faal hemostasis
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FAAL HEMOSTASIS
Oleh :dr. Diah Hermayanti, SpPK
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TIU Memahami pemeriksaan faal hemostasis
TIK Memahami proses hemostasis
Memahami proses hemostasis pada jejas vaskuler
Memahami dan dapat menginterpretasipemeriksaan laboratorium hemostasis
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HEMOSTASIS Proses fisiologis yg seimbang :
mencegah perdarahan >>> (setelah perlukaan vaskuler)
mempertahankan sirkulasi (dg menjaga darah tetap cair)
Trombosis Perdarahan
KOAGULASI HEMOSTASIS FIBRINOLISIS
Perdarahan Trombosis
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TAHAPAN PROSES BILA TJD TRAUMA VASKULER :
1. Vasokonstriksi
2. Primary hemostasis (detik)
3. Secondary hemostasis (menit)
4. Proses perbaikan & fibrinolisis
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PRIM ARY HEMOSTASIS
SECONDARY HEMOSTASIS
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7PROSES HEMOSTASIS
Vascularinjury
Platelet adhesion&
Release reaction
Platelet aggregation
PrimaryHemostatic plug
Secondary hemostatic plug(stable hemostatic plug)
Vasoconstriction Coagulationcascade
Tissue factor
Release ofPlatelet phopholipid
Thrombin
Fibrin
Blood flow ↓
Exposure of colagen
Serotonin
TX2, ADP
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8JALUR KOAGULASI DARAH
X
Xa + Va + phospholipid
XIIIII (prothrombin) IIa (thrombin)
XIIIa
I (fibrinogen) Fibrin Cross-linkedfibrin
TF + VIIaIX IXa
+VIII VIIIa
XI XIa
JALUR EKSTRINSIKJALUR INTRINSIK
Surface contac : HMWK Prekalikrein
Ca 2+
Ca 2+
Ca 2+
PL
XII XIIa
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FAKTOR KOAGULASI PLASMA
Faktor Nama
I FibrinogenII ProthrombinIII Tissue thromboplastinIV CalciumV Proaccelerin (labile factor)VII Proconvertin (stable factor)VIII Antihemophilic A factorIX Antihemophilic B factorX Stuart factorXI Plasma thromboplastin antecedentXII Hageman factor, contact factorXIII Fibrin stabilizing factor
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10JALUR FIBRINOLISIS
PLASMINOGEN
PLASMIN
Aktivator :o intrinsik : F.XII, kinin, trombin, urokinaseoEkstrinsik : t-PA, excercise, stressoTerapeutik : streptokinase
Anti aktivator :o C-1 Esterase inhibitoro PAI (plaminogen activator inhibitor )
FIBRIN FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS (FDP)
Antiplasmin :o α2 antiplasmino α2 makroglobulin
Antiplasmin :o α2 antiplasmino α2 makroglobulin
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11PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
UNTUK MENILAI FAAL HEMOSTASIS
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN : Memahami prinsip pemeriksaan laboratorik hemostasis sederhana Mengkaitkan dg penyakit gangguan faal hemostasis (interpretasi & diagnostik)
Pendekatan :1. Anamnesis2. Pemeriksaan fisik3. Laboratorik
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12ENDOTEL MENGATUR FLUIDITAS HEMOSTASIS
BLOOD FLOW
Pro-trombotik : trombosit-vaskuler koagulasi plasma
Anti-trombotik : antikoagulan inhibitor fibrinolisis
Bleeding Trombosis
Trombosis Bleeding
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14ANAMNESIS Eksplorasi riwayat penyakit :
keturunan (herediter) didapat (acquired )
Anamnesa :1.Perdarahan circumsisi / tali pusat / persalinan ?2.Epistaksis / memar (easy bruising) ?; persendian (joint bleeding)?3.Perdarahan cabut gigi ?4.Menstruasi berkepanjangan ?5.Memar tanpa sebab yg jelas ?6.Darah di urin / feses ?7.Riwayat transfusi (terutama trombosit) ?8.Minum obat aspirin / derivatnya (7 hari terakhir ) ?
