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NAGNILUYNEP AHASU NAGNABMEKREP KEPSORP

AYAIB KEPSA IRAD UAJNITID IRISTA KAYNIM

AHASU ABAL NAD NALAUJNEP TESMO ,ISKUDORP

7002 NUHAT - 1102 iristA kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU susaK idutS( ,tigniP aseD natamaceK

tarusgnirP , )gnuggnameT netapubaK

ISPIRKS

tarayS utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnU nakujaiD nakididneP anajraS raleG helorepmeM

imonokE nakididneP idutS margorP

: helo nususiD

AKITSAIRT ATINA ACINOREV 850 4231 80 :MIN

IDUTS MARGORP IMONOKE NAKIDIDNEP

LAISOS NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP NASURUJ

NAKIDIDNEP UMLI NAD NAURUGEK SATLUKAF

AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU

ATRAKAYGOY

102 3

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

NAGNILUYNEP AHASU NAGNABMEKREP KEPSORP

AYAIB KEPSA IRAD UAJNITID IRISTA KAYNIM

AHASU ABAL NAD NALAUJNEP TESMO ,ISKUDORP

7002 NUHAT - 1102 iristA kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU susaK idutS( ,tigniP aseD natamaceK

tarusgnirP , )gnuggnameT netapubaK

ISPIRKS

tarayS utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnU nakujaiD nakididneP anajraS raleG helorepmeM

imonokE nakididneP idutS margorP

: helo nususiD

AKITSAIRT ATINA ACINOREV 850 4231 80 :MIN

IDUTS MARGORP IMONOKE NAKIDIDNEP

LAISOS NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP NASURUJ

NAKIDIDNEP UMLI NAD NAURUGEK SATLUKAF

AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU

ATRAKAYGOY

102 3


ii


iii


vi

OTTOM

“ gnaY AID malaD gnuggnaT uK tapaD arakreP alageSukadapeK nataukeK nakirebmeM ”

)31:4 ipiliF(

ipateT ,napeD asaM iD idajreT nakA gnaY apA uaT kadiT ukA“napeD asaM magmeggneM nakA gnaY apaiS uaT ukA ”

ihakrebiD aumeS atiK“ .gnitneP naD kinU naupmameK

naD naawemitsieK utauS haladA utI sutsirK ayahaC nakumeneM

”iridneS atiK gnalauteP nakapureM

)rabnuD yraM(

”!!!!!!! TAGNAMES“ OG oG oG

: adapek nakhabmesrepuk ini licek ayraK

atnicret ukagrauleK ,suseY nahuT

uktabahaS


v

AYRAK NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP

kadit ini silut ayas gnay ispirks awhab aynhuggnuses nagned nakataynem ayaS

malad naktubesid halet gnay ilaucek ,nial gnaro ayrak naigab uata ayrak taumem

.haimli ayrak aynkayal anamiagabes ,akatsup ratfad napituk

,atrakaygoY teraM 22 102 3

,siluneP

akitsairT atinA acinoreV


iv

NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL

SIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU HAIMLI AYRAK ISAKILBUP

: amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisaham ayas ,ini hawab id nagnat adnatreb gnaY

amaN akitsairT atinA acinoreV : awsisahaM romoN 850 4231 80 :

naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,nauhategnep umli nagnabmegnep imeD

: ludujreb gnay ayas haimli ayrak amrahD atanaS satisrevinU KEPSORP

UAJNITID IRISTA KAYNIM NAGNILUYNEP AHASU NAGNABMEKREP

IRAD ABAL NAD NALAUJNEP TESMO ,ISKUDORP AYAIB KEPSA

7002 NUHAT AHASU - 1102 adapek nakirebmem ayas naikimed nagneD .

,nakhilagnem ,napmiynem kutnu kah amrahD atanaS satisrevinU naakatsupreP

,atad nalakgnap kutneb malad aynalolegnem ,nial aidem kutneb malad

sidnem aidem uata tenretnI id aynnakisakilbumem nad ,satabret araces nakisubirt

nupuam ayas irad niji atnimem ulrep apnat simedaka nagnitnepek kutnu nial

iagabes ayas aman nakmutnacnem patet amales ayas adapek itlayor nakirebmem

.silunep

ini naataynrep naikimeD .aynranebes nagned taub ayas

atrakaygoY id taubiD

teraM 22 laggnat adaP 3102

nakataynem gnaY



iiv

KARTSBA

KAYNIM NAGNILUYNEP AHASU NAGNABMEKREP KEPSORP TESMO ,ISKUDORP AYAIB KEPSA IRAD UAJNITID IRISTA

NAD NALAUJNEP 7002 NUHAT AHASU ABAL - 1102

akitsairT atinA acinoreV amrahD atanaS satisrevinU

atrakaygoY 3102

iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb ini naitileneP hakanamiagab t dner

7002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib nagnabmekrep - tesmo nagnabmekrep dnert ,11027002 nuhat nalaujnep - ,1102 nad dnert gnabmekrep 7002 nuhat ahasu abal na - 1102

netapubaK tarusgnirP natamaceK ,tigniP aseD id irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu.gnuggnameT

nep sinej nakapurem ini naitileneP e naitil fitatitnauk fitpirksed ataD . gnayhelorepid remirp atad halada nakanugid nad gnusgnal natamagnep iulalem

.irista kaynim ahasu kilimep nagned aracnawaw dnert nakanuggnem ini naitilenePed raenil tardauk edotem nagn =’Y halada nakanugid gnay sumur ,licekret .xb + a

: halada ini naitilenep lisaH ynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekreP ka ,hadner nakididnepreb ajrek aganet pareynem upmam ini tigniP aseD id irista malad naigab libma tuki takaraysam ,licek takaraysam naimonokerep utnabmam gnay habmil nataafnamep atres irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmegnep

lisah nagneD .fitisop dnert helorepid gnay ayaib nagnabmekrep dnerT )1( irista kaynim nagniluynep iskudorp tigniP aseD id imalagnem aynnuhat paites

nalaujnep tesmo nagnabmekrep dnerT )2( .000.863.55 pR rasebes natakgninep tigniP aseD id irista kaynim helorepid gnay kaynim ahasugnep irista imalagnem

natakgninep aynnuhat pait rasebes abal nagnabmekrep dnerT )3( .000.008.46 pR imalagnem tigniP aseD id irista kaynim ahasugnep helorepid gnay ahasu

.000.217.8 .pR rasebes aynnuhat pait natakgninep


iiiv

TCARTSBA

LITALOV FO TCEPSORP SSENISUB GNINNIFER LIO IRISTA E TNEMPOLEVED EHT FO STCEPSA EHT MORF DEVIECREP

NI TSOC NOITCUDORP DNA REVONRUT SELAS FO SMRET7002 NI TIFORP SSENISUB - 1102

( nifeR liO iristA elitaloV senissuB fo ydutS esaC A n nI gni egalliV tigniP )

kitsairT atinA acinoreV a ytisrevinU amrahD atanaS

atrakaygoY 3102

tnempoleved eht woh tuo dnif ot sdnetni hcraeser ehT dnert noitcudorp7002 ni tsoc - tnempoleved eht ,1102 dnert 7002 ni revonrut selas - dna ,1102 tnempoleved dnert 7002 ni tiforp ssenisub - nifer lio iristA .fo 1102 ni ssenisub gnin

.ycneger gnuggnameT ,tcirtsid tarusgnirP ,egalliv tigniP hguorht deniag erew atad ehT .hcraeser evitpircsed a si hcraeser ehT ssenisub htiw sweivretni dna noitavresbo morf yltcerid deniatbo atad yramirp

eser ehT .lio irista laitnesse renwo raluces esu hcra dnert etardauq tsellams eht yb.xb + a = ’Y saw esu noitalumrof ehT .dohtem

ssenisub gninnifer lio irista laitnesse : era hcraeser siht fo tluser ehT eht pleh ,robal detacude wol brosba ot elba si egalliv tigniP eht ni tnempoleved

c llams laitnesse fo tnempoleved eht ni trap koot elpoep ,ymonoce s’ytinummo dnert )1( tluser eht htiW .etsaw fo noitazilitu evitisop esu dna noitallitsid lio irista tigniP eht ni noitallitsid lio irista laitnesse fo tsoc noitcudorp eht fo tnempoleved

rcni egalliv selas eht fo dnert tnempoleved eht )2( .raey hcae 000.863.35 .pR sesae sesarcni sreunerpretne egalliv tigniP eht ni deniatbo lio irista laitnesse fo revonrut devired tiforp ssenisub fo dnert tnempoleved eht )3( .raey hcae 000.008.46.pR

lio irista laitnesse hcae 000.217.8 .pR sesaercni sreyolpme tigniP fo egalliv eht ni.raey


xi

RATNAGNEP ATAK

rukuys nad ijuP adapek naktajnap silunep alages sata sutsirK suseY nahuT

ijnaj nad hisak - ispirks nakiaseleynem tapad silunep aggnihes ,atayn utigeb ayN

.ini ini ispirkS ludujreb kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU nagnabmekreP kepsorP“

ahasU abaL naD nalaujneP tesmO ,iskudorP ayaiB kepsA iraD uajnitiD iristA

7002 nuahT - netapubaK ,tarusgnirP natamaceK tigniP aseD iD 1102

gnuggnameT ”. kutnu nakujaid nad silutid ini ispirkS em tarays utas halas ihunem

rgorP nakididneP anajraS raleg helorepmem .imonokE nakididneP idutS ma

reb irad amasajrek nad nautnab takreb dujuwret ini ispirkS nasiluneP iagab

abmem ,gnibmibmem nanekreb halet gnay kahip .silunep isavitomem nad ,utn

i kutnU em nigni silunep ini natapmesek malad ut hisak amiret napacu nakiapmayn

: adapek

.1 gnudnilep aguj suseY nahuT nad airaM adnuB ukpudih nataukek rebmuS

kapmaN kat takreb aumes sata acinoreV atnaS ukpudih N numan malad atay

.ukpudih

.2 D ukales .D.hP ,idnahoR kapaB nakididneP umlI nad naurugeK satlukaF nake

evinU adapek niji nakirebmem halet gnay atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS satisr

.ispirks nakiaseleynem kutnu silunep

.3 umlI nakididneP nasuruJ auteK ukales .iS.M,.E.S ,nawamraD ardnI kapaB

evinU laisoS nauhategneP anaS satisr .atrakaygoY amrahD at

.4 ales .cS.M,.dP.S ,neyaduM .V.M.Y kapaB utas gnibmibmep nesod uk gnay

,kitirk ,nagnibmib nakirebmem itah nasulutek nad naitregnep hunep nagned

.ini ispirks nasilunep malad isavitom atres naras

.5 ukales .iS.M,.E.S ,nawamraD ardnI kapaB aud gnibmibmep nesod gnay

,kitirk ,nagnibmib nakirebmem itah nasulutek nad naitregnep hunep nagned

.ini ispirks nasilunep malad isavitom atres naras

.6 S.M ,onoylaD hugeT .C .rD kapaB . p nesod ukales gnay ijugne halet

d naras nad nagnibmib ,nakusam nakirebmem .ini ispirks isiverem mala

.7 .kartsba nasilunep naanrupmeynep nautnab sata oyociW okoJ kapaB


x

.8 fats atres nesod ubI nad kapaB nitiT kabM :imonokE nakididneP tairaterkes

nagnitnepek isurugnem malad nautnab sata - .awsisaham nagnitnepek

.9 kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU halet gnay ”harbmamuS DU“ iristA nakirebmem

naitilenep nakanaskalem malad silunep adapek natapmesek .

.01 ,ukaut gnaro audeK paB onrawiwD leahciM ka ubI nad hisairaM ainotnA

itratniM siliL sata atnicret natapmesek ,naitahrep ,gnayas hisak ,aod alages ,

mes nad .ini amales sulut nagned nakirebid gnay tagna

.11 nawamiH kcirtaP nad saytgninamusuK irtuP acinoM atnicret ukkakak audeK

otnayduP aod taub hisak amiret tagnames , aynnagnukud nad ini amales .

.21 uktabahaS ,irtsaytnaS ydeL ,uya aksisA ,artiC anirahtaK nitsugA rutiW ,murg

,itnaS aluaP ,atiuseY airaM akI airaM tagnames nakirebmem halet gnay

.ispirks nataubmep sesorp amales

.31 irasoR airaM ,aniV anilegnA uksok nameT nad tabahaS aites halet gnay

mep sesorp amales akud nad akus kiab ukinamenem ispirks nataub

.41 nakeR - naker repes nagnauj nakididneP idutS margorP 8002 natakgna

:imonokE ,anidanreB ,ineY V ,avE lerahC ,ineB ,atraM ,ati , ,erdnA ,agoY

lld rabkA amiret ,nakirebid halet gnay tagnames nad nagnukud ,nautnab sata

pmak id hailuk amales awat nad adnac nagnanek aumes kutnu hisak su

.atnicret

.51 halet gnay nagnukud sata utasrep utas naktubes asib kadit gnay kahip aumeS

.ini ispirks nasilunep kutnu nakirebid

malad nahalasek nad nagnarukek kaynab ada hisam awhab iradaynem siluneP

rahgnem silunep ,uti anerak helO .ini ispirkes nasilunep naras nad kitirk nakpa

ini ispirkes agomes naD .kiab hibel idajnem ini ispirks raga nugnabmem gnay

nitsem anamiagabes taafnamreb ay .

teraM 22 ,atrakaygoY 3102

,siluneP



ix

ISI RATFAD

NAMALAH LUDUJ ................................ ................................ .................... i

NAUJUTESREP NAMALAH GNIBMIBMEP ................................ .......... ii

NAMALAH NAHASEGNEP ................................ ................................ ...... iii

NAMALAH OTTOM ................................ ................................ .................. vi

NAILASEK NAATAYNREP AYRAK ................................ ....................... v

AYRAK ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL

NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU HAIMLI SIMEDAKA ................................ ..... iv

KARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ .... iiv

CARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... iiiv

ATAK RATNAGNEP ................................ ................................ .................. xi

RATFAD ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ix

RATFAD LEBAT ................................ ................................ ........................ vx

RATFAD RABMAG ................................ ................................ .................... iivx

RATFAD NARIPMAL ................................ ................................ ................ iiivx

I BAB NAULUHADNEP

.A gnakaleB rataL ................................ ................................ ............ 1

.B nasataB halasaM ................................ ................................ ......... 7

.C halasaM nasumuR ................................ ................................ ........ 7

.D lanoisarepO isinifeD ................................ ................................ .... 7

.E naitileneP naujuT ................................ ................................ ......... 8

.F naitileneP taafnaM ................................ ................................ ....... 8

II BAB IROET NASADNAL

.A nad ispirkseD iristA kayniM nataafnameP ................................ ... 01

.B nagniluyneP ahasU nagnabmekreP babeyneP rotkaF ................... 51

.1 iskudorP ayaiB kepsA ................................ ........................... 51

.2 nalaujneP tesmO kepsA ................................ ......................... 81


iix

.3 ahasU abaL kepsA ................................ ................................ . 02

.C iristA kayniM nagniluyneP kepsorP ................................ ............. 42

.1 nenaP ................................ ................................ ...................... 24

.2 lisaH naalolegneP ................................ ................................ ... 42

.3 nagniluyneP ................................ ................................ ........... 52

.D epiT - nagniluyneP epit ................................ ................................ ... 52

.1 subeR iD araC nagneD nagniluyneP ................................ ........ 52

.2 sukuK iD araC nagneD nagniluyneP ................................ ....... 62

.3 nakpaU iD araC nagneD nagniluyneP ................................ ..... 62

.E naitileneP akgnareK ................................ ................................ ..... 72

.1 iskudorP ayaiB kepsA iraD nagnabmekreP kepsorP ................ 72

.2 jneP tesmO kepsA iraD nagnabmekreP kepsorP nalau ............. 82

.3 ahasU abaL iraD nagnabmekreP kepsorP ................................ 92

.F uluhadreT naitileneP ................................ ................................ ..... 92

NAITILENEP EDOTEM III BAB

.A sineJ P naitilene ................................ ................................ ............ 13

.B kejbO nad kejbuS P naitilene ................................ ........................ 13

.C naitileneP utkaW nad isakoL ................................ ....................... 23

.D nad sineJ rebmuS ataD ................................ ................................ 23

.E isinifeD ,naitileneP lebairaV aynnarukugneP nad ,lanoisarepO .... 33

.F ataD nalupmugneP kinkeT ................................ ........................... 43

.G ataD sisilanA kinkeT ................................ ................................ ... 43

MUMU NARABMAG VI BAB

.A harajeS iristA kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU takgniS ...................... 73

.B iristA kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU nagnabmekreP ........................ 93

.C ahasU isakoL ................................ ................................ ................ 04

.D isasinagrO rutkurtS ................................ ................................ ...... 34

.E P iristA kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU lifor ................................ ...... 44


iiix

NASAHABMEP NAD ATAD SISILANA V BAB

.A naitileneP lebairaVispirkseD ................................ ........................ 74

.1 taD ispirkseD iskudorP ayaiB a ................................ ................ 74

