r)aykarn segçbgmbisßab½nekalneya)ay nigrkbx½nÐc,ab ... · 2 tssnavdþigpivdÆn_km

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TsSnavdþIGPivDÆn_km<úCa qñaMTI12 elx1 Exmkra-mIna qñaM2008

Bak;B½n§nwgsßab½n eKalneya)ay nig Rkbx½NÐc,ab; sþIBIkarRKb;RKgeTsnþ RbevsBlkrkm<úCa RbeTskm<úCa enAman bTBiesaFn_ticCagRbeTsdéTeTot . BlkrPaKeRcIn eFVIdMeNIrtammeFüa)ay minpøÚvkar rWxusc,ab; rWÉmeFüa)ayRsb c,ab;vij eTIbnwgmanGnuvtþkñúgeBlfµI² ehIyRtUvcMNayGs;eRcIn nigsµúKsµaj . sßab½nrdænana nwgRtUvRbQmbBaðakan;Et eRcIn cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgcMNakRsukecj rbs;BlkrEdlrMBwgfanwgekIneLIg eday sarktþaTaMgxagkñúg nigxageRkA . kareFVI c MNakRs uk T M ngCan wg ek In eL Ig edaysarkarbegáItkargarkñúgRsuk man el,ÓnyWtCag kMeNInBlkrRbcaMqña M EdlmanRbEhl 300>000nak; . R)ak;ebovtSr_x<s;Cag nigtMrUvkarBlkrenA RbeTséf m:aeLsIu kUer:xagt,Úg sigðburI nigCb:un KWCaktþaTak;Taj BIxageRkA . eTaHCaeyIgeBjcitþnwgkarbegáIt»kaskargar nigGPivDÆn_enAkñúg RbeTsCagkþI k¾eyIgKYrman RbB½n§RKb;RKg eKalneya)ay nig Rkbx½NÐc,ab;d¾l¥ sMrab;RKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkrEdr BIeRBaHcMNak RsukGacpþl; »kaskargar nigcMNUlcaM)ac;sMrab;ry³eBlxøI nig mFüm . minEtb:ueNÑaH vak¾GacCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRkpgEdr . R)ak;epJImkpÞH mantYelx)a:n;sµanRbEhl 200landuløar rW 3/23° én

pss qñaM2005 ehIyeyIgrMBwgfa GacekIneLIgrhUtdl; 500lan duløar ebIsinmankarRKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkr)anRbesIrCagmun . enAqña M2005 RbeTséf)anbBa¢ ÚnBlkrcMNakRsukecj 160>000nak; nigTTYl)anR)ak;epJImkpÞH 1/2Ban;landuløar rIÉ evotNam)anbBa¢ÚlBlkr RbEhl 400>000nak; nigTTYl)anR)ak;epJImkpÞH RbmaN 4Ban;landuløar eyagtamsUcnakrGPivDÆn_

qñaMTI12 elx 1 témø 1>500¹ mkra - mIna qñaM2008

ISSN 1560-7615 / ISBN 978-99950-52-06-5

viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa Éksare)aHBum<pSayrbs;

r)aykarN_segçbGMBIsßab½neKalneya)ay nigRkbx½NÐc,ab; sþIBIkarRKb;RKgeTsnþRbevsBlkrkm<úCa

elak c½nÞ supl BinitüBIbTb,BaØtþi nigsßab½nRKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkrecjBIkm<úCa nigKUsbBa¢ak;BIbBaðaesdækic©-neya)ayFM² EdlraraMgkarksagRbB½n§l¥mYysMrab;RKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkr RBmTaMgelIkeLIgnUv dMeNaHRsaymYycMnYn . *

* c½nÞ supl CaGñkRKb;RKgEpñkRsavRCav . GtßbTenHCasegçb énesckþIRBagr)aykarN_EdlviTüasßan CDRI kMBugsresr edaymankar]btßmÖfvika edayGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati (ILO) nig shkarCitsñitCamYyRksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ . eyabl; b¤kMhusedayGectna KWCarbs;GñkniBn§ nigminEmnCa rbs; CDRI b¤GgÁkar ILO eT .

matika r)aykarN_segçbGMBIsßab½neKalneya)ay .............................................. 1 karRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenARbeTskm<úCa ......................................................... 6 karTijlk;dIFøI nigbBaða puseLIgeRkayeBlcab;epþImcuHbBa¢IdIFøI ...... 10 tamdanesdækic© — sßanPaBeRkARbeTs ................................................. 15 — sßanPaBkñúgRbeTs .................................................. 18 — snÞsSn_esdækic© ....................................................... 21 B½t’manfµI²BI viTüasßan CDRI ................................................................... 24

kmµkrcMNakRsukkm<úCa CYsCulsMNaj;muneBlcuHensaT . kñúgmYyqñaM² kmµkrRbmaN 180.000nak; cUleTAkñúgTwkdIéfxusc,ab; .

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BiPBelak (World.Development.Indicators) qñaM2007 pSBVpSay edayFnaKarBiPBelak. RbeTshVIlIBIn )anTTYlR)ak;epJImkpÞH 13/5Ban;landuløar ¬13/7°én pss¦ ehIybg;køaeds )anTTYl 4/2Ban;landuløar ¬7°¦ . karsikSarbs;mUlniFiGnþrCatisMrab;kar GPivDÆksikmµ nigFnaKarGPivDÆn_TVIbGaemrik (IFAD 2007) rkeXIj fa BlkrcMNakRsukenAelIBiPBelakman 150lannak; Edl)an epJIR)ak;mkpÞH 300Ban;landuløarenAqñaM2006 KWelIsBICMnYy GPivDÆn_ nigvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTseTAeTot . cMNakRsukecjBIkm<úCatamry³TIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkr nigR)ak;epJImkpÞH BlkrcMNakRsukecjBIkm<úCamanBIrRbePTFM² KW RbePTRsbc,ab; nigminRsbc,ab; . eyagtamsß itirbs;RksYgkargar nig bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ ¬MLVT¦ BIqñaM1998 dl;cugqñaM2007 man Blkr 10>532nak; RtUv)anbBa©ÚnCapøÚvkareTAm:aeLsIu 3984nak;eTAkUer:xagt,Úg nig 6114nak; eTAéf ¬srub 20>630nak;¦ . mü:ageTot manBlkrkm<úCaRbEhl 180>000nak; kMBugeFVIkarenAéf (IOM 2006) kñúgenH 110>000nak; )anTTYllixitGnuBaØat[eFVIkar ecjedayrdæaPi)aléfenAqñaM2004 nigRbEhl 50>000nak; )anTTYl lixitbBa¢ak;BIGtþsBaØaN (CI) ecjedayrdæaPi)alkm< úCa tamry³RkumkargarGnþrRksYgdwknaMedayRksYgkargar . BlkreTAm:aeLsIuPaKeRcInCa®sþI eTAeFVICaGñkbMerI rWGñkeFVIkargar pÞH rIÉBlkreTAkUer:PaKeRcInCaburs . eTaHbIRbeTséfFøab;)anTTYl BlkrcMNakRsukBIkm<úCataMgBIqñaM1994 b:uEnþBlkrPaKeRcInKµan ÉksarbBa¢ak;GVIeT rWk¾CaBlkrminRsbc,ab; . karbBa¢ÚnBlkrecjCa pøÚvkar eTIbcab;epþImkñúgqñaM2006 bnÞab;BImanGnusSrN³RBmeRBog

(MOU) rvagéf nigkm<úCa enAEx]sPa qñaM2003 . BlkrcMNakRsuk km<úCa TTYl)anEtkargarNaEdlmanlkçN³RkxVk; Bi)ak nigeRKaHfñak; CaBiess xagensaT sMNg; nigksikmµ . bTb,BaØtþic,ab; nigsßab½nsMrab;RKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkr kgVHRkbx½NÐc,ab; edaycMNakRsukBlkrecjBIkm<úCa CaerOgmYyfµI ehtuenHkm<úCaRtUv CYbbBaðaRbQmkñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ay c,ab; nigbTb,BaØtþi epSg² sMrab;RKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkrecj . enAqñaM1995 GnuRkwtü elx57 sþIBIkarbBa¢ÚnBlkrkm<úCaeTAeFVIkarenAeRkARbeTs RtUv)an Gnum½t . RksYgsgÁmkic©kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta1 naeBlenaH CaGñktak;EtgesckþIRBagGnuRkwtü edayrYmshkarCamYy RksYgmhaépÞ nigRksYgkarbreTs . GnuRkwtü )anTTYlsÁal;BIkgVH xat»kaskargarkñúgRsuk nigbBa¢ak;BIeKaledAEklMGkMritCIvPaBrbs; RbCaCntamry³karrkcMNUl nigTTYl)anCMnajBIkargareRkARsuk . GnuRkwtükMNt;[RksYgTTYlbnÞúk ¬eBlenaH KWRksYgkargar¦ eFVICa Gñkpþl;FnFanmnusS ehIyRkumh‘un rWTIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkr Ca PaKITTYlykBlkr . eRkABIGnuRkwtüelx57 enAmanRbkaselx 108 enAEx]sPa qñaM2006 sþIBIkarGb;rMGMBICMgWeGds_ cMNakRsuk

edaysuvtißPaB nigsiT§ikargarsMrab;Blkrkm<úCa eFVIkarenAeRkARsuk RBmTaMgGnuRkwtüelx70 enAExkkáda qñaM2006 sþIBIkarbegáItRkum RbwkSabNþúHbNþal htßBlkmµ nigbBa¢ ÚnBlkreTAbreTs ¬MTOSB¦. GñkeqøIysMPasn_CaeRcInnak;elIkeLIgfa km<úCaxVHeKalneya)ay eTsnþRbevsn_ rWc,ab;Cak;lak;sMrab;cMNakRsuk . enAkñúgKMnitBYkeK GnuRkwtüelx 57 ¬Éksarc,ab;CaFrmanEtmYyKt;eRkABIRbkas¦ manGayukalyUreBkehIy nigKYrEtBinitüEksMrYleLIgvij . c,ab;kargarrbs;km< úCa minGacykeTAGnuvtþenARbeTsTTYlyk Blkr)aneT CaBiessTak;TinnwgcMNakRsukBlkr . kgVHxatkñúgsßab½nrdæ manTsSn³fa KYrmansßab½nCMnajedayELkmYyTTYlxusRtUvRKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkr . GacsmrmüEdr ebIRksYgkargarbegáIt kariyal½y rWnaykdæanmYyedayELk eGayTTYlbnÞúkCaBiess elIcMNakRsukBlkr . GñkeqøIysMPasn_TaMgGs; manmtiÉkPaB Kñafa RtUvEtbegáIncMnYnbuKÁlikmansmtßPaB edIm,IRKb;RKgbBaða cMNakRsukBlkrd¾RsYcRsavenH . fvikapþl;BIrdæaPi)al k¾GacRtUv begáInEdr edIm,ITak;Tajm®nþIGñkmansmtßPaBsmRsb . b:uEnþ k¾KYr manviFIsMrab;eGaykariyal½y rWnaykdæanenH TTYl)anfvikaBI kargarcMNakRsukBlkr BIeRBaHskmµPaBenHCYypþl;R)ak;rab;ry landuløarmkkñúgRbeTs . edaysarcMNakRsukBlkrBak;B½n§nwgRksYgCaeRcIn ehtuenHk¾ mankarbegáItRkumkargarGnþrRksYg RKb;RKgGenþaRbevsn_ ¬IMTM¦ mYyeLIgnaeBlfµI²enH EdlmanshRbFanCardæm®nþIRksYgkic©kar narI nigrdæm®nþIRksYgkargar . KMnitpþÜcepþImenH)anpuseLIgbnÞab;BImankarts‘Umti)aneCaKC½yrbs; mUlniFiGPivDÆn_énGgÁkarsh RbCaCatiedIm,I®sþI (UNIFEM) EdlBüayamelIkkMBs;siT§irbs;Blkr ®sþIcMNakRsuk . Rkumkargar IMTM mansmaCikmkBIRksYgsMxan;² b:uEnþeTIbCYbRbCMu)an 2elIkb:ueNÑaH taMgBIeBlkekIteLIg enAExtula qñaM2006 mk . RkumkargarenHenAfµIefµag nigmankargarCMrujeday FnFan)anBI UNIFEM . vaCaevTikamYYysMrab;[sßab½nrdænana CYbBiPakSaBIbBaðacMNakRsukBlkr nigEsVgrkkarmUlmtiKña muneBleTACYbcrcarCamYyRbeTsCaPaKITTYlykBlkr nig muneBltak;EtgesckþIRBageKalneya)ay sMrab;RKb;RKgcMNak RsukBlkr . eKrMBwgfa Rkumkargar IMTM nwgksag)annUveKal neya)ay nigbTb,BaØtþid¾caM)ac;nana b:uEnþenAminTan;dwgeTfa etInwgmandMeNIrkar)anskþisiT§ib:uNÑa . kgVHxatsßab½nÉkCn GnuRkwtüelx57 )ankMNt;cMbBaðaKµankargareFVI nigbBaðamankargar minRKb;RKan; RBmTaMgbgðajBIplcMeNj )anmkBIcMNakRsuk Blkr kñúgkarelIkkMBs;kMritCIvPaBrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa . k¾b:uEnþman TidæPaBmYycMnYn bgðajfa eKalbMNgGnuRkwtü nigeKalneya)ay minsIucgVak;KñaeT dUcCa kartRmUv[TIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkrdak;

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R)ak;tMkl;eRcIn nigecjesah‘uycMNayCamun . mü:ageTotKYrmanTIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkreRcInRKb;RKan; edIm,I TTYlcat;EcgelIBlkrcMNakRsukRbmaN 200>000nak; ¬TaMg Rsbc,ab; nigxusc,ab;¦ ebIsincg;[BYkeKeRbIR)as;meFüa)ayRsb c,ab;TaMgGs;Kña . TaMgsßab½nrdæ nigÉkCn RtUvEtmaneRcInRKb;RKan; nigrwgmaM . bc©úb,nñenH kMBugmankgVHxat TaMgm®nþIrdæEdlman smtßPaBedaHRsaybBaðacMNakRsukBlkr nigTIPñak;garÉkCnsMrab;eRCIserIs bNþúHbNþl nigbBa¢ÚnBlkreTAbreTs . BitehIy kgVHxatTIPñak;garbBa¢ÚnBlkreTAeRkARsuk vapusecj BIlkçxNÐd¾x<s;EdlEcgkñúgGnuRkwtü . Rkumh‘unRtUvdak;R)ak;tMkl; 100>000duløar enAÉRksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nig RtUvbg;cMNayepSg²sMrab;bBa¢ÚnBlkr . lkçxNÐenH)andak;bnÞúk hirBaØvtßúd¾F¶n;F¶rmYyeTAelIRkumh‘un ehIyCamUlehtuEdl 26 Rkumh‘un RtUvbiTTVarkñúgExkkáda qñaM2006 enAeBlmankarrwtbNþwg [dak;R)ak;dMkl; ehIyenAsl;Et 12Rkumh‘unb:ueNÑaH EdlGacbnþ dMeNIrkar . naeBlfµI² man 4Rkumh‘uneTot)ankekIteLIg dUecñH sBVéf¶man srub 16Rkumh‘un edayminrab;bBa©ÚlnUvTIPñak;gar 2 eTot EdlkMBugBüayamERbkøayxø Ün eTACaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al (NGO) . eyagtamRbeTsEdlmanbTBiesaFn_yUrGEgVgkñúgkar naMecjBlkreTAbreTs km<úCaenAmanRkumh‘untichYseBk . Cak;Esþg RbeTsbg;køaeds manRbmaN 800Rkumh‘un eFVIkareRCIserIs nig bBa¢ÚnBlkreTAbreTs rIÉhVIlIBIn maneRcInCag 1000Rkumh‘un .2

karBak;B½n§rbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al

GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al manskmµPaBeRcInBak;B½n§nwgbBaðacMNak Rsuk nigkarCYjdUrmnusS . bNþaj NGO Bak;B½n§nwgcMNakRsuk )an begáIteLIgedaymankarKaMRTBI UNIFEM nigkarcUlrYmBIGgÁkarcMnYn 30 . GgÁkarTaMgenaH CYbRbCMuerogral; 2Exmþg edIm,IGnuvtþkmµviFI cMnYn 5 sþIBI 1¦ karbMpuscMNab;GarmµN_ nigkarts‘Umti 2¦ karesIub Gegát 3¦ TidæPaBc,ab; 4¦ karRsavRCav nigRbmUlTinñn½y nig 5¦ karksagsmtßPaB nigTMnak;TMngsaFarN³ . bNþajenH dwknaM edayKN³kmµaFikardwknaMkargarmYy EdlmansmasPaBmkBI GgÁkarskmµ²kñúgbBaðacMNakRsukBlkr nigkarCYjdUrmnusS .3 bBaðasMxan;²CaKnøwHenAkñúgkarpþl;esvardæ)aldl;cMNakRsukBlkr tMéldMeNIrkarbBa¢ÚnBlkreTAbreTs eRkayBIrdæaPi)alkm< úCa EtgtaMg[RkumRbwkSabNþúHbNþal htßBlkmµ nigbBa¢ÚnBlkreTAbreTs ¬MTOSB¦ CaGñkcat;Ecg bNþúHbNþal nigbBa¢ÚnBlkredaypÞal; témøbBa¢ÜnBlkreTARbeTs kUer:xagt,Úg Føak;BI 3000duløar kñúgBlkrmñak; mkRtwm 892duløar bu:eNÑaH enAExmkra qñaM2007 . enHCaeCaKC½yd¾FMmYy Edlpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_pÞal;dl;Blkr . cMNucxusKñaxøaMg KW kMér nigcMNay bBa¢ÚnBlkr EdlRkumh‘unÉkCnTarykBIBlkr . MTOSB min)an ykkMérTaMgBIrenH rWk¾kMérsMrab;karGb;rM¼ENnaM nigBn§GVIeT ehIycab;

taMgBITTYlkargarenHmk MTOSB bBa¢ÜnBlkr)anRbEhl 500nak; . enHCa]TahrN_Cak;EsþgmYyEdl bBa¢ak;fa karkat;bnßycMNaykñúg karbBa¢ÚlBlkreTAbreTs BitCaGaceFVI)an . nabc©úb,nñ témøbBa¢ ÜnBlkrcMNakRsukeTAeFVIkarenAéf KW 700duløar kñúgenH 100duløar RtUvbg;edayBlkrmñak;²Edldak;BaküsMucMNakRsuk nig 600duløar ¬20>000)at¦ RtUvbg;eday nieyaCk rWRkumh‘uneRCIserIsbuKÁlik ehIyRtUvkat; 2000)at kñúg mYyEx ecjBIR)ak;ExBlkrsMrab;ry³eBl 10Ex . cMNayenHx<s;Nas; ebIeFobnwgR)ak;Exrbs;Blkr EdlCamFümTTYl)anRbEhl 6000)at ehIyBlkrRtUveFVIkarEfmem:agedIm,IGacsnSMR)ak;)an eRcInepJImkpÞH RsbtameKalbMNgEdleKeFVIcMNakRsuk . kMér minpøÚvkarsMrab;cMNakRsukxusc,ab;Edlbg;[emxül; KW 100duløar b:ueNÑaHkñúgBlkrmñak; . mü:ageTot Blkrmin)ac;rg;caMyUreT ebIsin eRbImeFüa)ayxusc,ab; . enAeBlCMerIsenHGaceRbI)anenAeLIy BlkrPaKeRcIn R)akdCaeRCIsykmeFüa)ayminRsbc,ab;Edlrh½s edaybg;Rtwm 100duløar CaCagkarbg;R)ak; 700duløar nigRtUvrg;caMBI 3-6Ex edIm,IeFVIcMNakRsukeTAéf . eTaHbIGacRtUvsmtßkic©cab;xøÜn nigbBa¢ÜnRtLb;mkvijkþI k¾BlkrcMNakRsukPaKeRcIn enAEt h‘anRbfuynwgeRKaHfñak;cUleTAéfedayxusc,ab; . BlkrEdlFøab;eTAéf EtgcUleTARbeTsenaHmþgeTotedayxøÜnÉg ehIycMNayEt RbEhl 50duløarb:ueNÑaH sMrab;éføeFVIdMeNIr . RBMEdnd¾Evg)aneFVI[GaCJaFrkm<úCa nigéf lM)aknwgbBaÄb;cMNak Rsukxusc,ab;Nas; dUecñHkargarsMxan; KWRtUvsMrYl[cMNakRsuk Rsbc,ab;mantMélefaksmrmüEdlBlkrGaccMNay)an . man karesñIeLIgfatémø 700duløar KYrbBa©úHmkRtwm 300duløar ehIy rdæaPi)alTaMgBIr KYrCYyBenøÓndMeNIrkarbBa¢ÚnBlkr . kñúgtMélsrub 700duløarenH 480duløarCacMNayenAelITwkdIkm<úCa . lixitqøgEdn KYrbBa©úHtémøBI 150duløar mkRtwm 50duløar ehIycMNayepSg²eTot KYrbBa©úHBI 220duløar mkRtwm 40duløar . viFIenH nwgkat;bnßy cMNayenAkm<úCaBI480duløar mkRtwm 200duløar ehIyRkumh‘un k¾GacrkSaR)ak;cMNUlCamFüm 70duløar enH)andEdl . rdæaPi)aléf KYrbBa©úHtémølixitGnuBaØatkargarBI 106duløar ¬3500)at¦ mkRtwm 30duløar ¬1000)at¦ nigtémøTidæakarBI 59duløar ¬2000)at¦ mkRtwm 15duløar ¬500)at¦ . eFVIdUecñH témøsrubenAxagéf nwgfycuHBI 220duløar mkRtwm 100duløar . eyagtamRksYgkargaréf témøTidæakar nwgkat;bnßymkRtwm 500)at b:uEnþminTan;GnuvtþeTenAeBlsresrGtßbTenH4 . dUecñHkargarcMbg EdlrdæaPi)aléfGaccUlrYmeFVI KWkarbBa©úHtémølixitGnuBaØatkargar . enAeBlmanBlkreRcIn²pøas;bþÚreTAeRbImeFüa)aycMNakRsukRsb c,ab;vij rdæaPi)aléfnwgTTYl)ancMNUlbEnßmeTot BIkarecjlixit GnuBaØatkargarkan;EteRcIn RBmTaMgplcMeNjCaeRcIneTot . témølixitqøgEdnkm<úCa cab;BIéf¶TI5 ExmIna qñaM2007 lixitqøgEdnmantémøpøÚvkar 120duløar bnÞab;BI)antemøIg 20duløareTotsMrab;bEnßmTinñn½y