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PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
PTEKIAE : bercak merah kecil di kulit (Ф ujung jarum) (ekstravasasi darah dari vaskuler yg intak karena peningkatan permeabilitas)
PURPURA : kumpulan ptekiae
EKIMOSIS : area lebam (kebiruan) (Ф > purpura)
HEMATOMA : lebam luas yg menginfiltrasi subkutan atau otot, shg menyebabkan deformitas
HEMARTROSIS : perdarahan di persendian (perdarahan berat) gangguan koagulasi (hemofili)
HEMATURIA : perdarahan di urin (trauma lokal batu; overdosis antikoagulan; hemofili)
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16PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
TES SKRINING :
Jumlah & morfologi menilai primary trombosit hemostatic plug Bleeding time
Clotting time menilai koagulasi / aPTT (activated partial secondary hemostatic thromboplastin time) plug PT (prothrombin time)
TES KONFIRMASI / KHUSUS : Fungsi trombosit (adesi, sekresi, agregasi) Pengukuran faktor koagulan Pemeriksaan inhibitor
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17TES SKRINING PRIMARY HEMOSTATIC PLUG
(TROMBOSIT-VASKULER )
Tujuan : menentukan kelainan trombosit / vaskuler
TROMBOSIT :o morfologio jumlaho fungsi
Capillary resistance test (Rumple-Leed test)
Bleeding time (Ivy ; Duke)
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18RUMPLE – LEEDE TEST
(Capillary resistance test)
VOLAR(dibaca 15 menit setelahTekanan dilepas)
HASIL :(-) : jumlah ptekiae < 1010-20 : meragukan(+) : > 20
POSITIF :1.Trombositopenia2.Gangguan vaskuler3.Gangguan fungsi trombosit
Systole
Diastole
5 minutes(± 100 mmHg)
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19BLEEDING TIME / BT(waktu perdarahan)
BT menilai Pembentukan hemostatic plug
1. Kelainan trombosit2. Kelainan vaskuler
Normal (Duke) : 1-3 menit
Memanjang :1.Kelainan konstriksi vaskuler2.Trombositopenia3.Gangguan adhesi trombosit4.Gangguan pelepasan ADP trombosit5.Gangguan aggregasi trombosit6.Gangguan avaibilitas PF3
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40 mmHgCupingtelinga
Volar
Cara DukeNormal
1-3 menit
Cara IvyNormal
1-7 menit
Normal Abnormal(memanjang)
½
11½
2 2½3
Start Start Bleeding timemenilai :
Dacie et al. 1975, Hirsh et al. 1979, Sirridge et al. 1983
Kertassaring
Bleeding Time
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21TES SKRINING KOAGULASI
(secondary hemostatic plug /fibrin clot formation)
Tujuan : deteksi gangguan koagulasi menentukan tahapan proses yg terganggu
Pemeriksaan : clotting/coagulation time (CT) aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) PPT (plasma prothrombin time) TT (thrombin time)
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CLOTTING FACTOR (CT)
MENILAI pembentukan tahap awal dr thrombin WAKTU untuk menghasilkan bekuan yg terlihat mata
(Jalur intrinsik & jalur umum)
CT >>> - defisiensi faktor pembekuan yg berat pada jalur intrinsik dan jalur umum (common pathway) (Tidak dipengaruhi oleh F VII)- pemakaian heparin
Normal : 5-15 ‘
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ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (aPTT)
Tes koagulasijalur intrinsik (prekalikrein, HMWK, F. XII,XI, IX, VIII) jalur umum (F. X,V, prothrombin, fibrinogen)
aPTT deteksi :1. Defisiensi faktor di atas2. Skrining antikoagulan lupus3. Monitor terapi heparin
Normal : 25 - 39 detik (tergantung laboratorium)
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PLASMA PROTHROMBIN TIME (PPT)
