asas fiqh medicine

SEMINAR FIQH PERUBATAN"ADANYA PERUBATAN DALAM ISLAM DAN ADANYA ISLAM DALAM PERUBATAN".

ASAS –ASAS FIQH PERUBATAN

Dr Noor Azizah Tahir18-19 Mei, 2013

Majlis bersama Pelajar2 Malaysia, UNHAS, Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia

ASAS –ASAS FIQH PERUBATAN

Pengenalan Objektif Beberapa Definasi: Istilah

APA HUKUM NYA?

HARAM HARUS MAKRUH SUNAT WAJIB

ATAS DASAR APA?

Hujah? Qat’ie/ Zhonni

ATAS DASAR APA?

Qat’ie/ SUMBER2 YANG DISEPAKATI? AlQuran Hadith Qiyas Ijma’

ATAS DASAR APA?

Zhonni/ Belum dijelaskn? ?Perlu dihuraikan mengggunakan

kaedah2 syarak (Usul Fiqh)

ISTILAH2 BARU

(Usul Fiqh)- Belum Dijelaskn Syariah? Sumber2 Yang Disepakati? Apa Hukum Nya?

KASUS

Top in rape case? Abortion? Contraception? Artificial reproductive technique? Organ transplant? Euthanasia?

PENGENALAN KPD E-FATWA.

ASAS –ASAS FIQH PERUBATAN

Pengenalan Objektif Beberapa Definasi: Istilah

OBJECTIVES :

By the end of the session, all participants should be able to:

1) list the “hukum” based on JAKIM’s fatwa of the common medical decisions

2) list the basis on how the hukum is derived?

3) describe the meaning of common words used in the bases

ASAS –ASAS FIQH PERUBATAN

Pengenalan Objektif Beberapa Definasi: Istilah

BEBERAPA DEFINASI: ISTILAH

(Usul Fiqh)- Belum Dijelaskn Syariah? Sumber2 Yang Disepakati? Apa Hukum Nya?

ISTILAH2

(Usul Fiqh)- Belum Dijelaskn Prinsipal? Syariah? Sumber2 Yang Disepakati? Apa Hukum Nya?

OBJECTIVES :

By the end of the session, all participants should be able to:

1) list the “hukum” based on JAKIM’s fatwa of the common medical decisions

2) list the basis of how the hukum is derived?

3) describe the meaning of common words used in bases

APA HUKUMNYA?

1. Wajib ( Obligatory)2. Mandub / Sunat ( Volunteer)3. Mubah/ Harus (Permissible)4. Makruh ( Dislike)5. Haram ( Forbidden)

HUKUM= SYARIAH = ISLAMIC LAW

ABORTION

Hukum asal syariah – haram Kecuali***

0-40 hari Nuthfah ***

makruh • Persetujuan suami isteri• 2 doktor pakar yg adil• Tidak mendtgkan

bahaya

40-120 hari mudghah Makruh yang amat dilarang

Membahaya nyawa si ibu###

> 120 hari makhluk jenayah • Menyelamatkan nyawa si ibu dan tiada cara lain lagi

• Usul (kaedah fiqh) memilih keburukan yang lebih ringan bagi mengelakkan keburukan yang lebih berat

###NYAWA

ELEMEN KEPENTINGAN MANUSIA

Harta/Property

Aqal/Intellect

Keturunan/Progeny

Nyawa/Life

Deen (religion)

OBJECTIVES :

By the end of the session, all participants should be able to:

1) list the “hukum” based on JAKIM’s fatwa of the common medical decisions

2) list the basis of how the hukum is derived?

3) describe the meaning of common words used in bases

ASAS –ASAS SYARIAH ISLAM

Definasi: Syari’ah Fiqh Usul fiqh Fiqh Perubatan

ASAS –ASAS SYARIAH ISLAM

Definasi: Syari’ah Fiqh Usul fiqh Fiqh Perubatan

DEFINASI:

Syari’ah Bahasa: 1) Sumber air yang mengalir dan tidak

putus('Ali Jarisyah,

1991) 2) Jalan yang lurus

(Al-Asymawi, 1996)

DEFINASI

Bahasa Istilah

JALAN YANG LURUS

Pada kesudahannya Kami jadikan engkau (wahai Muhammad s.a.w dan utuskan engkau) menjalankan satu jalan yang cukup lengkap dan hukum-hukum agama ; Maka turutlah akan jalan itu dan jangan engkau menurut hawa nafsu orang-orang yang tidak mengetahui (perkara yang benar)

(al-Jathiah : 18)

SYARI’AH

Istilah1) penetapan peraturan yang mana daripadanya dapat diketahui

hukum-hukum yang berbentuk praktikal orang mukallaf, apa yang berkaitan dengan perintah serta kaitannya (Khallaf, 1968).