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eGLicRtUnik5 . bu:EnþeKRtUvbUkbEnßmtMéleRkApøÚvkar 19duløareTot dUecñHtémøsrubsMrab;lixitqøgEdnmYy KW 139duløar . témøenHtMrUv[samuICnrg;caM 2Ex eTIbTTYl)anlixitqøgEdn ehIyebIsinRtUvkar lixitqøgEdnqab;CagenH RbCaBlrdæGacsMuykkñúgry³eBl 1s)aþh_ b:uEnþRtUvbg; 224duløar . erOgenHbgðajfa karecjlixitqøgEdnkñúg ry³eBlmYys)aþh_ GaceFVIeTA)an ehIykarGUsbnøayeBl KW edaysarbnÞúkkargareRcIn rWbBaðaepSgeTot . enARbeTsevotNam témølixitqøgEdnKW 12duløarb:ueNÑaH ehIyrdæecj[kñúgry³eBl 5éf¶ rIÉenARbeTséf nigRbeTsLav KW 30duløar edayecj[)ankñúgry³eBl 3 eTA 5éf¶ . RbeTsTaMgenH mankariyal½yCaeRcInsMrab;TTYleFVIlixitqøgEdn rYmTaMgenAtam extþpg . enARbeTskm<úCavijsBVéf¶ manEtkariyal½ytUcmYyenA PñMeBj EdlCa]bsKÁmYyy:agc,as;raraMgdl;dMeNIrkareFVIlixit qøgEdn[)anqab; . vaminc,as;eTfa etIeKrkSadMeNIrkareFVIlixit qøgEdn[yUrrhUtdl; 2Ex dUecñHedayectna rWy:agNa edIm,I[Gñk Edlcg;)anqab;RtUvbg;R)ak; 224duløar ehIyetIR)ak; 80duløarEdl bUkbEnßmenaHRtUveKykeTANa . raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anyl;Rsbfa témølixitqøgEdn vax<s;eBkehIysMrab;BlkrcMNakRsukEdlPaKeRcIn mkBIRKYsarRkIRk dUecñHBlkrTaMgenH RtUvbg;CapøÚvkarEt 40duløarb:ueNÑaHsMrab;lixitqøgEdnmYy bnÞab;BIRksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ )an Gnum½telIbBa©IeQµaH nigbBa¢ÚnbBa¢IeTARksYgmhaépÞ . enAmunéf¶TI 5 ExmIna qñaM2007 lixitqøgEdnmantMélpøÚvkarRtwmEt 20duløar b:uEnþ témøCak;EsþgGacelIsBI 50duløar ehIyeRbIeBl minqab;Cag 2Ex eT . karyWty:avEbbenH )anGUsbnøaydMeNIrkarTaMgmUlénkar bBa¢ÚnBlkr EdlGacb:HBal;dl;TMnukcitþrbs;BlkrpÞal; nigrbs;nieyaCkenAéf . BlkrPaKeRcInminGacrg;caM 5-6Ex eTIb)an ecjeTAeFVIkarenAbreTsenaHeT . ehtuenH BYkeKRtUvbgçMcitþsMueFVI lixitqøgEdn[)ankñúgmYys)aþh_ edaysuxcitþbg;R)ak; 150-200duløar edaypÞal; rWedaykat;R)ak;Exsgvij ehIyk¾RtUvr:ab;rg bnÞúkcMNaymYyd¾F¶n; . RbsinebIBlkrTaMg 200>000nak; RtUvmanlixitqøgEdnTaMgGs;Kña ehIylixitqøgEdnmYyKitéføRtwm 50duløar dUecñHtMélsrubRtUvCa 10landuløar . b:uEnþ kariyal½yEtmYyy:agtUcenAPñMeBj minGac mankMlaMgRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjkargareRcInEbbenHeLIy . dUecñH RksYgmhaépÞ KYrbegáItkariyal½ybEnßmmYy b¤BIreTotenAPñMeBj edIm,I [kargarmanRbsiT§PaBCagenH nigrkcMNUl)aneRcInEfmeTot . sMxan;CagenHeTot RksYgmhaépÞKYrEtbegáItkariyal½yeFVIlixit qøgEdnenAtamextþsMxan;² nigbNþúHbNþal[m®nþImansmtßPaB Gnuvtþkargar . viFIenHminRtwmEtGacbMeBjtMrUvkard¾eRcInelIslb;rbs;RbCaBlrdæenaHeT b: uEnþEfmTaMgGacCYykat;bnßycMNay eFVIdMeNIrsMrab;RbCaBlrdæenAtamextþeTotpg . ]TahrN_ extþ bnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg nigéRBEvg KYrmankariyal½ysMrab;TTYl BaküesñIsMu nigeFVIlixitqøgEdn BIeRBaHenATIenaHmanBlkreRcIn Edl RtUvkarlixitqøgEdn .

bBaðart;ecalkargarenAeBleFVIkarenARbeTséf kartRmUv[TIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkrTTYlr:ab;rgcMNaybBa©ÚnBlkr KWCabBaðamYy . TIPñak;garnwgxatbg; RbsinebIBlkreKcecjBI kargarCab;kic©snüa . eyagtamTIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkr karrt;ecalkargarmanGRtax<s;KYrsm CaBiessenAéf . erOgenHGac yl;)an BIeRBaHenAéfmanBlkrkm<úCaEt 6114nak;b:ueNÑaH EdlRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAedayRsbc,ab; b:uEnþmanBlkrkm<úCaRbEhl 180>000nak;eTot EdlkMBugeFVIkaredayxusc,ab; . BlkrRsbc,ab; TMngCacg;rt;eKcBIbMNul edayeTAcUlrYmCamYyBlkrEdlKµan ÉksarbBa¢ak; . erOgenH minEmnmanEtenAéfeT . Dang. (2007)

)anraykarN_fa GRtart;ecalkargarrbs;BlkrevotNamenACb:un KW 27-30° enAkUer:xagt,Úg 20-25° ehIyenAétva:n; 9-12° . bBaðamYyeTotKW BlkrmYycMnYnyl;fa kargarenAéflM)akeBk dUecñHBYkeKeRbIRKb;meFüa)ayedIm,IRtT,b;mkpÞHvij . erOgenH eFVI[ TIPñak;garxatbg;R)ak; EdlxøÜn)ancMNaymunedIm,IbBa¢ÚlBlkr eTAeFVIkar . vaGacmkBITIPñak;garmin)anBnül;sBVRKb;dl;Blkr rWk¾ GacmkBIkargarEdlTIPñak;gar)ansnüa nigkargarBitvamindUcKña . TIPñak;gar b¤Rkumh‘uneRCIserIsBlkr k¾mankMhusmYycMENkEdr kñúgerOg Blkrrt;ecalkargar BIeRBaHBYkeKeRCIserIsBlkrmin)an RtwmRtUvl¥eT KWGñkNak¾ykEdr[Et)aneRcIn edIm,ITTYl)anqab;²nUv kMérsMrab;kareRCIserIs . vaminEmnCaerOggayRsYleTsMrab;TIPñak;gar kñúgkaredaHRsay bBaðaBlkrrt;ecalkargar . kñúgkrNIxøH BYkeKesñIsMusßanTUtéf eGayCYyraraMgBlkrrt;ecalkargar edayminpþl;Tidæakar[eTot .b:uEnþsßanPaBenAEtRcbUkRcbl; nigKµandMeNaHRsayl¥dEdl . xusKñaBIkUer:xagt,Úg rWma:eT,sIu EdlmanBlkrcMNakRsukPaKeRcIn Rsbc,ab; nigmingayRtLb;mkpÞHvijRsYl²edayKµanlixitqøgEdn enaH RbeTséf KWCakrNIBiess BIeRBaHTItaMgPUmisaRsþ nigkarRtYt BinitüRBMEdnFUrrlug )anpþl;kargayRsYldl;Blkrkñúgkarrt;ecal kargar ehIybnþsñak;enAéfnigeFVIkaredayminRsbc,ab; rWrt;RtLb;mkpÞHvij . kartMrUv[TIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkr cMNayCamunkñúgkarbBa¢ÚnBlkr cMNakRsuk bBaðamYyeTotKW cMNayhirBaØvtßúénkarbBa¢ÚnBlkreTAeRkARsuk RtUv TTYlr:ab;rgedayRkumh‘uneRCIserIsBlkr rWnieyaCkenAbreTs . viFI enHmann½yfa Rkumh‘unRtUvcMNayCamuny:agehacNas; 600>000 duløar kñúgkarbBa©ÚnBlkr 1000nak; eTAeRkARsukkñúgmYyelIk² BIeRBaHcMNaybBa©ÚnBlkrmñak; KW 600duløar . enHCaTwkR)ak;y:ag eRcInEdlRtUvRbfuycMNaymun CaBiesssMrab;Rkumh‘unkm<úCa Edl minsUvmanTun b:uEnþGacmansmtßPaB . Rkumh‘unmYycMnYn)anray karN_BIkarxatbg;eRcInKYrsm EdlbNþalmkBIBlkrrt;ecal kargarkñúgeBleTAeFVIkarenAbreTs nigEdleFVIeGayRkumh‘unBi)ak nwgrs;ranmanCIvit . eday)anTTYlsÁal;BIbnÞúkTaMgenH rdæaPi)almin CMTas;cMeBaHkartMrUv[BlkrGñkdak;BaküeTAeFVIkarenAbreTs bg;

5


edayxøÜnÉgnUvéføeFVIlixitqøgEdn nigcMNayCamUldæan dUcCa karBinitüsuxPaBCaedIm . manTIPñak;garmYycMnYn )antMrUv[Blkr Gñkdak;BaküeTAeFVIkarenAéf bg;R)ak; 100duløar . ebIsinCardæaPi)alkm<úCa nigéf cg;eGayBlkreFVIcMNakRsuktam ry³Rkumh‘uneRCIserIsBlkr cMnYnRkumh‘unKYrEtmaneRcInCagenH . nabc©úb,nñ cMNayBak;kNþal rWelIsBIenHeTot KWnieyaCkéfCaGñk TTYlr:ab;rgedayEp¥kelIlkçxNÐfa Rkumh‘uneRCIserIsBlkrkm<úCa RtUvpþl;edayminykkMéresvanUvBlkrfµI mkCMnYsBlkrEdlrt;ecalkargar . viFIenH)aneFVIeGayRkumh‘unkm<úCa RtUvRbQmnwg haniP½yy:agFM . CaerOggayyl;eTEdl BlkrPaKeRcInBMumanR)ak; 600duløar sMrab;bg;mun . b:uEnþerOgenHGacedaHRsay)anedayrkmeFüa)ayCYy BlkrEdlcg;eTAeFVIkarBit² eGayeKTTYl)anR)ak;kMcIBiessmYy EdlGacman rWKµankarR)ak; BIFnaKar sßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßú kmµviFI\NTanrbs; NGO rWKMeragsnSMR)ak;rbs;shKmn_CaedIm . Blkr EdlRtUvkarrkR)ak;[)aneRcInBIkargarenAeRkARsuk GacRtUvcMNay R)ak;pÞal; rWx©IR)ak;eKsMrab;bg;eGayTIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkr . R)ak;kMcI GacmankarFanaBIGaCJaFrmUldæanEdlsÁal;BlkrenaHc,as; rW manreboberobcMepSg²sMrab;CYyFanakarsgR)ak;vij . karGnuvtþGnusSarN³RBmeRBogrvagkm<úCa nigéf CaEpñkmYyénkarGnuvtþGnusSarN³RBmeRBog (MOU) rvagéf nig km<úCa rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anbegáItKN³kmµaFikarGnþrRksYgmYyman tMNagmkBIRksYgkargar RksYgmhaépÞ TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI nig RksYgkarbreTs edIm,Ipþl;lixitbBa¢ak;GtþsBaØaNdl;Blkrkm<úCa EdlkMBugeFVIkarkñúgRbeTséf edayminRsbc,ab; . Rkumkargaréf Edlmansmtßkic©Rbhak;RbEhl ¬mansmaCikmkBIRksYgkargar RksYgmhaépÞ nigRksYgsuxaPi)al¦ CaGñkpþl;lixitGnuBaØat[eFVIkar . BlkrcMNakRsukRtUvcMNay 1500)at eTA[ KN³kmµaFikarkm<úCa nig 4000)at eTA[KN³kmµaFikaréfsMrab;lixitGnuBaØatkargar EdltMrUv[mankarBinitüsuxPaBsMrab;dak;bBa¢Úl eTAkñúgRbB½n§FanasuxPaB . tMélsrubénkarbBa©ÚnBlkrmñak;tam ry³RbB½n§ MOU KW 700duløar . RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³km<úCa yl;eXIjfa kñúg5qñaM knøgmkenH MOU )annigkMBugCYyBlkrkm<úCaEdleFVIkarenAéf[man karTTYlsÁal; nigkarcat;EcgedayyutþiFm’ . eyagtamkarsMPas CamYym®nþIkm<úCa RkumkargarepSg²EdleFVIkareGayRksYgkargar km<úCa nigéf )anshkarKñµaya:gl¥ . kic©RbCMurvagRksYgkargarkm<úCa nigéf enAesomrab kalBIcugExvicäika qñaM2007 )ansMercnUvkic© RBmeRBogmYyfa KN³kmµaFikarGnþrRksYgTTYlbnÞúkpþl;lixit bBa¢ak;GtþsBaØaNdl;Blkrkm<úCaEdleFVIkarenAéf KWGacbnþkargar rhUtdl;cugExmifuna qñaM2008 . mü:ageTotk¾manesckþIsMercbegáIt KN³kmµaFikarmYyenAkm<úCa sMrab;TTYlBlkrminRsbc,ab;EdlRtUv eKbBa¢Únmkvij enAeBllixitGnuBaØat[sñak;enAnigeFVIkar enAéf)an putkMNt; . kic©RbCMuk¾)ansMercfa KYrmanGnusSarN³RBmeRBog

(MOU) fµImYysMrab;edaHRsaybBaðaBlkrcUleTAeFVIcMkarenAdIéfenA CitRBMEdn . CaTUeTA KYrmaneRKÓgelIkTwkcitþpþl;eGaynieyaCkéf EdlrYm shkar nigkardak;Bin½ycMeBaHnieyaCkGñkminshkar . GñkeqøIy sMPasn_mYycMnYnyl;fa nieyaCkéfmYycMnYncUlcitþCYlBlkr Edl KµanÉksarbBa¢ak; BIeRBaHvacMeNjCag ehIyBYkeKGaceFVI)abBlkr tamcitþcg; . maneKniyayfa mYyéf¶-BIréf¶muneBlebIkR)ak;Ex nieyaCkéfshkarCamYyb:UlIsrkerOgedjBlkrecj ehIyyk R)ak;ExenaH mkEckKñaCamYyb:UlIs . ebIsinerOgenHCakarBit KYrman eRKOgelIkTwkcitþsMrab;eGaynieyaCkéf ENnaMBlkrxusc,ab;rbs;xøÜn[eTAcuHbBa¢I nigkarpakBin½y ebIsinmin)aneFVIdUecñH . segçbGnusasn_ cMNaysMrab;BlkrcMNakRsukeTAéfedayRsbc,ab; KYrEtkat;bnßy edaycat;viFankarN_mYycMnYn dUcCa 1¦ karerobcMxagsßab½n KYrman karEklMG 2¦ RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ KYrmannaykdæan mYysMrab;TTYlbnÞúkelIcMNakRsukBlkr nigKYrbEnßmbuKÁlikman smtßPaB[)aneRcIn sMrab;edaHRsaybBaðacMNakRsuk 3¦ eKal neya)aycMNakRsuk nigRkbxNÐc,ab; dUcCa c,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ KYrmankarBinitüEksMrYl 4¦ éføeFVIlixitqøgEdn KYrkat;bnßymkRtwm 50duløar kñúgry³eBl 10éf¶ nig 5¦ RksYgmhaépÞKYrbegáIt kariyal½ybEnßmeTotsMrab;eFVIlixitqøgEdn edaymanTItaMgenAPñMeBj nigenAtamextþsMxan;² dUcCa )at;dMbg bnÞaymanC½y nigéRBEvg . Rkumh‘un nigkariyal½yeRCIserIsBlkr KYrmaneRcInEfmeTotenA tamextþEdlmanBlkreFVIcMNakRsukeTAéfeRcIn . GnuRkwtüelx 57 KYrmankarBinitüEktMrUveLIgvij edIm,I[smRsbnwgkarvivtþ naeBlfµI² . R)ak;tmál;sMrab;ebIkTIPñak;gareRCIserIsBlkr ¬100>000duløar nabc©úb,nñ¦ KYrEtkat;bnßy edIm,IbegáIncMnYnTIPñak;gar RbePTenH . TIPñak;garnana KYreRCIserIsBlkredayRbugRby½tñ edIm,IeCosvag manBlkreRcInrt;ecalkargar . erOgenHk¾GaceFVI eLIgedaymankarshkarBIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al (NGOs)

pgEdr . TnÞwmnwgenH KYrGnuBaØat[TIPñak;garykkMéresvaGMBIBlkr Edlcg;eTAeFVIkarenAéf rWRbeTs epSgeTot BIeRBaHviFIenH GacCYykat;bnßycMnYnBlkrrt;ecalkargar . RbeTséfCaGñkTTYlRbeyaCn_BIBlkrcMNakRsuk ehtuenH rdæaPi)aléfKYrCYy[BlkrTaMgenaHmanlkçN³pøÚvkar . rdæaPi)aléf KYrcUlrYmcMENkkat;bnßycMNayrt;karepSg² ¬sMrab;lixitGnuBaØat kargar nigTidæakar¦ nigKYrcat;viFankarbBaÄb;karCYlBlkrminRsb c,ab; . eRKÓgelIkTwkcitþ KYrpþl;[nieyaCk EdlCYlBlkrRsbc,ab; rIÉGñkCYlBlkrminRsbc,ab;KYrEtTTYlkarBin½y . cMeBaHBlkr kMBugeFVIkarenAéf KYrmanviFICYyBYkeK[mansiT§ieFVIkarenATIenaHeday Rsbc,ab; edaymincaM)ac;[BYkeKmkeFVIlixitqøgEdn nigsMuTidæakar enAPñMeBjeT . KYrmankarkat;bnßyral;cMNayEdlBak;B½n§nwgkar bBa©ÚnBlkrRsbc,ab; .