.2 nalaujneP tesmO ataD ispirkseD ................................ ............ 25

.3 pirkseD ahasU abaL ataD is ................................ .................... 45

.B ataD sisilanA ................................ ................................ ............... 65

.1 iskudorP ayaiB dnerT ataD sisilanA ................................ ...... 65

.2 nalaujneP tesmO dnerT ataD sisilanA ................................ ..... 06

.3 ahasU abaL dnerT ataD sisilanA ................................ ........... 46

.C nasahabmeP ................................ ................................ ................ 86

NARAS NAD NAITILENEP ,NASATABRETEK ,NALUPMISEK IV BAB

.A nalupmiseK ................................ ................................ ................. 78

.B naitileneP nasatabreteK ................................ ............................... 79

.C naraS ................................ ................................ ........................... 81

ATSUP RATFAD AK ................................ ................................ .................... 82

NARIPMAL


1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

.A halasaM gnakaleB rataL

,amatreP .nemges 2 idajnem igabret irista kaynim rasap ,ainud iD

kududnep nahubmutrep naratnal libats gnay rasap naatnimrep fitaler

rasap ,audeK .uraB aidnaleS nad ,ailartsuA ,gnapeJ : rasap hotnoC .hadner

bmut gnay imonoke nakiabrep anerak hu gnay napudihek radnats nad

arageN .fisergorp - arageN nad rumit aporE id aragen - gnabmekreb aragen

nakapurem .hubmut suret gnay rasap hotnoc aynranebes irista kayniM

,nuad : itrepes namanat naigab iagabreb irad sesorpid gnay kaynim ,agnub

paugnem hadum tafisreb irista kayniM .gnapmir uata raka ,gnatab ,haub

asar ,ignaw amorareb ,isisopmoked imalagnem apnat ramak uhus adap

id gnajnap akgnaj ismusnok isnetoP .kinagro turalep malad tural nad ,riteg

lesek araces hubmut gnades gnay rasap takgnit ihibelem naka nahuru

aragen - fitaler irista kaynim kepsorp naikimed nagneD .irtsudni aragen

.sugab .XIXXX/8002 rebmevon iside 864 .on SUBURT( .irisA kayniM )

irad libmaid gnay atad nakrasadreB kitsitatS tasuP nadaB nuhat

8002 - agnabmekrep gnatnet 0102 ke n s rasebes atad helorepid kaynim rop

alap ,%62 ignaw heres ,%62 ignaw raka ,%76 agnanek ,%46 malin kutnu

nupikseM .ainud ropske irad %9,0 adal nad ,%4,0 ehaj ,%36 hikgnec ,%27

ada aynnaataynek ipatet ,ainud irista kaynim kosamep lanekret aisenodnI

lmujes id aguj gnay irista kaynim ha gnay irista kaynim lahadap ,ropmi

irikgnupid kadit gnameM .aisenodnI id iskudorpid tapad uti ropmi


2

nagned kutnebret ialum hadus irista kaynim nagniluynep artnes aparebeb

isniporp 6 tatacret aynkadites ,malin ajas tubeS .salej tasup idajnem

irtsudni ,ainud alaks malaD .irista kaynim iskudorp nad namananep

halada irista kaynim rasebret ritropske ,aisA id tasupreb ini irista kaynim

.aisenodnI

aisenodnI id nakgnagadrepid nad gnilusid gnay irista kayniM

erak ,aynsinej magareb tagnas gnay siport haread id katelret aisenodnI an

aparebeB .irista kaynim gnudnagnem gnay namanat ihubmutid kaynab

anadnec kaynim ,sinam uyak kaynim ,malin kaynim halada aynaratnaid

)doowladnas( ,sada kaynim ,hitup uyak kaynim ,agnanek agnub kaynim ,

ares kaynim .ehaj kaynim halada rihkaret gnay nad italem kaynim ,i

irad( ayugajal kaynim halada lanekid ialum inik gnay irista kayniM

ehaj namanat - iagabes tubesid gnay naehaj sisneccalaM ainiplA namanaT .)

kaynab inik ipatet ,nakitahrepid utigeb kadit alumes tubesret anerak iracid

,uti nialeS .nakgnagadrepid ialum ayngnapmir nagniluynep lisah kaynim

aynhalmuJ .aynnial kaynim sinej aparebeb nad sukumek kaynim alup ada

gnay irista kaynim lisahgnep kaynab hisam anerak habmatreb nikames

.urab

a kaynim sinej habmanep nialeS edotem ,nakgnagadrepid gnay irist

halasam aynada anerak isakifidom nakukalid kaynab nup nagniluynep

gnisam tafiS .nakanugid gnay ukab nahab tafis nagned natiakreb gnay -

aggnihes laudividni nad magareb tagnas gnamem ukab nahab gnisam

gnisam - iaynupmem gnisam .iridnes aynnahacemep arac nad nalaosrep


3

arac nagned iskudorp malad nakukalid gnay isakifidoM egareulfne sesorp(

gnarakeS .)ajrek aganet nad utkaw kaynab nakulremem gnay iskudorp

kaynab nakulremem kadit gnay iskudorp sesorp ek gnabmekreb hadus

et nad utkaw isanibmok arac nagned iskudorp sesorp inkay ,ajrek agan

.isalitsed nad iskarf aud nahasimep inkay iskudorp sesorp nakapurem

halipid ehaj gnapmir mulebeS - raga nakrucnahid uluhad hibelret halip

arf aud sesorp ,ehaj malad gnudnakret gnay tubares irad sabebret ini isk

aud malad ,ehaj nagnudnak irad ria nad irista kaynim narupmac irad iridret

kaynim anerak rupmacret tapad kadit ria nad kaynim aratna ini esaf

nakanuggnem nagned hasipid aynaudeK .ria malad tural kadit gnamem

hasimep uata isaresam gnubat uata gnoroc .)55 : 0102 hayidrameosneoK( .

ehaj sapma nagniluynep adap sukof silunep ini naitilenep malaD

.ehaj irista kaynim apureb aynlisah gnay i naaarebeK aggnat hamur irtsudn

gnay gnuggnameT netapubaK ,tarusgnirP natamaceK id ada ini taas adap

gnay kaynab tagnas iskudorpmem irista kaynim ehaj aguj ada ipatet

nahabmat iagabes hekgnec kaynim iskudorpmem gnay takaraysam

.akerem agraulek natapadnep A irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu aynad

anerak uggnagret asarem kadit ratikes takaraysam ,ini ehaj ahasu iges irad

d gnay aloleki kaynim idajnem ehaj sapma halognem narepreb ini ahasu

nad ahasugnep igab taafnamreb naklisahid gnay habmil aggnihes irista

haloid hadus gnay ehaj sapma nad ehaj laujnem nagned ratikes takaraysam

agniluynep ahasu aynada nagneD .irista kaynim idajnem takaraysam ini n

tuki nad ahasu nakgnabmegnem atres narepreb tuki tapad aguj ratikes


4

.ini nagniluynep ahasu malad lidna irista kayniM akrasapid kaynab ek n

rogoB nad atrakaJ ehaj irista kaynim lupegnep ini irista kaynim nemusnok ,

kapurem gnay hagneT awaJ id idaJ .atrakaJ id irista kaynim ritropske na

naidumek gnay lupegnep arap halada ehaj irista kaynim ilebmep

.rogoB nad atrakaJ ek ini ehaj irista kaynim nakrasamem ahasu malaD

adap nakpadahid aggnat hamur irtsudni ,narasamep natakgninep

b nagned nahalasamrep um kayna irista kaynim nagniluynep aynlucn id

al haread s ,ni id tatek gnay nagniasrep naklubminem aggnihe malad

.ahasu ainud nagniasrep halada ini irista kaynim ahasu gniaseP

.naragnU id irista kaynim nagniluynep nagnagadrep nad iskudorp malaD

,irista kaynim halada aynutas halas ,halasam aparebeb iapmujid kaynab

aynah isatabid ayniskudorp numan ,satabret kadit gnay rasap naatnimrep

5- anerak idajret tubesret iskudorp emulov nasatabmep ,nalub rep not 6

ukab nahab nasatabretek aynada . bes iskudorp iapacnem kutnU 5 rase - not 6

gnuggnameT netapubaK id ehaj kaynim nagniluynep ahasu ,uti nalub rep

nega araP .ukab nahab kosamep nega nagned amasajrekeb hadus ini

nesek ehaj ukab nahab ilebmem tubesret art - itrepes ,umaj ahasu artnes

J umaJ“ ,oloS id ”ignaW ehaJ” oga ” ameS id .gnar gniasep aynada nagneD

surah ”harbmamuS DU‘ irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu ini naragnU id

ehaJ“ naahasurep id ehaj sapma ukab nahab nalibmagnep igabmem

ignaW ” igabid surah tapadid gnay ukab nahab nakosap aggniheS .oloS id

nay nagniluynep ahasu nagned .naragnU id ada g aynnataubmep sesorP

ek awab id nad nakgnirekid ehaj irad sapma nalibmagnep irad lawareb


5

gnay ritropske adapek aynkaynim laujnem naidumek ,nagniluynep tapmet

aynada irad gnutnagret aguj ukab nahab naaidesrep uti niales ,aynatnimem

b ,acauc haub ibmu naklisahgnem kaynab naka akam najuhgnep misum ali

nahubmutrep akam gnirek misum alib aynkilabes ,kaynab gnay ehaj

nial nahalasamreP .ria taz nagnarukek anerak tabmahret naka aynibmu

grah halada irista kaynim gnagadep nad nesudorp adap lubmit gnay a

,fitautkulf tagnas gnay irista kaynim p kutnu igolonket nataafname

nanurut kudorp naklisahgnem ratna isasinomrah nad ,iggnit ialinreb gnay

ahasu ukalep .ada gnay halasam isatagnem tapad nakparahid

ulales MKU aisenodnI id imonoke nanugnabmep malaD

rabmagid anerak ,gnitnep narep iaynupmem gnay rotces iagabes nak

pudih nad hadner nakididnepreb aynkududnep halmuj raseb naigabes

.nredom nupuam lanoisidart rotkesid kiab licek ahasu nataigek malad

nanugnabmep malad sigetarts tagnas gnay narep iaynupmem MKU

imonoke lisah naubirtsidnep amaturet ajrek aganet napareynep nad - lisah

nakamatuid gnay naigab idajnem tubesret MKU nareP .nanugnabmep

nemetraped aud helo alolekid gnay napahat naanacnerep paites malad

: utiay

.a nagnagadrep nad nairtsudnireP nametrapeD

.b K nametrapeD MKU nad isarpo

hagnenem licek ahasu aynada nagneD irtsudni emoh kaynim nagniluynep

ratikes takaraysam agraw tanim kiranem upmam aynnaadarebek irista


6

nual tabmal anerak ,ini ahasu malad nujret karegret kutnu aynkepsorp

anem upmam nialeS .nakijnajnem nikames ,takaraysam agraw tanim kir

malad fitisop narep iaynupmem aguj ini irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu

naka aynitnan gnay ehaj sapma nalibmagnep inkay ,habmil nataafnamep

MKU aynada nagned aggniheS .ehaj irista kaynim idajnem sesorpid

irista kaynim nagniluynep tarusgnirP : natamaceK ,tigniP ased id ehaj ,

ini gnuggnameT : netapibaK yrtsudni emoh 3 gnutihret hadus ada gnay

,naragnU haread : utiay ehaj irista kaynim iskudorpmem gnay haread

.gnarameS nad tigniP

luynep ahasu nagnabmekrep malad lebairav aparebeb adA nagni

ayaib duskam id gnay ,iskudorp ayaib kepsa aynaratnaid ,ini irista kaynim

halada iskudorp itupilem naahasurep helo nakraulekid gnay ayaib latot

kirtsil , ajrek aganet ,isatropsnart ,rakab nahab ,ukab nahab : ayaib ayaib

ynep ,nisem natawarep ,ria nad .utnetret nuhat utas amales nisem natusu

V iges irad tahilid halada audek gnay lebaira nalaujnep tesmo , gnay lah

adap nakitahrepid ulrep kaynim nalaujnep lisah halada nalaujnep tesmo

.utnetret nuhat utas amales irista S halada agitek gnay lebairav nakgnade

l naahasurep helorepid gnay oturb nagnutnuek latot nakapurem ahasu aba

utnetret nuhat utas utkaw malad gnakaleb ratal iagabreb irad kujureM .

ini naitilenep nakadagnem nigni silunep akam ,sata id nahalasamrep

GNILUYNEP AHASU NAGNABMEKREP KEPSORP“ luduj nagned NA

,ISKUDORP AYAIB KEPSA IRAD UAJNIT ID IRISTA KAYNIM

NAD NALAUJNEP TESMO AHASU ABAL 7002 NUHAT - .”1102


7

.B halasaM nasataB

adap isatabmam aynah silunep ,itiletid gnay nahalasamrep iraD

ahasu malad ahasu abal nad nalaujnep tesmo ,iskudorp ayaib kepsa

niluynep netapubaK ,tarusgnirP natamaceK id irista kaynim nag

.gnuggnameT

.C halasaM nasumuR

.1 anamiagaB kepsorp irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep

iskudorp ayaib kepsa irad uajnitid 7002 nuhat - 1102 ?

.2 anamiagaB ta kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep kepsorp iris

id 7002 nuhat nalaujnep tesmo kepsa irad uajnit - 1102 ?

.3 anamiagaB kepsorp irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep

id 7002 nuhat ahasu abal nahelorep irad uajnit - 1102 ?

.D lanoisarepO isinifeD

.1 iskudorp ayaiB ep helo nakraulekid gnay ayaib latot halada naahasur

itupilem gnay nuhat 1 utkaw akgnaj malad irista kaynim nagniluynep

ayaib - ,isatropsnart ayaib ,rakab nahab ayaib ,ukab nahab ayaib : ayaib

nisem natusuynep ayaib ,nisem natawarep ayaib ,ria nad kirtsil ayaib

.haipur malad ,ajrek aganet ayaib nad

.2 mO nalaujnep tes nakapurem irista kaynim nalaujnep lisah utas amales

.haipur malad nakataynid utnetret nuhat


8

.3 helorepid gnay oturb nagnutnuek latot nakapurem ahasu abaL

.haipur malad nakataynid utnetret nuhat utas utkaw malad naahasurep

.E naitileneP naujuT

adeB akam ,sata id nakakumekid halet gnay nahalasamrep nasumur nakras

:halada ini naitilenep irad iapacid nigni gnay naujut

.1 nagnabmekrep kepsorp iuhategnem kutnU ahasu kaynim nagniluynep

irista 7002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib kepsa irad uajnitid - .1102

.2 hategnem kutnU nagnabmekrep kepsorp iu ahasu kaynim nagniluynep

irista 7002 nalaujnep tesmo kepsa irad uajnitid - .1102

.3 nagnabmekrep kepsorp iuhategnem kutnU ahasu kaynim nagniluynep

irista 7002 nuhat ahasu abal irad uajnitid - .1102

.F naitileneP taafnaM

rahid naitilenep utauS uata fitisop kapmad utaus awabmam naka nakpa

ini naitilenep malad akam ,utnetret kahip igab anugreb gnay taafnam

kahip aparebeb kutnu fitisop kapmad awabmem tapad parahreb silunep

: utiay

.1 ahasU igaB

P fni nahabmat nakirebmem tapad nakaparahid ini naitilene isamro

hakgnal nakutnenem malad - nasutupek malad tapet gnay hakgnal

dap isatsevni .awarabmA id irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu a


