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8/11/2019 Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Badlishah

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No. CONTENT PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION

2 OBJECTIVE3 HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM

CAUSE

SOURCE

4 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS AND THE THINNING OF OZONE LAYER

5 STEPS TO MAINTAIN STABLE ENVIRONMENT

6 CONCLUSION

7 REFERENCE

8 ATTACHMENTS


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INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION

A healthy yet picturesque environment is always a significant dream to others .

However numerous negative impact from irresponsible human activities has

greatly affect our dream environment . It has not only cause in balance in

environment but also causes various environmental problem besides endangering

the ecosystem. The only way for us and the future generation to have a sense of

peace mind living in the dream picturesque environment is mainly by planning

development activities with great care which will possibly not affecting the

environment at all.

After all environment is our main home. So the environment should be preserved

starting from now onwards so that the future generation will be able to feel the

environment which we are experiencing now .


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OBJECTIVE


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THE REASON FOR THE PAPERWORK IS BEING DONE IS DUE TOSEVERAL

OBJECTIVES AS STATED BELOW :

To instill awareness among human about the importance of the preservation

and the conservation of the ecosystem .

To sensitize humans on various type of negative effects of their activities

towards the environment .

To raise the efforts of creating a convenient , safer yet conducive

environment for ourselves and the future generations .

To deduce the time for the depletion and the destruction of the environment

due to the environmental problems caused by human beings


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HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT

ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM


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Human Activities That Endanger AnEcosystemThe worldspopulation might reach to 10billionsin the next fifty years .Hence, when

there are increments in the number of the worldspopulation , it generally means that

there is an increasing demand for shelter, food, medicine, transport and raw materials .

Today, due to expectation of modern living and industrial revolution, the world has to

confront the destruction of forests to build more houses, to being use as plantation areas

and build roads, just to fulfill human needs .

Unplanned developments and mismanagement of ecosystem give rise to vast amounts of

environmental crisis. Among those environmental problems are greenhouse effect ,

global warming, pollution, soil erosion, landslide, flash flood and ozone depletion.

The human activities that we are talking about are like agriculture, burning or combustion

, industrialization ,urbanization and last but not least, deforestation.

DEFORESTATION

CAUSED

BURNING CAUSED

INDUSTRIAL

URBANIZATIONCAUSED

Soil Erosions

Landslides

Greenhouse Effects

Pollutions

Pollutions


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DeforestationLarge agriculture of forests are cleared for extracting timber of fuel wood , agriculture

needs, and for the sake of urbanization. The impacts are enormous and outrageous. Let

see what are the drawbacks of deforestation.

LANDSLIDES

Soil erosion is blocked. Thus, water flows inland and causes flash flood and

landslides.

When it rains for a long time especially during rainy season, the top layer of soil

loosens and slides down ,thus causing landslides.

SOIL EROSIONS

Leaning of trees causes the loss of tree leaves that protect the soil from a massiveimpulsive force of heavy raindrops and also causes the loss of tree roots that holdthe soil in place

The wide exposure to the raindrops forces, give arise to soil erosion. Here ,the toplayer of soil is easily being washed away by heavy rainfall. The eroded soil, isthen, deposited in rivers or streams.

FLASH FLOODS

During heavy rains, rainwater flows harshly into rivers because there is a non-existence of retention of water by plant roots as well as proper water catchmentsareas.


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Due to silting in the rivers, the water flow is blocked. Thus, water flows inlandand causes flash floods in low areas.

In addition, soil erosion contributes in the depletion of minerals in the soil,causing the land trouble to be used as a place of cultivation.

FARMING

In order to full fill the demands of todays food supplement, large areas of lands

have been used and will be used for farming purposes.

Excessive use of land for farming and stock rearing lead to infertile land and mayexpose the soil to erosion by wind or heavy rainfalls.

Inorganic fertilizers usage in farming also results to eutrophication.

URBANISATION

Industrialization give off industrial waste and heated waste water causing waterpollution and thermal pollution.

Toxic gases released by industries contribute to a major concerning problem ; airpollution.


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GREENHOUSE EFFECTSWhat are the Greenhouse effects ?

The greenhouse effect is a process by which radioactive energy leaving a planetary

surface is absorbed by some atmospheric gases, called greenhouse gases. They transfer

this energy to other components of the atmosphere, and it is re-radiated in all

directions, including back down towards the surface. This transfers energy to the surface

and lower atmosphere, so the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct

heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism. This mechanism is

fundamentally different from that of an actual greenhouse, which works by isolating

warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection.