teTATMB½rTI 17

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karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk enARbeTskm<úCa³ Rbvtþi nigbBaðaRbQm naGtItkal nigbc©úb,nñ Ecm pløa nig David Craig )andkRsg;emeronBIbTBiesaFn_mun² nigbBaðaKnøwHmYycMnYnEdl karRKb;RKgFarasaRsþkMBugCYbRbTH . GñkTaMgBIr k¾)anBinitüBIrebobEdlsgÁmkm<úCaenAGMLúgeBlxus²Kña )aneRbIR)as;TwkenAkñúgkarGPivDÆGriyFm’. * esckþIepþIm FnFanTwk KWcMNucsñÚlkñúgCIvitrs;enA vb,Fm’ esdækic© nigPUmisaRsþ rbs;km<úCataMgBIyUrNas;mkehIy. edaysarRbeTskm<úCa]sSah_ CYbsßanPaBmanTwkeRcIneBk rWticeBkGaRs½yeTAtamrdUv nigTItaMg PUmisa®sþ karRKb;RKgTwkKWCabBaðacMbgmYyEdlGñkRKb;RKgRbeTs RKb;CMnan;)anriHrkmeFüa)ayedaHRsayeTAtamkMritxus²Kña . enAeBlRKb;RKg)anl¥ TwkKWCaRbPBénCIvPaBrugerOg . pÞúyeTAvij ebIsinBMumanGPi)alkic©l¥eT TaMgRTBüsm,tþi nigvinieyaKelIehdæa rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgTwk k¾KµancIrPaBEdr . GtßbTenH )anerobcMeLIgkñúgRkbx½NÐénkmµviFIGPivDÆn_smtßPaB RsavRCavelIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk ¬WRMRCDP¦ nigmaneKaledA cgRkgemeron)anmkBIbTBiesaFn_enAGtItkal RBmTaMgbBaðasMxan;² mYycMnYn EdlkMBugecaTeLIgkñúgkargarRKb;RKgRbB½n§FarasaRsþ . GtßbTenH cab;epþImBinitüemIlfa etIsgÁmkm<úCa enAtamsm½ykal xus²Kña )anyl;eXIjy:agNaBIFnFanTwkkñúgkarGPivDÆGarüFm’ rbs;xøÜn . bnÞab;mkeTot mankarbkRsayBIbBaðacMbg²naeBlfIµ² elIkarRKb;RKg nigGPivDÆn_RbB½n§FarasaRsþ tamry³karsikSaelI GagsþúkTwkemøc enAextþkMBt . karsikSamaneKaledArkeGayeXIj faetITwk)anykmkeRbIeFIVGIVxøH/ etIshKmn_ksikrGñkeRbIR)as;Twk ¬FWUC¦ bMeBjmuxgar)anl¥kMritNaTak;TinnwgRbtibtiþkar karEfTaM CYsCul nigkaredaHRsayTMnas; nig etIRbB½n§FarasaRsþmanplb:H Bal;y:agNadl;karciBa©wmCIvitenACnbT .

segçbBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAGtItkal EpñkenH BinitüRtYs²BIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAsm½ykalxus²Kña cab;BIsm½ymunGgÁr sm½yGgÁr sm½yeRkayGgÁr sm½yGaNa niKm)araMg sm½ysemþcneratþmsIhnu nigsm½yb:ulBt . sm½ymunGgÁr RbvtiþsaRsþkm<úCa manB½t’manc,as;las;cab;BIstvtSr_TI2 enAeBl EdlRbeTsenHmaneQµaHfa {hVÚNn} . enAsm½yhVÚNn esdækic© manmUldæanecjmkBIkareFIVCMnYj b:uEnþcab;taMgBIstvtSr_TI7 )anBwg Ep¥kelIksikmµvij dUcCakareFVIERsR)aMg ERsvsSa kardaMduHdMNaMemIm ¬Feeny 1982: 35-38 cited in Vickery, 1998¦ karciBa©wmstVsMrab;eFIV Gahar RBmTaMgsib,kmµdUcCatM)aj edr)a:k; nigkareFIVelah³plit eRKOgGlgáar CaedIm ¬Chandler, 1993: 15-16¦ . eyagtamkMNt;ehturbs;cin sþIBIvis½yksikmµenAsm½yhVÚNn ¬Vickery M. 1998:

19; Chandler 1993: 6¦ sgÁmsm½yhVÚNn Gnuvtþbec©keTsTMenIbkñúg karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk nigdaMRsUv . ksikrsþúkTwkkñúgGagEdlksag eLIgsMrab;gUt nigeRsacRsBdMNaM ¬Chandler 1993: 6¦ . kardaMduH RsUvenAsm½yenaH pþl;plelIsBItMrUvkar ehIyplRsUvelIs )an eRbIkarsMrab;edaHdUrykRkNat; nigTMnijepSg²eTotEdlmanCYjdUr enAtambeNþaydgTenø . sm½yGgÁr sm½yGgÁr ¬K>s 802-1431¦ TTYl)aneCaKC½yelIkarGPivDÆ esdækic© tamry³karBRgwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgTwk . TwkePøóg nigTwkCMnn;TenøemKgÁ eKRbmUlnigsþúkvaTukkñúgGagsþúkEdl)ansageLIgsMrab;kareRsacRsB nigeRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar. )arayN_Twkføaxaglic Ca ]TahrN_d¾l¥mYyén ehdæarcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgTwk EdleRbIenAsm½y GgÁr nigbnSl;TukrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ . enAsm½yenaH tMbn;GgÁr RbmUlplRsUv)aneRcIndgkñúgmYyqñaM. plitPaBRsUvd¾x<s;EbbenH )anCYyBRgwgy:agxøaMgdl;esdækic©RbeTs nigbegIánPaBrugerOg . kMNt;ehtuCIvtaxVan; sIþBIsm½yGgÁr ¬1296-1297¦ )anbBa¢ak;fa karRbmUlplRsUvBIbIeTAbYndgkñúgmYyqñaM GaceFIVeTA)anedayEp¥k elIkMlaMgBlkmµEdlrs;enApþúMKña dImanCICati nigRbB½n§sþúkTwkd¾l¥\tex©aH ¬Chandler 1993: 74¦ . enAcugsm½yGgÁr ¬stvtSr_TI13 rWTI14¦ karRKb;RKgTwkman eCaKC½yl¥enH )ancuHGn;exSayEdlGacbNþalBIehtuplCaeRcInrYm pSMKñadUcCa karvayRbharBIéf¼breTsepSgeTot nig¼rWTMnas;épÞkñúg Edl)anekNÐRbmUl mYyPaKFMénkMlaMgBlkmµBak;B½n§nwgkarRKb;RKgTwk edIm,IbBa©ÚneTAeFVIs®gÁam . CabeNþIIr² RbB½n§RKb;RKgTwkk¾ RtUvxUcxat minGaceRbIR)as;)an. müa:geTot karxUcxatk¾GacbNþal BIktþaFmµCatipgEdr . sm½yeRkayGgÁr dUc)anerobrab;xagelI enAcugsm½yGgÁr nigenAmunrbbGaNaniKm )araMg esdækic©RbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;cuHGn;exSaykøayCaesdækic©

* GtßbTenH Ep¥kelIRkbx½NÐénkmµviFIGPivDÆn_smtßPaBRsavRCav elIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk ¬WRMRCDP¦ . elak Ecm pløa CaGtItGñkdwknaMRkumRsavRCavenAkñúgkmµviFI WRMRCDP ehIy eBlenH kMBugsikSafñak;bNiÐt enAsaklviTüal½ysIudnI . elak David Craig CaTIRbwkSakmµviFI WRMRCDP .

7


RKan;EtmYyrs;² ehIyRbCaCncMNayeBlPaKeRcIneTAelIkardaMduH RsUv . plRsUvelIstMrUvkar kMrmanNas;enAsm½yenaH ehIykar snSMk¾mankMritTab . eyageTAtam Minh Mang (1843) EdlmancuH kñúgÉksar Chandler (1993) GñkPUmieRcIneRbIRsHTwkedIm,IsþúkTwk eRsacRsBdMNaM b:uEnþminmanTMnb;GagsþúkTwk rWk¾RbB½n§RbLay dUc kalBIsm½yGgÁreLIy . enAeBlenaH RbCaCnmancMnYntic KµaneRKOg elIkTwkcitþ ehIyksikrmanbec©keTstictYcsMrab;CaCMnYykñúgkar eFVIcMruHkmµdMNaM rWGPivDÆn_RbB½n§RKb;RKgTwk . sm½yGaNaniKm)araMg RbeTskm<úCasißteRkamGaNaniKm)araMgcab;BIqñaM1863 dl;qñaM 1953 . enAExsIha qñaM1863 RBH)aTneratþm )anyl;RBmdak;RbeTskm<úCaenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;)araMg . sn§isBaØaCamYy )araMg)ankMNt;[)araMgpþl;kic©karBarsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa nigpþl;siTi§ eGay)araMgRKb;RKgsm,TaneQIh‘ub nigkarrukrkEr:enAkm<úCa . RbCaCnkm<úCaenAGMLúgTsvtSr_1860 manticCagmYylannak; ¬Ep¥ktamÉksarRbmUlBn§¦ ehIyRbCaCnCag 95° rs;enAtam CnbT . BYkeKCaksikrBwgEp¥kelIkareFIVERs)anRtwmmYyrs;² RtUvbg;Bn§x<s;eTAeGay)araMg ehIyesdækic©km<úCanasm½yenaHman sßanPaBminl¥eT ¬Chandler 1993: 100¦ . eTaHGn;exSayxøaMgkþI k¾esdækic©km<úCacab;epþImrIklUtlas;yWt² eLIgvij CaBiessBIRtwmTsvtSr_1920 edaysarenAeBlenaHman karGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún . karGPivDÆpøÚvfñl;)anCYysMrYl karnaMecjGgár EdleLIgdl; 100>000etan¼qñaM nigkarnaMecj plitplcMkarekAs‘UEdleFVICamYyshRKas)araMg nigcin ¬Chandler

1993: 160, 162¦ . karnaMecjGgár edIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;sMrab;esdækic© enACnbT edayCYybegáInkarplitedIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarGnþrCati nig pþl;cMNUlBn§Edl)anbEgVrykmkcMNayelIkargarsaFarN³ dUcCa pøÚvfñl; GKiÁsnI nigkarGb;rM . sm½ysemþcneratþmsIhnu RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu eLIgRKgraCükñúgqñaM1941 ehIyRBHGgÁ)an bMpusBIKMrUl¥éneKalneya)ay nigkarGPivDÆ rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgTwk enAsm½yGgÁr. RBHGgÁ)anbegIátKMeragxøÜnTIBwgxøÜn edaybBa©ÚlGñk CMnan;eRkay eGayGnuvtþkmµviFIGPivDÆn_FnFanTwk . kñúgqñaM1958 RBHGgÁmanRBHbnÞÚlfa³ {RbCaCnRtUvEtmanTwkRKb;RKan;sMrab;hUb nigsMrab;eFVIERs eTaHenArdUvR)aMgk¾eday} ¬Than 1982: 24, cited in

Öjendal 2000: 180¦ . b:uEnþcMeNHdwgenAmantictYcenAeLIy sþIBI reboberobcMrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgTwkBIburaN[manRTg;RTayFMCagmun . sm½yb:ulBt rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü kan;kab;RbeTskm<úCacab;BIExemsa 1975 dl; 1978 . rbbenHcat;TukRsUv CaFnFanesdækic©sMxan;bMput ehIy)anelIkEpnkarmanmhicäitax<s;edayRtUvplitRsUv[)anelIs BI 7etan¼hikta . edIm,IsMercEpnkarenH b:ulBt)anbgçMRbCaCn

TUTaMgRbeTseGayeFVIBlkmµdaMduHRsUv nigGPivDÆRbB½n§RKb;RKgTwk dUcCa ksagTMnb;Twk nigbNþajRbLay CaedIm. kñúgesckIþEføg karN_enATIRkugPñMeBj naéf¶TI10 tula 1978 b:ulBt)anniyayfa { GaTiPaBTI1 km<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtUvEt>>> >>> plitRsUveGay )aneRcInCagRbeTsCb:un>>> EdlGacplit)an 7etan¼hikta} ¬Martin 1983: 1, cited in Öjendal 2000¦. b:ul Bt epþatelIkarGPivDÆRbB½n§FarasaRsþ sMrab;CameFüa)ay eFVIeGaykm<úCakøayCaRbeTsGacplitRsUv )anRKb;RKan;sMrab;tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk nigmanplRsUvelIstMrUvkarEfmeTot. b:ul Bt emIleXIj tMbn;Bay½BüCakEnøgmanplitPaBl¥GacCYyeGay sMerc)anplRsUvelIsBItMrUvkar dUecñH {RbCaCnfIµ}1 esIÞrEtTaMgGs; RtUv)anCMelosbBa¢ÚneTAeFIVERsenATIenaH . eyagtamEpnkar 4qñaM rbs;xøÜn b:ul Bt )andak;EpnkarbegIánTinñplRsUvTUTaMgRbeTs eGay)anCamFümdl; 3etan¼hikta edayCMrujeGaymankar GPivDÆRbB½n§FarasaRsþy:agTUlMTUlay karRbmUlplRsUvBIrrWbIdgkñúg mYyqñaM nigkarkMNt;em:ageFIVkary:agEvg . b:uEnþEpnkarry³ 4qñaMenH )ankMNt;eLIgedayKµankarsikSafa etITinñplenHGacsMerc)anrWeT kñúglkçxNÐFnFanTwk nigRbePTdIEdlmanRsab; rWk¾ehdæarcnasm<½n§ RbePTNaEdlsmRsbnwgEpnkarenH . pÞúyeTAvij b:ul Bt )an RbkaseGayRbCaCnTaMgGs; {vaysMrukRKb;muxRBYj} ¬Chandler

1993: 211-216¦ . CalT§pl kñúgGMLúgeBlenaH ehdæarcnasm<½n§FarasaRsþPaKeRcIn sagsg;min)anl¥ nigmin)anrYcral;CasßaBreT ehIyk¾KµankarsikSa vaytMélxagFarasaRsþrWsßanPaBdIEdr EdlbgábBaðaCaeRcIndl;karRKb;RKg nigkarEfTaM CYsCul . elak Halcrow )ansniñdæanfa RbB½n§FarasaRsþEdlsagsg;kñúgGMLúgrbbExµrRkhm GaceRbIR)as; eLIgvij)an ebIsinmankarsþarCYsCultambec©keTsRtwmRtUv edIm,I CYysMrYleGaykarRKb;RKgmancIrPaB nigjúaMgeGayvaGacbMeBj muxgar)aneRcInCaGtibrma (1994, cited in Öjendal, 2000) . bBaðaRbQmnabc©úb,nñcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAExmkra 1979 RbeTs km<úCa cab;epþImksagCatieLIgvij tamry³karEktMrUvrcnasm<½n§ neya)ayeTAGnuvtþeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü karEklMGsnþisuxes,óg edayBRgwgvis½yksiikmµ nigkarEklMGeKalneya)ayRKb;RKgTwk edIm,IjúaMg[kareRbIR)as;FnFanTwkmancIrPaB . b:uEnþ kargarRKb;RKg FnFanTwk PaKeRcInlM)aksµúKsµaj edaysarxVHxatbec©keTs nig hirBaØvtßú . karrcnaerobcMxagbec©keTs nigvinieyaKhirBaØvtßú RtUvBwg Ep¥ky:agxøaMgelICMnYyKaMRTBIGgÁkarGnþrCati ¬IOs¦ nigkmµviFICMnYy GnþrCatinanarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati . enAGMLúgeBlenaH RbB½n§Farasa®sþPaKeRcIn )ansagsg;eTAtam tMrUvkarcaM)ac;Pøam² edayKµanBicarNaBIcIrPaByUrGEgVg rWviFIsaRsþ RKb;RKgRKb;RCugeRCayenaHeT . sBVéf¶ tMbn;FM²CaeRcInenAkm<úCa minTan;mansnþisux ehIyxVHxatkarsMrbsMrYlkñúgdMeNIrkarrcnaerob cMKMerag . CalT§pl RbB½n§FarasaRsþCaeRcInEdl)ansþarCYsCul kñúg

8


TsvtSr_1980 nig 1990 minGacdMeNIrkar)aneBjelj ehIy PaKeRcIneFVI)anrYcral;EtmYyPaK naMeGaylM)aksµúKsµajdl;karRKb;RKgTwknabc©úb,nñ bgákarpøas;bþÚrlMhUrTwk karxUcxatRbB½n§sÞwg-Tenø nigkarb:HBal;dl;kargareRsacRsB. enATsvtSr_munenH tMbn;eFIVERsBwgTwkePøóg nigERsR)aMgxøH RtUv)an BRgwgtamry³karpþl;RbB½n§FarasaRsþbEnßmeTot eday)anCMnYy hirBaØvtßúBIGgÁkarGnþrCatiepSg² dUcCa FnaKarBiPBelak nigFnaKar GPivDÆn_GasIu ¬ADB¦ . Cak;Esþg 253RbB½n§FarasaRsþ RtUv)an sagsg; nig¼rWsþarCYsCulenATUTaMgRbeTs cab;BIqñaM1999 dl; 2006 . RbB½n§TaMgenHpþl;suvtißPaBTwksMrab;kareFIVERselIépÞdICag 716>453hikta ¬rW 32° énépÞdIERsTaMgGs;¦ . TMnb;RKb;RKg TwkCMnn;tamrdUvBITenøemKgÁ pþl;karkarBarelIépÞdICag 130>550 hikta RBmTaMg TMnb;TwksmuRTpþl;karkarBarelIépÞdICag 18>390 hikta ¬Sakhon Veng 2007¦ .2 krNIsikSaBIGagTwk emøc kñúgextþkMBt viFIsaRsþ GagTwkemøc )aneRCIsykmkeFVICakrNIsikSamYyCabEnßmelIkar sikSaelI 18RbB½n§FarasaRsþ enACMuvijbwgTenøsab . GagTwkemøc manTItaMgenAkñúgXMueRcH RsukCMuKIrI extþkMBt . RksYgFnFanTwk)an sþarCYsCulvaeLIgvijenAqñaM2004 edaymankarKaMRTxaghirjvtßú ¬kMcI¦ nigbec©keTsBIFnaKarBiPBelak ¬WB¦. GagTwkemøc rYmman TMnb;TwkmYy TMnb;begðórmYy pøÚvbeBa©jTwk nigRbLaymYycMnYn . GagTwkenHGacpÞúkTwk)an 1/1lanEmRtKUb nigGacpþl;TwksMrab;eRsacRsBbEnßmdl;ERsvsSa 2/150hikta nigeRsacRsBeBj eljdl;ERsR)aMg 750hikta . karsikSa)aneRbI bec©keTsvaytMéltMbn;CnbTedaymankar cUlrYm ¬PRA ¦ dUcCa karksagEpnTIKMerag RbtibtþikarcMruH nigkic© BiPakSaRkumsñúl ¬FGD¦ . krNIsikSa)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IeRbobeFob nigdkRsg;emeronGMBI KMrU¼viFIsaRsþ EdlTTYlmUlniFiBIrd§aPi)al¼ m©as;CMnYy nigRKb;RKgedayshKmn_ . dUecñH krNIsikSaenHRtUv)an eRCIserIsbEnßmCa krNIBiesssßitenAeRkAtMbn;TenøsabsMrab;eFVIkar eRbobeFob enAkñúgry³eBlénkarvaytMélxagsgÁm¼sßab½n énkar GPiv]ÆksikmµmankareRsacRsB rbs;RksYgFnFanTwk kñúgExmifuna qñaM2007 . RbFanbT nigbBa¢IsMnYrmYycMnYn )anykmkeRbIkñúgkic©BiPakSa Rkumsñúl EdlmanRkumGñkcUlrYmxus²Kña . kñúgkargarenH Gñk cUlrYmnanaRtUv)aneRCIserIsedaymaneKaledAc,as; nigpþúMKñaCaRkum FGD epSg² EdlrYmman ¬1¦ GñkdwknaMshKmn_ksikreRbIR)as;Twk(FWUC) ¬2¦ ksikr ¬enAExSTwkxagelI nigExSxageRkam¦ én RbLayeRsacRsB nig ¬3¦ smaCik FWUC . lT§plrkeXIj BitehIy kareRsacRsBCYy[mankarcUlrYmkan;EtTUlMTUlaykñúg esdækic©mankarlk;dUr tamry³plRsUvR)aMg ¬EdlxusBIplRsUvvsSa