9

.2 aynnial simedaka nagnalak igaB

P tapad atres isamrofni nakirebmem tapad nakparahid ini naitilene

idnabmep nahab iagabes nakanugid .ayntujnales naitilenep kutnu gn

.3 silunep igaB

P megnem kutnu anugreb ini naitilene nakgnab ahasu nagniluynep

irista kaynim .gnatad naka gnay asam id


01

II BAB

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT

.A A kayniM nataafnameP nad ispirkseD irist

m nakapurem irista kayniM ad helorepid gnay kayni gnatab ,nuad ir

gnabac nad irad iridret naklisahid gnay kayniM .nagniluynep arac nagned

itrepes iggnit hidid kititreb nenopmok ,neluohctap ,lohocla iluohctap

nelifoirak nad loneluohctap non ignep taz iagabes isgnufreb gnay tak

turuneM .)2002( haysnamoR halada inis id itilet ayas gnay irista kayniM

tapadret gnay irista kayniM.)regnig( ehaj malad tapadret gnay kaynim

ehaj haub adap uti anerak helo ,kiabret gnay halada ehaj naigab nakapurem

gnitnepret namanat irad agrahreb nad aliB . nhaub d ay ,naksulahid/sameri

kaynab nakbabeynem gnay inI .sahk nad murah uab raulek naka akam

anosidart araces ased takaraysam nahab iagabes aynnaktaafnamem l

tabo nad puris ,nanakam narupmac - .natbo

ehaj irista kayniM iagabes gnusgnal araces nakanugid tapad

ufrap ,nubas irtsudni ,teprak ,naiakap ,nanunet ,gnadneles adap ,m

kaynim iskarf ,uti nialeS.ignawep iagabes aynnial nad ,apud ,kitemsok

irad nahacep uata licek naigab nakapurem irista kaynim iskarf ,ehaj irista

ehaj kaynim ignep taz iagabes nakanugid kaynab aguj taz )fitaskif( tak

l ignawep ehaj irista kaynim anerak aynnia iggnit gnay hidid kitit ikilimem

gnay irtsudnI.paugnem hadum kadit aggnihes kaynim iskarf nakanuggnem

ehaj irista ,nagnaur ignawep( mufrap irtsudni aynaratnaid ,xihpesor

evitaxif yarps ,engoloc , nial nad - tabo irtsudni ;)nial - ,tiluk tabo( natabo


11

bo )aynnial nad ,nadab uab itna ta anakam irtsudni talkoc( namunim nad n

,itor ,namunim ,nemrep nad nad nad knird tfos )aynnial . gnadib ada iniK

rtsudni utiay ,irista kaynim naanuggnep igab akubret gnay urab i

.iparetamora nakanugid aynah kadit irista kaynim ,iparetamora malaD

ipatet ,umaj uata tabo naidnes nataubmep adap uab irebmep nahab iagabes

nakapurem iridnes uti irista kaynim anerak amatu nahab iagabes aguj

taisak iaynupmem gnay iparet malad amatu nahab nakhubmeynem kutnu

tikaynep .)0102 ,haidrameosneoK(

irisita kaynim lisahgnep iagabes nakanugid tapad gnay namanaT

: )0002 ,asotnaS( aynaratnaid

.a ( ehaJ )CSOR ealaniciffO rebigniZ

ukus kusamret ehaj namanaT eaecarebigniZ . gnay namanat naigaB

alada nakanugid kaynim gnudnagnem ehaj gnapmir ,ayngnapmir h

sadep taz anerak sadep asaret kadit ipatet ,sadep uabreb gnay irista

tuki kadit gnay awaynes utaus utiay ,loregnig adap katelret tubesret

.lohokla malad tural anerak irista kaynim amasreb gnilusret nialeS

anugid malad nakanugid aguj ehaj kaynim ,amora iagabes nak

.kosog kaynim nataubmep

gnologret irista kaynim iagabes nakanugid tapad gnay ehaj namanaT

: aynaratnaid namanat sinej 2 idajnem

)1 )tirpmE ehaJ( licek hitup ehaJ

gnay gnapmir naruku nagned iadnatid ini ehaJ irogetak kusamret

tubmel taresreb ,hitup anrawreB .hipip kaga kutneb nagned gnades


21

naktaafnamid aynmumu adap ini ehaJ .majat amorareb nad

.namunim nad nanakam nahab iagabes

)2 hareM ehaJ

,licek gnay gnapmir naruku nagned iadnatid itnus uata harem ehaJ

nrawreb ,rasak taresreb ,aggnij harem a asareb atres amorareb

naktaafnamid aynmumu adap harem ehaJ .)sadep( majat tagnas

tabo ukab nahab iagabes - .natabo

.b ( italeM )TIA cabmaS munimsaJ

kaynim libmaid gnay naigab ,ecaecaelo kusamret italem namanaT

nub halada aynirista italem agnuB.rakem gnades gnay italem ag

iaynupmam italem agnub ,murah tagnas uabreb nad hitup anrawreb

helo ria pau helo submetid rakus aggnihes labet gnay raul nasipal

nakhutubmem utnet nad naklisahid gnay irista kaynim uti anerak

alumeS .amal gnay utkaw aynagnub irad libmaid italem kaynim

arac nagned egarulfne gnarakes nakparetid rakus ini arac ipatet ,

esorP .kaynab pukuc gnay aganet nakhutubmem anerak s agnub ayn

sabebret aynirista kaynim aggnihes uluhad hibelret nakrucnahid italem

gnay ria pau nad raulek kayniM .raulek paugnem aynawabmem naka

.ainud id lahamret kaynim kusamret ini

.c ( alaP )ttuoH snargarF acitsiryM

ainud narasap id nakgnagadrepid gnay alap irad libmaid gnay lisaH

ukab nahab nakapurem nagniluynep lisah irad alap kaynim ,ijib halada

o irtsudni tab - .mufrap nad ,nubas nataubmep ,natabo


31

.d ( sinaM uyaK )ppsmumomanniC

tiluk ,nahad nad gnatab tiluk halada sinam uyak amatu lisaH

.umaj amaturet ,lanoisidart tabo narupmac kutnu nakanugid ayngnatab

aanuggneP .tagnah nad sinam ,murah amorareb aynirista kayniM aynn

tapad gnay ayntafis anerak )kosog tabo( raul tabo iagabes nial aratna

iossam tiluk irad lasareb gnay kayniM .tiluk naktagnahgnem

.iparetamora iagabes naidumek gnay notkal kaynab gnudnagnem

.e rawaM

( rawam namanaT acilag asoR uata asor amret )nial seiseps ukus kus

eaesasor atokham halada aynirista kaynim libmaid gnay naigaB .

naklisahgnem aguj murah tagnas uabreb gnay agnub atokhaM .agnub

irista kaynim radak ,ayngnayaS .murah uabreb gnay irista kaynim

ner aggnihes hadner tagnas rawam agnub atokham nuad malad nemed

gnay nagniluynep ,uti anerak helO .licek tagnas nup aynnagniluynep

nagniluynep lisah ria aynitra ,isabohok edotem nagned nakukalid

rawam kayniM .audek isrop gniluynep ria iagabes nakanugid amatrep

am gnay kaynim kusamret ,italem kaynim aynlah itrepes aynagrah lah

.lanoisanretni narasapid

.f ( anadneC )NNIL mubla mulatnas

ukus kusamreT .eaecalatnas .aynuyak halada nakanugid gnay naigaB

irista kayniM sah nariaC .murah uabreb gnay nariac apureb isalitsed li

k kitemsok nenopmok iagabes nakanugid kaynab tubesret breb anera ua

kitpesitna tafisreb nad murah narupmac malad nakanugid kiab atres ,


41

kaynim nakapurem ini nagniluynep lisah kayniM .tawarej itna mirk

.narasapid aynagrah iggnit pukuc gnay irista

.g ( agnaneK )mutarodo muignanac

ta kaynim libmaid gnay namanat naigaB .aynagnub halada ayniris

nakanugid kaynab gnay irista kaynim iaynupmem agnanek agnuB

gnitnep narep iaynupmem ini kayniM .akitemsok yrtsudni malad

.gnanenep iagabes huragnepreb anerak iparetamora malad

.h ( maliN )monetsogoP

lasareb aynirista kaynim ukab nahaB nuad irad - hadus gnay nuad

malin kaynim ropskegnep aganet nakapurem aisenodnI .aut pukuc

gnay satilauk iaynupmem aisenodnI malin nad raseb gnilap gnay

.mufrap rupmacnep iagabes nakanugiD .ignanesid gnilap

.i ( ignaW rakA )reviteV

aka namanat nagnolog nakapureM r- amas ripmah ini namanaT .naraka

.gnabmolegreb kaga aynnuad riggnip aynah ,iares namanat nagned

rakA .aynraka halada kaynim iskudorp nakanugid gnay naigaB

.murah uabreb gnay irista kaynim gnudnagnem tubesret namanat

.j iareS

aynim libmaid gnay namanat naigaB naigab( nuad halada aynirista k

malad nakanugid kaynab aynirista kaynim )hanat sata id namanat

kutnu mufrap aynlasim ,aggnat hamur tala uata kitemsok narupmac

nakanugid kiab tagnas iares kayniM .icuc nubas uata idnam nubas

.kumayn risugnep tabo iagabes


51

.B kaF iristA kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU nagnabmekreP kepsorP rot

.1 iskudorP ayaiB kepsA

( iskudorp ayaiB tsoc noitcudorp gnay naraulegnep halada )

naka gnay iskudorp helorepmem kutnu naahasurep nakukalid

gnarab nakatpicnem kutnu nakanugid - nakiskudorpid gnay gnarab

S( tapad naahasurep paites nakraulekid gnay ayaiB .)7002 ,onosramu

.tisilpmi ayaib nad tisilpske ayaib utiay ,sinej aud idajnem nakadebid

gnay naahasurep naraulegnep naraulegnep halada tisilpske ayaiB

d iskudorp naktapadnem kutnu gnau nagned narayabmep apureb na

sokgno( tisilpmi ayaib nakgnadeS.nakhutubid gnay hatnem nahab

iskudorp padahret naraulegnep ayaib nariskat halada )iynubmesret

.)5002 ,onrikuS( iridnes uti naahasurep helo ikilimid gnay

akgnaj aud nakadebid iskudorp ayaib isilanagnem malad iD

tiay utkaw .gnajnap utkaw akgnaj nad kednep utkaw akgnaj u ayaiB

kadit iskudorp naigabes akitek utkaw akgnaj halada kednep akgnaj

.aynhalmuj habmatid tapad halada gnajnap akgnaj ayaib nakgnadeS

nahaburep imalagnem tapad iskudorp aumes anamid utkaw akgnaj

02 ,onrikuS( aumes ,gnajnap akgnaj naanacnerep edoirep adaP .)50

tapad iskudorp nad )lebairav( aynalaks habuid tapad iskudorp tupni

aynnataigek naktakgnitid tapad iskudorp sesorP .nahaburep imalagnem

ayaib haburem tapad nesudorp nad ayniskudorp rasebrepmem nagned

udorp .)7002 ,onosramuS( aynpatet isk


61

malad nakulrepid gnay kednep akgnaj iskudorp ayaiB

gnay naigab aud idajnem nakadebid tapad kudorp utaus naklisahgnem

sinej nad latot ayaib amatrep - : irad iridret latot ayaib sinej ,tsoc latot

lebairav latot ,tsoc dexif latot ,tsoc atar ayaib audek gnay - nad atar

: irad iridret lanijram ,tsoc lebairav egareva ,tsoc dexif egareva

,tsoc egareva nad tsoc lanigram .)5002 ,onrikuS(

gnay ayaib hurules halada )CT( latot ayaib/tsoc latoT

ayaiB .gnarab utaus iskudorpmem malad nakraulekid utaus latot

naahasurep naruku adap gnutnagret kednep akgnaj malad naahasurep

takgnit adap nad tuptuo .iskudorpid gnay tsoc latoT irad tapadid

.lebairav ayaib nad patet ayaib nakhalmujnem /tsoc dexif latoT ayaib

urah gnay patet ayaib halada )CFT( latot patet nupualaw nakraulekid s

raseb gnay ayaib halada ini ayaiB .iskudorpreb kadit naahasurep

.naklisahid gnay kudorp halmuj helo ihuragnepid aynlicek latoT

atar habureb ayaibi/tsoc lebairav - )CVT( atar gnay ayaib halada

k raseb nad iskudorpreb alibapa nakraulekid adap gnutnagret aynlice

.iskudorpid gnay gnarab ayntikides kaynab gnarab kaynab nikameS

id gnay aguj utigeb raseb nikames aynlebairav ayaib iskudorp

.aynkilabes


71

iskudorP ayaiB

………………………

....................

0 iskudorp halmuJ

nirkuS : rebmuS 5002 ,o

/tsoc dexif egarevA atar patet ayaib - ayaib halada )CFA( atar

.)Q( iskudorpid gnay gnarab halmuj nagned igabid )CFT( latot patet

/lebairav egarevA atar habureb ayaib - gnay ayaib halada )CVA( atar

halmujes igab id )CT( latot ayaib nagned gnutihid tapad gnay gnarab

.)Q( iskudorpid /tsoc lanigraM nahabmat halada )CM( lanigram ayaib

.iskudorp tinu utas nahabmat anerak nakbabesid gnay ayaib

ataR pateT ayaiB rabmaG - ataR habureb ayaiB ,atar - nad ,atar

ataR latoT ayaib - .atar

iskudorp ayaiB

CA

CFA

0 iskudorp halmuj

931 ;3002 ,osraliG ,rebmuS

CA=CVA - CPA

CFT

CFT

CVTC

CT


81

.2 nalaujneP tesmO

nalaujneP )gnilles( laujneM .laujnem sesorp aynitra )elas(

utnetret agrah nagned ilebmep adapek utauses nakhareynem halada

alaujnep irad lisah nakrabmaggnem nalaujneP .)7002 ,nirafaN( n

edoirep utas amales nanaggnal uata ilebmep adapek asaj/gnarab

imalagnem kadit naahasurep ragA .)2002 ,gnallunaM( utnetret

akam asaj/gnarab iskudorpmem kaynab ulalret anerak naigurek

nakamanid uata nalaujnep aynraseb nakarikrepmem surah naahasurep

nagned sativitka sesorp halada lauj nalamaR .lauj nalamar

malad gnatadnem asamid laujid naka gnay kudorp nakarikrepmem

nikgnum uata idajret hanrep gnay atad taub id nad utnetret naadaek

araces nakukalid tapad lauj nalamar taubmem kinkeT .idajret naka

d fitatilauk .)7002 ,nirafaN( aynnaudek nagnubag uata fitatitnauk na

naknakenem nagned nakukalid tapad fitatitnauk nalamaR

nakrasadreB.nalaujnep aganet arap irad nailhaek nad nagnabmitrep

helo nakukalid naahasurep amatu naggnalep irad lamrofni yevrus

.nalaujnep naigab nit fitukeske nagnabmitrep nakanuggneM sata takg

m ,uti naahasurep malad ilha gnay gnaro ,rakap arap tapadnep atnime

.nalauj naklamarem kutnu nagnabmitrep iatnimid namalagnepreb nad

.nemusnok itilenem nagned nakukalid nemusnok ievruS

ppad fitatitnauk nalamaR gnay edotem 4 nagned nakukalid ta

rulaj aratnemes nasutupek itrepes kudorp inil sisilana halada amatrep

naka gnay amal kudorp rulaj ,naklanekrepid naka gnay urab kudorp


91

nagned satilibaborp isubirtsid edoteM .urabret isavoni nad supahid

sairav riskanem arac ialin nakutnenem ulal laujid naka gnay kudorp i

dnert sisilanA .satilibaborp d .kitsitats edotem nakanuggnem iserger na

nagned amas nalaujnep irad lisah alib gnabmies nalaujnep tezmO

uata iskudorp kutnu nakraulekid gnay ayaib .tnioP nevE kaerB tapaD

lorepid /latot ayaib anamid he tsoc latot nagned amas latot

/eunever naahasurep ini naadaek malaD .)RT=CT( latot naamirenep

.igur uata gnutnu imalagnem kadit helorepmem naahasurep aliB

kutnu nakraulekid gnay ayaib irad aynhalmuj licek hibel nalaujnep

trareb iskudorp .)RT>CT( naigurek imalagnem naahasurep i nakgnadeS

.gnutnu imalagnem naahasurep halada idajret gnay akam )RT>CT( alib

tapadnem utiay naahasurep paites naknigniid gnay ini itrepes isidnoK

rasebes abal - .aynraseb

iguR ,PEB ,gnutnU 1.II rabmaG

PR RT

CT

)RT<CT( gnutnU

)CT=RT( PEB

)RT>CT( iguR

0 Q

3002 ,osraliG : rebmuS


02

.3 ahasU abaL

sesorpmem gnay metsis utaus iagabes gnadnapid tapad naahasureP

ahasureb naahasureP .naraulek naklisahgnem kutnu nakusam

lek naklisahgnem ialin adapirad iggnit hibel aynialin gnay narau

helorepid gnay abal nagneD .abal naklisahgnem raga aynnakusam

nad aynpudih nagnusgnalek naknahatrepmem tapad naahasurep

.aynirid nakgnabmegnem

l naitregnep aparebeb tukireB aba : ilha arap turunem

l naitregneP ahasu aba nakataynem 2002 ,osrameoS turunem : awhab

atames helorepid gnay abal halada ahasu abaL“ - nataigek irad atam

.”naahasurep amatu

hamejretid gnay noskirdneH turuneM 0002 ,onojrawuS helo nak

: awhab

amid ,ayaib nad natapadnep irad hisiles halada abaL” halmuj an

.”ayaib adap irad raseb hibel natapadnep

J turunem nakgnadeS 3002 ,naynamarbuS RK ,dliW : awhab

ignarukid haletes nagnutnuek nad natapadnep hisiles nakapurem abaL“

sativitka narukugnep utas halas nakapurem abaL .naigurek nad nabeb

hid nad isarepo .”laurka isnatnuka rasad sata nakrasadreb gnuti

abal awhab nalupmisek kiratid tapad akam sataid isinifed nakrasadreB

( natapadnep hurules aratna hisiles halada eunever nabeb nad )