Who discovered the Greenhouse Effects ?

The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824,first reliably

experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reported quantitatively by S. Vantec

Arrhenius in 1896.If an ideal thermally conductive blackbody was the same distance

from the Sun as the Earth, it would have an expected blackbody temperature of 5.3 C.

However, since the Earth reflects about 30%(or 28%) of the incoming sunlight, the

planet's actual blackbody temperature is about -18 or -19 C, about 33C below the

actual surface temperature of about14 C or 15 C. The mechanism that produces this

difference between the actual temperature and the blackbody temperature is due to the

atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere, is

believed to be the result of a strengthening of the greenhouse effect mostly due to

human-produced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases.


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THINNING OF OZONE LAYERThe ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun. If the ozone

layer is depleted by human action , the effects on the planet could be catastrophic. Ozone is

present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the Earth, and at the very top

it contains ozone.

The sunsrays are absorbed by the ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the Earth.

Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The form of oxygen that humans

breathe in consists of two oxygen atoms.When found on the surface of the planet, ozone is

considered a dangerous pollutant and is one substance responsible for producing the greenhouse

effect. The highest regions of the stratosphere contain about 90% of all.

In recent years, the ozone layer has been the subject of much discussion. And rightly so, because

the ozone layer protects both plant and animal life on the planet .The fact that the ozone layer

was being depleted was discovered in themid-1980s.

The maincause of this is the release of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons).Antarctica was an early

victim of ozone destruction. A massive hole in the ozone layer right above Antarctica now

threatens not only that continent, but many others that could be the victims of Antarctica's

melting icecaps. In the future, the ozone problem will have to be solved so that the protective

layer can be conserved.


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STEPS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE

ENVIRONMENTThere are many steps can be taken to maintain the balance of nature such

as:

Enforcement of the environmental laws

Environment quality act, 1974

Controls and prevents the pollution of the environment

Controls the type of licensing, content and quality of environment

Tests and examines the samples of substances and gas from industries

Natural forestry act, 1984

Aims at protecting and preserving our forests and wildlife

Pesticides act, 1974

Aims at controlling the use of pesticides

Protection of wildlife act, 1972

Aims at protecting wildlife animals, birds and plants

Fisheries act, 1985

Aims at controlling marine pollution

Use Of Technology

Use modern equipment and chemicals to control oil spills.

Recycle rubbish.


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To look for methods to do research.

Change organic rubbish to biogas.

Use less polluting and clean fuels in motor vehicles.

Control and treat the toxic and dangerous waste before disposing.

Educations

To increase the awareness and sensitivity of the individual to the environment.

To provide the basic knowledge of environmental problems and effects ofpollutions.

To teach the public the necessary skills to protect and maintain a healthy society.

To help the individuals to become responsible and sensitive to the environment.


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Force the development companies to replant the forest trees after deforestation.

Remaining the mangrove swamps area so that the ecosystem is protected.

Restore the mining and used land for agriculture.

Put effort in rivers cleaning to ensure there is sufficient supply of water in future.

Practice of biological control.

A method of controlling the animal pests by using natural predators instead of

using chemical substances.

Factors to choose the animals predators.


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Energy plays an important role in our life Non-renewable energy will be

exhausted in one day. For example, coal, oil and fossil fuels.

Solar energy can be used as a substitute of fuel

Renewable energy, such as solar energy, wave power and tidal power are

environmental friendly and need to be developed.


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The effects of unplanned development and mismanagement of the

ecosystem can lead to damaging consequences such as soil erosion, flash

floods, landslides, eutrophication , pollution global warming, ozone

depletion, climatic changes and loss of biodiversity. There are four types ofpollution which are air , water, thermal, and noise pollution. Greenhouse

gases released by various human activities can trap heat in the atmosphere

and raise theEarths average temperature. Such an overall rise in the

Earthstemperature can leads to global warming. The thinning of ozone

layer is mainly due to the accumulation of chloroflurocarbon (CFCs) in the

atmosphere. Sustainable development must take intoconsideration of

proper management of the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is

maintained.


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REFERENCES BIOLOGY FORM 4 TEXTBOOK.