eRBaHeKykvaeTAlk;¦ nigkMeNInkardaMduHbEnø . R)ak;cMNUlbEnßm )andl;ksikrmaneRcInKYrkt;sMKal; eTaHbIQµÜjkNþalhak;dUc RbmUlyk)anmYyPaKFMénplcMeNjkñúgExSry³lk;dUrksiplkþI . kMeNInRTBükan;kab;CastVciBa©wm ¬eKa RCUk man; Ta¦ KWCakarFanar:ab;rgTI1d¾rwgmaM sMrab;Tb;Tl;nwgkarxUcxat pldMNaM¼cMNUlepSg² ehIyRTBüsm,tþigaylk;ecjKWCakarFanar:ab;rgTI2 . TidæPaBesdækic©neya)ayCaTUeTAenACnbT CaktþasMxan;Edl kMNt;plb:HBal;ry³eBlEvgénkareRsacRsB eTAelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn . nabc©úb,nñ luyBitR)akdEdlGacrk)anKW dIFøIenHÉg EdlekIntMéleTVmYyCaBIry:ageTogTat; eTaHbIman rWKµankareRsacRsBkþI . lT§PaBeRsacRsBGacbEnßmtMéltictYc b:ueNÑaHdl;dIFøI rIÉTItaMg nigsßanPaB dIepSg²eTot GacbegáIntMél dI)aneRcInNas; . eTaHbIenAtamXMudac;RsyalEdlRkumRsavRCav )aneTAdl; k¾manr)aykarN_fa tMéldI)anekIneLIgmYyCabI kñúgry³eBl2qñaMcugeRkay Edlhak;pusecjBIskmµPaBTijlk;ekjykcMeNjsuT§saF . c,as;ehIy ebIsinGñkvinieyaKFM² enAEtbnþcUlBak;B½n§nwgdIksikmµEdlmanRbB½n§eRsacRsB TidæPaB mYycMnYnnwgRtUvpøas;bþÚrCaminxan . BYkvinieyaKinGacTukdIenA es¶ómminbnþkardaMduHykpl rWmineFVIvinieyaKGVIesaHelIehd§arcna sm<½n§eRsacRsB . eTaHbIvinieyaKinCYldIeTAeGayksikrkñúg mUldæan rW)ancUlrYmdaMdMNaMlk;ykR)ak;CaRTg;RTayFMkþI k¾tam dMeNIrvivtþn_naeBlsBVéf¶ kargarrbs; FWUC RbEhlnwgRtUvpøas;bþÚrCaminxan . enAGagTwkemøc esd§kic©maRtdæansMxan;bMputedIm,ITajykcMeNj BIvinieyaKelIdMNaMlk;ykR)ak; ehIyerOgenH GacCasMBaFF¶n;mYy eTAelIFnFannanaenArdUvR)aMg BIeRBaHksikrFM²CaeRcInTamTaryk TwkeRcIn²enArdUvR)aMg sMrab;eFVIkardaMduH . TMhMskmµPaB nig\Ti§Bl rbs;BYkKat; GacCYyeGayKat;manGMNaceRcInenAkñúg FWUCs rW ya:gehacNas;k¾GacbgáTMnas;enAkñúgRbB½n§sBVéf¶ EdlmankarEbg EckTwkPaKeRcIntamlkçN³RbCaFibetyükñúgmUldæan nigmansmFm’ KYrsmkñúgeBlmankgVHxat . GtulüPaBrvagGñkeRbIR)as;TwktUc² CaeRcInnak; nwgGñkeRbIR)as;xñatFMEdlmanRTBüFn¼GMNacecaTeLIg kan;EtxøaMgebIsinmanTMnas; . manPsþútageRcInNas;bgðajfa enA km<úCaTMnas;CaeRcInnabc©úb,nñGacedaHRsay)anenAkñúgmUldæan ebIsin manEtRbCaCnmUldæancUlBak;B½n§. b:uEnþsMrab;GñkenAeRkAshKmn_:EdlmanRTBü¼GMNaceRcIn BYkeKEtgGaceFV IskmµPaBdeNþIm lT§PaB¼siT§ ieRbIR)as;FnFan eTAtammeFüa)ayEdlsßab½nkñúg mUldæan dUcCa FWUCs CaedIm minGaceFVIGVIekIteT . bBa©b;esckþImk GegátTaMgLaynabc©úb,nñsþIBIkarGPiv]Æn_RbB½n§ FarasaRsþenAkm<úCa RtUvEtTTYlsÁal;BIsar³sMxan;énKMeragrbs;Gñk pþl;CMnYy RBmTaMgbBaðaEdlKMeragnImYy²bgáeLIgcMeBaHcIrPaB nig smtßPaBkñúgry³eBlEvgénbNþasßab½nfñak;eRkamCatikñúgkarRKb;RKg FnFanTwk . BitehIy sBVéf¶BMuTan;manRbB½n§FMNamYy Edl)an eRKag rW)andMeNIrkarenAkMrittMbn; edIm,IkMNt;faetImanGVIekIteLIg kñ úgkarrcnaerobcMRbB½n§FarasaRsþenARbeTskm<úCaPaKeRcIn .

9


pÞúyeTAvij manKMeragCaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§nwgkargarCak;lak;mYycMnYn ¬CaerOy² KWsMNg;TMnb;¦ RtUv)anpþÜcepþIm nigksagedaym©as;CMnYyenAkñúgshRbtibtþikarCamYysßab½nfñak;Cati . lMnaMxagelIGacnaM[mankarykR)ak;kMéreRcIn²enAkñúg nigenA CMuvijKMerag sMrab;BYkGñkcUlrYmskmµkñúgkarRKb;RKgKMerag . pÞúyeTA vij sßab½nfñak;CatiminsUvcg;ksagKMeragsMrab;ry³eBlEvgeT BIeRBaH BYkeKGacepÞrkic©dMeNIrkarkarRKb;RKg nigkarEfTaMCYsCuleTAeGay tYGgÁfñak;mUldæan . CalT§pl sMNg;CaeRcInEdlGacksag)anCa mYynwgTwkR)ak;EdlmanRsab;rbs;m©as;CMnYy k¾RtUv)ankat;bnßy dUcCaxagKuNPaBCaedIm. lkçN³mCÄkarénkareFVIEpnkar nigGnuvtþ KMerag manplb:HBal;CaeRcIneTot . smtßPaBkñúgmnÞIrFnFanTwkextþ min)anrIkcMerIneRcIneT . BYkeKRtUvGnuvtþ FWUCs edayeBlxøHhak;dUceTAGnuvtþenAtamkEnøgEdlFøab;ekNÐRbmUl FWUCs kalBImun)an mYyEpñkehIy. mü:ageTot RbsinebIkarrcnaerobcMCamUldæan nig Gnuvtþn_eFVI)anl¥ ¬dUckñúgkrNIEdleyIg)aneXIj¦ viFIsaRsþrbs;KMerag KWGacksag)annUvmUldæanRKwHmYyd¾manRbeyaCn_ . bnÞab;mk KMerag tUc²rWdac;edaydM uCaeRcInrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al (NGOs)

RBmTaMgesvapSBVpSaybec©keTsksikmµ nigesvaKaMRTepSg²eTot rbs;mnÞIrksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaTextþ GacbegáIteLIgenACMuvij KMeragFMsMrab;CYyRTRTg; edaymineFVIeGayxUcxatdl;lkçN³Ca mUldæanrbs;RbB½n§FarasaRsþeT . shKmn_ksikrGñkeRbIR)as;Twk (FWUCs) EdlmanB½t’manRKb;RKan; nigkargarl¥ GaceFVIeGaysPaBkarN_RbesIreLIgy:ageRcIn . enAtMbn;sikSaxøH RkumRsavRCav)anBinitüeXIjPsþútagl¥²énkarRtYt BinitüBIsMNak;RkumGñkeRbIR)as; kñúgmUlmUldæan .

• RkumGñkeRbIR)as;pÞal; rWfñak;PUmi )anCYyedaHRsayTMnas;epSg² . eyIgmin)anlWBIkarcUlrYmNamYyrbs;XMu rWGñkxag eRkAeT.

• éføeRbIR)as;Twk RtUv)anelIkmkcrcaedaycMh nigKitKUrføwg EføgCamYyKña . sMNUmBrepSg²BIGñkeRbIR)as; [bBa©úHéføTwk enAeBlTwkmanminRKb;RKan;sMrab;bMeBjtMrUvkar )anTTYlkar yl;RBmehIy . éføTwkminRbmUlykeT enAeBlpldMNaMRtUv xUcxatedaysarkarraMgs¶ÜtxøaMg .

• RbB½n§vas;EvgkñúgmUldæan )anykmkeRbIR)as;edIm,IKNnaéfø eRbIR)as;Twk. enAeBleyIgsYrfa RtUvGs;b:unµankñúgmYyhikta BYkeKmindwgeT BIeRBaHBYkeK)aneRbIrgVas;kñúgmUldæan ehIy erOgenHbgðajc,as;BIkarRtYtBinitükñúgmUldæan nigkaryl;dwg d¾Cak;lak;rbs;RbCaCnmUldæan . bBaðaGñkeRbIR)as;Twkeday KµankarGnuBaØatminecaTxøaMgeT³ manmnusSmYycMnYnenAxag eRkArgVg;RBMEdnRtUvTTYlkareRsacRsB )aneFVIkarbUmykTwk qøgkat;dIrbs;GñkepSgeTot b:uEnþerOgenHeyIgBMueXIjmankar t¥ÚjEt¥rxøaMgeT .

• TidæPaBmYycMnYnénkarRKb;RKgkareRsacRsB kMBugdak;esñI eLIgenAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarXMu énkmµviFIsila .

• CaTUeTA kareRsacRsBCYypþl;»kasrkcMNUltUc²fµIeTotmYy

cMnYn edayBRgwgsuvtßiPaBkan;kab;dIFøI nigbegáInplRbeyaCn_ rbs;BYkKat; enAkñúgdMeNIrkar FWUC. cMnucenHk¾CYyBRgwgkar RKb;RKgenAkñúgmUld§anEdr .

CakarmanRbeyaCn_Edr ebI)anBinitüBicarNaBIEbbbT EdlKMerag TaMgenHpSarP¢ab;CamYydMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarXMu nigdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar extþ . dMeNIrkarTaMgBIr RKbdNþb;min)anRKb;RKan;eT b:uEnþvaGacCYy bMeBjbEnßmxøH²Edr dl;KMeragEdlmankarrcnaerobcM nigGnuvtþl¥ . ebIsinKMeragGnuvtþmin)anl¥ dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarTaMgBIr k¾Kµan RbeyaCn_GVIEdr. dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarXMuGacbEnßmRbLaytUc² nig pþl;tMEhTaMxøH² b:uEnþminGacedaHRsaybBaðaFM²)aneT . kñúgEpñk FnFanTwk kareFVIEpnkarvaCab;Bak;B½n§nwgmnÞIrCMnajCaeRcIn ehIymin sUvmankMlaMgbBa¢aeT BIeRBaHminGacRtYtRtaelIGVIEdlekIteLIg CamYyKMerag rWk¾enAeBlfñak;mCÄwmmkekþabkþab;elIplRbeyaCn_ CaeRcIn . enAeBlmanGnuvtþKMeragFMmYykñúgTwkdIxøÜn extþcMeNj)an tictYcNas;CakarksagsmtßPaB nigsiT§iGMNacRtYtRta b:uEnþRtUv TTYlbnÞúkEfrkSaGVI²CaeRcInEdlkMBugEtdMeNIrkar . kMNt;sMKal; 1> RbCaCnfIµ KWGñkBYkEdlrs;enATIRkug xageRkAtMbn;RKb;RKgrbs;

ExµrRkhm munqñaM1975. 2> Ék]tþm ev:g saxun shRbFanénRkumkargarxagksikmµ nigTwk

(TWGAW) nigCardæelxaFikar RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym )an eFIVr)aykarN_eCOnelOnkargarmYysþIBI karRKb;RKg nigGPivDÆn_ RbB½n§FarasaRsþ enAkñúgevTikashRbtibtiþkarGPivDÆn_km<úCaelIk TI1 enARkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa naéf¶TI19-20 mifuna 2007 ¬www.cdc.crdb.gov.kh/cdc/first_cdcf/session1/progress_report_

vengsakhon.htm¦ Éksareyag Chandler, D. (1993), rTragedy of Cambodian History: Politics, War

and Revolution r

Since 1945 (London: Yale University Press)r

Vickery, M. (1998), rSociety, Economics, and Politics in Pre-Angkor

Cambodia: the 7th–8th Centuries (Tokyo: rCentre for East Asian

Cultural Studies)r

Ojendal, J. r(2000), Sharing the Good: Modes of Managing Water

Resources in the Lower Mekong River Basin r(Goteborg:

Department of Peace and Development Research, rGoteborg

University) r

Sakhon Veng (2007), Irrigation Development and Management:r A

Presentation on the rOccasion of the First Cambodian

Development Cooperation rForum at the Council for the

Development of Cambodia (CDC) from 19th to 20th June r2007,

(Phnom Penh: Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology)r

10


karTijlk;dIFøI nigbBaða puseLIgeRkayeBl cab;epþImcuHbBa¢IdIFøI KMeragviPaKbBaðaGPivDÆn_ ¬ADI¦ rbs;KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikar edIm,Ikm<úCa ¬CCC¦ kñúgkic©shkarCamYy mCÄmNÐlB½t’mandIFIø ¬LIC¦ énevTikaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alsþIBIkm<úCa )aneFVIGegátBIkar Tijlk;dI nigbBaðapuseLIgtaMgBIeBlcab;epþImcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenAsgáat;cMnYnBIrénx½NÐéRBnb; RkugRBHsIhnu * esckIþepþIm eRkayBIkarGnumtic,ab;PUmi)alenAqñaM2001 RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; )anpþÜcepþImGnuvtþ KMeragerobcMEdndI nig rdæ)aldIFøI ¬LMAP¦ enAqñaM2002 . LMAP manbMNgGPivDÆsuvtßiPaB b½NÑkmµsiTi§dI BRgwgRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøI nigCMrujkarGPivDÆTIpSardIFøI eGaykan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB . eRkamkar]btßmÖBIFnaKarBiPBelak GTZ ¬TIPñak;garGaløWm:g;sMrab;kic©shRbtibtiþkarbec©kviTüa¦ nig FINNMAP ¬Rkumh‘unÉkCnhVaMgLg; EdlrdæaPi)alhVaMgLg;)ancuHkic© snüaCYl¦ LMAP )anCYyRTRTg;dl;kmµviFIcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§ edIm,I cUlrYmkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa . enAExkBaØa qñaM2007 RksYg erobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; raykarN_fa )anecjrYcehIy nUvb½NÑkmµsiTi§dIcMnYn 1lanb½NÑ tamry³ LMAP .1 GtßbTenHBinitüBI karTijlk;dI nigbBaðapuseLIgeRkayeBlcab;epþImcuHbBa¢IdIFøIkñúg sgáat;2 cMnYnBIrénx½NÐéRBnb; RkugRBHsIhnu CaBiessbBaðaPaBCa m©as;dI karlk;dI dMeNIrkarepÞrkmµsiTi§dI lT§PaBTTYl)an\NTan nig suvtßiPaBkan;kab;dI . kmµviFIcuHbBa¢IdIFøI Ep¥kelIkarsnµtfa kmµsiTi§l¥RbesIrelIdIFIø vaCH\T§iBlviC¢manelIkareRbIR)as; nigplitPaBénRTBüTaMgenaH . KMeragGegátCamUldæan LMAP tamtMbn;CnbTEdleFIVeLIgeday viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa ¬vbsG-

CDRI¦ kñúgqñaM2004 Ep¥kelIsmµtikmµsMxan;²mYycMnYndUcCa 1¦TIpSar dIFIø³ enAeBltMéldIekIneLIg ehIytMéldMeNIrkarTijlk;dIfycuH TIpSardIFIønwgbEgVrdIFIøeTArkkareRbIR)as; EdlmanRbsiT§PaBesdækic© x<s; . 2¦ rdæ)aldIFøI³ cMnYnPaKrykan;EteRcInénRbtibtþikarepÞrdIFøI dUcCa karlk; nigkarbnþmrtk nwgdMeNIrkartamry³karcuHbBa¢ICa pøÚvkar . 3¦ lT§PaBTTYl)an\NTan³ RbCaCnnwg eRbIb½NÑkmµsiTi§dI sMrab;dak;Fana edIm,ITTYl)an\NTanBIsßab½npþl;kMcIpøÚvkar . 4¦ vivaT³ b½NÑkmµsiTi§dImansuvtißPaB nwgkat;bnßykMrit nigPaBjwkjab;énvivaTdIFIø (CDRI 2007) . karRsavRCavEdl)aneFIVeLIgsMrab; GtßbTenH k¾mankartMrg;TisBIRkbx½NÐRTwsþICaTUeTAenHEdr . viFIsaRsþRsavRCav karcuHRsavRCavdl;kEnøgsMrab;karsikSaenH )aneFIVeLIgenAEx]sPa nigExmifuna 2007 enAsgáat;éRBnb; nigTwkl¥k; kñúgx½NÐéRBnb; Rkug RBHsIhnu . sgáat;éRBnb;sißtenAtamdgpøÚvCatielx4 xagt,ÚgTI RbCMuCnx½NÐéRBnb; tampøÚveTARkugRBHsIhnu . sgáat;Twkl¥k; sißtenA tamdgpøÚvCatielx3 xagekItTIRbCMuCnx½NÑéRBnb; tampøÚveTAextþ kMBt . sgáat;éRBnb;TTYlrg\Ti§BlBIkMeNInesdækic©enAtamdgpøÚv Catielx4 b:uEnþsgáat;Twkl¥k; sißtenAdac;RsyalrhUtdl;eBlman karCYsCulpøÚvCatielx3 kñúgshsvtSr_fIµb:ueNÑaH . karRsavRCavenH eRbIviFIsaRsþEbbKuNPaB nigbrimaN ehIy)an cuHGegátsrub 130RKYsar enAsgáat;éRBnb; kñúgPUmiéRBnb;2 nig PUmibt;sirman; nig 134RKYsareTot enAsgáat;Twkl¥k; kñúgPUmiTYl nig PUmikMBg;sµac;tUc .3 GegátmanmuxsBaØa)anGnuvtþelIRKYsarNa Edl fIµ²enHmandIksikmµmYyLÚt×y:agticRtUv)ancuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP . bEnßmBIelIbBa¢IsMNYr Gegát)aneFVIsMPasn_CamYyRkumsñÜlEdlman smasPaBCaGñkPUmimkBItMbn;RsavRCavTaMgbYn CamYyGñkpþl;B½t’man KnøwHEdlCaGñklk;dI nigGñkTijdI)aneRCIserIsmYycMnYnenAkñúgPUmi nigCamYybuKÁlikRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; enAPñMeBj nigRkugRBHsIhnu . kmµsiTi§k,aldIksikmµcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP

4

enAsgáat;éRBnb; 91° énk,aldIksikmµTaMgGs;Edlkan;kab;eday RKYsareFVIGegát )anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiTi§BI LMAP rIÉenAsgáat;Twkl¥k; KWman 93° . edayGñkkan;kab;dIFM²kñúgsgáat;TaMgBIr mankan;kan;dIksikmµeRcInelIslub dUecñH BYkeKTTYlRbeyaCn_BIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI)an eRcInCagGñkkan;kab;dItUc² .5 ]TahrN_ enAsgáat;éRBnb; RKYsarCa m©as;dIksikmµcab;BImYyhiktaeLIgeTAEdlcuHbBa¢ Ieday LMAP

tMNag[ 54° énKMrUtag b:uEnþkan;kab;dl;eTA 83° éndIFøIcuHbBa¢I eday LMAP . dUcKñaEdr RKYsarenAsgáat;éRBnb; Cam©as;dIksikmµcab;BIBIrhiktaeLIgeTAEdlcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP tMNag[Et 20° én KMrUtag b:uEnþkan;kab;dl;eTA 54° éndIFøIcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP . TnÞwmKñaenH ebIeFobcMNat;fñak;kan;kab;dIBIdIticeTAdIeRcIn eKeXIjfa TaMgcMnYn nigTMhMk,aldIkan;kab;EdlcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP enAsgáat;éRBnb; )anekIneLIg .

* GtßbTenH Ep¥kelIkarsikSaeFIVeLIgenABak;kNþalqñaM2007 EdlCaEpñk mYyénvKÁsikSasuICMerArbs; ADI . GñkRsavRCav )ancUlrYmmanCaGaTi elak dYg vir½tñ nigGñkRsI qay Biedar ¬vbsG¦ elak eRsg Pirmü nig can; sarin ¬DPA¦ elak fav Kwmsan nig TUc esdæa ¬lIkadU¦ elak em:c suxn nig xan; cnßar:U ¬NGO Forum¦ elak nYn bUrin ¬LWF¦ elak luy b‘unfn ¬SCA¦ elak kg suvNÑa ¬BnøWkumar¦ elak h‘t sIla ¬VI¦ elak esg vk ¬HRVC¦ elak Lúk viciRt ¬CHED¦ elak ég: er:t ¬RkumGPivDÆn_PUmi¦ nig elak san C½y ¬KIND¦ . GñkRsavRCavCa smaCikRkum KWman elak Ehb suxan;Nar:U nig Megan MacInnes ¬LIC/NGO Forum¦ nig elak Kug esoklI/ eGO GuIl/ CMu suIr:um/ XYn can;D½r nig John McAndrew ¬ADI/CCC¦ .