2) peraturan yang telah disyariatkan oleh Allah atau Dia telah mensyariatkan dasar-dasarnya bersumber daripada al-Quran dan hadith (Badran, 1972)

3) Perkara yang merangkumi hukum-hukum Allah terhadap seluruh perbuatan manusia, sama ada berbentuk halal atau haram, makhruh atau sunat. Ia disampaikan oleh rasul-Nya yang terkandung di dalam al-Qur'an dan hadith serta dalil-dalil pecahan daripadanya, seperti: al-Qiyas serta dalil lain (Al-Qaradawi, 1997).

FIQH

Bahasa : utk memahami Faqih : orang yang amat faham Istilah: Pengetahuan mengenai

undang2 syari’ah, berkaitan dengan pengetahuan manusia dan berdasarkan sumber2 dan dalil2 tertentu

FIQH PERUBATAN

Istilah: Pengetahuan mengenai undang2 syari’ah, berkaitan dengan hal2 perubatan dan berdasarkan sumber2 dan dalil2 tertentu

…USUL FIQH VS FIQH

Sources (Quran,

Sunnah etc.)

Usul Fiqh (Method of Derivation)

Fiqh Rulings halal,

haram, makruh, sunnah,

permissible

(AkhtarzaiteAbdulAziz, 2011)

FIQH PERUBATAN

Istilah: Pengetahuan mengenai undang2 syari’ah, berkaitan dengan hal2 perubatan dan berdasarkan sumber2 dan dalil2 tertentu

SUMBER2 SYARI’AH ISLAM ***

PRIMER (Primary) SEKUNDER(Secondary )

SUMBER ASAS (PRIMER) DALIL QAT’IE 1) AlQuran 2) Sunnah 3) Ijma’ 4) Qiyas

SUMBER2 SEKUNDER

Istihsan Istishab Maslahah Mursalah Sadd Al-Zarai’ ( زرائع (سد etc

SUMBER2 SEKUNDER ( DALIL ZHONNI) Istihsan Istishab Maslahah Mursalah Sadd Al-Zarai’ ( زرائع (سد etc

ISTIHSAN ( DISCRETION)

The word istihsan literally means: to approve or to deem something preferable, to consider something as good.

Technically, Istihsan is a legal principle which authorizes departure from an established precedent in favour of a different ruling for a reason stronger than the one which is obtained in that precedent.

….ISTIHSAN

Example: looking at the private parts of people in

medical treatment.

The general rule is that it is unlawful to look at private parts, but it is recommended to avert harm.

SUMBER2 SEKUNDER

Istihsan Istishab (إستصحاب) Maslahah Mursalah Sadd Al-Zarai’ ( زرائع (سد etc

ISTISHAB : SYAFIEYAH

Hadis riwayat Abbad Bin Tamim daripada bapa saudaranya, Baginda Nabi Muhammad S.A.W bersabda:

ريحا يجد أو صوتا يسمع حتى ينصرف ال

Maksudnya: Janganlah sekali-kali ia berhenti (daripada sembahyang) sehinggalah ia mendengar suara atau mencium bau.

(Hadith Riwayat Bukhari)

ISTISHAB

Presumption of Continuity

**“ wajibat solat in DUB/ Threatened Abortion”

SUMBER2 SEKUNDER ( DALIL ZHONNI) Istihsan Istishab Maslahah Mursalah Sadd Al-Zarai’ ( زرائع (سد etc

MASLAHAH MURSALAH

Means consideration of Public Interest There is no specific evidence for the

hukum from quran sunnah or ijma’ but the ruling is needed for public interest

Eg autopsy in criminal cases

SUMBER2 SEKUNDER

Istihsan Istishab Maslahah Mursalah Sadd Al-Zarai’ ( زرائع (سد Adat and Uruf ++Legal maxim

SADD AL DHARIAH

Blocking the lawful means to an unlawful end

Closing down the means of evil in order to prevent it. It signifies the prohibition of something which is originally permissible, because it could lead to an evil.