( esnepxe nakapurem abaL .isnatnuka edoirep utaus malad idajret gnay )

ek utaus helo amiretid kayal gnay nagnutnuek uata natapadnep nahibel


12

nanabrognep nakukalem halet tubesret naahasurep anerak ,naahasurep

abal isamrofnI .utnetret utkaw akgnaj adap nial nagnitnepek kutnu

birtnok iuhategnem kutnu nakulrepid ib iputunem malad kudorp isu aya

iskudorp non

( abal.cod.5ludom/50/0102/selif/di.ca.bu.erutcel.aivonaid.www ahasu

.a sineJ - abaL sineJ

neM 2002 ,onosrameoS turu sinej - : irad iridret abal sinej

.1 lada hisreb abaL nabeb sata natapadnep hibel hisiles ha - nabeb

irad lasareb gnay ladom sata hisreb nakianek nakapurem nad

.ahasu nataigek

.2 agrah nagned hisreb nalaujnep aratna hisiles halada oturB abaL

.nalaujnep kokop

.3 abeb irad hisreb abal isalumuka halmuj halada ahasu abaL n

atames helorepid gnay abal halada ahasu abal uata ahasu - atam

.naahasurep amatu nataigek irad

.4 haubes irad hisreb abal isalumuka halmuj halada nahatiD abaL

.nakukalid gnay abal isubirtsid ignarukid satabret naoresrep

.b abaL isakifisalK

kifisalkid tapad abaL : utiay amatu isnemid aud nakrasadreb nakisa

.1 isareponoN nad isarepO nenopmoK

adap gnutnagreb amaturet isareponon nad isarepo isakifisalK

tubesret sop hakapa utiay ,nabeb uata natapadnep rebmus


22

isarepo irad lasareb - hisam gnay naahasurep isarepo

gnusgnalreb abal ,)naanadnep( isatsevni sativitka irad uata

abal narukugnep utaus nakapurem ,)emocnI gnitarepo( isarepo

hisam gnay isarepo sativitka irad lasareb gnay naahasurep

.gnusgnalreb

N abaL isarepo no ,emocnI gnitareponoN hurules pukacnem

ret gnay abal nenopmok .isarepo abal malad pukac

.2 gnalureb kadit nad gnalureb nenopmoK

gnutnagreb amaturet gnalureb kadit nad gnalureb isakifisalK

utas aynah uata idajret suret naka tubesret sop hakapa adap

.ilak

.c rotkaF - abaL ihuragnepmeM gnaY rotkaF

rotkaF - uragnepmem gnay rotkaf 1002 ,idayluM turunem abal ih

:utiay

.1 ayaiB

kudorp utaus halognem uata nahelorep irad lubmit gnay ayaiB

gnay kudorp lauj agrah ihuragnepmem naka asaj uata

.natukgnasreb

.2 lauJ agraH

aynraseb ihuragnepmem naka asaj uata kudorp lauj agraH

udorp nalaujnep emulov .natukgnasreb gnay asaj uata k


32

.3 iskudorP naD nalaujneP emuloV

emulov padahret huragnepreb nalaujnep emulov aynraseB

iskudorp emulov ayntujnales ,tubesret asaj uata kudorp

.iskudorp ayaib aynlicek raseb ihuragnepmem naka iskudorp

.d abaL pesnoK

irdneH turuneM nesk 4002 , iagabreb irad iridret abal pesnok

kutneb macam aynaratnaid sinej nad : halada ,

.1 imonokE abaL pesnoK

abal nad imonoke abal utiay gnitnep gnay abal narukugneP

sak sura nakapurem aynasaib ,imonoke abaL .tnenamrep

jaw ialin nahaburep nagned habmatid abal nakgnades ,avitka ra

( natujnalekreb abal tubesid ,nenamrep elbaniatsus abal uata )

( naklamronid gnay dezilamron atar nakapurem ) - libats abal atar

.rumu gnajnapes naahasurep helorepid tapad riskatid gnay

.2 isnatnukA abaL pesnoK

sadreb rukuid isnatnuka abaL .laurka isnatnuka pesnok nakra

imonoke abal kepsa kiab pukacnem israepo abal nupikseM

nakapurem nakub ini abal numan ,nenamrep abal nupuam

.gnusgnal araces abal narukugnep


42

.C iristA kayniM nagniluyneP sesorP

d ialumid ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep sesorP esaf aparebeb ira

.nagniluynep ,lisah nahalognep ,nenaP aynaratnaid .)5002 ,nanidraK(

.a nenaP

kudorp uata naujut adap gnutnagret raseb hitup ehaj nenap utkaW

ehaj apureb nakngniid gnay rihka kudorp akij ,naknigniid gnay rihka

at haletes nakukalid nenap ,aut 9 rumureb naman - haletes nalub 01

nad amah gnaresret kadit nad kiab nagned arahilepid akiJ .manat

52 raseb hitup ehaj gnapmir lisah ,tikaynep - nad licek hitup ehaj ,not 03

01 gnisam gnisam gnapmir naklisahgnem naka harem ehaj - .not 02

.b lisah nahalogneP

apahaT ,nasirignep ,naicucnep ,naritroynep itupilem ehaj nahalognep n

gnapmir nenapid haleteS .nanapmiynep nad ,nasamegnep nagniregnep

nenap ehaJ .lepmenem gnay nial narotok nad hanat irad nakhisrebid

2 amales uluhad hibelret madmerid - sorp hadumrepmem kutnu maj 3 se

,akulret gnapmir iapmas nagnaj naicucnep sesorp amaleS .naicucnep

id uata irahatam kiret hawab id nakgnirekid nad naksiritid naidumek

53 uhus nagned gnirek iapmas nevo malad - nasiri gnirek haleteS .C 54

asib uata rucnahgnep nisem nagned nakrucnahid ehaj .kubmutid aguj

irista kaynim raga ,nagniluynep sesorp hadumrepmem kutnu ini laH

.nagniluynep letak iulalem ria pau awabret hadum hibel


52

.c nagniluyneP

kayniM .gnirek ehaj gniluynem arac nagned taubid ehaj irista kayniM

im nagnudnaK .paugnem hadum ehaj irista rasikreb ehaj irista kayn

7,1 - .ehaj sinej adap gnutnagret ,%8,3

.D epiT - nagniluyneP epiT

nataigek naiakgnares irad rihka sesorp nakapurem nagniluyneP

arac aparebeb adA .irista kaynim naklisahgnem kutnu namanat nahalognep

aC .nakukalid tapad gnay nagniluynep ar - gnutnagret tagnas tubesret arac

tala naaidesretek atres emulov adap - .nagniluynep isakol id gnukudnep tala

,leets sselniats nahab irad taubret aynkiabes gniluynep tala ,aynpisnirP

.hurek naka naklisahid gnay kaynim nial nahab nagned anerak nanidraK(

5002 : )

.1 suberid arac nagned nagniluyneP

kutnebreb gnay nahab kutnu nakanugid kiab ini nagniluynep araC

.agnub nad gnupet nakanugid gnay nahab ini nagniluynep adaP

.suberid ulal ria malad madnerid iulalem nakrilaid raulek gnay ria paU

)nignidnep tala( rosnednok .)isasnednok( riac idajnem raga ayntujnaleS

nakraibid gnupmatid natiac haleteS .gnipmat id tubesret nariac

gnutnagret ,kaynim nad ria naigab idajnem hasipret naka taas aparebeb

tala adap nark akubmem nagned ayntujnaleS .aynsinej tareb adap

ratna gnupmanep .nakhasipid tapad ria nad kaynim a


62

.2 sukukid arac nagned nagniluyneP

ria naakumrep sata id nakkatelid nahab ini nagniluynep metsis adaP

.nagniras sata irad utnetret karaj nagned iapmas ria isiid gnilus leteK

eS .nagniras irad huaj kadit adareb ria naakumrep irad pau ,ayntujnal

nad gnilusid naka gnay nahab iulalem rilagnem letek malad id ria

nim awabmem gnidnep rosnednok ek irista kay ni na tala naigab ,

naka ini apip ,apip haubes iulalem pau nakrilagnem gnay gniluynep

ret aggnihes ,ria isireb gnay gnubat itawelem nanignidnep sesorp idaj

gnay isasnednok lisah nariaC .)pau nariacnep( isasnednok idajret nad

,gnubat utaus adap gnupmatid ini kaynim nad ria narupmac irad iridret

sesorP .ria nad kaynim nahasimep sesorp nakukalid ayntujnales

as ini kaynim nad ria nahasimep kaynim anerak nakukalid hadum tagn

nark akubmem nagneD .ayniridnes nagned hasipret naka ria nad

.ria irad nakhasipid tapad kaynim ,gnubat gnupmanem tapad ini araC

.raseb aynnaruku gnay gnubat nakanuggnem anerak nahab kaynab

.3 kpauid nagned nagniluynep sesorP na

nahab nakkatelem nagned nakukalid gnusgnal pau nagned nagniluyneP

ek malad ek pau nakrilagnem nad nagnilus let id pau letek irad ria

arac nagned amas aynajrek pisnirP .gnilus letek hawab naigab

nay pau ,nahab ek pau nakrilagnem inkay ,aynnial nagniluynep g

aggnihes )nignidnep( ria iulalem nakrilaid )apip malad id( naklisahid

iridret gnay isasnednok sesorp lisah nariac ,isasnednok sesorp idajret

ia nagned kaynim narupmac irad .gnubat utaus malad gnupmatid r


72

gab id adareb naka kaynim tubesret gnubat malad iD anerak sata nai

akubmem nagned ayntujnaleS .ria adapirad nagnir hibel aynsinej tobob

nad nakraulekid tapad tubesret gnubat malad ria ,gnubat adap nark

.aynnagniluynep lisah kaynim aynah gnubat malad id laggnitret gnay

nahab kutnu kococ ini nagniluynep araC .kaynab pukuc gnay ukab

gnirek ehaj sapma+gnapmiR

rumejid apnaT )maj 4( rumejid nagneD

)irah 6( nagnaur malad id nagniregneP

01( nagniluyneP )maj

kaynim nahasimeP

nasamegneP

ehaj irista kayniM nakrasapid pais

1 rabmaG iD . iristA kayniM nagniluyneP sesorP rilA marga 7002 ,di.og.natped.gnabtil.orttilab.www : rebmuS

.E rikipreB akgnareK

.1 irad uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep kepsorP

iskudorp ayaib kepsa

oh ahasu nakapurem ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU em

,irtsudni yrtsudni emoh halada gnarab kudorp ahasu hamur uata aguj


82

licek naahasurep . sinej anerak licek naahasurep iagabes nakatakiD

.hamur id naktasupid ini imonoke nataigek kaynim nagniluynep ahasU

kepsa irad uajnitid ehaj irista ayaib nupmem iskudorp raga naujut iay

irista kaynim nataubmep malad naklupmukid ukab nahab lawa irad

nagniluynep sesorp aggnih tapad aynnarasamep sesorp adap iapmas

anug naknalajid gnay iskudorp sesorp ,kiab nagned naknalajid

adap iapmas irista kaynim nataubmep sesorp rukugnem narasamep

irista kaynim ,ukab nahab ayaib : itupilem nakraulekid gnay ayaiB .

ayaib ,ajrek aganet ayaib ,isatropsnart ayaib ,rakab nahab ayaib

.nisem natawarep ayaib nad ria nad irtsil ayaib ,nisem natusuynep

.2 a kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep kepsorP id irist irad uajnit

nalaujnep tesmo kepsa

ahasu nakapurem ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU emoh

yrtsudni , yrtsudni emoh halada gnarab kudorp ahasu hamur aguj uata

licek naahasurep . nakatakiD sinej anerak licek naahasurep iagabes

id ini imonoke nataigek .hamur id naktasup kaynim nagniluynep ahasU

kepsa irad uajnitid ehaj irista nalaujnep tesmo naujut iaynupmem

asaj uata gnarab nalaujnep irad lisah nakrabmaggnem nalaujnep awhab

.utnetret edoirep nuhat utas amales nanaggnal uata ilebmep adapek


92

.3 rep kepsorP nagnabmek irad uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu

kepsa ahasu abal

ahasu nakapurem ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU emoh

,irtsudni yrtsudni emoh halada gnarab kudorp ahasu hamur uata aguj

licek naahasurep . erak licek naahasurep iagabes nakatakiD sinej an

kaynim nagniluynep ahasU .hamur id naktasupid ini imonoke nataigek

aj irista ahasu abal kepsa irad uajnitid eh naitregnep iaynupmem

edoirep nuhat utas amales naahasurep helorepid gnay nagnutnuek

.utnetret

.F uluhadreT naitileneP

halet gnay naitileneP kutnu halada aynmulebes nakukalid

.malin ahasu nakayalek sisilanagnem lenep halada aynutas halaS gnay naiti

2002 ,haysnamoR nakukalid irtsudniorgA nagnabmegneP idutS gnatnet ,

.aratU aretamuS nahasA netapubaK id liceK alakS maliN kayniM naujuT

itilenep irad adap malin kaynim irtsudniorga liforp isakifitnedi utiay na

akgnit nahasA netapubaK id naasedep t nad epit nakutnenem

it malin kaynim irtsudniorga nagnabmegnep isasilanoisarepo takgn

nahasA netapubaK naasedep laisnanif nakayalek sisilanagnem nad

nagnabmegnep netapubaK id naasedep takgnit malin kaynim irtsudniorga

.nahasA ikrareiH sisilanA( PHA edotem halada nakanugid gnay edoteM

,)sesorP .laisnanif sisilana nad ,isarapmok edotem


03

atad nad remirp atad halada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay ataD

D .rednukes nairebmep ,gnusgnal natamagnep iulalem helorepid remirp ata

lupmugnep nad naahasurep rejanam nagned aracnawaw nad ,renoisiuk

rednukes atad nakgnadeS .tubesret haread id ada gnay malin kaynim

nainatreP saniD itrepes tiakret isnatsni aparebeb irad helorepid netapubaK

netapubaK nagnagadreP nad nairtsudnireP saniD ,lataN gniliadnaM

nad tabO namanaT naitileneP ialaB ,nainatreP nemetrapeD ,lataN gniliadnaM

irad rutaretil iduts atres ,BPI naakatsupreP ,kitsitatS tasuP nadaB ,kitamorA

nretni irad naacab nahab ,ukub gnukudnem gnay aynmulebes naitilenep nad ,te

.ini naitilenep naitilenep lisaH gnay malin kaynim nagniluynep ahasu

nakukalid edotem nagned nad ,)gniluS leteK nahabmaneP apnaT( I oiranekS

naknalaj id tapad )gK 001 gniluS leteK nahabmaneP aynadA( II oiranekS nad

nad sugab gnay irista kaynim naklisahgnem aggnihes nakisarepoid

.satilaukreb ini naitileneP iduts naitilenep sinej kusamret id susak

.nahasA netapubaK teraM nalub adap nakukalid ini naitileneP - 2002 lirpA

aM amatamirP asakreP TP adap nahasA netapubaK id netapubaK iridn

.aratU aretamuS lataN gniliadnaM

aynada nagned awhab naklupmisid tapad sataid naitilenep iraD

naitilenep iridnaM amatamirP asakreP TP adap nahasA netapubaK

aratU aretamuS lataN gniliadnaM netapubaK kaynim nagniluynep sesorp ,

uid kutnu malin nagned taubid tapad irista kaynim malad hab

.2 oiraneks edotem nad 1 oiraneks edotem nakanuggnem


13

III BAB

NAITILENEP EDOTEM

.A naitileneP sineJ

halada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay naitilenep sineJ

nakharaid gnay naitilenep utiay fitpirksid naitilenep nakirebmem kutnu

alajeg - rotkaf alajeg - naidajek uata rotkaf - nad sitametsis araces naidajek

tafis ianegnem taruka - haread uata isalupop tafis - utnetret haread

iracnem kadit gnurednec ini fitpirksed naitilenep malaD .)6002 ,hairuZ(

gnilas nakgnarenem uata .nagnubuh

halada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay naitilenep edoteM

nad atad naklisahgnem gnay naitilenep rudesorp utiay fitatitnauk edotem

atak apureb fitpirksed - gnaro irad nasil atak - tapad ukalirep nad gnaro

.itamaid lenep tafisreb aguj ini naitileneP naitilenep ,fitpirksed naiti

naklupmugnem kutnu nakduskamid gnay naitilenep nakapurem fitpirksed

alajeg naadaek utiay ,ada gnay alajeg utaus sutats ianegnem isamrofni

taas adap aynada apa turunem ( nakukalid naitilenep otnukirA 9002 , ).

.B nad isakoL eneP utkaW naitil

.1 naitileneP isakoL

gnuggnameT netapubaK halada naitilenep tapmet idajnem gnay isakoL

ed id hagneT awaJ isnivorp id adareb gnay natamaceK tigniP as

,tarusgnirP .awarabmA halada ini naitilenep isakol aynlibmaid nasalA


23

nupmem gnuggnameT netapubaK hareaD K ahasU iay hagneneM lice

t ,)MKU( irista kaynim iskudorp gnatne ehaj .