Tes koagulasiJalur ekstrinsik (F.VII)Jalur umum ( F.X, V, II, I)
PPT deteksi :1. kontrol antikoagulan oral koumarin
(F.II, VII, X adalah vit K dependent ygterdepresi oleh obat koumarin)
2. defisiensi F. VII & X
Normal : 10 -14 detik (tergantung laboratorium)
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INTERNATIONAL NORMALISED RATIO(INR)
Dipergunakan untuk menstandarsisasi hasil pengukuran PPTyg sangat tergantung pada masing-masing laboratorium
INR = PTtest ISI
PTnormal
ISI : International sensitivity index (tergantung batch)
Normal : 0,8 -1,2 (normal, tanpa terapi antikoagulan)2 - 3 (pengobatan antikoagulan/Warfarin)
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THROMBINE TIME (TT)
Tes koagulasimengukur kecepatan pembentukan fibrin
TT abnormal :1. defisiensi F.I (fibrinogen)2. kelainan kualitatif fibrinogen3. heparin4. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
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28PENDEKATAN(Anamnesa, fisik, laboratorik)
Gg.Perdarahan Gg.Trombosis (bleeding disorders) (thrombotic disorders)
Congenital(herediter)
Acquired(didapat)
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29Gg. KOAGULASI (CLOTTING DISORDERS)
HEREDITER
Von Willebrand synd. 1:200 - 5.000Hemophilia A (VIII def) 1:5.000 - 10.000Hemophilia B (IX def) 1:50.000 - 100.000Factor XI deficiency 1:100.000 - 500.000Factor II deficiency < 1:106
Factor V deficiency < 1:106
Factor VII deficiency < 1:106
Factor X deficiency < 1:106
Factor XII deficiency < 1:106
Prekallikrein deficiency < 1:106
HMWK deficiency < 1:106
Afibrinogenia < 1:106
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Gg. KOAGULASI DIDAPAT (ACQUIRED)
ACQUIRED DEFICIENCY STATE :Liver diseasevit K deficiencyoral anticoagulantamyloidosisconsumptive coagulopathieshematinsnake venom
INHIBITION of CLOT FORMATION :Heparin lupus anticoagulantmacromolecules neutralizing factor inhibitors(dextran) non- neutralizing factor inhibitorsdysfibrinogenemia
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31DIFERENSIAL SKRINING KOAGULASI
Prolonged APTT Prolonged PT Prolonged APTT&PT
COMMONHeparin Vit K deficiency Vit K deficiencyLupus anticoagulant Oral anticoagulant Oral anticoagulantHemophilia A Liver disease Liver diseaseHemophilia B Consumptive VWD (with long BT) -coagulopathies
UNCOMMONSpecific factor inhibitors Factor VII deficiency F. II, V, or X defF. XI or XII deficiency Hereditary –Prekalikrein def dysfibrinogenemiaHMWK deficiency Afibrinogenemia
Specific factor- inhibitorsAmyloidosis
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Gangguan kuantitas : Jumlah turun
(trombositopenia) :- produksi <<- usia <;
destruksi >- pooling >> (di Limpa)
Jumlah meningkat(trombositosis)
Gangguan kualitas(trombositopati) :
Primer Sekunder
Fungsi yg terganggu : Adesi Release Agregasi Koagulasi
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GANGGUAN TROMBOSIT
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KELAINAN TROMBOSIT HEREDITER
Kelainan Laboratorium
Kelainan adhesivon Willebrand synd vWF, Platelet aggregationBernard-Soulier synd vWF, Platelet aggregationCollagen disorders BT, normal platelet aggregation
Kelainan agregasiGlansmann’s thrombasthenia BT, platelet aggregation, GP IIB-IIIAAfibrinogenemia BT, platelet aggregation, fibrinogen
dll
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KELAINAN TROMBOSIT DIDAPAT(mengganggu fungsi trombosit)