Eg to prevent the free selling of certain drugs as it could lead to abuse

EG

Rampant prescription of OCPs for unmarried couple

SUMBER ASAS (PRIMER) DALIL QAT’IE 1) AlQuran 2) Sunnah 3) Ijma’ 4) Qiyas

OBJECTIVES :

By the end of the session, all participants should be able to:

1) list the “hukum” based on JAKIM’s fatwa of the common medical decisions

2) list the basis of how the hukum is derived?

3) describe the meaning of common words used in the bases

QIYAS ( ANALOGY)

Qiyas refers to “the assignment of the hukm of an existing case found in the texts of the Quran, the Sunnah or ijma’ to a new case whose hukm is not found in these sources on the basis of a common underlying attribute called the ‘illah of the hukm.”

OPERATION OF QIYAS

• Wine Drinking

Asl

• Haram

Hukum

• Drug abuse is also haram

Equal Ruling

SUMBER ASAS (PRIMER) DALIL QAT’IE 1) AlQuran 2) Sunnah 3) Ijma’ 4) Qiyas

IJMA’ Literally, ijma' means determination and

resolution. Technically, it means the consensus of the

mujtahids from the ummah of Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) after his death in a certain period of time upon a practical legal ruling.

Ijma’ plays a crucial role in the development of fiqh. Ijma’ also ensures the correct interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah by consensus.

Once ijma’ is established, it becomes a binding rule upon all the Muslims.

Eg: Ijma’ on the prohibition of Human Cloning

SUMBER ASAS (PRIMER) DALIL QAT’IE 1) AlQuran 2) Sunnah 3) Ijma’ 4) Qiyas

SUNNAH

Sunnah refers to anything come from the Prophet, his acts, saying, and tacit approval which are applicable to be used as evidences in legal jurisprudence

Types: Verbal Sunnah Sunnah by acts Tacit approval

Eg : The prophet said: “Seek medication, but not with prohibited materials”

SUMBER ASAS (PRIMER) DALIL QAT’IE 1) AlQuran 2) Sunnah 3) Ijma’ 4) Qiyas

AL-QURAN

Primary source upon which all other sources founded their authority.

Literally, the word Quran is derived from Arabic root word, qara’a which means to read or to recite. Quran is a verbal noun and hence, it means the reading or recitation.

Technically, Quran has been defined as the speech of Allah, sent down upon the last Prophet Muhammad, through in its precise meaning and precise wording, transmitted to us by numerous persons (tawatur), both verbally and in writing which is inimitable and unique in its style, also being protected by God from any corruption.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Gradual Revelation

• Eg Prohibition of Wine

Brief and Detail

• Eg sales and riba• Eg women within prohibited degree

1) ? SMOKING

ELEMEN KEPENTINGAN MANUSIA

Harta/Property

Deen (religion)

EG – THE CASE OF SMOKING

Smoking-not mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah

Could not be equated by way of Qiyas to wine, because the illah is not present in smoking (intoxication).

But by undertanding Maqasid, whereby protection of life is one of its basic purpose, smoking must be prohibited because it is against the protection of life, it can destroy life.

2. ? DRINKING

?# glasses

3. ORGAN TRANSPLANT

4. OCP 5. Euthanasia 6. ART

ASAS –ASAS FIQH PERUBATAN

Pengenalan Objektif Beberapa Definasi: Istilah

OBJECTIVES :

By the end of the session, all participants should be able to:

1) list the “hukum” based on JAKIM’s fatwa of the common medical decisions

2) list the basis of how the hukum is derived?

3) describe the meaning of common words used in the bases

THE END

“ Tiada ilmu yang lebih mulia dari ilmu mengenai yang dibenarkan dan yang diharamkan (fiqh) , perubatan (kedoktoran) adalah yang kedua selepas itu”

(Ash-syafie: Dhahabi, At-Tibb An-Nawawi, 1986:219 and 228)

RUJUKAN

Ahmad Abdel Aziz Yacoub. 2001. The Fiqh Of Medicine. London: Taha

Al-asymawi, Muhammad Sa'id. 1996. Al-syari'ah Al-islamiyyah Wa Al-qanun Al-misri. Mesir : Maktabah Madbuli Al-saghir.

Ali Jarisyah. 1991. Al-msyru'iyyah Al-islamiyyah A-'ulya. Cetakan Ke 4. Mesir : Dar Al-wafa'.

Al-qardawi, Yusuf. 1397h. Shari'ah Al-lslamiyyah. Bayrut : Al-maktabah Al-islam.

Dr Akhtarzaite Abdul Aziz, 2011, Sources Of Islamic Jurisprudence The Basis Of Medical Fiqh , ppt

E-fatwa.Gov.My‘