SUCCESS (OXFORD FAJAR) BIOLOGY REFERENCE BOOK

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/airpollution.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/airpollution.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/airpollution.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/airpollution.htm


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ATTACHMENTS OF ARTICLES ,

DIAGRAMS ABOUT ENVIROMENT


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Air pollution

Air pollution is a broad term applied to any chemical, physical (particulate matter), or biologicalagent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.The atmosphere is a complex,

dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet earth.

Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human

health as well as to the earth's ecosystems.Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large

numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease.

Enforced air quality standards, like the Clean Air Act in the United States, have reduced the

presence of some pollutants.While major stationary sources are often identified with air

pollution, the greatest source of emissions are actually mobile sources, principally the

automobile.

There are many available air pollution control technologies and urban planning strategies

available to reduce air pollution; however, worldwide costs of addressing the issue are high.The most immediate method of improving air quality would be the use of bioethanol fuel,

biodiesel, solar energy, and hybrid vehicle technologies.

The World Health Organization estimates that 4.6 million people die each year from causesdirectly attributable to air pollution.Many of these mortalities are attributable to indoor air

pollution.Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobileaccidents.

Research published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution

annually.Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis,

emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies.

Source:http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htm
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htm


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THINNING OF OZONE LAYER

Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s a

steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume ofozone inEarth'sstratosphere(theozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar

regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as theozone hole.In addition to these well-known

stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polartropospheric ozone depletion events.

The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most

important process in both iscatalytic destruction of ozone by atomichalogens.The main source of

these halogen atoms in the stratosphere isphotodissociation of manmadehalocarbon

refrigerants,solvents,propellants,and foam-blowing agents (CFCs, HCFCs,freons,halons).

These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface. Both

types of ozone depletion have been observed to increase as emissions of halo-carbons

increased.The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the

most important process in both iscatalytic destruction of ozone by atomichalogens.

The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere isphotodissociation of

manmadehalocarbonrefrigerants,solvents,propellants,and foam-blowing agents

(CFCs, HCFCs,freons,halons). These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being

emitted at the surface. Both types of ozone depletion have been observed to increase as emissions

of halo-carbons increased.

Source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone_depletion_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodissociationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodissociationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodissociationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodissociationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone_depletion_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone


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EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of

energy in theEarth'scrust that createsseismic waves.The seismicity, seismism or seismic

activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period

of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations fromseismometers.Themoment magnitude is the

most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire

globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national

seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as

theRichter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity.

Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and

over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest

earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to

the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a9.0

magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese

earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modifiedMercalli scale.

The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.

Source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth


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ILLEGAL LOGGING

Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale oftimber in violation oflaws.The

harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forestsextraction without permission or from a protected area the cutting of protected species or the

extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits

Illegalities may also occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export; fraudulent

declaration to customs and the avoidance of taxes and other charges.

Illegal logging is a pervasive problem, causing enormous damage to forests, local communities

and to the economies of producer countries. Despite the economic importance of trade in timber

and forest products, major international timber consumer countries, such as the EU, have no

legal means to halt the import of illegally sourced forest products because the identification of

illegally logged or traded timber is technically difficult. Therefore, a legal basis for normative

acts against timber imports or other products manufactured out of illegal wood is missing.

Scientific methods to pinpoint the geographic origin of timber are currently under development.

Possible actions to restrict imports cannot meet with WTO regulations of non-discrimination.

They must instead be arranged in bilateral agreements.TRAFFIC,the wildlife trade monitoring

network strives to monitor the illegal trade of timber and provide expertise in policy and legal

reviews.

Source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://www.traffic.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://www.traffic.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber


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GREENHOUSE EFFECTS

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed

by atmosphericgreenhouse gases,and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiationis back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average

surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.

Solar radiation at the frequencies ofvisible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the

planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies ofinfrared thermal radiation.

Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to

the surface and lower atmosphere. The mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation

passing through glass and warming agreenhouse,but the way it retains heat is fundamentally

different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow, isolating the warm air inside the structure so

that heat is not lost byconvection.

If an ideal thermally conductiveblackbody were the same distance from the Sun as the Earth is, it

would have a temperature of about 5.3 C. However, since the Earth reflects about 30% of the

incoming sunlight, this idealized planet'seffective temperature (the temperature of a blackbody that

would emit the same amount of radiation) would be about 18 C.The surface temperature of this

hypothetical planet is 33 C below Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 C. The

mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective

temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

Earths natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible. However, human activities,

primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the natural greenhouse

effect, causingglobal warming.

Source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

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