Kitar Pembelajaran5 EsOleh

Enchum binti IbrahimJabatan Sains

Constructivism

Adalah proses di mana murid memperolehi dan membina pengetahuan sendiri secara individu dan juga bersama

Berkaitan : Piaget (konstruktivisme kendiri) dan Vygotsky (konstruktivisme sosial)

Pembelajaran daripada Perspektif Konstruktivisme Pembelajaran dilihat sebagai suatu

proses di mana murid membina makna secara aktif daripada pengalaman yang dilaluinya dan bersangkutan dengan pengetahuan sedia ada serta dalam konteks sosial.

Peranan guru adalah menyediakan satu situasi yang mencabar murid.

Kitar Pembelajaran

Dapatan kajian mencadangkan guru memperingkatkan pengajarannya kepada beberapa siri pengajaran atau fasa pembelajaran

Pemeringkatan ini dinamakan Kitar pembelajaran

Lesson Design Menu

Appetizer

(Exploration)

Main Course

(Concept Development)

Dessert

(Concept Application)

Focus and ReviewStatement of Objective

Teacher Input Presentation

Guided Practice

Independent PracticeClosure

Exploration Phase Purpose

Activate prior knowledge Draw students into the lesson Focus students’ attention on task with

clear purpose

Activating prior knowledge Goal is to establish a connection

between what they know and the new information (advanced organizers, anticipatory set, external mediators)

External Mediator Class discussion Provocative objects Graphic outlines of material

to be covered

Discussion Sequence Existing knowledge Thought association Rapid recognition Quick lesson review Open discussion

Graphic Organizers Bubble trees Prediction charts K-W-L Venn Diagrams Cycles Thinking Maps (see

Course Packet p. 95)

Establishing a Clear Purpose Children ask: “Why is this

important?” Knowing what is expected is

important Must be linked to prior knowledge and

lessons Generally comes last during

introductory sequence Focuses student attention

The Development Phase This is the main learning experience This is III. Teacher Input or

Presentation Key Questions:

What basic concepts or skills are to be taught? What learning materials should be used? How can the teacher help students construct key

concepts and skills? What strategies can be used to ensure that

students understand and master the skill?

Teaching the Concept

1 Provide Information Explain the concept Define the concept Provide examples of the concept Model

2 Check for understanding Pose key questions Ask students to explain concept/definition in

their own words Encourage students to generate their own

examples

Concepts and Examples Community

Wilmington Washington, DC Tokyo

Mountain Mt. Everest Mt. Fuji Grandfather

Mountain

Island Hawaii Cuba Wrightsville Beach

Justice Taking turns Writing down rules Applying rules

equally to everyone

Factstorming Process of finding relevant details

associated with a concept

Fact

Fact

Fact

Fact

Fact

Fact

Concept

Task Analysis Skills are mental or physical

operations having a specific set of actions that are developed through practice

Task analysis: process of identifying component parts of skills and sequencing the steps

Modeling of skills is highly effective and efficient

Materials for Instruction Bruner’s three level of learning Enactive Iconic Symbolic Select materials that

represent a balance of these three levels

Assisting students as they construct key concepts Use of language-based strategies

General instructional conversations Small group instructional conversations Graphic organizers

Conceptual Sequential Cyclical Hierarchical

Questioning Strategies Two types of questions: Purposes?

Closed Open-ended

Art of Questioning (Dewey) p. 297 Framing questions and “Wait time”

Ask question Pause 3 – 5 seconds Call on someone to respond Pause 3 – 5 more seconds to give think time

Concept/Skill Application Phase Opportunity to apply and practice

new skill or concept through special projects or independent activities

Two parts: Guided Practice Independent Practice or Functional

Application Should result in constructing deeper

meaning

Guided Practice

Many kinds of practice for new learning

Use of concept mapping/graphic organizers Conceptual Sequential Cyclical Hierarchical

Thinking Maps

Independent Practice Independent Activities – (different

activity from Guided Practice!) Focus on creativity and choice Provide for extension, application,

relevance, and usefulness

Closure Involves summarizing, sharing,

reviewing, extending the concept May provide transition to new lesson

or learning