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Stages in neurotransmission at the synapse (chemical)

1. Synthesis of the neurotransmitter. Boleh berlaku dalam sel, dalam axon, ataudalam terminal axon

2. Simpanan neurotransmitter adalah storage granules or di dalam terminal axon.

3. Calcium memasuki axon terminal semasa action potential menyebabkan

pelepasan neurotransmitter ke dalam synaptic cleft.

4. Selepas ia dibebaskan, transmitter melekat dan mengaktifkan receptor dalam

postsynaptic membrane.

5. Penyahaktifan neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter sama ada musnah secaraenzimik atau diambil kembali dari mana ia datang, ia boleh digunakan semula,

atau dibuang.


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Term Definition Cause Effect

Bell's Palsy A form of Neuritis thatinvolves paralysis of thefacial nerve causingweakness of the musclesof one side of the face and

an inability to close theeye.

Unknown.(Recovery may occurspontaneously.)

Paralysis of the facialnerve;weakness of the musclesof one side of the face;may result in inability to

close the eye.

(In some cases thepatient's hearing may alsobe affected in such a waythat sounds seem tohim/her to be abnormallyloud. Loss of tastesensation may also occur.)

Cerebal Palsy A nonprogressive disorderof movement resultingfrom damage to the brainbefore, during, or

immediately after birth.

Cerebal Palsy is attributedto damage to the brain,generally occuring before,during, or immediately

after birth.

It is often associated withother neurological andmental problems.Thereare many causes includingbirth injury, hypoxia,hypoglycaemia, jaundiceand infection.

The most commondisability is a spasticparalysis.Sensation is often

affected, leading to a lackof balance, andintelligence, posture andspeech are frequentlyimpaired. Contractures ofthe limbs may cause fixedabnormalities.Other associated featuresinclude epilepsy, visualimpairment, squint,reduced hearing, andbehavioural problems.

Motor NeuroneDisease

A progressivedegenerative disease ofthe motor systemoccurring in middle ageand causing muscleweakness and wasting.

Some forms of MotorNeurone Disease areinherited.

Motor Neurone diseaseprimarily affects the cellsof the anterior horn of thespinal cord, the motornuclei in the brainstem,and the corticospinalfibres.

Multiple Sclerosis A chronic disease of thenervous system that canaffect young and middle-aged adults.The course of this illnessusually involves recurrent

relapses followed byremissions, but somepatients experience achronic progressivecourse.

The myelin sheathssurrounding nerves in thebrain and spinal cord aredamaged, which affectsthe function of the nervesinvolved.

The underlying cause ofthe nerve damage remainsunknown.

Multiple Scerosis affectsdifferent parts of the brainand spinal cord, resultingin typically scatteredsymptoms.These can include:

Unsteady gait and shakymovement of the limbs(ataxia);Rapid involuntarymovements of the eyes(nystagmus);Defects in speechpronunciation (dysarthria);Spastic weakness andretrobulbar neuritis (=inflammation of the optic


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nerve).

MyalgicEncephalomyelitis(ME)

A condition characterizedby extremedisabling fatigue that haslasted for at least sixmonths, is made worse by

physical or mentalexertion, does not resolvewith bed rest, and cannotbe attributed to otherdisorders.

Unknown.

Often occurs as a sequelto such viral infections asglandular fever.

Extreme disabling fatiguethat has lasted for at leastsix months, is made worseby physical or mentalexertion, does not resolve

with bed rest, and cannotbe attributed to otherdisorders.The fatigue isaccompanied by at leastsome of the following:

Muscle pain or weakness;

Poor co-ordination;

Joint pain;

Sore throat;

Slight fever;

Painful lymph nodes in theneck and armpits;Depression;

Inability to concentrate;

General malaise.

Neuralgia Maybe due to previousattack of shingles(Postherpetic Neuralgia).

A severe burning orstabbing pain oftenfollowing the course of anerve.

Neuritis A disease of the peripheralnerves showing thepathological changes ofinflammation.(This term may also beless precisely used to referto anydisease of theperipheral nerves, usuallycausing weakness andnumbness.)

Inflammation of thenerves, which may bepainful.

Parkinson'sDisease

Degenerative diseaseprocess (associated withaging) that affects the

basal ganglia of the brain.

Associated with adeficiency of theneurotransmitter

dopamine.

Also associated withaging.

Tremor, rigidity andpoverty of spontaneousmovements.

The commonest symptomis tremor, which oftenaffects one hand,spreading first to the legon the same side then tothe other limbs. It is mostprofound in resting limbs,interfering with such


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actions as holding a cup.

The patient has anexpressionless face, anunmodulated voice, anincreasing tendency to

stoop, and a shufflingwalk.

Sciatica A common conditionarising from compressionof, or damage to, a nerveor nerve root.

Usually caused bydegeneration of anintervertebral disc, whichprotrudes laterally tocompress a lower lumbaror an upper sacral spinalnerve root.The onset maybe sudden, brought on byan awkward lifting ortwisting movement.

Pain felt down the backand outer side of the thigh,leg, and foot. The back isstiff and painful. Theremay be numbness andweakness in the leg.


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