11


enAsgáat;Twkl¥k; Gñkkan;kan;dIFM²Edlkan;kab;dIksikmµeRcIn elIslubEdr KWTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIkarcuHbBa¢IdIIFøI eRcInCag Gñkkan;kab;dItUc² . ]TahrN_ RKYsarenAsgáat;Twkl¥k; Cam©as;dI ksikmµcab;BImYyhiktaeLIgeTA EdlcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP tMNag[Et 38° énKMrUtag b:uEnþkan;kab;dl;eTA 69° éndIFøIcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP . dUcKñaEdr RKYsarenAsgáat;Twkl¥k; Cam©as;dIksikmµcab;BIBIr hiktaeLIgeTA EdlcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP tMNag[Et 10° énKMrUtag b:uEnþkan;kab;dl;eTA 33° éndIFøIcuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP . TnÞwmKñaenH ebIeFobcMNat;fñak;kan;kab;dIBIticeTAeRcIn eKeXIjfa TaMgcMnYn nig TMhMk,aldIkan;kab;cuHbBa¢Ieday LMAP enAsgáat;Twkl¥k; )anekIneLIg elIkElgEtkñúgmYykrNIb:ueNÑaH . karlk;dIBIqñaM1989 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2007 karlk;dIrbs;GñkeqøIysMPasn_kñúgsgáat;TaMgBIr kñúgry³4qñaMknøH eRkayeBlcab;GnuvtþKMerag LMAP maneRcInCagkñúgry³ 14qñaMmun enaHbUkbBa©ÚlKña . cab;BIqñaM1989 ¬RBmTaMgqñaMmun²enaHeTot¦ rhUt mkdl;qñaM2002 mankarlk; 56k,aldI eday 34RKYsar enAsgáat;éRBnb; nigTwkl¥k; . CakareRbobeFobcab;BIkarpþl;b½NÑ LMAP enA

qñaM2003 rhUtmkdl;eBlRsavRCavnaBak;kNþalqñaM2007 mankar lk; 66k,aldI eday 51RKYsarenAsgáat;TaMgBIr6 ehIyeRkaymk mankarlk; 59k,aldImanb½NÑ LMAP nig 7k,aldIeTotKµanb½NÑ LMAP . kMeNIny:agxøaMgénkarlk;dIrbs;GñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;TaMgBIr GacemIleXIjy:agc,as;kñúgqñaM2006 Edlbgðajfa TIpSar dIFøI)anrwgmaMeLIg nigrIkFMCaxøaMg ¬RkahVik1¦. Casrub mkdl;qñaM2006 karlk;dIkñúgKMrUtagenAsgáat;éRBnb;man cMnYnesµIKña rWeRcInCagkñúgKMrUtagenAsgáat;Twkl¥k; elIkElgEtenAqñaM 1996 . enAmuneBlGnuvtþ LMAP ¬BIqñaM1989 dl; 2002¦ 86° énk,aldI)anlk;TaMgGs; KWlk;edayGñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;éRBnb; . kñúgGMLúgeBl LMAP ¬BIqñaM2003 dl;eBlcuHRsavRCavenA Bak;kNþalqñaM2007¦ GñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;éRBnb;)anlk; 61° énk,aldI)anlk;srub . eTaHbIKMlatd¾FMéncMnYnlk;dIrvagGñk eqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;TaMgBIr)anrYmtUcvijbnÞab;BIkareFIVb½NÑ LMAPkþI k¾Tinñn½yTaMgenH bgðajfa karlk;dIenAEtmankMritx<s;CagkñúgcMeNam GñkeqøIysMPasn_kñúgGMLúgeBl LMAP enAsgáat;éRBnb;dEdl . KYrkt;sMKal;fa GñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;Twkl¥k; )anlk; 60° én k,aldI)anlk;srub enAqmasTI1 qñaM2007 . tYelxenHbgðajfa

tarag1 ³ segçbdImanb½NÑ LMAP Edl)anlk; ¬BIqñaM2003 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2007¦ sgáat;éRBnb; nig sgáat;Twkl¥k; Ex]sPa-mifuna 2007

sgáat;Twkl¥k; srub cMnYn °éncMnYnsrub cMnYn °éncMnYnsrub cMnYn

k,aldI LMAP )anlk; 37k,aldI 63 22k,aldI 37 59k,aldI TMhMdI LMAP )anlk; 12/36h>t 74 4/24h>t 26 16/6h>t épÞmFüméndI LMAP )anlk; 0/33h>t 0/19h>t 0/28h>t RKYsar)anlk;dI LMAP 24RKYsar 55 20RKYsar 45 44RKYsar

sgáat;éRBnb;

RkahVik1 ³ k,aldIlk;edayGñkeqøIysMPasn_kñúgsgáat;éRBnb; nig Twkl¥k; BIqñaM1989 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2007

12


ehtuplénkarlk;dI enAmuneBl nigeRkayeBl LMAP ehtuplFMbMputEdleFIVeGayRKYsarenAsgáat;éRBnb; nigTwkl¥k; lk;dIFøITaMgmuneBl nigeRkayeBleFVI LMAP KWedIm,IcMNayBüa)alCMgW ¬RkahVik2¦. enAmuneBleFVI LMAP ¬1989-2002¦ 48° énk,al dIEdl)anlk; KWedIm,I)anR)ak;Büa)alCMgW . dUcKñaEdr eRkayeBleFVI LMAP ¬2003-Bak;kNþalqñaM2007¦ 46° énk,aldIEdl)anlk; KWedIm,Ibg;éføBüa)alCMgW .9 cMnYndgénkarlk;dIedIm,ITijmðÚbGahar begIátrbrrksuIepSg² nigsMrab;buNüTan ¬mgÁlkar/ buNüsB>>>¦ KW manRbhak;RbEhlKñakñúgGMLúgeBlTaMgBIr . pÞúyeTAvij enAmuneBl eFVI LMAP GñkeqøIYysMPasn_PaKeRcIn)anlk;dIedIm,ITijdIenAkEnøgepSg b:uEnþeRkayeBleFVI LMAP GñkeqøIysMPasn_PaKeRcIn)anlk;dIedIm,I sgbMNuleK . dMeNIrkarepÞrdI GñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;éRBnb; nigTwkl¥k; )anepÞrsiTi§kan;kab; nig b½NÑkmµsiTi§BImñak;eTAmñak; tamry³sakSI niglixitbBa¢ak; EdleXIj maneRbIenABaseBjRbeTskm<úCa . enAeBlxøH BMumankarpøas;bþÚr lixitsñam rWÉksarbBa¢ak;GVIeT enAeBlRbKl;R)ak;RBmeRBogKñarvag KUPaKIEdlCaTUeTAKWCasac;jati GñkCitxag rW mitþP½kiþ .10 KµanGIVKYr eGayPJak;ep¥IleT Edlkarlk;dUrdIFIøPaKeRcInenAmuneBleFVI LMAP

)aneFIVeLIgtamry³kic©snüalk; edaymankarbBa¢ak;BIkMritPUmi rW XMu . erOgcMElkbnþic KWkareFVIrebobrbbenH)anbnþGnuvtþeTotenA eRkayeBleFVI LMAP edaysiT§ikan;kab;dIPaKeRcInRtUv)anepÞrenARtwm kMritmUldæan . ninñakarRbEhlKñaenH k¾GacBinitüeXIjc,as;Edrkñúg karTijdI ¬tarag2¦ . LMAP manbMNgbegáInkareRbIR)as;bBa¢IeKaldIFøI b:uEnþ)anvay tMélxusBIPaBrwgmaMénTMenomTMlab;kñúgsgÁm . karGnuvtþepÞrdIeday

kñúgqñaM2007 karlk;dIGnuvtþedayGñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;Twkl¥k; GacmaneRcInCagkarlk;dIrbs;GñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;éRBnb; . enAmuneBl nigeRkayeBlGnuvtþ LMAP GñkTijykdIEdllk;ecj edayGñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;éRBnb; nigTwkl¥k; KWCaGñkrs;enA kñúgPUmiCamYyBYkKat; . karlk;dImanb½NÑ LMAP BIqñaM2003 dl;Bak;kNþal qñaM2007 cab;taMgBImankarecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§enAqñaM2003 17° énRKYsareqøIy sMPasn_)anlk;k,aldImanb½NÑ LMAP . BIqñaM2003 dl;Bak;kNþal qñaM2007 enAsgáat;éRBnb;man 24RKYsar rW 18° énRKYsareqøIy sMPasn_ Edl)anlk;dImanb½NÑ LMAP b:uEnþenAsgáat;Twkl¥k; manRtwm Et 20RKYsar rW 15° énRKYsareqøIysMPasn_b:ueNÑaH.7 eTaHy:agNa tYelxRbhak;RbEhlKñaéncMnYnRKYsarGñklk;dI hak;bdiesFnUvkar BitCak;EsþgEdlfa GñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;éRBnb; )anlk;dIman b½NÑ LMAP eRcInCagGñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;Twkl¥k;xøaMgNas; eTaHKitCaépÞdI rWKitCacMnYnk,aldIkþI ¬tarag 1¦ . ebIeFobnwgqñaM1989 dl; 2002 tMéldIkñúgGMLúgeBl LMAP

¬2003 dl; Bak;kNþalqñaM2007¦ ekIneLIgxøaMgNas;enA 3PUmi kñúgcMeNam 4PUmiKMrUtag . eRkayeBleFVI LMAP tMéldICamFümkñúg mYyhikta Edl)anlk;enAsgáat;éRBnb; kñúgPUmiéRBnb;2 nig PUmibt;sirman; ekIneLIg 323° nig 19° . dUcKñaEdr enAsgáat;Twkl¥k;kñúgPUmiTYl nigPUmikMBg;sµac;tUc vaekIneLIg 2313° nig 448° .8 mü:ageTot GñkTijmkBIRkugRBHsIhnu nigPñMeBj ekIneLIg Cag 50° enAGMLúgeBl LMAP . tamsMdIerobrab;rbs;GñkPUmi GñkTijEdlmkBIeRkAsgáat;TaMgBIr cUlcitþTijk,aldITaMgLayNa Edlmanb½NÑ LMAP.

RkahiVk2 ³ mUlehtunaM[GñkeqøIysMPasn_lk;dI enAmuneBl nig eRkayeBleFVI LMAP

13


tamtMrUvkar\NTanrbs;Gñkx©IR)ak;kñúgPUmi drabenaHb½NÑkmµsiT§idI LMAP nwgmantYnaTItictYcb: ueNÑaHkñ úgkarbegIánlT§)aBTTYl)an \NTan rW pøas;bþÚrrebobrbbEsVgrk\NTannabc©úb,nñrbs;RbCaBlrdæ . suvtßiPaBkan;kab;dI CaTUeTARKYsareqøIysMPasn_manGarmµN_fa BYkeKmansuvtißPaBx<s;Cagkñúgkarkan;kab;dIksikmµEdlman b½NÑ LMAP ebIeFobnwgkalBI munEdlminTan;manb½NÑ . GñkeqøIysMPasn_EdlR)ab;EbbenH man 91° enAsgáat;éRBnb; nig 90° enAsgáat;Twkl¥k; .12 BYkeK)anpþl;ehtuplCaeRcInBIGarmµN_mankMeNInsuvtßiPaBenH dUcCa maneQµaH rbs;xøÜnelIb½NÑkmµsiTi§ mankarTTYlsÁal;b½NÑkmµsiT§ikñúgc,ab;PUmi)al manhtßelxam®nþIsurieyadIenAelIb½NÑ nigmankarbBa¢ak;BIRBMRbTl; nigvivaTelIkmµsiT§idI . kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;TaMgBIr EdlmanTaMgdIksikmµmanb½NÑ LMAP nigdIksikmµKµanb½NÑ LMAP 97° )aneqøIyfa k,aldImanb½NÑ LMAP mansuvtßiPaBCag . esckþIsniñdæan enAtMbn;sikSakñúgsgáat;éRBnb; nigTwkl¥k; Cag 90° énk,aldIksikmµ TaMgGs;Edlkan;kab;eday RKYsareqøIysMPasn_nana KWTTYl)anb½NÑBI LMAP ehIyenHCaeCaKC½ymYyd¾FM . mü:ageTot vismPaBkan;kab;dI kñúgcMeNamGñk)anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiT§idI mann½yfa Gñkkan;kab;dIFM²enA sgáat;TaMgBIrEdl mandIeRcInelIslb; KW)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIkar cuHbBa¢IdIFøIeRcInCagGñkkan;kab;dItUc² . dUecñHkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§itam KMerag LMAP )anBRgwgvismPaBkan;kab;dI RBmKñanwgkarBRgwgsiTi§elI RTBüsm,tiþsMrab;RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUbEdr . karlk;dIenAsgáat;TaMgBIr kñúgry³4qñaMknøH eRkayeBlcab;Gnuvtþ KMerag LMAP mancMnYneRcInCagkñúgry³ 14qñaMmunenaHrYmKñaTaMgGs; . cMNucenHbgðajfa b½NÑ LMAP )anCYyCMruj[TIpSardIFIøskmµeLIg .

manlixitbBa¢ak;Rtwmfñak;PUmi nigXMu )ancak;b£smaMNas;kñúgsgáat; )ansikSaTaMgBIr . enAExmifuna 2007 kMNt;RtaenAkariyal½y LMAP salaRkugRBHsIhnu bgðajfa eRkayeBlGnuvtþ LMAP kñúg x½NÐéRBnb;TaMgmUl mankarepÞrEt 9k,aldI LMAP b:ueNÑaHEdl)an kt;Rtaedaykariyal½yRkug ehIyeQµaHm©as;fIµ)ankt;RtaRsbc,ab;elIbBa¢IeKaldIFIø . cMeBaHkareFVIkic©snüalk;Rtwmfñak;mUldæanenH GñkeqøIysMPasn_ PaKeRcInmanehtuplfa KµankarcaM)ac;GVIRtUveFVI Evgq¶ayEfmeToteT BIeRBaHBYkeKmankareCOTukcitþKña rIÉehtuplcg;eKcevsBIkarbg;Bn§ kMrmanelIkeLIgNas; . \NTan edaysarKMrUtagsMrab;karsikSaenH)aneRCIserIseLIg edaymanmux sBaØaCak;lak; dUecñHTaMg 264RKYsarEdleqøIysMPasn_ suT§Etman y:agehacNas;dImYyk,alEdlmanb½NÑ LMAP . edaymUlehtuenH vaKYreGaycab;GarmµN_xøaMgNas; EdlkarsikSa)anrkeXIjfa 93°énRKYsareqøIysMPasn_enAsgáat;éRBnb; nig 94°énRKYsareqøIy sMPasn_enAsgáat;Twkl¥k; minEdlykb½NÑ LMAP eTAdak;FanaedIm,I xI©R)ak;Tal;EtesaH . erOgenHgayyl;eT enAeBleKdwgfa kMcI CaRkumpþl;edaysßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßúGRmwt KWCaRbPBR)ak;kMcIcMbgeK rbs;GñkeqøIYysMPasn_kñúgsgáat;TaMgBIr . kMcICaRkumrbs;GRmwttMrUv[mankarFanaBIRkum nigPUmi minEmnkardak;FananUvRTBürbs;buKÁl mñak;² dUcCab½NÑkmµsiT§idIenaHeT . tamkarBinitüeXIj TwkR)ak;TTYl)antamry³kmµviFIkMcICaRkum rbs;GRmwt KWmancMnYnRKb;RKan;sMrab;tMrUvkarrbs;RKYsareqø Iy sMPasn_kñúgsgáat;TaMgBIr . kMcICabuKÁlmñak;²BIGRmwt nigFnaKar eGsIulIda EdlTUeTAmanTwkR)ak;eRcIn² nigRtUvmanvtßúdak;FanadUcCa b½NÑ LMAP CaedIm kMreXIjmanNas;kñúgcMeNam RKYsar)aneqøIy sMPasn_ .11 drabNakmµviFIkMcICaRkumrbs;GRmwt enAEtbnþpÁt;pÁg;)an

tarag2 ³ dMeNIrkarepÞrdItamry³karTij nig lk;dI sgáat;éRBnb; nig sgáat;Twkl¥k; Ex]sPa-mifuna 2007 k,aldImanb½NÑ LMAP)anlk; karTijk,aldI karpøas;bþÚreQµaHm©as; cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° kareFIVkic©snüalk; nig lixitbBa¢ak;fñak;PUmi 13 23 14 24 63 32

kareFIVkic©snüalk; nig lixitbBa¢ak;fñak;XMu 29 52 32 54 100 51

kareFIVkic©snüalk; nig lixitbBa¢ak;fñak;Rsuk 2 4 --- --- --- ---

karepÞrb½NÑenAkariyal½y LMAP salaRkugRBHsIhnu --- --- 1 2 --- ---

kareFIVb½NÑenARksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ >>> RkugPñMeBj --- --- --- --- 2 1

epSg² 12 21 12 20 29 15

srub=56 k,aldI srub=59 k,aldI srub=194 k,aldI

k,aldI)anlk;muneFVI LMAP

14


2> sgáat; KWCaEpñkrdæ)almYyenAkñúgraCFanI rWTIRkug EdlesµInwgXMu enAtamextþ .

3> bBa¢IsMnYrGegátEp¥kelI]bkrN_ Edl)aneRbIkñúgKMeragGegátCa mUldæanrbs; vbsG-CDRI ¬CDRI 2007¦ .

4> Tinñn½y RkahVik nigtarag EdlbgðajCUnenAkñúgGtßbTenH )an mkBIKN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,Ikm<úCa ¬CCC¦¼evTika GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alsMrab;karsikSaBIkm<úCa ³ karcuHbBa¢IdIFøI nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk³ karsikSaenAsgáat;cMnYnBIrkñúgx½NÐéRBnb; RkugRBHsIhnu/ RkumviPaKbBaðaGPivDÆn_ nigGñkcUlrYmRsavRCav edayrYmshkarCamYymCÄmNÐlB½t’mandIFI ø enAExvicä ika qñaM2007 .

5> Gñkkan;kab;dIFM² EdlmandIksikmµeRcInelIslub TTYlpl RbeyaCn_BIkareFIVb½NÑkmµsiTi§dI )aneRcInCagGñkkan;kan;dItUc² tamry³tMélbEnßm)andl;RTBü kMeNInrbs;dak;FanaedIm,ITTYl )an\NTanpøÚvkar nigsuvtißPaBkan;kab;épÞdI)ankan;EtFM .

6> xN³Edlkarlk;dIkñúgGMLúgeBl LMAP ¬2003-Bak;kNþalqñaM 2007¦ mancMnYneRcInCagkñúgGMLúgeBlmun LMAP ¬1989-2002¦ eKKYrkt;cMNaMfa TMhMdIsrubEdl)anlk;kñúgGMLúgeBl LMAP ¬20hikta¦ vaticCaxøaMgCagTMhMdIEdl)anlk;muneBl LMAP ¬30hikta¦ .

7> kñúgEpñkenH nigEpñkbnþbnÞab;eTot karelIkeLIgBIk,aldI)anlk;BI qñaM2003 dl; Bak;kNþalqñaM2007 manrYmbBa©ÚlEtk,aldIman b½NÑ LMAP Edl)anlk;cMnYn 59k,aldIb:ueNÑaH . rIÉ 7k,aldI Kµanb½NÑ Edl)anlk;GMLúgeBldUcKña min)anKitbBa©ÚleT .

8> tMélmFümkñúgmYyhiktaénk,aldIEdl)anlk; enAmuneBlGnuvtþ LMAP ¬1989-2002¦ nigeRkayGnuvtþ LMAP ¬2003 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2007¦ )anekIneLIgenAPUmiéRBnb;2 BI 419duløar dl; 1771duløar PUmibt;sirman; BI 1631duløar dl; 1940 duløar PUmiTYl BI 292duløar dl; 7047duløar nigPUmikMBg;sµac;tUc BI 161duløar dl; 883duløar .

9> CDRI (2004) raykarN_fa karEfTaMsuxPaBCamUlehtunaMeGay mankarlk;k,aldIcMnYn 25° kñúgtMbn;eKaledA LMAP BIqñaM 1989 -2004 .

10>karepÞrsiTi§eFIVeLIgedayKµanlixitsñam rWlixitbBa¢ak;sMrab;cMelIy kñúgxÞg; {epSg²} éntarag2 .

11>TaMgsßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßúGRmwt nigFnaKareGsIulIda mansaxaenA TIRbCMuCnx½NÐéRBnb; .

12>CDRI (2007) raykarN_fa 80° énRKYsareqøIysMPasn_enAtMbn;Gnuvtþ LMAP manGarmµN_fa suvtßiPaBkan;kab;dI KWCapl RbeyaCn_sMxan;CageK EdlTTYl)anBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI .

Éksareyag vbsG-CDRI (2007), kmµviFIcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa³ r)ay karN_GegátmUldæanenAtMbn;CnbT ¬PñMeBj ³ viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa¦

GñkTijEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmiCamYyGñklk; enAEtmaneRcInCageK TaMg enAmuneBl nigeRkayeBlGnuvtþ LMAP b:uEnþGñkTijmkBIRkug RBHsIhnu nigRkugPñMeBj )anekInmYyCaBIrkñúgGMLúgeBl LMAP . eRkaykareFIVb½NÑ LMAP tMéldIk¾ekIneLIgx<s;Nas;EdrsMrab; 3PUmi kñúgcMeNamPUmisikSaTaMg4 . kMeNIntMéldIpþl;plcMeNjdl;GñkPUmi Edllk;dIk¾BitEmn b:uEnþRKYsarnanatamFmµtaminEmnlk;dIedIm,IeFIV vinieyaKbegáInplitPaBenaHeT eRBaHCit 50° énk,aldIEdl)anlk; eRkayeBleFVI LMAP KWedIm,IykR)ak;Büa)alCMgW . dUecñHkarlk;dIenA eRkayeBlGnuvtþKMerag LMAP )aneFVIeLIgCasMxan;edIm,I)anR)ak;eRbI R)as;enAeBlCYbRbTHeRKaHGasnñ nigedaHRsaytMrUvkarciBa©wmCIvit . eRkayeBleFVI LMAP karlk;dIPaKeRcIn enAEteFIVeLIgeRkamkic© snüalk;mankarbBa¢ak;BIfñak;PUmi nigXMu edayKµankarepÞrsiTi§tam karcuHbBa¢IeKaldIFøIeT . GñkPUmiPaKeRcInKitfa KµankarcaM)ac;GVIRtUveFIV Evgq¶ayEfmeToteT BIeRBaHBYkeKeCOTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIy CaTUeTAbTBiesaFn_bs;BYkeKenHhuclT§pll¥ . GñkTijmkBIeRkA PUmi tamFmµtaminTamTarkarepÞrsiTi§tamkarcuHbBa¢IeKaldIFøIEfmeTot eT . dUcKñaEdr enAsgáat;éRBnb; sßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßúGRmwt nig FnaKareGsIulIda TTYlykb½NÑkmµsiTi§dI LMAP RBmCamYykic©snüa lk; niglixitBa¢ak;eFIVCavtßúdak;FanasMrab;karxI©R)ak; eTaHbICab½NÑ TaMgenaHmin)anqøgkat; karcuHbBa¢IeKaldIFøIk¾eday . dUcenH ebIsin Kµankardak;GnuvtþtwgrwgnUvkartMrUvepSg²kñúgc,ab; ¬EdlRbEhlCaBMu maneT¦ rWk¾karpøas;bþÚrnItiviFIsBVéf¶ rebobrbbepÞrkmµsiTi§dI {eRkA pøÚvc,ab;} enAEtbnþGnuvtþeTot ehIyenATIbMputnwgKMramkMEhgdl;eCaKC½yénkmµviFIcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§Etmþg. Cag 90° énRKYsareqøIysMPasn_kñúgsgáat;TaMgBIr minEdlyk b½NÑkmµsiT§idI LMAP eTAdak;FanaedIm,IsMux©IR)ak;eT . drabNakmµviFI kMcICaRkumrbs;GRmwt enAEtbnþedaHRsay)antamtMrUvkar\NTan rbs;GñkPUmi drabenaHb½NÑkmµsiTi§dIEdlTTYl)anBI LMAP enAEtman tYnaTItictYckñúgkarbegIánlT§PaBTTYl)an\NTan rWkarpøas;bþÚr rebobrbbEsVgrk\NTanrbs;GñkPUminabc©úb,nñ . PaKeRcInelIslb;énRKYsareqø IysMPasn_)anR)ab;fa pl RbeyaCn_cMbgEdlTTYl)anBI LMAP KWsuvtßiPaBx<s;Cagmunkñúg karkan;kab;dImanb½NÑkmµsiT§i LMAP . GñkPUmi)andwgc,as;BIsMBaF EdlBYkGñkTijlk;dIekgykcMeNj nigGñkGPivDÆn_dI Gacdak;mkelI GñkPUmi ehIykarmanb½NÑkmµsiTi§kñúgédvapþl;]tþmPaBmYyy:agFM . BitEmnEtb½NÑkmµsiT§i LMAP minGacCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)anPøam² sMrab;Gñkmanb½NÑPaKeRcInkþI k¾b:uEnþvaCaFatupSMmYyd¾sMxan;énkBa©b;GnþraKmn_sMrab;GPivDÆn_nigkMENTMrg; EdlmandUcCa karpþl;RKb;RKan;nUvesvaEfTaMsuxPaBmanRbsiT§PaBl¥ nigtMélefaksmrmü nigEdl GacCYyrujRcanRbCaBlrdæ[cakputBIPaBRkIRk ehIyTTYlpl RbeyaCn_)ankan;EtesµIPaBBIkMeNInesdækic© . kMNt;sMKal; 1> GtßbTenHeRbIBakü {b½NÑ LMAP} sMrab;b½NÑkmµsiTi§dIrbs;xag

surieyadI Edlecj[tamKMerag LMAP .

15


tamdanesdækic© - sßanPaBeRkARbeTs kMeNInesdækic©BiPBelak erogral;RtImas TMB½renHKUsbBa¢ak;BIdMeNIrkaresdækic©rbs;RbeTs manesdækic©xøaMg²kñúgBiPBelak nigrbs;RbeTsPaKeRcInenAGasIuxag ekIt . karvivtþesdækic©enARbeTsTaMgenaH manCab;Tak;TgeRcInNas; dl;esdækic©RbeTskm<úCa . pss Bit rbs;shrdæGaemrik enARtImasTI3 qñaM2007 ekIneLIg 4/9° eFobnwgRtImasdUcKñaqñaMmun. kMeNInenHqøúHbBa©aMg CasMxan;BIkarcUlrYmcMENkCaviC¢manénkarnaMecj cMNayeRbIR)as;pÞal;xÞÜn vinieyaKelIsþúkÉkCn brikçar nig sUhVEvr cMNayrdæaPi)al shB½n§ cMNUl-cMNayrbs;GnivasCn RBmTaMgcMNayrbs; rdæaPi)alenAtamrdæ nigenAtammUldæan . pss Bit enAtMbn;GWr:U kñúgRtImasTI3 qñaM2007 ekIn 2/7° eFobnwgRtImasdUcKñaqñaMmun nig ekIn 0/8° eFobnwgRtImasmun. pss Bit enACb:un ekIn 1/9° eFobnwgqñaMmun nig ekIn 0/3° eFobnwgRtImasmun . esdækic©RbeTscinenARtImasTI3 qñaM2007 ekIneLIg 11/4° eFobnwgRtImasdUcKñaqñaMmun b:uEnþvamankMeNInyWtbnþic eFobnwg RtImasTI2 . erOgenHqøúHbBa©aMgCacMbgBIkMeNIny:agxøaMgkñúgvis½y ]sSahkmµ esvakmµ karnaMecj nig vinieyaKTun . pss Bitrbs;kUer:xagt,Úg enARtImasTI3 ekIn 5/2° eFobnwgqñaMmun nig ekIn 1/3° eFobnwgRtImasmun . kMeNInplitkmµ nigesvakmµ )anbegIán el,Ón rIÉkMeNInkñúgvis½ysMNg;)anfyel,Ónmkvij . KittamtYelx cMNay karnaMecjTMnij bnþmanGRtakMeNInx<s; kMeNIncMNay eRbIR)as;ÉkCnkan;EtsÞúHelOn rIÉvinieyaKxagsMNg; nigbrikçar mankarfycuH . pss Bit enAétv:an; nig hugkug kñúgRtImasTI3 qñaM2007 ekIn 6/9° nig 6/2° eFobnwgGMLúgeBldUcKñaqñaMmun . enARtImasTI3 qñaM2007 esdækic©m:aeLsIu ekIn 6/7° eFobnwg RtImasdUcKñaqñaMmun. dMeNIrkaresdækic©xøaMgkøa bNþalmkBIkMeNIn esvakmµ ¬10/5°¦ nig plitkmµ ¬3/4°¦. esdækic©sigðburI ekIn 8/9° enARtImasTI3 eFobnwgRtImasdUcKñaqñaMmun. vis½yEdlekIn elOnCageKKW plitkmµ ¬naMmuxeKedayCIv»sf nigvisVkmµxag dwkCBa¢Ún¦ esvakmµhirBaØvtßú nig sMNg; . pss Bit enAéfkñúg RtImasTI3 qñaM2007 ekIn 4/8° eFobnwgGMLúgeBldUcKñaqñaM 2006 . ksikmµ ekIn 1/7° KWfycuHBIkMeNIn 7/5° enARtImasmun rIÉplitplsMercminEmnksikmµ ekIn 5/0° eFobnwgkMeNIn 4/0° kalBIRtImasmun .

GtiprNakñúgBiPBelak nig GRtabþÚrR)ak;enATIpSarGnþrCati enARtImasTI3 qñaM2007 éføTMnijeRbIR)as;enAshrdæGaemrikekIn 2/4° eFobnwgkalBImYyqñaMmun edaysar kMeNInéfømðÚbGahar karEfTaMsuxPaB pÞH karGb;rM TUrKmnaKmn_ nig famBl . enAtMbn;GWr:U GtiprNamanGRta 1/9° KWdUcKñanwgkalBIRtImasmun . B½t’manEdl TTYl)anvabgðajfa ktþafamBl ehIyCaBiesskareFobnwgqñaMmun EdlmankarfycuHtMélfamBl )anrYmcMENkbegáIntYelx)a:n;sµan kMeNInenARtImasTI3 qñaM2007 . kñúgGMLúgeBldUcKña éføTMnijeRbIR)as; enACb:un Føak;cuH 0/1° eFobnwgqñaMmun ehIyva)anFøak;cuHGs;bIRtImas Cab;²KñamkehIy . erOgenHqøúHbBa©aMgCasMxan;BIkarcuHéføExSTsSnkic© eTAeRkARbeTs nigbrikçareGLicRtUnikeRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar . b:uEnþ GRtaénkarERbRbYlmankMritTabCitesµIsUnü RbsinebIeKminKitbBa©Úl nUvéføplitpleRbg\n§n³ nigktþaBiessepSg²eTotenaHeT . enARtImasTI3 qñaM2007 enATIpSarbþÚrR)ak;GnþrCati duløarUS

Føak;éføTl;nwgrUbiyvtßúcMbg² . Tl;nwgR)ak;ey:nCb:un duløarUS bþÚr)an 117/7ey:n¼duløarUS KWFøak;éføBI 120/8ey:n¼duløarUS enARtImas TI2 . duløarUS Føak;éføTl;nwgR)ak;GWr:U R)ak;y:uncin nigR)ak;v:unkUer:xagt,Úg edaybþþÚr)an 0/73GWr:U¼duløarUS/ 7/55y:un¼duløarUS/ nig 927v:un¼duløarUS eFobnwgRtImasTI2 EdlmanGRta 0/74GWr:U¼ duløarUS/ 7/68y:un¼duløarUS/ nig 929v:un¼duløarUS . duløarUS Føak;éføedaysarBYkBaNiC¢krrMBwgfa FnaKarkNþalGaemrik nwgbnþ kat;bnßyGRtakarR)ak;edIm,ITb;Tl;karFøak;cuHesdækic© . éføTMnijeRbIR)as;enATIpSarBiPBelak enARtImasTI3 qñaM2007 éføeRbgqa sENþkesog Ggár eRbgeqA nig m:as‘Ut ekIneLIg rIÉéføeBat nig saMg Føak;cuH. eRbgqa lk;)an 745/86duløarUS¼etan EdlekInBI 691/44duløarUS¼etan enA RtImasTI2 xN³eBlEdleBat nig sENþkesog lk;)an 139/81 duløarUS¼etan nig 299/99duløarUS¼etan . enATIpSarRkug)agkk Ggár Thai 100% B elxBIr lk;éfø 304/75duløarUS¼etan Edl ekInBI 283/89duløarUS¼etan enARtImasTI2 . éføeRbgeqA enA RtImasTI3 ekIn 11° eFobnwgRtImasmun dl; 72/48duløarUS¼ Fug . éføsaMg fycuH 4/2° eFobnwgRtImasmun mkRtwm 55/49esn¼lIRt rIÉéføm:as‘Ut ekIn 5/0° dl; 55/62esn¼lIRt .

eroberogeday elak huIg vutßa nig elak Pwm runsIuNariTi§

16


tamdanesdækic© - sßanPaBeRkARbeTs

tarag2> GRtaGtiprNaénédKUBaNiC¢kmµeRCIserIs BIqñaM2001-2007 ¬kMeNInCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun-mFümPaKtamkariybriecäT¦ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

2006 Q3

2007

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3

RbeTsGas‘aneRCIserIs

km<úCa 3.2 1.2 4.0 5.8 4.7 4.9 3.4 3.0 4.6 -

\NÐÚensIu 13.2 8.3 8.3 10.5 13.4 14.9 6.1 6.4 - -

m:aeLsIu 1.8 1.1 1.6 3.1 3.7 3.6 3.1 2.6 1.4 1.8

sigðburI -0.4 0.5 1.7 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.0 2.7

éf 0.6 1.8 2.7 4.5 4.7 3.6 3.3 2.4 1.9 1.7

evotNam 3.8 3.1 7.8 8.2 - - - - - -

RbeTsGasIueRCIserIs

cin -0.7 1.2 3.9 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.8 2.6 3.6 6.1

hugkug -3.0 -2.6 -0.4 1.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.6

kUer:xagt,Úg 2.7 3.5 3.5 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.4 2.3

étv:an; -0.2 -0.3 1.6 2.3 0.6 -0.3 -0.1 1.0 0.3 1.4

RbeTs]sSahkmµeRCIserIs 0.0

GWr:U-12 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9

Cb:un -0.9 -0.3 Nil -0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1

shrdæGaemrik 1.6 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.2 3.3 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.4

Sources: International Monetary Fund, Economist and National Institute of Statistics

tarag1> kMeNIn pss Bit énédKUBaNiC¢kmµeRCIserIs BIqñaM2001-2007 ¬kMeNInCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun¦ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 2007

Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3


km<úCa 4.8 7 7.7 13.4 10.6 - - - - -

\NÐÚensIu 3.8 4.9 5.1 5.6 5.4 5.5 6.1 - - -

m:aeLsIu 5.6 5.4 7 5.2 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.7 6.7

sigðburI 2.6 1.4 8.5 5.7 7.7 7.1 7.0 6.0 8.2 8.9

éf 6.1 6.9 6 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.8

evotNam 6.7 7 7.5 8.4 8.1 - - - - -

RbeTsGasIueRCIserIs

cin 8.1 9.9 9.5 9.6 10.5 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.5 11.4

hugkug 5.0 3.2 8.3 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.0 5.6 6.9 6.2

kUer:xagt,Úg 6.1 3 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.0 4.5 5.2

étv:an; 4.2 3.1 5.7 4.1 4.6 5.0 4.0 4.1 5.07 6.9

RbeTs]sSahkmµeRCIserIs

GWr:U-12 0.7 0.5 1.8 1.5 2.7 2.6 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.7

Cb:un 0.4 2.6 3.4 2.5 2.1 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.9

shrdæGaemrik 2.4 3.1 4.4 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.1 1.5 3.8 4.9

Sources: International Monetary Fund, Economist and countries’ statistic offices

17


tarag4> éføplitpleRCIserIsenAelITIpSarBiPBelak BIqñaM2001-2007 ¬mFümPaKtamkariybriecäT¦ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 2007

Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3

eBat (US No. 2) - US ¬$/etan¦ 89.98 95.42 110.65 89.19 111.04 108.67 140.18 154.33 146.10 139.81

eRbgqa- GWr:ubBayBü ¬$/etan¦ 353.91 402.03 427.47 381.32 433.85 446.85 494.92 552.06 691.44 745.86

Ggár (Thai 100%B) - )agkk ¬$/etan¦ 178.59 182.22 221.67 262.88 282.00 289.91 279.10 294.17 283.89 304.75

sENþkesog (US No. 1) - US ¬$/etan¦ 182.58 218.86 262.03 224.25 213.88 207.38 230.17 255.33 259.95 299.99

eRbgeqA-DUéb ¬$/Fug¦ 23.9 26.8 33.5 50.14 61.58 67.00 56.39 54.21 65.41 72.48

saMg - US Gulf Coast ¬esn¼lIRt¦ 19.1 23 30.9 42.19 47.70 52.70 41.02 41.71 57.93 55.49

ma:s‘Ut ¬s<an;F½rtic elx2¦ - US Gulf Coast ¬esn¼lIRt¦ 17.85 21.63 29.48 44.35 51.35 55.66 46.11 45.61 53.90 56.62

Sources: Food and Agriculture Organisation and US Energy Information Administration

tarag3> GRtabþÚrR)ak;eFobnwgduløarénrUbiyvtßúrbs;édKUBaNiC¢kmµeRCIserIs BIqñaM2001-2007 ¬mFümPaKtamkariybriecäT¦ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 2007

Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3


km<úCa ¬erol¦ 3912.1 3973 4016.3 4092.5 4103.2 4125.0 4111.3 4046.7 - -

\NÐÚensIu ¬rUBIy:a¦ 9311 8577 8938 9705 9134 9122 9125 9107 - -

m:aeLsIu ¬rIghÁIt¦ 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.79 3.67 3.67 3.62 3.50 3.43 3.46

sigðburI ¬duløarsigðburI¦ 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.59 1.58 1.56 1.53 1.52 1.52

éf ¬)at¦ 42.9 41.5 40.2 40.2 37.9 37.7 36.5 33.9 32.5 31.4

evotNam ¬dug¦ 15,280 15,510 - 15,859 15,994 16,015 16,077 - - -

RbeTsGasIueRCIserIs

cin ¬y:un¦ 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.19 7.97 7.97 7.86 7.76 7.68 7.55

hugkug ¬duløarhugkug¦ 7.80 7.78 7.79 7.78 7.77 7.78 7.78 7.81 7.82 7.81

kUer:xagt,Úg ¬v:un¦ 1251 1192 1145 1024 955 955 938 939 929 927

étv:an; ¬duløarétv:an;-NT$¦ 34.5 34.4 33.6 32.1 32.5 32.8 32.8 32.9 33.1 32.9

RbeTs]sSahkmµeRCIserIs

GWr:U-12 ¬GWr:U¦ 1.06 0.89 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73

Cb:un ¬ey:n¦ 125.4 115.9 108.2 110.2 116.4 116.3 117.8 119.4 120.8 117.7

Sources: International Monetary Fund, Economist and National Bank of Cambodia

tamdanesdækic© - sßanPaBeRkARbeTs

kMNt;sMKal; 1> enAqñaM2005 RksYgenH )anEbgEckCa RksYgkargar ¬MLVT¦ nig

RksYgsgÁmkic© yuT§Cn nigyuvnitism,Ta ¬MOSAVY¦. 2> tYelx manx<s;CagenARbeTséf nigevotNam EdlmankarnaM

Blkrecjy:ageRcIn . eyagtam Dang ¬2007¦ enAevotNam Rkumh‘uneRCIserIsBlkrEdlmanGaCJab½NÑmintMrUv[dak;R)ak;dMkl;GVIeT .

