SISTEM PERNAFASAN

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Gross Anatomy of Lungs

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Levels of Organization: CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Respiratory System

Sistem Pernafasan

Bronchial Tree

Sistem pernafasan

AnatomiSistem Pernafasan1. Hidung4.laring3.Faring2. Sinus5.Trakhea

6.Bronkus

BronkhiolusTerminalRespiratorius7. AlveoliSacsDuct8. Kapiler

1.Hidung

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillaryLighten skullWarms and moisten airProduce mucous

2.Sinus

Dibagi 3 regio @ Nasofaring @ Orofaring @ Laringofaring

3. Faring

Pharynx:ThroatMade of some skeletal muscle for swallowingNasopharynxair passageway, secrete mucous, pseudo. Colu. Epi, tonsilstrap pathogensOropharynxboth food and air, strat. Colum epi, protection, high friction area with food, tonsilsLaryngopharynxfood and air, stat. squamous epi, larynx, divides espophagus and trachea

NasofaringPosterior boundary of hard palate to end of uvulaAdenoid tonsils (lymph nodes)--snoringOpening of auditory tube leading to middle ear

OrofaringThat part of the throat that you can see when you look in the mirrorpalatinetonsils

4.Laring

5.Trachea

- Panjang trachea 4-6 inchi Disangga oleh cincin bentuk C inkomplet

6. Bronkus

7.alveoli

Respiratory System

Primary (1o) BronchiTrachea branches into L&R primary bronchi (bronchus, sng.)

Paru-paru

Dibagi dalam lobus-lobusoleh fisura Paru kanan 2 fisura dengan 3 lobus Paru kiri 1 fisura dengan 2 lobus

Cilia w/ goblet cells line airwaysThe mucus escalator read about cystic fibrosis (p. 637) Lining of Airways

Serous MembranesCover the organs of trunk cavities & line themParietal lines cavity wallsVisceral covers organsSerous fluid secreted for lubrication by membranesNamed for their specific cavity & organsPericardium refers to heartPleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavityPeritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity

Membran SerosaPleura viseralPleura parietalisMelapisi dinding thorakMenghasilkan sekret (cairan pleura)-Lapisi dinding paru- Hasilkan sekret (cairan pleura)

Membran Serosa

Fungsi Sistem Pernafasan1.Pertukaran CO2 dan O2 antara atmosfer and darahAtmosfer DarahO2CO2PARU

Fungsi Sistem PernafasanGerakan udara dari dan berasal dari paruMenghasilkan suara termasuk untuk bicara

Proses OksigenisasiVentilasiDifusiTransfortasiPerfusi

Difusi di Alveoli

Respiratory System PurposeTakes in oxygenDisposes of wastesCarbon dioxideExcess waterO2 + GlucoseCO2 + H2OThe Cell

PerfusiPO2=100 mmHgPCO2=40 mmHgTissue-Gas Exchange PO2=40 mmHgPCO2=50 mmHg

Pneumotaxic center- located in pons superior to respiratory center in medulla:

inhibitory effect on inspiration appears to be active only in labored breathing

when activity of inspiration center stops, inhibitory impulses cease from pneumotaxic center and inspiratory impulses initiatedApneustic center- located in lower portion of pons Nerve impulses stimulate inspiratory center Constantly active at baseline but overridden by pneumotaxic center

Chemical ControlActivities of respiratory centers are determined by changes in O2 and CO2 and H+ concentrationsPCO2 is the major determinant in controlling respirationsChemoreceptive area in medulla sensitive to changes in CO2 and pH increase/ decrease plasma PCO2 is accompanied by changes in pH in the CSF

ChemoreceptorsMonitor arterial PO2Located in medulla and peripherally in bifurcation of carotid arteries and aortic archConditions of shock where hypotension is present arterial PO2 levels may drop enough to stimulate receptorsThis can occur without a significant increase in PCO2 however, usually metabolic acidosis is present secondary to anaerobic metabolismHigh altitudes where barometric pressure is low causing arterial PO2 to fall

Neural MechanismsVagal reflex (Herring- Breuer reflex): stretch or inflation endings of Vagus nerve in bronchi, bronchioles, lungs to medulla discharges inhibitory impulses causing inspiration to stop expiration occurs, lungs deflate and stretch receptors are no longer stimulatedLimits inspiration and prevents overinflation

Increase in PCO2 and the resulting decrease in pH adversely affects cellular metabolismExcess CO2 must be eliminated to return pH to normal body responds to an increase in PCO2 of 5mmHg with an increase in ventilation of 100%

Conversely a decrease in PCO2 inhibits ventilation, allowing CO2 to accumulate and return PCO2 to normalPO2 plays small role however, if arterial PO2 falls and pH and PCO2 are constant ventilation will increase

ChemoreceptorsMonitor arterial PO2Located in medulla and peripherally in bifurcation of carotid arteries and aortic archConditions of shock where hypotension is present arterial PO2 levels may drop enough to stimulate receptorsThis can occur without a significant increase in PCO2 however, usually metabolic acidosis is present secondary to anaerobic metabolismHigh altitudes where barometric pressure is low causing arterial PO2 to fall

