback. Other sports included wrestling, using a bow and a sling, and swimming. At age 14 boys attended a higher school for four more years. At age 18 boys went to

military school. They graduated at age 20.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Spartan SchoolsWhen babies were born in Sparta, Spartan soldiers would come by the

house to examine them. If the baby did not look healthy, it was taken away and left to die or trained as a slave. If the baby was healthy, it

was assigned membership in a brotherhood or sisterhood.The boys in Sparta were sent to military camps of their brotherhood

when they turned 7. They learned how to read and write until they were about 14. The Spartan government wanted to make the boys tough. To do this they were given little clothing and no shoes. They

slept on hard beds made of reeds and were not given any covers. They were not given enough food. They were trained in survival skills and

how to be a good soldier. Reading and writing were taught as secondary skills.

Between ages 18 to 20 each boy had to pass a fitness test. If he did not pass the test, he became a perioidos. This was a person of middle class

who had no political rights and was not even considered a citizen. If the boy passed he served in the military and continued to train as a

soldier. Military service lasted until the boy reached age 60.The girls were trained in the school of their sisterhood. They were

taught physical education. Classes include wrestling, gymnastics, and combat training. The Spartans wanted girls to be strong so that they

would have healthy children. At age 18 the Spartan girl had to pass a fitness test. She was then assigned a husband and allowed to return

home. If she failed the test, she became a perioikos.

WARGA SPARTA

ACROPOLIS

PARTHENON – RUMAH IBADAT (TUHAN ATHENA)

The most famous games held at Olympia, South- West of Greece, which took place every four years. The ancient Olympics seem to

have begun in the early 700 BC, in honour of Zeus. No women were allowed to watch the games and only Greek nationals could

participate. One of the ancient wonders was a statue of Zeus at Olympia, made of gold and ivory by a Greek sculptor Pheidias. This

was placed inside a Temple, although it was a towering 42 feet high.The games at Olympia were greatly expanded from a one-day

festival of athletics and wrestling to, in 472 BC, five days with many events. The order of the events is not precisely known, but the first day of the festival was devoted to sacrifices. On the Middle Day of

the festival 100 oxen were sacrificed in honor of a God. Athletes also often prayed and made small sacrifices themselves..

On the second day, the foot-race, the main event of the games, took place in the stadium, an oblong area enclosed by sloping banks of

earth.At Olympia there were 4 different types of races; The first was

stadion, the oldest event of the Games, where runners sprinted for 1 stade, the length of the stadium(192m). The other races were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which ranged from 7 to

24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.).The fourth type of race involved runners wearing full amor, which was 2-4 stade race (384 m. to 768

m.), used to build up speed and stamina for military purposes.On other days, wrestling, boxing, and the pancratium, a

combination of the two, were held. In wrestling, the aim was to throw the opponent to the ground three times, on either his hip,

back or shoulder. In ancient Greek wrestling biting and genital holds were illegal.

Boxing became more and more brutal; at first the pugilists wound straps of soft leather over their

fingers as a means of deadening the blows, but in later times hard leather, sometimes weighted with

metal, was used. In the pancratium, the most rigorous of the sports, the contest continued until one or the

other of the participants acknowledged defeat.Horse-racing, in which each entrant owned his horse,

was confined to the wealthy but was nevertheless a popular attraction. The course was 6 laps of the track,

with separate races for whereupon the rider would have no stirrups. It was only wealthy people that

could pay for such training, equipment, and feed of both the rider and the horses.

So whichever horse won it was not the rider who was awarded the Olive wreath but the owner. There were also Chariot races, that consisted of both 2-horse and

4-horse chariot races, with separate races for chariots drawn by foals. There was also a race was between

carts drawn by a team of 2 mules, which was 12 laps of the stadium track.

OLIMPIK – upacara sembah Tuhan Zeus di Athena

Peserta Olimpik….. Hanya lelaki. Mengapa?

TAMADUN ROM

Jelaskan ciri-ciri demokrasi di Athens.