.2 naitileneP utkaW

1 amaleS nakukalid naitileneP nalub rebmeseD nalub utiay iapmas

iraunaJ nagned .2102

.C nad kejbuS naitileneP kejbO

.1 naitileneP kejbuS

l uata kahip halada naitilenep kejbuS nakirebmem gnay agabme

halada naitilenep kejbus idajnem gnay ini lah malaD .isamrofni

.irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu kilimep

.2 naitileneP kejbO

.itiletid nigni gnay utauses uata gnaroeses halada naitilenep kejbO

tilenep malad naitilenep kejbo idajnem gnaY kepsorp halada ini nai

malad tahilid gnay irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep

igetarts kepsa nad nalaujnep tesmo kepsa ,iskudorp ayaib kepsa

7002 nuhat irad narasamep - .1102

.D d sineJ ataD rebmuS na

halada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay ataD d .remirp ata ataD

tamagnep iulalem helorepid remirp gnusgnal na nagned aracnawaw nad ,

surep rejanam iristA kaynim lupmugnep nad naaha haread id ada gnay

.tubesret


33

.E lanoisarepO isinifeD narukugneP nad lebairaV

lebairav lanoisarepo isinifeD aynnarukugnep nad ada hal rusnu

naitilenep lebairav rusnu nad aynarac anamiagab nakuhatirebmem gnay

lanoisarepo isinifed ini naitilenep malaD .lebairav utaus rukugnem

: halada lebairav


naahasurep helo nakraulekid gnay ayaib latot halada iskudorp ayaiB

nep itupilem gnay nuhat 1 utkaw akgnaj malad irista kaynim nagniluy

ayaib - ,isatropsnart ayaib ,rakab nahab ayaib ,ukab nahab ayaib : ayaib

nisem natusuynep ayaib ,nisem natawarep ayaib ,ria nad kirtsil ayaib

b nad ep irad rukuiD .haipur malad ,ajrek aganet ayai lisah nahalmujn

ot utas amales iskudorp ayaib lat .haipur nautas malad nuhat

.2 nalaujneP tesmO kepsA

nalaujnep tesmO nakapurem irista kaynim iskudorp nalaujnep lisah

haipur malad nakataynid utnetret nuhat utas amales . lisah irad rukuiD

amales nalaujnep latot .haipur nautas malad nakataynid nuhat utas

.3 ahasU abaL kepsA

helorepid gnay oturb nagnutnuek latot nakapurem ahasu abaL

.haipur malad nakataynid utnetret nuhat utas utkaw malad naahasurep

malad nakataynid nuhat utas amales nalaujnep lisah malad rukuiD

ipur .ha


43

.F ataD nalupmugneP kinkeT

pmugnep kinket ini naitilenep malaD halada nakanugid gnay atad nalu

( : )7002 ,onoiguS

.1 aracnawaW

irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu kilimep adapek nakukalid aracnawaW

netapubaK tarusgnirP natamaceK ,tigniP ased id ada gnay

uggnameT namodep nakanuggnem nagned nakukalid aracnawaW .gn

.aracnawaw

.2 isavresbO

adap gnusgnal araces natamagnep nakulalem itilenep utiay isavresbO

kutnu ,irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu kilimep nad nawayrak

.aynhuggnuses gnay kisif naadaek ianegnem atad helorepmem

atad padahret isatnemukod aguj iatresid ini isavresbO - gnay atad

.gnitnep paggnaid

.G ataD sisilanA kinkeT

huragnep anamiagab ianegnem nahalasamrep bawajnem kutnU

padahret ahasu abal nad nalaujnep tesmo kepsa ,iskudorp ayaib kepsa

ahasu nagnabmekrep kepsorp halada ,irista kaynim nagniluynep

: tukireb iagabes atad sisilana sinket nakanuggnem

sisilanA dnerT

nagnutihrep malad nakanugid gnay edoteM dnert halada relukes dnert

raenil edotem nakanuggnem nasalA .licekret tardauk edotem nagned


53

anerak licekret tardauk nakirebmem tapad nad iauses hibel nalamarep lisah

naataynek nagned itakednem ripmah gnay lisah . : )7002 ,lubihaS(

iu + a n = iY∑

iu ∑ b + iu ∑ n = iu iY∑ 2

,b nad a atnatsnok ialiN

iY = a ,0 = iu ∑ anerak , ∑

n

iu iY∑ = b , ∑

iu ∑ 2

u tinU nuhat hagneT =

Y irista kaynim iskudorp agraH =

Y’ ialiN = riskatid gnay dnert

a rasad edoirep dnert ialiN =

b raenil araces nuhat hagnetes nahabmatreP =

u 0 = u irad gnutihid gnay nuhat tinU =


63

xb + a = ’Y = sumuR

: nagnareteK

’Y O = utnetret edoirep nalaujnep tesm

a N = adap utiay atnatsnok iali )0( lon nagned amas % taas

b utas habmatreb % alibapa ’Y ialin utiay nagnirimek ialiN = x nuhat edoirep ialiN =

: irad helorepid b nad a ialin

=a =b


73

VI BAB

IRISTA KAYNIM NAGNILUYNEP AHASU MUMU NARABMAG

.A S harajeS A kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU takgni irist

harbmamuS gnagad ahasU nakapurem gnagad ahasu karegreb gnay

.lJ id katelret gnay mumu nagnagadrep nad asaj gnadib adap awarabmA –

.gnuggnameT netapubaK ,tarusgnirP natamaceK ,tigniP nusud id gnarameS

.hagneT awaJ lawA )muhramlA( itaimsI ubI helo nakiridid ini ahasu aynalum

utiay aynartup helo naktujnalid ini gnagad ahasu tafaw itaimsI ubi haletes

nad nagnagadrep ahasu HS ,onoyordnE kapab iulalem .HS ,onoyordnE kapaB

p kutnebid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu laggnat ada 7002 ieM 31

gnay ahasu gnabac akubmem naahasurep nagnagadep gnadib adap karegreb

,tarusgnirP natamaceK ,tigniP aseD id ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep nad

naakubmeP .gnuggnameT netapubaK id ini ahasu ak ignakalebratal aner

kana irad nanigniek aynada s halas akubmem nigni gnay rotsevni uta id ahasu

nagniluynep gnadib y , H.S onoyordnE kapaB utia nem gnarakes gnay tabaj

harbmamuS gnagad ahasu rejanam iagabes gnakaleb ratal irad tahiliD .

nagned gnakaleb kalotreb tagnas tubesret nanigniek aynnakididnep

ay nakididnep gnay daket nagned numaN .nahailukrep amales aynhelorepid gn

alub onoyordnE kapaB ,rajaleb kaynab nad t b ahasu utaus akubmem lisahre

irista kaynim nagniluynep id gnabmekreb ialum gnarakes ialum gnay ehaj

.tubesret ased

dnok sata nakrasadid isakol nahilimeP netapubaK id mala isi

tigniP aynsusuhk gnuggnameT kutnu gnukudnem tagnas gnay ahasu


83

.sigetarts aynkatel anerak ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep uti nialeS

ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep malad hisam tubesret natamaceK id ada gnay

ek alaks .takaraysam uata lic

gnilusid gnay kaynim sineJ nakapurem nakub naahasurep kaynim

nial nad kerggna ,rawam ,italem itrepes gnilusid nakaynabek gnay irista

,ayniagabes naknialem ehaj sapma helo naklisahid gnay irista kaynim gnay

lasareb .tubesret haread irad w lisah nakrasadreB aracnawa ehaj irista kaynim

nesrep 5,2 utiay heca malin nagned pirim gnay kaynim nemedner ikilimem –

.nesrep 5 helorepid ehaj sapmA irad atres oloS id adareb gnay umaj irtsudni

.tubesret ased takaraysam ratikesid ada gnay umaj nataubmep irtsudni

d nupualaW hapmer nagnagadrep gnadib mala - nad hapmer

nagniluynep nagniluynep sesorp numan ,urab gnologret hisam naahasurep

nagned gnilus nisem nakanuggnem hadus naahasurep nakukalid gnay

nakanuggnem gnay gnilus nisem utiay higgnac igolonket retaeh akiJ .

nakgnidnabid uata rakab uyak nakanuggnem hisam gnay gnilus nisem nagned

naanuggnep ,arab utab retaeh nagniluynep sesorp utiay naluggnuek iklimem

metsiS .licek naklubmitid gnay naakalecek okisir atres tapec hibel gnay

is halada naahasurep helo nakukalid gnay nagniluynep agniluynep mets pau n

libmaid gnilusid naka gnay ehaJ sapmA .gnusgnal kadit lisah irad asis

ada gnay umaj kirbap nataubmep nagneD .)lupmugnep( takaraysam irad atres

tapad naahasurep aynnagniluynep metsis malad igolonket naanuggnep

malin kaynim naklisahgnem nahutubek nagned iauses satilaukreb gnay

.iregen raul nupuam malad rasap id ukalreb gnay radnats nad nemusnok


93

iridreb lawa kajeS harbmamuS gnagad ahasU nakamatugnem ulales

nakaideynem nagned utiay naggnalep nasaupek irista kayim lisah gnay

mem ,satilaukreb araces nakiabrep nakukalem atres kiabret nanayalep nakireb

surenem suret irista kaynim irad utum padahret itukignem naklisahid gnay

d ukalreb gnay radnats iregen raul nupuam malad rasap i .

naahasurep iagabeS ,nagnagadrep gnadib id tulegreb amal halet gnay

irad rasap iracnem malad natilusek ikilimem kadit naahasurep kudorp -

irista kayniM .aynkudorp apid naka naahasurep naklisahid gnay ek nakras

itrepes atok aparebeb atrakaJ rogoB nad . lupegnep nad kosamep iulaleM

sta kaynim nakrasamem naka aynitnan gnay halini aparebeb ek ini ehaj iri

nad haread .aeroK nad ,gnapeJ ,anihC ,arupagniS itrepes iregen raul

.)ahasu kilimep nagned aracnawaW : rebmuS(

.B M nagniluyneP ahasU nagnabmekreP kayni A irist

nakapurem aisenodnI id ada gnay licek irtsudni irad naigabeS

rt irtsudni adap irad licek hibel aynesatnesorp ini licek irtsudnI .lanoisida

.naasedep haread id rabesret kaynab hibel aynisalupoP .nredom irtsudni

hadus )hagneneM liceK irtsudnI( MKI gnadib anerak lanosidart tubesiD

tunagnem gnurednec MKI ajrek araC .isidart idajnem nemejanam alop

.agraulek atoggna hurules halada ajrekep anamid naagraulekek

,7002 nuhat kajes ada hadus ini irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU

naitahrep tikides numan ainud kaynim helo iukaid halet irista kaynim iksem

logret anerak ini ahasu naka hatniremep m gno takaraysaM .lanoisidart hisa

ahasU .ini irista kaynim irad naatafnamep sisrep iuhatgnem kadit nakaynabek


04

sapma halada aynamatu nahab naksusuhkgnem ini irista kaynim nagniluynep

helo iuhatekid kaynab muleb ini irista kaynim ahasu 5002 nuhat lawA .ehaj

aynnapedek kepsorp anerak numaN .atok nupuam ased takaraysam naigabes

anerak ,isareporeb suret hisam gnarakes iapmas ini ahasu nuhat ek nuhat irad

nad kian ialum nuhat ek nuhat irad gnay irista kaynim agrah kepsorp tahilem

sam naigabes helo kirilid kaynab aynah ini ahasu aynaluM .naasedep takaray

netapubaK ,tarusgnirP natamaceK ,tigniP ased id utiay tapmet utas id iridreb

reb ialum ini ahasu sugab aynkepsorp tahileM .gnuggnameT id igal gnabmek

agitalaS .naragnU nad

hasu malad nakajrekrepid gnay aganet halmuJ tikides fitaler ini a

anraw gnupmanem naahasurep aggniheS .naagraulekek tafisreb hisam anerak

ahasu malad nawayrek idajnem aidesreb nad uam gnay ratikes takaraysam

.ini irista kaynim nagniluynep ini naahasurep aynnawayrak turkerem malaD

naktaraysnem kadit telu gnay ajas aynah ,iggnit nakididnepreb aynnawayrak

.ini ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu malad ajrekeb uam gnay nuket nad

.C ahasU isakoL

id katelret harbmamuS .DU ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu isakoL

pubaK ,tarusgnirP natamaceK ,tigniP aseD aparebeB .gnuggnameT neta

:halada iskudorp isakol nahilimep malad nagnabmitrep

)1 )ukab nahab( hatnem nahab naaidesreteK

hapmilreb tagnas gnuggnameT netapubaK id ehaj sapma naaidesreteK

aynnahal imananem gnay kaynab anasid takaraysam raseb naigabes anerak


14

d uti babes helO .licek alaks malad aynah nupualaw ehaj namanat nagne

nahab ilebmem tapad naahasurep ,ukab nahab nagnarukek naahasurep akij

kirbap id ilebmem nad ratikes takaraysam adapek ukab - gnay umaj kirbap

.gnarameS nad oloS ratikes ada

)2 d kirtsil aganeT ria na

sP )tesneg( leseid nisem nakaideynem naahasurep kirtsil nahutubek kutnU

idajret utkaw utkawes akij anerak kirtsil naklisahgnem tapad gnay 031

aladnek idajnem kadit ini lah numaN nakanugid tapad kirtsil namadamep

orp nakukalem kutnu naahasurep igab haread id ,uti aratnemeS .iskud

ria atam irad lasareb utiay hapmilreb tagnas ria naitilenep isakol

ulales iskudorp malad ria nahutubek ,uti babes helO .nagnunugep

.ipukucret

)3 ylppuS ajrek aganet

k aganet ihunemem malad natilusek imalagnem kadit naahasureP .ajre

ylppuS .ahasu isakol ratikes takaraysam irad helorepid tapad ajrek aganet

,ehaj sapma nalibmagnep taas amaturet nakhutubid tagnas ajrek aganeT

nagniluynep sesorp nad ,naarahilemep ,hasab ehaj sapma narumejnep

d ajrek aganet ,uti aratnemeS .ehaj sapma nad nagniluynep sesorp mala

.nailhaek iaynupmem surah nemejanam

)4 kiab pukuc isidnok nagned nalaj satilisaF

ada kadit aggnihes ,kiab pukuc hadus ahasu isakol id nalaj isidnoK

sapma nahalognep lisah nupuata ehaj sapma natukgnagnep malad aladnek


24

idajnem ehaj tapad atik ahasu isakol ujunem kutnU .irista kaynim

.tapme nad aud ador naaradnek nakanuggnem

)5 ukalreb gnay narutarep nad mukuH

narutarep nad mukuh rodirok malad adareb hisam naahasurep ,ini huajeS

utarep nad mukuh natabmah ada kadit aggnihes ukalreb gnay lakol nar

takaraysam ayadub laisos isidnoK .ini ahasu nataigek gnaralem gnay

.ini ahasu nataigek gnatnenem gnay ada kadit aguj ratikes

)6 takaraysam irad pakiS

ahasu aynada gnukudnem nad akubret tagnas takaraysam pakiS

ista kaynim nagniluynep nad nanubekrep saisutna irad tahilret ini laH .ini ir

.ini ahasu malad lidna tuki kutnu takaraysam

)7 ahasu nasaulrep kutnu anacneR

nagned utiay iskudorp naktakgninem kutnu anacnereb harbmamuS .DU

nahutubek aggnihes ajrek aganet nad gnilus letek halmuj habmanem

ta kaynim taubmem naka aguj naahasurep uti nialeS .ihunepid tapad iris

isakol taked id ada gnay iagnus ria narila naktaafnamem nagned ria ricnik

adap gnay iskudorp kutnu ayaib isasilaminimem tapad aggnihes keyorp

klisahgnem tapad nad leseid nisem nakanuggnem aynlawa kirtsil ayad na

.raseb hibel gnay

)8 natalareP nad igolonkeT sineJ nahilimeP

nad igolonket sinej nahilimep irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu malaD