Obat (aspirin, indometasin, ibuprofen, penisilin)Antibodi trombosit
Penyakit ginjalMyeloproliferative disorders
Myeloma Fibrinolysis
MacromoleculesFibrin split product
Monoclonal proteinsIn vivo release
hypothyroidism
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GANGGUAN TROMBOSIS
HEREDITER
Sistem Kelainan
Serine protease inhibitor Defisiensi Antitrombin III(SERPINS) Def. Heparin kofaktor II
Sistem fibrinolitik Def. Protein C heterozygousDef. Protein C homozygousDef. Protein S heterozygous
Trombosit Hyperactive platelet synd
Miscellaneous dll
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Gangguan Trombotik Didapat
Kondisi sistemik : Kelainan hemostatik :
Atherosclerotic vascular disease Lupus anticoagulantdiabetes mellitus DICmalignat neoplasma Thrombotic thrombocyto-myeloproliferative disorders penic purpuraparoxismal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Hemolytic-uremic syndestrogen & oral contraceptive Snake venomsPregnancy Coagulation factor-venous stasis concentratesnephrotic syndromehyperlipidemiaartificial vascular prostheseshyperviscosity
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39COMPLEX HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS
DISORDER LABORATORY MANIFESTATIONS
Disseminated intravascular thrombocytopenia low fibrinogenCoagulation (DIC) long PT long APTT
increased FDPs low AT III
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic thrombocytopenia normal fibrinogen Purpura (TTP) microangiopathic peripheral blood filmHemolytic uremic syndrome normal AT III (HUS)
Liver disease long PT low AT IIInormal to low fibrinogen
Brandt 1999
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40DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION(DIC)
INITIATING STIMULUS
THROMBIN PLASMIN
FIBRIN PLATELET FACTOR FIBRINOLYSISFORMATION ACTIVATION CONSUMPTION
MICROVASCULAR HEMORRHAGETHROMBOSIS
FIBRINOGEN PLATELETDEPLETION DEPLETION
HEMORRHAGE
ACTIVATION ACTIVATION
Brandt 1999
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41 DIC STIMULATOR :
1.Tissue factor coagulants :traumahemolysiscarcinoma
2.Factor producing platelet aggregation :septicemiauremiaimmune complexes
3.Endothelial damage :burnvasculitis
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42GANGGUAN HEMOSTATIK
PADA PENYAKIT LIVER
ABNORMALITAS MANIFESTASI LABORATORIUM MANIFESTASI KLINIK
TROMBOSITOPENI TROMBOSITOPENI PERDARAHAN
SINTESA FAKTOR PT & APTT >>>>> PERDARAHANKOAGULASI <<<
SINTESA PROTEIN AT III <<, PROTEIN C << THROMBOSIS, DICREGULATOR <<<
DISFIBRINOGENEMIA TT / PT / APTT >>>>> NONE / PERDARAHANFDP FALSE (+) RINGAN
ABNORMAL PROTEIN PT >>>> PERDARAHAN (?)DEPENDEN VIT K
Brandt, 1999
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VITAMIN – K DEFICIENCY
VIT-K dibutuhkan oleh hati untuk sintesa :Vit-K dependent coagulation factors(F. II , VII, IX, X)
SUMBER VIT-K :- makanan (tu. Tumbuhan)- sifat : fat soluble
PENYEBAB DEFISIENSI :- malabsorpsi lemak- obstruksi bilier (gg.sekresi empedu)- pancreatic disease (gg.produksi lipase pankreas)
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RINGKASAN
TES MENILAI INTEGRITAS
Bleeding time (BT)Capilary resistance test
Trombosit – Vaskuler
Thrombine time (TT)
Fibrinogen /fibrine conversion
Prothrombine time (PT)
Jalur ekstrinsik
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
Jalur intrinsik
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SEMOGA BERMANFAAT
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