3> B½t’man)anmkBIkic©RbCMuCamYysmaCikrbs;bNþaj NGO. 4> CMnYbCamYym®nþIéfenARksYgkargar enAéf¶TI15 vicäika 2007 . 5> km<úCa )ansMercpøas;bþ Úry:agrh½seTAeRbIR)as;lixitqøgEdn

Tinñn½yeGLicRtUnik ¬RbEhlCaRbeTsdMbUgenAkñúgtMbn;Edl eFVIerOgenH¦ edaymin)anKitBIcMNayd¾elIslb; . Rkumkargar m:aeLsIu 6nak; CaGñkdak;bBa©ÚlbnÞHTinñn½y nigTTYl)ankMér 20duløar sMrab;lixitqøgEdnmYy .

teTATMB½rTI 5 r)aykarN_segçb>>>

18


tamdanesdækic© - sßanPaBkñúgRbeTs skmµPaBesdækic©sMxan;² enARtImasTIbI 2007 vinieyaK skmµPaBsagsg; eTscrN_ nig BaNiC¢kmµ mankMeNInviC¢man . vinieyaKekIneLIgCaxøaMg eFobnwg RtImasmun ehIyrYmcMENky:ageRcIndl;dl;kMeNInesdækic© . kar Gnum½tKMeragsagsg; nigcMnYnePJóvmkdl; ekIneLIgtictYc ehIy »nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ)anEklMGKYrsmeLIgvij . enARtImasTIbI GnumtiKMeragvinieyaKKitCaRTBüskmµCab;lab;srub ¬37KMerag¦ ekIndl; 1156/9landuløar rWekInCamFüm mYyCabYn eFobnwgtMélenARtImasdUcKña qñaM2006. KMeragvis½y ]sSahkmµ)anGnum½t ekIn 0/9° dl; 187/2landuløar ¬25KMerag¦ Edl)anmkBIGnuvis½ykat;edr . ninñakartamrdUvén karGnum½tKMeragsMrab;Gnuvis½ykat;edr bgðajfa RtImasTIbI KWCa GMLúgeBlEdlvaEtgekIneLIgCaerogral;qñaM . vinieyaKKitCaRTBü skmµCab;lab;énGnuvis½ykat;edr ekIn 76° dl; 40/7landuløar sMrab; 11KMerag . eFobnwgRtImasdUcKña qñaM2006 GnumtiKMerag vinieyaKxagEr: ekInmYyCabYn dl; 11/2landuløar rIÉxagfamBl )anekInBIsUnü dl; 3/1landuløar . RbsinebIKMeragGnumtixag ]sSahkmµTaMgGs; Gnuvtþ)anCak;Esþg vanwgbegáIt)ansrub 29/208kargarfµI kñúgenH 73° sßitkñúgGnuvis½ykat;edr . vinieyaK elIvis½yksikmµk¾ekIneLIgEdrtaMgBIkMritsUnüenAqñaMmun eTAdl; 12/0landuløar sMrab;KMeragksi-]sSahkmµBIr Edlpþl;kargardl;kmµkr 1000nak; . KMeragvis½yesvakmµ)anGnum½t ekInmYyCadb;eFobnwgqñaMmun dl; 957/7landuløar ¬10KMerag¦. rIÉGnumti vinieyaKelIvis½yesvakmµvij xageTscrN_mandl; 68° nig TUrKmnaKmn_ 23° ehIyKMeragTaMgenHrMBwgfa nwgpþl;kargardl;kmµkr 8767nak; . karvinieyaKekItmanenAtamTIRkug CaBiessRkugPñMeBj . eday sarenATIRkug cMnYnRbCaCn nigGaCIvkmµepSg²bnþekIneLIg \tQb;Qr skmµPaBsagsg;k¾rIkduHdalTaMgkarsagsg;fIµ nig karCYsCYlsMNg;manRsab; ehIyesvakmµGclnRTBük¾rIklUtlas;tamenaHEdr . sMNg;pÞHElVgenAkñúgRkug nigCayRkug mansnÞúH elOnCagsMNg;ÉeTot² . enARtImasTIbI 2007 GnumtiKMerag sagsg;TaMgGs;enAPñMeBj ekIn 24° eFobnwgRtImasmun dl; 179/7landuløar kñúgenHpÞHElVgman 65° rWekIneLIgmYyCabI

eFobnwgRtImasmun . GnumtiKMeragsagsg;PUmiRKwHnigpÞH mancMnYn 21/7landuløar rWfycuH 4/8° ehIysMNg;epSg²eTot Føak;cuH 54° mkRtwm 40/6 landuløar . »nPaBBaNiC¢kmµmankMrit 30/3landuløar KWRbesIrCag RtImasmunEdlmanTMhMdl; 208/1landuløar b:uEnþenAGn;CagRtImas dUcKña qñaM2006 EdlmanGtierkdl; 23/2landuløar . kñúgGMLúg 12ExenH karnaMecj nignaMcUlsrub )anekIneLIgbgÁÜr . enARtImasTIbI 2007 karnaMecjrbs;km<úCa ekIn 10° eFobnwg RtImasTIbI 2006 dl; 890/8landuløar . vis½ykat;edrCaktþacMbg EdlbNþaleGaymankMeNInenH edayvarYmcMEnk 95° énkarnaMecj srub nigekIn)an 8/2° eFobnwgqñaMmun dl; 846/1landuløar . karnaMecjeQIfycuH 99° eFobnwgRtImasdUcKña qñaM2006 mkRtwm 0/01landuløar/ karnaMecjRtI Føak;cuH 27° mkRtwm 1/2landuløar ehIykarnaMecjekAs‘U Føak;cuH 14° mkRtwm 11/7landuløar . vis½yksikmµrYmcMEnktictYcNas;dl;karnaMecjrbs;km<úCa rIÉvis½y kat;edrvij vaCasñÚlénkMeNInkarnaMecj ehIy)anpþl;kargardl;kMlaMgBlkmµmYyPaKFM. b:uEnþTIpSarkat;edrkan;EtmankarRbkYt RbECgxøaMg BIeRBaHRbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCa cin nig evotNam eKman kMrittMélGacRbkYtRbECg)aneRcIneFobnwgkm<úCa dUcCa tMélBlkmµ CaedIm. plitkmµkñúgRsuk minGacpÁt;pÁg;RKb;RKan;tamtMrUvkarkñúgRsukeT dUecñHkarnaMcUlbnþekIneLIg . enARtImasTIbI 2007 karnaMcUlsrub mantMél 924/5landuløar rWekIn 18° eFobnwgqñaMmun. karnaMcUl sIum:g;t_ Edk nigRkNat; Føak;cuH b:uEnþkarnaMcUlplitpleRbgkat ekIneLIg 14° dl; 71/0landuløar . karnaMcUlsIum:g;t_Føak;cuH 10° mkRtwm 14/3landuløar/ karnaMcUlEdkfycuH 44° mkRtwm 9/9landuløar ehIykarnaMcUlRkNat;fycuHGs; 99° mkRtwm 1/9landuløar . enARtImasTIbI 2007 ePJóvmkdl;km<úCa ekIneLIgRbEhl 17° eFobnwgRtImasTIbI 2006 dl; 431/815nak; . ePJovmkdl;tampøÚvGakasekIn 24° dl; 278/523nak; EdlkñúgenaH Gakasyandæan PñMeBjTTYl)an 45° nigGakasyandæanesomrab 55° . ePJovmkdl;tampøÚveKakekIn 5/2° dl; 144/582nak; rIÉePJovmkdl;tampøÚvTwkfycuH 3/3° mkRtwm 8710 nak;. extþ

19


tamdanesdækic© - sßanPaBkñúgRbeTs esomrab CaeKaledAmanRbCaRbiyPaBxøaMgCageKenAkm<úCa . enA RtImasTIbI extþesomrabTTYl)an 44° éncMnYnePJóvmkdl;srub . ePJóvmksMraklMEhmancMnYn 359/730nak; rWekIn 12° eFobnwg RtImasdUcKña qñaM2006. kUer:xagt,ÚgCaRbeTsnaMmuxeKxageTscr mkeFVITsSnkic©enAkm<úCa ehIybnÞab;mkKW Cb:un nig evotNam . GRtaGtiprNa nig GRtabþÚrR)ak;breTs snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as;srubenAkm<úCa pSBVpSayedayviTüasßanCati sißtisMrab;RtImasTIbI ekIn 11/9° eFobnwgqñaMmun rW 3/4° x<s;Cag kMeNInenARtImasmun . éfømðÚbGahar nigePsC¢³KµanCatiGakul ekIn 16/9° eFobnwgRtImasdUcKña qñaM2006 rIÉéfødwkCBa¢Ún ekInbnþicbnþÜc Rtwm 2/0° . enARbeTskm<úCa éfømðÚbGahar nigePsC¢³KµanCatiGakul tMNag eGay 58° énsnÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; . dUcenH kareLIgéfømøÚb GaharCMrujeGaymanGtiprNaCaTUeTA . bEnßmelIenHeTot éfømðÚb GaharenAelIsaklelakekIny:agelOn ehIyCH\Ti§Bly:agxøaMgdl;km<úCaEdlCaRbeTsnaMcUleRcIn . ]TahrN_ mðÚbGaharnaMcUlBIéf tMNag[ 6/6° énTMnijnaMcUlsrubBIéfmkkm<úCa . dUcenH mðÚbGaharenAéfEdleLIgéfø 4/4° )aneFIVeGayeLIgéfømðÚbGahar Edlkm<úCanaMcUlmk. enARtImasTIbI 2007 R)ak;eroleLIgéføTl;nwgR)ak;duløarUS

1/5° eFobnwgRtImasdUcKña qñaM2006 eday bþÚr)an 4082/3erol¼ duløarUS b:uEnþTl;nwgR)ak;)atéf R)ak;erolFøak;éfø 18° mkRtwm 130/0erol¼)at . Tl;nwgR)ak;dugevotNam R)ak;erolFøak;éfø 1/6° edaybþÚr)an 25/3 erol¼100dug . karvivtþrUbiyvtßú enARtImasTIbI 2007 rUbiyvtßúTUeTA ¬M2¦ srub ekIn 53° eFobnwg RtImasdUcKña qñaM2006 dl; 9908/2 Ban;lanerol. rUbiyvtßú ¬M1¦ ekIn 12° dl; 1749/7Ban;lanerol kñúgenHR)ak;erolcracr eRkAFnaKar man 96° nigR)ak;beBaØIcrnþman 4° . R)ak;erolkMBug cracr ekIn 11° eFobnwgRtImasdUcKña qñaM2006 . rUbiyvtßúepSg² dUcCa R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt; R)ak;beBaØIsnSM nigR)ak;beBaØI CarUbiyvtßúbreTs mancMnYn 8158/5 Ban;lanerol rW ekIn 67° .

kñúgcMeNamrUbiyvtßúepSg² R)ak;beBaIØCarUbiyvtßúbreTs mancMnYn 99° rWekIn 68° eFobnwgGMLúgeBldUcKña qñaM2006 . kMeNIncMnYnrUbiyvtßúTUeTA ¬M2¦ ekItecjBIdMeNIrRbtibtþikar rvagRTBüskmµkñúgRsuk nigRTBüskmµbreTs . enARtImasTIbI \NTankñúgRsuk EdlmanCa \NTandl;rdæaPi)alnigvis½yÉkCn R)ak;beBaØIrdæaPi)al nigbMNulepSg²eTot ekIn 60° dl; 3829/3 Ban;lanerol . \NTanpþl;dl;rdæaPi)al ekIn 10° dl; 296/7 Ban;lanerol nigdl;vis½yÉkCn ekIn 63° dl; 5376/4Ban;lan erol . R)ak;beBaIØrdæaPi)al ekIn 59° dl; 1843/8Ban;lanerol nigbMNulepSg² ekIn 27° dl; 3689/1Ban;lanerol . RTBü skmµbreTssuT§ ekIn 40° dl; 9767/9Ban;lanerol . sßanPaBRkIRk- R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMéf¶Bitrbs;BlkrgayrgeRKaH enAExviciäka 2007 R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMéf¶Bitrbs;BlkrgayrgeRKaH PaKeRcIn )anekIneLIg eFobnwgExdUcKña qñaM2006 . pÞúyeTAvij R)ak;cMNUlrbs;Blkrkat;edr )anFøak;cuH . R)ak;cMNUlrbs;Gñkrt;m:UtUDubekIn 37° dl; 13>060erol EdlCakMeNInR)ak;cMNUlx<s;bMputrbs;BYkeK cab;taMgBIGegát)ancab;epþImenAqñaM2000 . eTaHbIR)ak;cMNUlekIneLIgdUecñHkþI Gñkrt;m:UtUDub PaKeRcIn)ant¥ÚjEt¥rBIbBaðasaMgeLIgéfø . 85° énGñkrt;m:UtUDub eqø IysMPasn_ minmanlT§PaBsnSMR)ak;edIm,Icab;ykGaCIBfIµeT BIeRBaH R)ak;cMNUlenHRKb;RKan;sMrab;EtpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBRKYsar b:ueNÑaH . R)ak;cMNUlBitRbcaMéf¶rbs;Gñklk;bEnøtUuctacKW 8303erol rWekIn 36° eFobnwgExviciäka 2006 . Gñklk;bEnøtUctacenAPñMeBj 48° eFIVcMNakRsukmkBItMbn;CnbT. kñúgcMeNamGñkcMNakRsuk TaMgenaH 90° )anCYlpÞHeKsñak;enA edayRtUvcMNayRbEhl 20>000erol¼Ex elI;QñÜlpÞH ehIy 10° epSgeTot sñak;enACamYy sac;jatienAPñMeBj. enAExviciäka 2007 R)ak;cMNUlBitRbcaMéf¶rbs;GñkerIseGtcay ekIn 42° eFobnwgqñaMmun dl; 5560erol EdlbNþalmkBIkar eLIgéførbs;eGtcay . eTaHbImankMeNInEbbenHkþI k¾GñkerIs eGtcayenAEtrkmYyéf¶ hUbmYyéf¶dEdl . elIsBIenHeTot

20


tamdanesdækic© - sßanPaBkñúgRbeTs GñkeqøIysMPasn_ cMnYn 32° manCMBak;bMNuleK edaysarRtUvxI©R)ak;sMrab;Tij)ayhUb rW cMNayBüa)alCMgW . enAExvicäika GñkFak;sIukøÚenAPñMeBj rkcMNUl)aneRcInCageBl ÉeTotxøaMgNas; edaysarmanmnusSkuHkrenATIRkug edIm,IcUlrYmBiFI buNüGMuTUk . enAExenH R)ak;cMNUlrbs;GñkFak;sIukøÚekIn 27° eFobnwgExviciäka 2006 . R)ak;cMNUlBitRbcaMéf¶rbs;GñksuIQñÜleFIVERsekIn 3° dl; 4790erol . GñkeqøIysMPasn_ 82° raykarN_fa clnapøas;TI rbs;yuvCnekµg²edIm,ImkeFIVkarenAtMbn;TIRkug )aneFIVeGayxVHkMlaMg BlkmµeFIVERs EdlnaMeGayeLIgéføQñÜlBlkmµ . b:uEnþBlkr 85° t¥ÚjEt¥rfa enAEtrkmYyéf¶hUbmYyéf¶dEdl . R)ak;cMNUlrbs;GñkbMerItamePaCnIydæanRsI¼Rbus enAefr eFobnwgqñaMmun. GñkbMerIRsI¼RbusPaKeRcIn eFIVcMNakRsukBIextþnana kñúgenH 85° sñak;enACamYym©as;ePaCnIydæan ehIyGñkenAsl;KWCYlpÞHeKsñak;enA .

enAExviciäka 2007 R)ak;cMNUlBitRbcaMéf¶rbs;kmµkrsMNg;manCMnajekIndl; 10>956erol rWekIn 7° eFobnwgqñaM2006 . GñkeqøIysMPasn_ 97° )anraykarN_fa skmµPaBsagsg;enATIRkug ekIny:agxøaMg EdlnaMeGaytMrUvkarkmµkrekIneLIg . b:uEnþplitpl nanaeLIgéføeRcInCagkMeNInR)ak;cMNUleTAeTot EdleFVIeGaykmµkr eqøIysMPasn_ 13° RtUvCMBak;bMNuleK . R)ak;cMNUlBitrbs;kmµkrkat;edrfycuH 8° mkRtwm 8207 erol . kmµkreqøIysMPasn_ 67° )anraykarN_fa karFøak;cuHenHbNþalBIem:ageFIVkarfycuH . kmµkrkat;edr 26° )anR)ab;fa bnÞab;BIedaHRsaycMNayelItMrUvkarpÞal;xøÜnehIy BYkeKmanluysl;mYycMnYntUcsMrab;epJIeTARkumRKYsar . kMeNIn]sSahkmµenAtMbn;TIRkug)anTak;TajRbCaCnBItMbn;CnbT BiessyuvCnekµg² Edly:ag ehacNas; 90° énkmµkrkat;edr)aneFIVcMNakRsukBItMbn;CnbT ehIyBYkeKPaKeRcInmandIERsticCagmYyhikta .

eroberogeday pan; dalIs nigb:un dUrINa

21


tamdanesdækic© - snÞsSn_esdækic© tarag1> KMeragvinieyaKÉkCn)anGnum½t qñaM2001-2007

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3

RTBüskmµCab;lab; ¬landuløar¦ ksikmµ 0.4 40.3 3.7 12.3 26.8 126.5 216.9 0.0 154.6 19.1 2.1 12.0

]sSahkmµ 105.2 67.7 137.2 187.9 914.6 40.1 76.9 171.7 76.6 142.7 51.2 187.2

kat;edr 26.5 27.2 68.1 132.6 174.4 30.5 9.6 23.2 26.1 36.6 24.3 40.7

esvakmµ 118.4 145.3 168.4 91.8 155.5 60.7 2,043.2 94.5 740.7 335.7 138.0 957.7

sNæaKar nigeTscrN_ 73.8 47.1 124.1 55.9 102.6 0.0 26.2 3.5 315.3 140.3 55.0 653.8

srub 224.0 253.3 309.3 292.0 1096.9 227.3 2,337.0 266.2 971.9 497.5 191.3 1156.9

bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgRtImasmun srub - - - - - 90.7 928.1 -88.6 265.1 -48.8 -61.6 504.7

srub -16.8 13.1 22.1 -5.6 275.6 -52.2 2331.2 -34.1 715.4 118.9 91.8 334.6

Including expansion project approvals. Source: Cambodian Investment Board

bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun

tarag2> tMélKMeragsMNg;enAPñMeBj)anGnum½t qñaM2001-2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2* Q3

landuløar PUmiRKwH/ pÞH 15.9 23.4 20.0 30.3 45.5 10.1 5.7 7.6 9.7 14.4 22.8 21.7

pÞHElVg 167.8 179.9 91.6 167.6 204.2 39.9 51.8 67.1 54.5 88.9 33.2 117.5

epSg² 12.6 16.6 87.3 65.6 109.1 17.4 24.7 20.8 13.9 35.9 88.8 40.6

srub 196.3 219.9 198.9 263.5 358.8 67.4 82.2 95.5 78.2 139.2 144.7 179.7

bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgRtImasmun - - - - - -6.2 22.2 16.1 -18.1 78.0 3.9 24.2

bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun srub -4.4 12.0 -9.5 32.5 36.2 -36.5 -21.2 24.8 8.9 106.5 76.0 88.2

* Revised data. Source: Department of Cadastre and Geography of Phnom Penh municipality

srub

tarag3> karnaMecj nignaMcUl qñaM2001-2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3

landuløar karnaMecjsrub 1268.2 1453.2 1708.1 2108.1 2352.8 603.2 652.5 807.5 736.7 707.8 705.0 890.8

rYmman³ sMelokbMBak; 1202.2 1355.8 1628.4 2027 2253.3 568.5 632.4 782.0 716.0 677.5 688.2 846.1

- eTAshrdæGaemrik 840.9 943.4 1099.8 1270.9 1546.1 402.5 438.6 522.8 483.2 499.1 451.2 -

- eTAshKmn_GWur:ub 323.3 356.3 414.7 590.8 503.1 110.6 142.2 188.1 160.1 106.3 163.1 -

- RbeTsepSgeTot 38.0 56.1 113.8 165.3 204.1 55.3 51.6 71.0 72.8 72.0 73.8 -

ksikmµ 66.0 97.3 79.7 81.2 99.5 34.7 20.2 25.5 20.7 30.3 16.8 -

- ekAs‘U 25.9 29.7 35.1 38.3 36.7 7.8 9.8 13.6 10.2 8.4 6.9 11.7

- eQI 22.3 16.0 10.2 11.1 10.3 2.1 2.3 2.5 1.7 2.1 2.0 0.0

- RtI 6.0 4.3 2.8 10.6 10.1 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.4 0.7 0.4 1.2

- epSg² 11.8 47.4 31.6 21.3 42.6 22.9 7.0 7.7 7.5 19.0 7.5 -

karnaMcUlsrub 1501.4 1707.8 1824.9 2149.0 2513 690.7 774.9 784.3 807.1 790.9 911.6 924.5

rYmman³ plitpleRbgkat 154.4 157.5 191.6 187.0 184.8 57.6 59.8 62.4 58.7 66.5 68.5 71.0

- saMg - 25.9 33.2 30.2 40.2 10.9 12.4 13.1 13.2 15.7 20.2 -

- m:as‘Ut - 100.8 109.6 109.4 93.1 32.5 32.2 30.1 27.2 31.9 36.6 -

sMPar³sMNg; - 12.9 80.8 95.3 134.7 37.0 39.1 42.5 35.8 44.1 31.6* 34.9

epSg² - 1568.2 1601.3 1914.0 2245 610.3 691.2 698.5 731.0 699.2 807.5 818.6

CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ -233.2 -254.6 -116.8 -40.9 -160.1 -87.5 -122.4 23.2 -70.4 -83.1 -208.1 -30.7

bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgRtImasmun karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;srub - - - - - -5.4 39.8 -118.9 -403.4 18.0 150.4 -85.2

karnaMecjsrub - - - - - -6.4 8.2 23.7 -8.8 -3.9 0.4 26.4

karnaMcUlsrub - - - - - -0.03 12.2 1.2 2.9 -2.0 15.3 1.4

bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun

karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;srub 24.9 9.2 -54.1 -64.9 291.4 51.1 -19.5 -76.2 52.0 -5.0 70.0 -232.3

karnaMecjsrub 20.1 14.6 17.5 23.4 11.6 30.3 26.7 10.6 14.3 17.3 8.0 10.3 karnaMcUlsrub 5.9 13.7 6.9 17.8 16.9 32.6 16.2 24.0 16.8 14.5 17.6 17.9 Import data include tax-exempt imports. * Q2 revision. Sources: Customs and Excise Department, cited by NBC

22

TsSnavdþIGPivDÆn_km<úCa qñaMTI12 elx1 Exmkra-mIna qñaM2008 tarag4> cMnYnGñkdMeNIrmkdl;kñúgRbeTskm<úCa qñaM2001-2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3

cMnYnGñkdMeNIr ¬Ban;nak;¦ tampøÚvGakas 408.4 523.0 456.0 626.1 856.5 275.4 204.4 224.2 325.0 373.6 275.6 278.5

tampøÚveKak nigTwk 196.5 263.5 245.0 428.9 565.1 181.9 153.6 146.4 191.0 177.2 148.9 153.3

srub 604.9 786.5 701.1 1055.0 1421.6 457.3 358.0 370.6 516.0 550.8 424.5 431.8 bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgRtImasmun srub - - - - - 9.9 -21.7 4.1 39.2 6.7 -22.9 1.7 bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun srub 29.7 30.0 -10.9 50.5 34.7 20.2 21.2 14.7 24.1 20.4 19.2 16.5

Source: Ministry of Tourism.

tarag6> snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; GRtabþÚrR)ak; nigéfømas ¬mFümPaKtamkariybriecäT¦ qñaM2001-2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