.naklisahid naka gnay kaynim nemedner ihuragnepmem tagnas natalarep

ep aynnagniluynep sesorp malad uti babes helO halet naahasur


34

gnay nasanamep metsis nagned inkay nredom igolonket nakanuggnem

nakanuggnem retaeh natalarep irad iridret niseM . - gnay amatu natalarep

irad taubret leets sselniats apip nagned ipakgnelid gnay - aguj gnay apip

irad taubret leets sselniats omret , rotakidni ,pau nanaket rotakidni ,retem

nial nad ,akub putut narek ,ria emulov - nahilimep nasala nupadA .nial

,maj 01 utiay tapec hibel fitaler nagniluynep sesorp nial aratna igolonket

atres ,iggnit nemedner nagned satilaukreb gnay kaynim naklisahgnem

kisir )iggnit nanamaek takgnit( licek tagnas iskudorp malad naakalecek o

rotakidni helo ipakgnelid halet anerak - lortnognem tapad gnay rotakidni

gnay gnilus letek satisapaK .naklisahid gnay pau nanaket nad sanap

t satisapaK .gk 03 halada naahasurep helo nakanugid muleb tubesre

gnupmanem tapad hisam )reliob( gnilus nisem anerak lamitpo

kaynab hibel gnay kaynim helorepid aggnihes gnilus letek nahabmanep

.iapacid tapad mumitpo iskudorp satisapak nad

.D isasinagrO rutkurtS

r araces harbmamuS .DU isasinagro rutkurts kutnU tapadret kadit icni

helo gnagepid naahasurep nipmimep alapek kutnu numan susuhk naigabmep

kapab helo gnagepid nanipmip likaw nakgnadeS .H.S ,onoyordnE kapaB

nawayrak 5 nad patet nawayrak 5 nakajrekrepmem ini ahasU .onrawiwD

inisid patet nawayrak ,utnabmep sesorp gnadib id susuhk sagutreb

nawayrak nakgnades ,irista kaynim idajnem ehaj sapma nahalognep

.narumejnep nad nahab nagniregnep sesorp sagutreb utnabmep


44

.E ahasU abaL naD nalaujneP tesmO ,iskudorP ayaiB gnagaD ahasU id

nirP natamaceK tigniP aseD harbmamuS tarusg

gnagaD ahasU id isavresbo malad itilenep natamagnep turuneM

muS sgnirP ,harbma nagned helorepid iskudorp ayaib nahelorep aumes taru

ayaib : irad iridret gnay naraulegnep ayaib aumes nakhabmanem arac

b ,isatropsnart ayaib ,rakab nahab ayaib ,ukab nahab ,ajrek aganet ayai

.nisem natawarep ayaib ,nisem natusuynep ayaib ,ria nad kirtsil ayaib aliB

nagniluynep ahasu nuhat rep iskudorp ayaib lisah nakrasadreb tahilid

gnay ayaib paites nakanerakid nakianek imalagnem ini irista kaynim

agnem nuhat rep nakrulekid nad agrah nakrasadreb tahilid nakianek imal

.ukalreb gnay nautnetek kaynim nagniluynep ahasu malad iskudorp ayaiB

ini irista apnat anerak naahasurep nataigek irad itni nakapurem

asib muleb naahasurep ,asaj uata gnarab iskudorp ayaib nakraulegnem

t iapacnem aynadA .nagnutnuek helorepmem utiay ,aynamatu nauju

iskudorp ayaib rebmus gnatnet isamrofni naadarebek gnay aguj helorepid

,racnal nagned nalajreb tubesret ahasu nagnusgnalek utnabmem tagnas

nahab naaidesretek ,ukab nahab naaidesretek aynada ajas aynlasim rakab

ukab nahab rebmus naadarebek iracnem kutnu naahasurep ucamem ini

.iskudorp ayaib malad naakusamid naidumek kutnu

,nalaujnep tesmo iges irad tahilem aguj harbmamuS gnagad ahasU

narukugnep nakanerakid ini ahasu nagned tare natiakreb nalaujnep tesmo

smo nagned tahilid nalaujnep te kaynim lauj agrah nagnabmekrep tahilem

ada gnay nalaujnep tesmp aynada nagned ,utnetret nuhat utas amales irista


54

irista kaynim nalaujnep tegrat nakutnenem hadum nagned naahsurep akam

nit nalujnep tesmo aliB .nakarsapid naka gnay huragnepreb naka akam igg

tesmo nakanacnerem naahasureP .nagnutgnuek naiapacnep padahret

gnay irista kaynim lauj agrah ratfad )1( : tahilem nagned nalaujnep

inareb naahasurep akam iggnit kaynim agrah alib nakrasapid

ales kaynim lisah nahelorep nakarulegnem nakutnenem )2( ,nuhat utas am

naahasurep akitek nakduskamid ini lah ,lauj utkaw nad sinsib utkaw

itrareb irista kaynim padahret iggnit nemusnok tanim gnaulep talilem

nakileblaujrepid gnay irista kaynim nakosap tegranem inareb naahasurep

t irad kaynab hibel isomorp nakukalem )3( .aynmulebes nuha iagabrebek

ada sunob nakirebmem nad nakijnajnem aynrasap asgnap gnay haread

kaynim nalaujnep nad kudorp natakgninep utnabmem anug nemusnok

.irista

itrareb ini ahasu abal isis tahilem aguj harbmamus gnagad ahasU

asurep nagned naahasurep heloepid gnay nagnutnuek isis tahilem naah

tesmo nad nakraulekid gnay iskudorp ayaib kepsa tahilem uluhad hibelret

.nakkaregid gnay nalaujnep nakitahrepmem harbmamus gnagad ahasU

renik nakapurem halini lah anerak ahasu abal ianegnem luteb naahasurep aj

naknimrecnem uti satilaukreb gnay abal anerak ,ahasu naknalajnem malad

.gnatadnem asam id abal natujnalek abal gnatnet namahmeP

naahasurep aratna gnitnep namaladnep nad sinsib ukalep ihuragnepmem

amiagab itamagnem aguj silunep .takaraysam nad nagned naahasurep an

itah - helorepid gnay atad akam ,ahasu abal gnatnet nakaraciebmem itah


64

nagneD .nuhat utas amales abal nagnutihrep lisah nakrasadreb aguj

nakraulekid gnay utnetret nuhat utas amales nalaujnep tesmo tahilem

ot nagned nakgnarukid naahasurep amales tapadid gnay iskudorp ayaib lat

itiletid alib uti babes helO .utnetret nuhat utas malad lebairav lebairav

imed gnitnep tagnas gnay nagnbuh iaynupmem ini naitilenep

.irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnusgnalek


74

V BAB

ATAD SISILANA NASAHABMEP NAD

.A naitileneP lebairaV ispirkseD

v ispirkseD nep nakapurem naitilenep lebaira paites irad narabaj

gnisam - etid gnay lebairav gnisam : naitilenep lebairav tukireb ,nakutn


( iskudorp ayaiB noitcudorp tsoc gnay ayaib latot halada ) helo nakraulekid

,ukab nahab ayaib : itupilem ,nuhat utas utkaw akgnaj malad naahasurep

natawarep nad nisem natusuynep ,ria nad kirtsil ,isatropsnart ,rakab nahab

natatac nad aracnawaw lisah nakrasadreb ini naitilenep malaD .nisem

naukubmep

1.V lebaT latoT rep irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu iskudorp ayaib nuhat

102 ,remirP ataD : rebmuS 2

nuhaT

ayaiB

7002 8002 9002 0102 1102

ukaB nahaB 000.000.081 000.000.612 000.000.252 000.000.423 000.000.063

isatropsnarT 000.006.12 000.000.42 00.000.72 0 000.000.03 000.000.33

riA ,kirtsiL 000.002.1 000.008.1 000.004.2 000.000.3 000.042.3

rakaB nahaB 000.000.81 000.000.81 000.006.12 000.006.12 000.006.12

niseM natawareP 000.000.2 000.000.2 000.000.2 0.2 000.00 000.000.2

natusuynePniseM

000.000.3 000.000.3 000.000.3 000.000.3 000.000.3

ajreK aganeT 000.000.03 000.000.03 000.000.63 000.000.24 000.000.84

latoT 000.008.552 8.492 000.00 443 000.000. 6.524 000.00 48.074 000.0


84

7002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib nagnutihrep laot nakapurem sata id lebaT - 1102

: tukireb iagabes nasalejnep nagned

.1 7002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib latoT

.a ilak 01 x gk 003 helorepid gnay ehaj sapma ukab nahaB

grah nagned ,ehaj sapma nalibmagnep ,000.5 pR ehaj sapma a

.nuhat 1 utkaw malad

000.000.081 pR = )21 x 000.5 pR x 01 x gk 003 (

.b ,ehaj sapma ukab nahab nalibmagnep sokgno halada isatropsnarT

.000.081 pR irah rep nakgnutihrepid

000.006.12 pR = )21 x nalibmagnep ilak 01 x 000.081 pR (

.c ayaiB irah rep 000.01 pR nakgnutihrepid ria nad kirtsil

000.002.1 pR = ) 21 x 01 x 000.01 pR (

.d )maj 01( irahrep kibuk m3 naksibahgnem uyak rakab nahab ayaiB

kibuk m/000.05 pR uyak agrah nagned kasamem sesorp

000.000.81 pR = ) 21 x 01 x kibuk m3 x 000.05 pR (

.e eP nuhat rep 000.000.2 pR nakarikrepid nisem natawar

.f nuhat rep 000.000.3 pR nakarikrepid nisem natusuyneP

.g rep 000.05 pR rayabid gnaro paites ,gnaro 5 ajrek aganet halmuJ

maj 01 nakasamep sesorp ,ajrek irah

000.000.03 pR = ) 21 x 01 x 5 x 000.05 pR (


94

.2 latoT 8002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib

.a nalibmagnep ilak 01 x gk 003 helorepid gnay ehaj sapma ukab nahaB

.nuhat 1 utkaw malad ,000.6 pR ehaj sapma agrah nagned ,ehaj sapma

003 ( 6 pR x 01 x gk )21 x 000. 612 pR = 000.000.

.b ukab nahab nalibmagnep sokgno halada isatropsnarT ,ehaj sapma

id 002 pR irah rep nakgnutihrep . 000

000.002 pR ( ep ilak 01 x 000.000.42 pR = )21 x nalibmagn

.c kirtsil ayaiB 000.51 pR nakgnutihrepid ria nad irah rep

000.51 pR ( x x 01 pR = ) 21 000.008.1

.d irahrep kibuk m3 naksibahgnem uyak rakab nahab ayaiB )maj 01(


000.000.81 pR = ) 21 x 01 x kibuk m3 x 000.05 pR (

.e nuhat rep 000.000.2 pR nakarikrepid nisem natawareP


.g naro paites ,gnaro 5 ajrek aganet halmuJ irah rep 000.05 pR rayabid g

maj 01 nakasamep sesorp ,ajrek

000.000.03 pR = ) 21 x 01 x 5 x 000.05 pR (



w malad ,000.7 pR ehaj sapma agrah nagned ,ehaj sapma .nuhat 1 utka

003 ( 7 pR x 01 x gk )21 x 000. 252 pR = 000.000.


05


id 000.522 pR irahrep nakgnutihrep

000.522 pR ( ep ilak 01 x 000.000.72 pR = )21 x nalibmagn

.c kirtsil ayaiB pR nakgnutihrepid ria nad irah rep 000.02

2 pR ( x 000.0 x 01 000.004.2 pR = ) 21

.d )maj 01( irah rep kibuk m3 naksibahgnem uyak rakab nahab ayaiB


6 pR ( ) 21 x 01 x kibuk m3 x 000.0 006.12 pR = 000.

.e 2 pR nakarikrepid nisem natawareP nuhat rep 000.000.


.g irah rep 000.06 pR rayabid gnaro paites ,gnaro 5 ajrek aganet halmuJ


6 pR ( = ) 21 x 01 x 5 x 000.0 63 pR 000.000.


.a b nahaB nalibmagnep ilak 01 x gk 003 helorepid gnay ehaj sapma uka

.nuhat 1 utkaw malad ,000.9 pR ehaj sapma agrah nagned ,ehaj sapma

003 ( 9 pR x 01 x gk )21 x 000. 423 pR = 000.000.


pid rep nakgnutihre 000.052 pR irah

52 pR ( ep ilak 01 x 000.0 000.000.03 pR = )21 x nalibmagn


000.52 pR ( x x 01 0.3 pR = ) 21 000.00


15


h nagned kasamem sesorp kibuk m/000.06 pR uyak agra

6 pR ( ) 21 x 01 x kibuk m3 x 000.0 6.12 pR = 000.00




rek maj 01 nakasamep sesorp ,aj

7 pR ( = ) 21 x 01 x 5 x 000.0 24 pR 000.000.



1 utkaw malad ,000.01 pR ehaj sapma agrah nagned ,ehaj sapma

.nuhat 003 ( R x 01 x gk 01 p )21 x 000. 063 pR = 000.000.


id 000.572 pR irah rep nakgnutihrep .

000.572 pR ( pR = )21 x nalibmagnep ilak 01 x 0.33 000.00


72 pR ( 000. x x 01 42.3 pR = ) 21 000.0



6 pR ( ) 21 x 01 x kibuk m3 x 000.0 6.12 pR = 000.00


.f natusuyneP nuhat rep 000.000.3 pR nakarikrepid nisem


25



8 pR ( = ) 21 x 01 x 5 x 000.0 84 pR 000.000.

.2 nalaujneP tesmO kepsA

M nakapure irista kaynim nalaujnep lisah amales utnetret nuhat utas

.haipur malad nakataynid nalaujnep irad lisah nakrabmaggnem nalaujneP

utnetret edoirep utas amales nanaggnal uata ilebmep adapek asaj/gnarab

gnutihid nalaujnep tesmo ini naitilenep malaD .)2002 ,gnallunaM(

: tukireb lebat nakrasadreb

2.V lebaT nuhat rep nalaujnep tesmo latoT

nuhaT nalaujneP tesmO

7002 000.000.072 pR

8002 000.000.423 pR

9002 000.000.504 pR

0102 000.000.234 pR

1102 000.000.045 pR

2102 ,remirp ataD : rebmuS

: nagnareteK

.1 lmuj halada 7002 nuhat naklisahid gnay kayniM x lawa ukab nahab ha

nahab 7002 nuhaT .% 5,1 rasebes nakpatetid nemedner ,nemedner

x gk003 tapadid ukab x 01 21 .000.63 pR =

)gk malad( gk 045 = )% 5,1 x 000.63 pR (


35

.2 hibel gnaruk isnarelot ada aynhuggnuses tapadid gnay kaynim lisaH

silutret gnay irad %01 lisah sugab ehaj sapma nahab alib ,sataid

gk 945 = )501 + 045 ( 945 iapacnem asib nuhat 1 malad iggnitret

.3 akam nurunem ehaj sapma nahab alib ipateT helorepid gnay lisah

045 idaJ .45 = 045 irad %01 nuhat 1 amales – 684 = 45

.4 kapurem sataid silutid gnay lisaH atar nagnutihrep na - iapacid gnay atar

.irista kaynim iskudorp nuhat 1 malad

: nalaujnep tesmo nagnutihrep sumuR

.1 7002 nuhat nalaujnep tesmo nagnutihreP

lauj tesmO kaynim lauj agraH x nuhat 1 kaynim iskudorp lisaH =

gk045 = x 00.005 pR 0 000.000.072 =


lauj tesmO kaynim lauj agrah x nuhat 1 kaynim iskudorp lisah =

gk045 = x 000.006 pR 000.000.423 =



gk045 = x 000.057 pR 000.000.504 =

kaynim lauj agraH x nuhat 1 kaynim iskudorP = nalaujnep tesmO


45



gk045 = x 000.008 pR 000.000.234 =



gk045 = x 000.000.1 pR 000.000.045 =

.3 ahasU abaL kepsA

rem ahasu abaL naahasurep helorepid gnay oturb nagnutnuek latot nakapu

.haipur malad nakataynid utnetret nuhat utas utkaw malad

3.V lebaT nuhat rep irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu hisreb abaL

nuhaT ahasU abaL

7002 41 000.002.

8002 000.002.92

9002 000.000.16

0102 04.6 000.0

1102 61.96 000.0

2102 ,remirp ataD : rebmuS

ahasu abal sumuR :

ahasu abaL nalaujneP = - iskudorp ayaib latoT


55

abal nagnutihrep tukireB 70002 nuhat irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu -

: 1102

.1 ahasu abaL 7002 nuhat

ahasu abaL nalaujneP = 7002 - iskudorp ayaiB

.000.072 = 000 – 000.008.552

000.002.41 =

.2 ahasu abaL 8002 nuhaT

ahasu abaL nalaujneP = 8002 - iskudorp ayaiB

000.000.423 = – 492 000.008.

92 = 000.002.


ahasu abaL nalaujneP = 9002 - iskudorP ayaiB

000.000.504 = - 00.443 000.0

000.006.16 =


L ahasu aba nalaujneP = 0102 - iskudorp ayaiB

000.000.234 = – 000.006.524

000.004.6 =


ahasu abaL neP = 1102 nalauj - iskudorp ayaiB

000.000.045 = – 48.074 000.0

000.061.96 =


65

.B ataD sisilanA

bab malad nanakumekid halet gnay halasam nakhacemem kutnU

sisilana irad lisah nakijaynem naka naitilenep akam ,aynsusuhk nauluhadnep

lisaH .atad kifarg nad lebat kutneb malad ek nakijas itilenep naka sisilana irad

naka gnay atad ,atad sisilana malaD .nashabmep malad hadum hibel raga

7002( nuhat iskudorp ayaib raseb ianegnem atad halada naklisahid - ,)1102

7002( nuhat nalaujnep tesmo gnatnet atad - 102 nuhat ahasu abal atad nad )1

7002( - helorepid tubesret atad ataD .irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu )1102

.naahasurep kilimep nagned gnusgnal aracnawaw irad

.1 ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep dnert atad sisilanA

dorp ayaib kepsa irad uajnitid 7002( nuhat isku - .)1102

raseb apareb iuhategnem kutnu nakanugid ini sisilanA

ialin nairacneP .ehaj irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep

isavresbo ,licekret tardauk edotem nagned alakreb tered nakanuggnem -

ay utkaw adap nakukalid aynumu isavresbo n s g a nautnenep aggnihes am

ialin - hibel aynnaparenep raga raenil naamasrep malad atnatsnok ialin

.hadum

lijnag atad nakapurem ini naitilenep malad nakijasid gnay ataD

nihes atar nautnenep agg - gnutih atar nagned utiay ,hadum hibel

.hagnetret isavresbo nakutnenem


75

nagned xb + a = ’Y alumrof nagneD

: nagnareteK

irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu tinu lebairav = ’Y

0 = % taas Y aynraseb = a

nautas 1 nahaburep imalagnem % akij Y nahaburep aynraseb = b

utkaW = x

4.V lebaT asu nagnabmekreP iges irad uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep ah

7002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib kepsa - nagned 1102 dnert

nuhaT iskudorP ayaiB)Y(

uhaT n)X(

Y.X 2x ’Y

7002 000.008.552 -2 - 000.006.115 4 000.276.281

8002 492 000.008. -1 - 492 000.008. 1 000.040.632

9002 0.443 00 000. 0 0 0 000.804.982

0102 6.524 000.00 1 6.524 000.00 1 000.677.243

1102 48.074 000.0 2 86.149 000.0 4 000.441.693


85

aynraseb iuhategnem ulrep akam ’Y aynraseb iuhategnem kutnU

: sumur nagned irac id tapad b nad a atnatsnok .b nad a atnatsnok

=

=

helorepid naka akam naamasrep malad ek nakisubirtsidid b nad a atnatsnok alib

iagabes licekret tardauk nataraysrep ihunemem gnay raenil dnert naamasrep

: tukireb

xb + a = ’Y

’Y 55( + 000.804.982 = . ( )000.863 )x

: nagnareteK

riskatid gnay dnert ialin = ’Y

000.804.982 = a 7002 rasad edoirep dnert ialin

863.55 = b raenil araces nuhat rep natakgninep 000.