A. Saluran Respirasi Atas

Kavum NasalisFaring

Saluran Pernafasan atas

NasopharynxFunction ofthe uvula

EpiglottisEpiglottis coverslarynx and directs foodintoesophagus

EpiglottisCartilage at base of tongueMoves down when tongue swallowsCovers opening to lower respiratory systemDirects food into esophagus

B. Saluran pernafasan bawah

LarynxTracheaBronchiole treeLung

BronchogramRIGHT LEFT

2. TracheaAbout 4-5 inches longSupported by incomplete C-shaped rings

Trachea:Windpipe, leads to lungsFlexible, mobilePseudostratified columnar epimucous with cilia, propel to larynxHylaine cartc ringsFunctions of c rings:Flexible to stretch with inhale, exhalePrevent from collapsingKeep airway open, no stickNot oallow esophagus to expand

Tracheaends as the carina

ANTERIORPOSTERIORTracheal Cartilage

Alveolus

Air exchange surface of the lungAlveoli (Alveolus)

Air Exchangearteriole carryingunoxygenated bloodvenuole carryingoxygenated blood

1. Larynx (ant. to post.)Defined by two cartilagesThyroidCricoid

1. Larynx (post. to ant.)Thyroid cartilage is incompleteCricoid cartilage is complete

Vocal cordsLocated in larynx

Differences betweenR&L primary bronchiRight is widerRight is more verticalAsperated objects more likely to go down right side (75%)

Bronchial BranchingRight primary bronchus divides into 3 secondary bronchiLeft primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchiSecondary bronchi on both sides branch into a total of 10 tertiary or segmental bronchi.Each segmental bronchus supplies a specific segment of the lung.Each branch gets a branch from the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

Tertiary BranchingTertiary bronchi branch into bronchiolesBronchioles are not supported by cartilage

Pengaturan PernafasanKimiaPersarafan

AsthmaCaused by constriction of smooth muscle that make up the wall of the bronchiolesExhalation more affected than inhalation

Respiratory BronchiolesSmallestWalls are very thinNo cilia or goblet cellsDeliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs

AlveolusEach lung contains ~ 150 million alveoliWall comprised of simple squamous epithelial cellsTwo types of alveolar cellsType I very thin and makes up most of the wallType II not as thin and produces surfactant, a detergent that allows the lung to expand the first time a baby inhales

Respiratory System AnatomyBronchiolesSmallest airwaysWalls consist entirely of smooth muscle (no cartilage present)Constriction increases resistance to airflowDilation reduces resistance to airflow

General:Trilyun sel membutuhkan oksigen terus menerusTidak tahan terhadap oksigen , dapat bertahan dengan tidak ada air dan makanan

Fungsi:Supplai tubuh terhadap oksigen

4 proses sistem respirasiVentilasi paru:Keluar masuk udara ke paruVentilasi Pernafasan eksternalPertukaran gas oksigen dengan karbon dioksidaAntara darah dan udaraTransport gas Antara paru dan jaringanPenggunaan sistem kardiovaskular Darah sebagai tranfortasiPernafasan internalKapiler sistemikPertukaran gas darah dan sel

Nose:Only external feature of systemfunctions:Airway, moisten/warms entering air, filters air, resonating chamber for speech, house olfactory receptorsInside called nasal cavityNostrilsexternal naresHairs filterRespiratory mucosainside nasal cavityPseudostratified cilia columnar epiSecrete mucousLysozyme in mucous1 quart/dayCilia CellsMove mucous with bacteria to pharynx stomachdigestedOn cold daycilia sluggish, mucous accumulate in nasal cavity, runny nose on winter dayVeins under skinwarms airConchae- increase surface area to filter airmore surface area contact with mucous

Respiratory System AnatomyAlveoliAir sacsSite of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with blood

Oxygen & CO2 ExchangeOnce blood travels through the pulmonary semilunar valve, it enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. This is called the pulmonary circulation. Blood then enters the capillary vessels in the lungs. Here, oxygen travels from the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, through the walls of the capillaries, into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, passes from the blood into the alveoli. Carbon dioxide leaves the body upon exhaling. Once the blood is purified and oxygenated, it travels back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

Diafragma

Respiratory System PhysiologyInspiration Active process Chest cavity expands Intrathoracic pressure falls Air flows in until pressure equalizesExpiration Passive process Chest cavity size decreases Intrathoracic pressure rises Air flows out until pressure equalizes

Larynx:Voice boxFunctions: airwayswitch for food and air, voice productionCartilagemostly hylaine cartilageThyroid cartilageAdam apple, larger in males due to sex hormone increase growth in pubertyCricoid cartilageanchors tracheaEpiglottiscovers larynx when swallowing, guardian of airways, cough when anything enters larynx, no give fluids when unconsciousVocal cordsligaments, no blood vessels, vibrate to produce sound (TVC), FVC no vibrate, no soundGlottisopening that air passes in

Bronchidivision of trachea at T5 into left and right sides of lungsBronchiolessmall bronchi (

TERIMA KASIH

TERIMA KASIH

Increase in PCO2 and the resulting decrease in pH adversely affects cellular metabolismExcess CO2 must be eliminated to return pH to normal body responds to an increase in PCO2 of 5mmHg with an increase in ventilation of 100%

Conversely a decrease in PCO2 inhibits ventilation, allowing CO2 to accumulate and return PCO2 to normalPO2 plays small role however, if arterial PO2 falls and pH and PCO2 are constant ventilation will increase