(October-December 2006:100) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; ¬bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun¦ extþ - - - - - - - - - 5.9 9.0 14.4

km<úCa - TMnijJRKb;RbePT - - - - - - - - - 5.7 8.5 11.9

PñMeBjJ - mðÚbGahar - - - - - - - - - 8.3 12.0 16.9 PñMeBjJ - dwkCBa¢Ún - -- - - - - - - - -3.4 1.1 2.0 GRtabþÚrR)ak; éfømas éføeRbg\n§n³ ¬tamGRtaTIpSarenAPñMeBj¦ erolkñúg 1 duløar* 3916.3 3912.1 3973.3 4016.3 4119.7 4,094.8 4106.6 4145.3 4129.4 4063.0 4075.4 4082.3 erolkñúg 1 )atéf* 88.2 91.1 95.8 99.9 102.6 103.5 108.0 110.3 113.0 113.7 118.0 130.0 erolkñúg 100 dugevotNam* 26.6 25.6 25.6 25.5 25.8 25.4 25.0 24.9 25.0 24.6 24.7 25.3

éfømas ¬duløarkñúg1CI¦ 32.8 36.8 41.4 46.3 54.0 64.2 72.2 73.0 72.8 77.7 79.8 80.8

éføm:as‘Ut ¬erol¼lIRt¦ 1329 1521 1508 2088 2633 2867 3110 3333 3250 3067 3100 3203

éføsaMg ¬erol¼lIRt¦ 2113 2084 2150 2833 3442 3767 4000 4200 4050 3750 3900 4002 Sources: CDRI, NIS and NBC

PñMeBj - - - - - - - - - 4.7 5.8 7.7

tarag5> RbtibtþikarfvikaCatielImUldæanCasac;R)ak; qñaM2000-2007 ¬Ban;lanerol¦ 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 cMNUlsrub 1528 1530 1744 1764 2126 2625 595.9 731.5 732.2 1199.6 824.9 1016.8 cMNUlcrn§ - 1521 1728 1733 2107 2474 593.2 726.9 716.8 844.9 824.9 1012.4 cMNUlBn§ 1096 1096 1227 1220 1577 1911 484.7 558.6 565.8 661.8 699.9 887.7 Bn§Ky 376 376 424 395 513 573 135.5 151.7 157.2 200.0 - - Bn§kñúgRsuk - - - - - - - - - - 487.9 642.1 Bn§elIBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs - - - - - - - - - - 212.1 245.6 cMNUlminEmnBn§ 424 424 501 513 530 563 108.5 168.3 151.0 183.1 125.0 124.7 GaCIvkmµéRBeQI 28 29 15 7 2 3 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.9 - - éRbsNIy_ nigTUrKmnaKmn_ 124 122 123 120 94 123 11.4 30.0 11.7 30.0 - - cMNUlelIGclnRTBü - - - - - - - - - - 27.9 15.5 lk;TMnij nigesva - - - - - - - - - - 88.8 93.0 cMNUlCamUlFn 8 9 16 31 19 152 2.7 4.6 15.4 354.7 0.0 4.5 cMNaysrub 2332 2332 2948 2757 2932 3295 932.1 1020.1 1030.6 1191.9 923.9 1098.7 cMNayCamUlFn 976 977 1388 1171 1163 1328 390.5 394.7 423.8 429.1 367.1 408.1 cMNaycrnþ 1356 1355 1560 1586 1769 1967 541.7 625.4 606.9 762.8 556.8 681.6 Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al 344 343 454 473 518 351 80.3 202.3 150.1 281.3 - - karBarCati nigsnþisuxCati 404 405 438 411 423 451 78.1 116.7 155.3 170.1 - - RksYgepSg²eTot 636 637 668 702 828 1165 383.2 306.4 301.5 311.4 - - ebovtSr_ 517 509 587 615 640 711 140.5 210.3 230.6 240.6 199.7 242.7 ]btßmÖFn nig CMnYysgÁmkic© - - - - - - - - - - 61.9 184.0 smtulüCaTUeTA -804 -802 -1204 -993 -806 -706 -336.3 -288.5 -298.5 7.7 -99.0 -81.9 hirBaØb,TanBIeRkARbeTs 768 766 1249 886 864 1127 308.0 341.3 335.2 376.2 344.0 313.9 hirjØb,TankñúgRsuk 36 37 -45 106 148 -396 28.3 -52.8 -36.7 -383.9 -245.0 -213.0 Provisional for 2007. The third quarter data are not yet available. Source: MEF web site

tarag7> sßanPaBrUbiyvtßú qñaM2001-2007 ¬tYelxenAcugkariybriecäT¦ 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Ban;lanerol RTBüskmµbreTssuT§ 3080 3737 4027 4797 5475 6410 6682 6958 7224 8056 9048 9768 RTBüskmµkñúgRsuksuT§ -876 -849 -698 -467 -450 -699 -637 -497 -282 -263 -172 140 \NeTyüsuT§elIrdæaPi)al -75 -119 -128 -209 -421 -755 -831 -892 -953 -1176 -1403 -1547 \NTandl;EpñkÉkCn 936 1059 1337 1817 2394 2,778 2997 3288 3628 4066 4537 5376 rUbiyvtßúTUeTA M2 2204 2888 3329 4330 5025 5711 6045 6461 6942 7793 8876 9908 rUbiyvtßú M1 609 813 937 1153 1323 1449 1512 1563 1658 1794 1748 1750 rUbiyvtßúepSg² 1595 2075 2392 3177 3702 4262 4533 4898 5285 5999 7128 8158 bMErbMrYlCaPaKryeFobnwgqñaMmun rUbiyvtßúTUeTA M2 20.4 31.0 15.2 30.0 16.1 27.0 30.6 29.4 38.2 36.5 46.8 53.4 rUbiyvtßú M1 12.8 33.5 15.3 23.0 14.7 20.9 24.4 22.2 25.3 23.9 15.7 12.0 rUbiyvtßúepSg² 23.6 30.0 15.2 32.8 16.6 33.6 32.8 31.9 42.7 40.7 57.3 66.5

Source: National Bank of Cambodia

23


tarag8> cMNUlRbcaMéf¶CamFümBitrbs;BlkrgayrgeRKaH ¬éføefr Exvicäika 2000¦ cMNUlRbcaMéf¶ ¬Caerol¦ bMErbMrYleFobnwgqñaMmun ¬°¦

2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007

vicäika vicäika kumÖ³ ]sPa sIha vicäika ]sPa sIha vicäika GñkFak;suIkøÚ 7594 8572 7614 7469 7393 6534 9245 7126 9393 8 18 27

GñklIEsg 6233 6676 6895 6545 7045 6010 9798 7704 8852 33 47 26

Gñklk;bEnøtUctac 5256 6532 6947 6000 6125 6125 8951 9116 8303 38 75 36

GñkerIseGtcay 2718 3944 4446 4416 3903 4530 5533 6038 5560 23 42 42

GñkbMerItamePaCnIydæan* 2111 4932 4448 4426 4498 4078 5150 4193 4508 21 -2 0

GñksIuQñÜleFVIERs 4198 4177 4139 4365 4653 4126 4531 4561 4790 0 10 3

kmµkreragcRkkat;edr 6701 9577 9277 8816 8957 11146 8347 9033 8207 6 -2 -8

Gñkrt;m:UtUDub 8610 10092 9204 8201 8386 9144 12,886 8979 13,060 47 33 37

kmµkrsMNg;KµanCMnaj 5399 6558 6382 5918 6028 5263 6075 5901 7550 -5 -2 43

kmµkrsMNg;manCMnaj 13,127 13,111 12,679 10,316 9466 10,215 11,892 11,723 10,956 21 24 7 * Waitresses’ earnings do not include meals and accommodation provided by shop owners. Surveys on the revenue of waitresses, rice -field workers, garment workers, unskilled workers, motorcycle taxi drivers and construction workers began in February 2000. Source: CDRI

Blkr nigTIPñak;garBak;B½n§epSg²eTot . karsikSaEsVgrkkarBitsþIBI vinieyaKTuncinenAkm<úCa )ancab;epþImenAExkumÖ³ ehIylT§pldMbUgnwg TTYl)ankñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMxagmux . karsikSaÉksarRsavRCav sþIBIIBaNiC¢kmµ nigbrisßan EdlsßitkñúgKMeragmYymanry³eBlmYyqñaM k¾)anbBa©b;rYcral;Edr . enAcugExkumÖ³ elak saMg c½nÞhgS )ancUl bMerIkarCaGñkRsavRCavkñúgEpñkenH . cab;BIedImqñaM2008 EpñksnþisuxmnusS nigkarksagsnþiPaB )an cab;epþImkMnt;vis½yRsavRCavfIµrbs;xøÜn . vis½yd¾l¥mYy KWcMNgTak;TgCayfaehturvagkarKMramkMEhgdl;;mnusS¼PaBRkIRk nigbBaðaecaT xagGPi)alkic© kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati nigsuxmalPaBesdækic© rbs;buKÁlmñak;² . enAExmIna EpñkenH)andak;sMeNImYyeTA UNICEF

edIm,IsikSaBIsßanPaByuvCn ehIyTTYl)ankic©RBmeRBogmYyrvag CDRI nig UNICEF rYcehIy . EpñkenHk¾kMBugrg;caMkic©RBmeRBog eRsc)ac;rbs; UNICEF elIKMeragsikSaBIPaBRkIRkrbs;kumarenA km<úCa EdlGacRtUvkar[ CDRI eFIVCaGñkGnuvtþKMeragCafIµmþgeTot . mü:ageTot EpñksnþisuxmnusS )anksagsMeNImYyTak;Tg nwgkar RsavRsavelIkare)aHeqñat edIm,IesIñdl;Gñkpþl;CMnYymYycMnYnEdlman cMNab;GarmµN_ dUcCa CIDA, AusAID nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNDP) . kmµv iF IGPivDÆn_smtßPaBRsavRCavkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk (WRMRCDP) rbs;EpñkFnFanFmµCati nigbrisßan ¬NRE¦ )anbBa©b;dMNak;kalsikSaRTwsþI nigkarvaytMélxagsgÁménkarRKb;RKg FnFanTwkenAkm<úCa . NRE )anbegðIyesckþIRBagr)aykarN_dMbUg sþIBIkarviPaKcMNaynigplcMeNj énkarGPivDÆcMkarekAs‘UenA km<úCa . minEtb:ueNÑaH NRE kMBugcuHGegátdl;TIkEnøgsMrab;KMeragrYm KñamYysþIBIéRBRtUBikCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlRtUvviPaKelITinñn½y RKYsar nigCasaklsMrab; 5RbeTsepSgKña . NRE k¾)aneFVIcb;rYcral;nUvGegátbrisßanFmµCati nigsgÁm edayshkarCaédKUCamYyRkum

kargarmkBITIPñak;garshRbtibtþikarGnþrCatiCb:un ¬JICA¦ sMrab;karsikSabøg;eménkarGPivDÆvarIGKÁisnIenAkm<úCa . r)aykarN_ GegátenH )andak;CUn JICA rYcehIy . enAéf¶24-28 mIna NRE )an erobcMvKÁbNþúHbNþalmYy sþIBIesdækic©brisßanenA CDRI Edl)an TTYlCMnYy]btßmÖBIkmµviFIbrisßan nigesdækic©enAGasI uGeKñy_ ¬EEPSEA¦ nigmanGñkcUlrYmmkBI sßab½nrdæaPi)al GgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)al nigsaklviTüal½yrdæ nig ÉkCnnana . EpñkPaBRkIRk ksikmµ nigGPivDÆn_CnbT kMBugbnþsikSaBIclna énPaBRkIRk . GegátmUldæansþIBIplitplksikmµ nigCMnYj EdlCa EpñkmYyénKMeragRsavRCavrbs;bNþajviPaKGPivDÆn_ (DAN) )ancb;rYcral;enAedImqñaM2008 ehIykargarviPaKlT§pl nigsresrr)ay karN_ kMBugdMeNIrkareTAmux . EpñkenH KWCaGñkGnuvtþmYyRkumenAkñúg KMeragksagsmtßPaBshKmn_ sMrab;karpþÜcepþImKMnitkat;bnßyPaB RkIRkenAtMbn;GagTenøsab Edlpþl;fvikaedayFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu (ADB) . édKUepSg²eTotkñúgKMeragenHKWman viTüasßan sikSaBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatiEp¥kelIshKmn_ (CBNRM-LI) nig RkumRbwkSasMrab;karGPivDÆksikmµ nigCnbT (CARD) . KMerag enHcab;epþImenAExkumÖ³ edaymanry³eBlbMpusKMnit 6Ex EdlkñúgenaH sßab½nGnuvtþKMerag TaMgGs; CaBiess CDRI nig CBNRM-LI RtUvksagEpnkarkargar lMGitsMrab;KMeragTaMgmUl dUcCa KMeragfvika karvaytMélBItMrUvkar bNþúHbNþal RBmTaMgkMNt;RbFanbTRtUvsikSa nigtak;EtgviFIsaRsþ sMrab;eFVIGegátmUldæan . viTüasßan CDRI )ancuHhtßelxa elIÉksar kic©RBmeRBogRKb;RKgCaédKUmYy sMrab;karRKb;RKgKMeragEsVgyl;BI lMhUrstVciBa©wm nigeRKaHfñak;énkarcMlg CMgWstVqøgkat;RBMEdnEdl TTYlfvikaBI mCÄmNÐlGURsþalIsMrab;karRsavRCavksikmµGnþrCati (ACIAR) . skmµPaBRsavRCavCak;lak;nanasMrab;KMeragenH nwgRtUv kMNt; ehIyRBmeRBogKñaedayPaKITaMgBIrenAkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkar KMerag .

tamdanesdækic© - snÞsSn_esdækic©

teTATMB½rTI 24 B½t’manfµI² BI>>>

24


B½t’manfµI² BIviTüasßan CDRI

EpñkRKb;RKg viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa ¬CDRI¦ kñúg kic©shkarCamYyFnaKar ANZ Royal )anerobcMsnñisITckçúvis½y RbeTskm<úCaelIkTI2 naéf¶TI28 kumÖ³ 2008 enAraCFanIPñMeBj eday)anGeBa¢Ijfñak;dwknaMsßab½nrdæaPi)al sßab½nÉkCn sßab½nsgÁm sIuvil nigshKmn_GPivDÆn_nana mkcUlrYmBiPakSapøas;bþÚreyabl;elIbBaðacm,g²eRkamRbFanbTrYm {karekogKrFnFankm<úCa³ FnFan mnusS FnFanFmµCati FnFanhirBaØvtßú edIm,IkarGPivDÆRbkbeday KuNPaB kMeNInesdækic© nigvibulPaB} . semþcGKÁmhaesnabtI-eteCa h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþIénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa )anpþl;sunÞrkfaKnøwHTak;TgnwgRbFanbTsnñisIT . bnÞab;mk GñkcUlrYm-TaMgGs;)ancUlrYmBiPakSaCa 5 vKÁFM²³

• RbeTskm<úCa³ karBinitüBIsßanPaBm:aRkUenAqñaM2008-sUcnakr sMxan;² bBaðaRbQmxagGPivDÆn_ tMbn;eyIg vis½yÉkCn

• karTajRbeyaCn_eGay)anRbesIrbMputBIFnFanFmµCatienA km<úCa - éRBeQI Clpl nigEr:

• karTajRbeyaCn_eGay)anRbesIrbMputBIFnFanFmµCatienA km<úCa - dIFøI GclnRTBü kareRbIR)as;dIRbkbedayplitPaB nigkarGPivDÆ

• karTajRbeyaCn_eGay)anRbesIrbMputBIFnFanmnusSRbeTs km<úCa

• RbeTskm<úCaqñaM2008 nigeTAGnaKt³ PaBCaédKUrvagvis½y ÉkCn nigvis½ysaFarN³ CakMlaMgCMrujkarGPivDÆ karrIklUt las; nigvibulPaB

EpñkRsavRCav enAGMLúgedImqñaM2008 KMeragCaeRcInEdlcab;epþImGnuvtþenAcugqñaM 2007 )anQandl;dMNak;kalcuHRsavRCavdl;TIkEnøg . kñúg eBlCamYyKña CDRI )ancab;epþImKMeragsikSafIµ²CaeRcIn EdlKMeragxøH eFIVeLIgedayEpñkEtmYy ehIyKMeragxøHeTotRtUvGnuvtþedayEpñkCa eRcInrYmKña . enAExmkra EpñkGPi)alkic©tamEbbRbCaFibetyü nig kMENTMrg;saFarN³ (DGPSR) )anshkarCamYyEpñkFnFanFmµCati nigbrisßan (NRE) eFVIkarRsavRCavsakl,gmYyenAextþRkecH nigcab;epþImcuHRsavRsavsMrab;karsikSaTaMgBIr elIkardwknaMneya)aykñúg mUldæan nigelIGPi)alkic©FnFanrYmedayepþatelIkrNIFnFanTwk . Epñk DGPSR )anbegðIyÉksarBiPakSacMnYnBIrEdl)anmkBIkarsikSa elIKNenyüPaBénGPi)alkic©tamextþ rIÉÉksarTIbI kMBugrg;caM eyabl;BIGñkCYyBinitüxøwmsarTUeTA . enAedImExmIna EpñkenH)aneFIV bTbgðajenAevTikasaFarN³ dUcCa karQaneTArkPaBCaGñkdwknaM rbs;RsIþ EdlerobcMeLIgedayKN³kmµaFikarelIkkMBs;®sþIkñúgkic©kar neya)ay nigkic©RbCuMraykarN_CUnKN³kmµkar RBwT§sPa nigrdæsPa Cati . GñkRsavRCavBIrnak; )ancUlbMerIkar kñúgEpñkenHKW elak G‘U sIuv hYc CanisSitbBa©b;karsikSaBIsakl viTüal½y Waseda nigkBaØa Ca CU CanisSitbBa©b;karsikSaBIsaklviTüal½yrdæ Michigan . enAéf¶TI19 kumÖ³ Epñkesdækic© BaNiC¢kmµ nigkic©shRbtibtiþkar kñúgtMbn; )aneFIVbTbgðajelIesckþIRBagr)aykarN_mYysþIBIIsßab½n Bak;B½n§Rkbx½NÐc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayRKb;RKgcMNakRsukBlkr CUndl;RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ bNþaTIPñak;gareRCIserIs

teTATMB½rTI 23 viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa

pÞHelx56 pøÚv315 TYleKak PñMeBjJ km<úCa RbGb;sMbuRtelx622 PñMeBjJ km<úCa

℡ ¬855-23¦ 881-701/ 881-916/ 883-603 ¬855-23¦ 880-734 e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

website: http://www.cdri.org.kh

Éksare)aHBum<pSayrbs; viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa

qñaMTI12 elx 1 Exmkra-mIna qñaM2008

RKwHsßanpSay³ vbsG RKb;RKgEksMrYl³ yU siT§iriT§

EksMrYlplitkmµ³ G‘u¿ can;fa nig Kwm ci®tþa CMnYykarEksMrYl³ eyn supanI

eragBum<dunbUsáÚ PñMeBj rUbPaBTMB½rmux³ rUbPaB CDRI

© rkSasiT§i 2008 viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa rkSasiT§iRKb;y:ag-KµanEpñkNamYyénkare)aHBum<pSayenHRtUv)ancMlgTuk b¤pSBVpSay tamTRmg; nigtammeFüa)ayepSg²dUcCa³ eGLicRtUnik ynþkmµftcmøg>>> edayKµan

karGnuBaØatCalayl½kçN_GkSrBI vbsG eLIy . ISSN 1560-7615 / ISBN 978-99950-52-06-5

TMnYlxusRtÚvelIKMnit stüanum½t nigkarbeBa©jJeyabl;TaMgLayenAkñúg TsSnavdþIGPivDÆn_km<úCa KWCabnÞúkpÞal;rbs;GñkniBn§ . karbeBa©jJeyabl; nigkarbkRsayTaMgenaH minEmnCaTsSn³rbs; vbsG eT .

TsSnavdþIGPivDÆn_km<úCa e)aHBum<pSayeday viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa enAPñMeBjJcMnYn 4dg kñúgmYyqñaMCaPasaExµr nigPasaGg;eKøsenAkñúgeBldMNalKña . TsSnavdþIGPivDÆn_km<úCa pþl;CaevTikamYy edIm,IBiPakSaBIbBaðaénkarGPivDÆn_EdlkMBugEtCH\T§iBl dl;RbeTskm<úCa . GtßbTtamdanesdækic© pþl;CUnnUvmUlvicarÉkraCüsþIBIdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTAénesdækic© RbeTskm<úCa . TsSnavdþIGPivDÆn_km<úCa sVaKmn_GtßbTTaMgLayBIRbiymitþGñkGan . lixit RtUvcuHhtßelxa RbtükSPaB TUrs½BÞ nigmanGasydæanpg . GñkniBn§TaMgGs;RtUvTak;Tg vbsG munnwgCUnGtßbT rbs;xøÜn eTaHCaÉksarenaHminTan;erobryk¾eday . ÉksarTaMgGs;nwgRtÚvEksRmÜlsMrab;kar e)aHBum< . vbsG sUmrkSasiT§ibdiesFkare)aHBum< edaymincaM)ac;bBa¢ak;BIehtupl .

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