0 = x irad gnutihid gnay nuhat tinu = x


95

gnutihgnem arac naikimed nagneD nagniluynep ahasu iskudorp ayaib halmuj

7002 nuhat edoirep irista kaynim - : halada 1102

.a 7002 nuhaT

)x( b + a = ’Y

’Y 000.804.982 = 863.35( + ( )000. - )2

= 276.281 000.

.b 8002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

’Y 863.35( + 000.804.982 = ( )000. - )1

000.040.632 =

.c 9002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

’Y = )000.863.35( + 000.804.982 )0(

000.804.982 =

.d 0102 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

’Y )000.863.35( + 000.804.982 = )1(

000.677.243 =

.e 1102 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

’Y = .804.982 )000.863.35( + 000 )2(

000.441.693 =


06

5.V lebaT lebaT dnert 7002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib - 1102

irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu

nuhaT 7002 8002 9002 0102 1102

ayaiBiskudorP

000.008.552 000.008.492 000.000.443 000.006.524 000.048.074

dnerT 00.276.281 0 000.040.632 000.804.982 000.677.243 000.441.693

2102 .haloid ataD : rebmuS

1.V kifarG iskudorp ayaib nagnabmekrep dnerT

7002 nuhat irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU - )haipuR( 1102

.2 uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep atad sisilanA irad

7002( nuhat nalaujnep tesmo kepsa - .)1102

halmuj nagnabmekrep ialin iuhategnem kutnu nakanugid ini sisilanA

7002 nuhat adap ehaj irista kaynim nalaujnep tesmo - ialin nairacneP .1102

k edotem takanuggnem nalaujnep tesmo nagnabmekrep u ataD .licekret tarda


16

ihes lijnag atad nakapurem ini naitilenep malad nakijasid gnay gn g nautnenep a

atar - gnutih atar .hagnet ialin isavresbo nakukalem nagned utiay hadum hibel

: nagned xb + a = ’Y alumrof nagneD

: nagnareteK

rista kaynim nalaujnep tesmo halmuj lebairav = ’Y i

0 = % taas Y aynraseb = a

b akij Y nahaburep aynraseb = nautas 1 nahaburep imalagnem

utkaW = x

.lebaT 6.V iges irad uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekreP

7002 nuhat nalaujnep tesmo kepsa - nagned 1102 dnert

nuhaT tesmOY( nalaujneP )

nuhaT)X(

Y.X 2x ’Y

7002 000.000.072 -2 - 000.000.045 4 000.000.462

8002 000.000.423 -1 - 000.000.423 1 000.004.923

9002 000.000.504 0 0 0 000.002.493

0102 000.000.234 1 000.000.234 1 000.000.954

1102 000.000.045 2 000.000.080.1 4 000.008.325


26

kutnU aynraseb iuhategnem ulrep akam ’Y aynraseb iuhategnem

: sumur nagned irac id tapad b nad a atnatsnok .b nad a atnatsnok

=

=

orepid naka akam naamasrep malad ek nakisubirtsidid b nad a atnatsnok aliB hel

iagabes licekret tardauk nataraysrep ihunemem gnay raenil dnert naamasrep

: tukireb

xb + a = ’Y

)x.000.008.46( + 000.002.493 = ’Y

: nagnareteK


000.002.493 = a 7002 rasad edoirep dnert ialin

000.008.46 = b ep natakgninep raenil araces nuhat r

0 = x irad gnutihid gnay nuhat tinu = x


36

nagniluynep ahasu nalaujnep tesmo halmuj gnutihgnem arac naikimed nagneD


.a 7002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

( )000.008.46( + 000.002.493 = - )2

462 = 000.006.

.b 8002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

( )000.008.46( + 000.002.493 = - )1

000.004.923 =

.c 9002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

)0( )000.008.46( + 000.002.493 =

000.002.493=

.d 0102 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

)1( )000.008.46( + 000.002.493 =

= 000.000.954

.e 1102 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

)2( )000.008.46( + 000.002.943 =

000.008.325 =


46

7.V lebaT lebaT dnert nalaujnep tesmo

7002 nuhat irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu - 1102

nuhaT 7002 8002 9002 0102 1102

tesmOnalaujneP

000.000.072 000.000.423 000.000.504 000.000.234 .000.045 000

dnerT 000.006.462 000.004.923 000.002.493 000.000.954 000.008.325

2102 ,haloid ataD : rebmuS

2.V kifarG nalaujnep tesmo nagnabmekrep dnerT 7002 nuhat irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU - 1102

.3 d irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep atad sisilanA irad uajniti

ahasu abal

halmuj nagnabmekrep ialin iuhategnem kutnu nakanugid ini sisilanA

7002 nuhat adap ehaj irista kaynim nalaujnep tesmo - ialin nairacneP .1102

ataD .licekret tardauk edotem takanuggnem nalaujnep tesmo nagnabmekrep


56

p malad nakijasid gnay nautnenep agnihes lijnag atad nakapurem ini naitilene

atar - .hagnet ialin isavresbo nakukalem nagned utiay hadum hibel gnutih atar

: nagned xb + a = ’Y alumrof nagneD

: nagnareteK

= ’Y ahasu abal halmuj lebairav irista kaynim

taas Y aynraseb = a 0 =

nautas 1 nahaburep imalagnem akij Y nahaburep aynraseb = b

utkaW = x

.lebaT 8.V iges irad uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekreP

7002 nuhat ahasu abal - nagned 1102 dnert nuhaT ahasU abaL

)Y( nuhaT

)X( Y.X 2x ’Y

7002 000.002.41 -2 - 95 000.006. 4 000.865.81

8002 000.002.92 -1 - 000.002.13 1 000.635.72

9002 000.000.16 0 0 0 000.299.53

0102 000.004.6 1 000.067.33 1 000.407.44

1102 000.061.96 2 000.061.871 4 000.614.35


66

aynraseb iuhategnem ulrep akam ’Y aynraseb iuhategnem kutnU

k ad a atnatsno id tapad b nad a atnatsnok .b n : sumur nagned irac

=

=

helorepid naka akam naamasrep malad ek nakisubirtsidid b nad a atnatsnok aliB

uk nataraysrep ihunemem gnay raenil dnert naamasrep iagabes licekret tarda

: tukireb

b + a = ’Y (x)

( )000.217.8( + 000.299.53 = ’Y )x

: nagnareteK


3 = a 000.299.5 7002 rasad edoirep dnert ialin

000.217.8 = b raenil araces nuhat rep natakgninep

ad gnutihid gnay nuhat tinu = x 0 = x ir


76

nagniluynep ahasu nalaujnep tesmo halmuj gnutihgnem arac naikimed nagneD


.a 7002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

000.217.8( + 000.299.53 = ( ) - )2

000.865.81 =

.b 8002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

= + 000.299.53 000.217.8( ) (- )1

000.082.72 =

.c 9002 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

= 000.217.8( + 000.299.53 ) )0(

000.299.53 =

.d 0102 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

= 000.217.8( + 000.299.53 ) )1(

000.407.44 =

.e 1102 nuhaT

’Y )x( b + a =

= 000.217.8( + 000.299.53 ) )2(

000.614.35 =


86

9.V lebaT lebaT dnert ahasu abal

7002 nuhat irista kaynim nagniluynep - 1102 nuhaT 7002 8002 9002 0102 1102

abaLahasU

000.002.41 000.002.92 000.000.16 000.004.6 000.061.96

dnerT 000.865.81 000.082.72 000.299.53 000.407.44 000.614.35

3.V kifarG hisreb abal nagnabmekrep dnerT

7002 nuhat irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU - 1102

.C nasahabmeP

.1 id iristA kayniM nagniluyneP ahasU nagnabmekreP dnerT nasahabmeP

7002nuhat iskudorp ayaiB kepsA irad uajnit - 1102

k nagnutihrep nakapurem iskudorp ayaiB gnay ayaib nahurulese

nakgnutihrepid gnay ini lah malad iskudorp sesorp kutnu nakanugid

ayaib ,ria nad kirtsil ayaib ,isatropsnart ayaib ,ukab nahab ayaib halada


96

ayaib nad nisem natusuynep ayaib ,nisem natawarep ayaib ,rakab nahab

udorp ayaiB .ajrek aganet 7002 nuhat irista kaynim isk - gnutihid 1102

rdauk edotem nakanuggnem naamasrep helorepid licekret ta = ’Y

863.55( + 000.804.982 ( )000. )x a ialin helorepid = b ialin ,000.804.982 =

863.55 .000.

gnay iskudorp ayaib ayaib aumes naicnir nakapurem tukireB

ulekid naicnir iaynupmem nuhat pait nagnutih malad naahasurep nakra

: tukireb iagabes

.a nalibmagnep rep gk003 tapadnem ehaj sapma ukab nahab ayaiB

000.5 pR agrah nagned

.b 000.081 .pR ukab nahab nalibmagnep rep isatropsnart ayaiB

.c R nakgnutihrepid kirtsil nad ria ayaiB 000.021.p

.d 000.05 pR uyak rakab nahab ayaiB

.e 000.000.2 pR nisem natawarep ayaiB

.f 000.000.3 pR nisem natusuynep ayaiB

.g 000.05 pR ajreK aganeT ayaiB

.h maj 01 utkaw nakhutubmem ehaj sapma kasam ilakes sesorP

u ,7002 nuhat naicnir nakapurem sataid ataD : nagnareteK nuhat kutn

8002 - .V bab malad ripmalret 1102

ayaib awhab iuhatekid tapad sataid kifarg tahilem nagneD

,irista kaynim idajnem naidumek gnay ehaj sapma nagniluynep iskudorp

nakrasadreb tahilid tapad ini lah nakinek imalagnem nuhat ek nuhat irad

ab nahab agrah agrah ,agrah nakianek imalagnem nuhat pait gnay uk


07

ijag atres ,nakianek imalagnem aguj nuhat pait gnay uyak rakab nahab

lebat nakrasadreB .nakianek imalagnem aguj nuhat pait gnay iawagep

nuhat ek nuhat irad tahilid iskudorp ayaib nagnabmekrep kutnu sataid

nagnutihrep 4.V lebat adap tahilid tapad ,nakianek imalagnem

nuhat )Y( iskudorp ayaib latot ,licekret tardauk edotem nakanuggnem

nagned 000.008.552 .pR 7002 000.276.281 pR rasebes ’Y lisah natahilek

pR uti taas ukab nahab agrah anerak libats numan nurunem 0005

sesorp lawa nakapurem gk003 tapadid gnay ehaj sapma nakgnades

ned 000.008.192.pR 8002 nuhat )Y( iskudorp ayaib latoT .iskudorp nag

000.040.632.pR rasebes ’Y lisah nakianek naicnir nagned sapma agrah

k retem rep 000.55 pR uyak rakab nahab ,000.6 pR ehaj ijag ,kibu

nuhat )Y( iskudorp ayaib latoT .irahrep 000.55 .pR idajnem kian iawagep

000.004.733 .pR 9002 804.982 .pR rasebes ’Y lisah nagned 000. nagned

nakianek naicnir .pR uyak rakab nahab ,000.7 .pR ehaj sapma agrah

pR iawagep ijag ,kibuk retem rep 000.06 ayaib latoT .irah rep 000.06 .