(8 markah)

PEMERINTAHAN & PENTADBIRAN ROM

PERUBAHAN PENTADBIRAN PEMERINTAHAN ROM DIAMBILALIH OLEH JULIUS CAESAR

UNDANG2 PAPAN DUA BELAS/TWELVE TABLES

EMPAYAR ROM di bawah pentadbiran AUGUSTUS CAESAR

EKONOMI ROMTIADA REKOD

FALSAFAH ROM

SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGIILMU MATEMATIK DIKAITKAN

DGN MUZIK, GEOMETRI & ASTRONOMI

TOKOH: BOETHIUSPENYERAPAN UNSUR YUNANI

SENI BINA

PERTARUNGAN GLADIATOR ROMDI COLLOSEUM

If you had lived in ancient times, you could have applied to become a Roman citizen. Not everyone who applied was

accepted, but anyone could apply. Would you have wanted to become a Roman citizen? You might have. The ancient Romans invented more games than any other ancient

civilization. The ancient Romans were very different from the ancient

Greeks. The ancient Romans were down-to-earth realists, not idealists. You can see this in their statues. The Greeks

made statues of perfect people. The Romans created real life statues. A statue of one of the Roman emperors is a good

example. His nose is huge! The ancient Greeks would never have done that.

The Romans were fierce soldiers and wonderful builders. They built roads all over the empire, and all roads led to

Rome. The ancient Greeks had roads, but they were not built nearly as well, and the Greek's roads did not connect in any

particular order. Connect to what? Each Greek city-state was its own unit. In ancient Rome, Rome was the heart of the

empire!

MAHARAJA

KERAJAAN BERPENGARUH – EMPAYAR MAURYA

Peta Empayar Maurya

TIANG ASOKA

ASHOKA

The Kalinga War a Change of Heart During Ashoka's grandfather's time the Kalinga army had only 60,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry and 700 elephants. During

Bindusara's reign and at the beginning of Ashoka's reign Kalinga must have improved its armed forces considerably.

The mighty Magadha army marched towards Kalinga. Ashoka himself went at the head of his vast army.

The Kalinga army resisted the Magadha army and fought bravely. They were not afraid even of death. But their valor and sacrifices were in vain. Every thinner and

finally it accepted defeat. Ashoka won a glorious victory.

'What Have I done! True, Ashoka was victorious and Kalinga was his.

What was the price of this victory? One of Ashoka's own inscriptions describes it:

One and a half people were taken prisoners. A lake was killed during the battle. Many more died as a result of the war.'

Ashoka who led the army saw the battlefield with his own eyes. As far as his eye could see he saw only the corpses of elephants and horses, and the limbs of soldiers killed in the battle. There were streams of blood. Soldiers

were rolling on the ground in unbearable pain. There were orphaned children. And eagles flew about to feast on the dead bodies.

Not one or two but hundreds of terrible sights greeted Ashoka's eyes. His heart was broken with grief and shame.

He felt unhappy over the victory, which he had won at the cost of so much suffering. 'What a dreadful deed have I done! I was the head of a vast empire, but I

longed to subjugate a small kingdom and caused the death of thousands of soldiers; I widowed thousands of women and orphaned thousands of children. With these oppressive thoughts in his minds he could not stay there any longer. He led

his army back towards Pataliputra with a heavy heart.

PENINGKATAN EKONOMI INDIA

HASIL PERDAGANGAN

HASIL BUAH-BUAHAN

SARA ANGGOTA TENTERA,

PENTADBIR, RAJA

KEMAJUAN EKONOMI

PENDIDIKAN DI INDIA

FALSAFAH INDIA

SENI BINA

BAHASA DAN KESUSASTERAAN

BAHASA

SISTEM KASTA

TUJUAN

KAWAL TINGKAH LAKU MANUSIA

PERUNDANGAN

JALAN SUTERA DARAT

HINDUBUDDHA

KRISTIANISLAM

CONFUCIANISMETAOISME

TERIMA KASIH

bab-2-tg4.ppt

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