rasebes ’Y lisah nagned 000.004.514 .pR 0102 nuhat )Y( iskudorp .pR

000.677.243 naicnir nagned numan 000.9 .pR kian ukab nahab agrah

nakarikrepid iawagep ijag nakgnades tikides tapadid gnay ehaj sapma

k imalagnem nuhat paites .nakiane

nagned 000.004.754 .pR 1102 nuhat )Y( iskudorp ayaib latoT

isah 000.441.693.pR rasebes ’Y l naicnir nagned kian ehaj sapma agrah

1 .pR 3 tapadid gnay ehaj sapma ,000.0 patet rakab nahab agrah ,gk rep 00

iawagep ijag agrah ,kibuk retem rep 000.06 pR .irah rep 000.08 pR kian


17

ayaib nagnabmekrep sesorp awhab naklupmisid tapad naikimed nagneD

7002 nuhat id aynah nakianek imalagnem nuhat ek nuhat irad iskudorp

lawa asam nakanerakid nanurunep imalagnem tikides gnay ajas

,irista kaynim nagniluynep naabocrep iauses nakpatetid gnay agrah

bo nauajnit nagned gnay iskudorp ayaib nakianeK .ada gnay isavres

kaynim iskudorp nagnabmekrep dnert nakrasadrebtahilid tapad idajret

,’Y tahilem nagned nakianek imalagnem nuhat ek nuhat irad irista

d gnay nakianek aynada nagned kaynim nagniluynep ahasu ,tahilid tapa

.nakgnabmekid hisam gnarakes iapmas ini irista

.2 id irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep dnert nasahabmeP

7002 nuhat nalaujnep tesmo halmuj kepsa irad uajnit - .1102

esmO males irista kaynim nalujnep lisah halada t nuhat utas a

.utnetret irista kaynim nalaujnep tesmo gnutih halmuJ P ased id tigni

7002 nuhat - natakgninep imalagnem 1102 nuhat ek nuhat irad tapad

helorepid gnay naamasrep nagned nakujnutid 000.002.493 = ’Y +

000.008.46( ( ) )x raenil kifarg tahilem nagneD . tapad sataid ada gnay

nuhat ek nuhat irad irista kaynim nalaujnep tesmo awhab tahilid

gnutnagret irista kaynim nalaujnep natakgnineP .natakgninep imalagnem

rep irista kaynim lauj agrah irad lauj agrah 7002 nuhaT adaP .nuhat

irista kaynim 00.005.pR iapacnem rep 0 lauj agrah 8002 nuhaT .gk

im rep 000.006 pR iapacnem irista kayn lauj agrah 9002 nuhaT .gk

im rep 000.057 pR iapacnem irista kayn lauj agrah 0102 nuhaT .gk


27

rep 000.008 pR iapacnem irista kaynim lauj agrah 1102 nuhaT .gk

.1 .pR iapacnem irista kaynim 000 rep 000. .gk

tesmo lisaH ,tigniP ased id nalaujnep nalaujnep tesmo halmuJ

kaynab helo ihuragnepid gnuggnameT netapubaK ,tarusgnirP natamaceK

nemusnok raseb raseb naigabeS .labolg imonoke naadaek aynaratnaid lah

gen malad takaraysam halada irista kaynim e ir ek ropskeid naidumek gnay

irgen raul .lupegnep iulalem araces ada gnay atad tahilem nagneD

ayntakgninem nakbabesid nalaujnep tesmo natakgninep nahurulesek

irista kaynim lauj agrah takgninem nuhat ek nuhat irad . naikimed nagneD

rista kaynim nalaujnep tesmo imalagnem nuhat ek nuhat irad i

.natakgninep

tapadid gnay lauj tesmo nakrasadreb irista kaynim natakgnineP

tahilem nagned nakgnutihrepid gnay ehaj kaynim lisah nagned gnutnagret

atar nagnutihrep nakapurem namedner ,ada gnay nemedner - malad atar

)%( nesrep ehaj sapma nagnudnak malad tapadret gnay kaynim lisah

naahasurep tapadid gnay ehaj sapma alibapa aynnaarikreP .gnilusid gnay

idaj %5,1 tapadid nanikgnumek irista kaynim nemedner aka, gk003

= nuhat 1 x ehaj sapma nalibmagnep ilak 01 x gk003( aynnagnutihrep )21

nakarikrepid nuhat pait .gk045 = %5,1 x 000.63 pR = tapadid gnay akam

atar nagnutihrep nakapurem ini lah anerak 045 naktapadnem - .atar

ihibelem tapad tapadid gnay kaynim aynhuggnuses gnay lisaH

gnem tapad numan sugab ehaj kaynim nagnudnak alibapa gk045 imala

.tikides ehaj sapma kaynim nagnudnak alib gk684 rasebes nanurunep


37

kaynim nahelorep nagnutihrep nakpatenem naahasurep uti babes helO

atar ehaj - raga ,aynnuhat pait gk045 atar .nagnutihrep hadumrepmem

tapadid gnay irista kaynim halmuj nakilakgnem nagneD agrah nagned

kaynim nagniluynep ahasU .narasapid ukalreb gnay irista kaynim lauj

tesmo nad lauj agrah natakgninep imalagnem nuhat ek nuhat irad ini irista

.lauj

.3 id irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep dnert nasahabmeP

nuhat ahasu abal irad uajnit 7002 - .1102

paites awhab iuhatekid tapad sataid nagnutihrep lisah nakrasadreB

iapmas 7002 nuhat irad iapacid gnay abal iskudorp nuhat imalagnem 9002

,nakianek aklisahid gnay abal 0102 nuhat adap numan imalagnem n

nanurunep nakanerakid ini lah a kaynim lisah nurunem tapadid gnay irist

S .aynmulebes nuhat irad yaib agrah nakgnade irad iridret gnay iskudorp a

b : nad nisem natusuynep ,kirtsil ayaib ,iawagep hapu ,uyak rakab naha

0102 nuhat adap naklisahid gnay abal akam ,patet nisem natawarep

D .nanurunep imalagnem iagabes naicnir nagne abal 7002 nuhat ,tukireb

ahasu epid gnay r nalaujnep helo – tot rasebes iskudorp ayaib la .pR

000.002.41 ahasu abal 8002 nuhat , nalaujnep helorepid gnay - ot ayaib lat

92.pR rasebes iskudorp at ,000.002. ahasu abal 9002 nuh helorepid gnay

p nalaujne – latot 00.16.pR rasebes iskudorp ayaib abal 0102 nuhat ,000.0

ahasu nalaujnep helorepid gnay - ayaib latot rasebes iskudorp

000.004.6.pR nuhat irad nanurunep imalagnem tahilret - aynmulebes nuhat


47

y ehaj sapma numan ,kian ehaj sapma agrah nakanerakid helorepid gna

imalagnem gnay iskudorp ayaib latot nahurulesek aratnemes tikides

iawagep ijag ,ukab nahab ,rakab nahab agrah nakianek ini lah ,

ahasu abal naknurunem d gnay ahasu abal 1102 nuhaT .helorepi gnay

nalaujnep helorepid – t asebes iskudorp ayaib lato 61.96.pR r 000.0

lisah ,iggnit kaynim agrah nakanerakid sitsard nakianek imalagnem

nuhat irad kaynab hibel helorepid gnay kaynim -t .aynmulebes nuha

naikimed nagneD irad natakgninep imalagnem nuhat pait nakatakid tapad

ahasu abal latot .helorepid gnay

epsorP irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep k nakkujnunem b awha

u kutn m akgnabmegne su n ha ayna irista kaynim nagniluynep naahasurep tapad

m akanuggne getarts n i p ahubmutre n ni .fisnet nakapurem fisnetni nahubmutreP

p sinsib malad hubmut kutnu gnaulep naumenep .ada gnay naahasure kadit ipaT

aumes d getarts ira ahubnrutrep i n ni fisnet gnay d nakukali p naahasure igetarts gnay

d iakapi y getarts utia fisnetni i apurem tukireB . apad raga naahasurep gnaulep nak t

gnabmekreb nagned : arac nakanuggnem

.1 M me akamep hayaliw saulrep nagned i kiranem mep urab iaka

nad nagnabmegnep tegrat iapacnem surah naahasurep ini lah malaD

kiranem nad hayaliw saulrepmem arac nagned urab gnay ahasu nanugnabmep

ahassu malad atres narepreb tuki tapad raga urab ajrek aganet arap

rista kaynim nagniluynep i


57

.2 M lebmep halmuj naktakgnine i

sunob nairebmep arac nagned nakukalid tapad ilebmep halmuj natakgnineP

aynaites nemusnok adapek utnetret ayar irah adap haidah nahairebmep uata

.3 S getart i agnabmegnep n orp kud y gna nakukalid o hel aahasurep ny uti a d nagne

ynep anusu n labmek i p kudor , nakiabreP satilauk p kudor P , nahabmane u kutn

kudorp kepsorp akam ajas ehaj kaynim adap sucof aynah naahasurep akiJ .

nagniluynep nagned urab naabocrep nakukalem tapad naahasurep napedek

reb nupuata italem ,agalupak ,rawam irista kaynim macam - sinej macam

.irista kaynim iagabes nakidajid tapad aynarikes gnay kaynim

.4 P agnabmegne orp n kud b .ura

gnay irista kaynim nalanegnep arac nagned nakukalid tapaD irad gnilusid

agnub sinej nupuata ,kerggna agnub ,malin nuad ,rawam agnub nahab - agnub

aynnial .mufrap narupmac iagabes nakanugid gnires gnay

D ira getarts i y gna nakukalid o hel naahasurep ubesret ah t lis y gna d helorepi

a halad k nakiane mo zet idajnem nalaujnep iggnit d nagne dnert ay gn m akgnine t

nakkujnunem aanaskalep nagned awhab n igetarts ni asurep i aah n upmam

aynahasu nakrabelem nad nakgnabmegnem .

ulales aguj naahasureP nakukalem ts igetar p nahubmutre ni fisnet a ag r

y apa iapacret nad gnabmekreb asib aynahasu gna m idajne t nauju ahasurep na

d raneb aynkudorp nakgnabmegnem mala - aneb r akitahrepmem n ek natauk

k mele gnay gnaulep nad namacna ,naha ,ikilimid s ulale akadagnem n saulave i

et padahr p skale ebes,nakukalid gnay igetarts naana mul p ahasugne banep a ah n


67

d ladom na d aboci u gnay igetarts nakukalem kutn muleb d nakukali o hel

p naahasure

P nep ahasu nagnabmekrep kepsor upmam ,ini irista kaynim nagniluy

anerak licek imonoke takaraysam utnabmem tapad nad ajrek aganet pareynem

iggnit gnay nakididnep nakhtubmem kadit nawayrak naturkerep malad ini ahasu

nad nigni aynarikes gnay ratikes takaraysam kidibmem naahasurep aggnihes uam

.nuket nad telu araces ajrekeb kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep kepsorP

,nagniluynep tala nahabmanep arac nagned aynahasu saulrepmem upmam irista

nagniluynep tala nahabmanep nagned urab gnay nagniluynep ahasu nairidnep

niasreb upmam ,irista kaynim gnupmicekreb nakub gnay licek ahasu nagned g

upmam irista kaynim ahasu kepsorp ,irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu malad

gnay ayniskudorp iurahabrepmem nagned urab edotem abocnem nad nakatpicnem

nub nagniluynep habmarem upmam ehaj sapma iskudorp aynah alumes ,rawam ag

gnay nahab nahab atres agalupak ,alap ,eres ,malin nuad ,kerggna ,italem

upmam irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasU .irista kaynim nakidajid tapad aynarikes

narasamep nakuggnem nagned iregen raulek ipams ayniskudorp nakrasamem

ki ,tenretni arac nagned irista kaynim aggnihes tulum ek tulum nupuam telmap ,nal

.saul takaraysam naigabes helo lanekid

ahasu abal nad nalaujnep tesmo ,iskudorp ayaib kepsa irad uajnitiD

ini lah ujam gnologret irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep kepsorp

agned nakitkubid imalagnem nuhat pait tapadid gnay abal nahelorep lisah n

taas ukab nahab naaidesretek halada ini ahasu gnorodnem gnay nial lah ,nakianek

nagned amasajrek nilajnem ini nahaasurep nad tapadid hadum gnologret hisam ini


77

haj sapma lisahgnep licek ahasu iagabreb usus ipok licek ahasu ; aynnaratnaid e

ehaJ naahasurep nad gnarameS id ogaJ umaJ naahasurep ,awarabmA id ehaj

.oloS id ignaw


87

IV BAB

EK ,NALUPMIS NARAS NAITILENEP NASATABRETEK NAD

.A seK nalupmi

na lisah nakrasadreB atad sisila nasahabmep nad gnisam - gnisam

tapad akam ,V bab adap nakiaruid halet gnay naitilenep halasam

tukireb iagabes nalupmisek kiratid

.1 uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep dnerT

7002 nuhat iskudorp ayaib kepsa irad - awhab iuhatekid 1102

padid gnay iskudorp ayaib ek nuhat irad ta imalagnem nuhat

863.55( + 000.804.982 = ’Y rasebes natakgninep 000.0 X . .)

nuhatrep iskudorp ayaib halmuj tapadid gnay dnert ialin nagneD

kgninem 55 pR b ialin rasebes ta . 000.683

.2 irad irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep dnerT

kepsa 7002 nuhat edoirep nalaujnep tesmo - imalagnem 1102

irad gnay irista kaynim agrah anerak ,nalaujnep tesmo nakianek

kian gnubmalem tuki nuhat ek nuhat asebes 000.002.493 = ’Y r

000.008.46( + halmuj tapadid gnay dnert ialin nagneD .) X .

hatrep nalaujnep tesmo pR b ialin rasebes takgninem nu

.000.008.46

.3 irad irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nagnabmekrep dnerT

7002 nuhat edoirep ahasu abal kepsa - aynada nakkujnunem 1102

ahasu aynada nagned nakitkubid ini lah nagnabmekrep kepsorp

ased takaraysam pareynem upmam ini nujret kutnu ratikes


97

tapadid hadum helorepid gnay ukab nahab ,ini ahasu malad

napedek kepsorp ,aynmananem ased takaraysam aumes anrak

imalagnem nuhat ek nuhat irad kaynim agrah anerak sugab

.gk rep 000.001 pR raikes 1102 nuhat adap iggnitret nakianek

gned a 000.217.8( + 000.299.53 = ’Y ialin tahilem n ahasu abal )

atakgninep imalagnem nuhatrep tapadid gnay b ialin rasebes n

.000.217.8 pR

.4 irad uajnitid irista kaynim nagniluynep nagnabmekrep kepsorP

licek ahasu iagabes naksuretid kutnu kayal kepsa alages

hagnenem takaraysam naimonokerep utnabmem tapad anerak

.licek

.B naraS

nalupmisek nakrasadreB ,nasahabmep lisah irad helorepid gnay

: tukireb iagabes naras nakirebmem silunep

.a ahasu awhab nakkujnunem amatrep gnay naitilenep lisaH

irad tahilid irista kaynim nagniluynep iskudorp ayaib kepsa

,nuhat ek nuhat irad nakianek imalagnem irad gnutihret

nad rakab nahab ,isatropsnart ,ukab nahab ayaib natakgninep

ajrek aganet ayaib awhab tubesret naitilenep lisah nagned nalajes

tahilid irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu utaus aynada ayaib irad

gnabmekreb suret kutnu ini ahasu gnorodnem iskudorp

ek nuhat irad gnay iskudorp ayaib natakgninep nakrasadreb

nakianek imalagnem nuhat ahasu aynada nagned aggnihes


08

nahabmanep ini ahasu nakparahid ada gnay iskudorp ayaib

gnay kepsorp iaynupmem .sugab

.b ahasu awhab nakujnunem audek gnay naitilenep lisaH

nalaujnep tesmo kepsa irad tahilid irista kaynim nagniluynep

nalajes nuhat ek nuhat irad nakifingis gnay nakianek imalagnem

lauj tesmo nahelorep naksalejnem aguj naitilenep lisah nagned

tapadid gnay irista kaynim lauj agrah tahilem nagned naahasurep

imalagnem nuhat ek nuhat irad fitautkulf gnay narasapid

nakianek nalajreb suret gnay natakgninep aynada nagned ,

aynnapedek ini irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nakparahid

nakijnajnem gnay kepsorp iaynupmem .

.c ahasu awhab nakkujnunem agitek gnay naitilenep lisaH

imalagnem ahasu abal kepsa irad irista kaynim nagniluynep

tahilid tapad ini lah nuhat ek nuhat irad nakifingis gnay nakianek

kaynim nagniluynep ahasu helorepid gnay nalaujnep nagned

akgninem ini irista nagned iauses naklisahid gnay abal aggnihes ,t

ahasu abal tahilem nagneD .ahasu kilimep helo nakparahid gnay

ini irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu nakparahid ada gnay

aynnapedek kepsorp anerak nalajreb suret nad saul gnabmekreb

.nakgnutnugnem


18

.C nasatabreteK naitileneP

sisilana ianegnem nakijaynem upmam aynah itilenep ini lah malaD

7002 nuhat edoirep irista kaynim nagniluynep ahasu dnert - .1102

tapmet irad gnusgnal tapadid gnay atad ini naitilenep malaD

iagabreb irad nahabmat atad ada kadit aggnihes naitilenep rebmus

adap isatabmem aynah aguj itilenep ini naitilenep malaD .nupapa

gnay ahasu aynsatabret nakanerakid ajas naitilenep tapmet utas

naatab rukugnem kutnu nakanugid gnay edoteM .nakgnabmekid

j itilenep ini naitilenep malaD .ajas sinej utas aynah lebairav agu

.ajas surul sirag kifarg nakijaynem aynah


28

AKATSUP RATFAD

.1002 .P ,halludbA naitileneP igolodoteM .ayrakadsoR ajameR :gnudnaB .

.9002 .inisrahuS ,otnukirA. naitileneP nemejanaM atpiC akeniR .TP :atrakaJ .

B 7002 ,di.og.natped.gnabtil.orttila . nep sesorP .irista malin kaynim nagniluy :irad seskaiD 7002 ,di.og.natped.gnabtil .

,SPB .8002 iregeN rauL nagnagadreP kitsitatS .tasuP SPB :atrakaJ .

.7002 .naitsaB ,imatsuB ayaiB isnatnukA isakilpA nad iroeT aharG : atrakaygoY .umlI

0002 .H ,osotnaS iduB inaT ahasU . .ayaD iduB ireS,aduM hajaG ehaJ

.suisinaK : atrakaygoY

.4002 .V ,serevsaG .iskudorP sesorP atrakaJ : atpic akeniR

.6002 .mamI ,ilazohG margorP nagned etairavitluM sisilanA isakilpA .SSPS .orogenopiD : satisrevinU ,tibreneP nadaB : gnarameS

,osraliG .3002 .T .isiver iside orkiM imonokE umlI ratnagneP :atrakaygoY

suisinaK

.0002 .S ,idaH .tesiR igolodoteM .tesfO idnA : atrakaygoY .1 .diliJ

.4002 .P ,kirdneH .abaL nemejanaM .adaM hajaG satisrevinU : atrakaygoY

.0002 .dammahuM ,S nansuH nakayaleK idutS keyorP ek isidE . - .4 :atrakaygoY .NPKY PMA PPU

.0002 .onosrawuS ,S nansuH keyorP nakayaleK idutS ek dE . - .4

.NPKY PMA PPU :atrakaygoY

.9991 .C yarG ,L anilraK ,hairadaK keyorP isaulavE ratnagneP :atrakaJ .isiveR dE .aisenodnI satisrevinU imonokE satlukaF .

.5002 .sugA ,nanidraK ignaW satidomoK iristA kayniM lisahgneP namanaTisnetoP huneP .akatsuP aideM orgA : atrakaJ .

,.S ,nerateK ,iristA kayniM igolonkeT ratnagneP 5891 ,akatsuP ialaB .NP : atrakaJ

.0102 .S ,haidrameosneoK A- M Z U yparehtamorA iristA kayni kutn ,nataheseKnakitnaceK nad nanakam irtsudnI .tesfO idnA :atrakaygoY .

..2002 .M ,gnallunaM .sinsiB ratnagneP ytisrevinU adaM hajaG :atrakaygoY.sserP


38

.1002 .M ,idayluM abalriN natakgnineP nemejanaM .tesffo idnA : atrakaygoY .

.7002 .M ,nirafaN gnagneP .3 :iside naahasureP narag .tapme abmelaS :atrakaJ

( malin kaynim irtsudniorga nagnabmegnep idutS .2002 .haysnamoR lio iluohctap )A netapubaK id licek alaks nahas - .]ispirks[ aratU arteamuS

.rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI ,nainatreP igolonkeT satlukaF :rogoB

soR .2002.ludbA ,di .isarpok nad hagnenem ,licek ahasu nemejanaM satisrevinU .gnudnaB : anaubucreM

5002 .gnoovhS . narasameP igetartS naitregneP :irad seksaiD .

ssenisub/moc.gnoovhs - ganam 6327022/gnitekram/tneme .

.1002 .onoyiguS .naitileneP kutnU akitsitatS atebaflA .VC : gnudnaB

.5002 .onodaS ,onrikuS .agiteK isidE ratnagneP iroeT imonokE orkiM : atrakaJadasreP odnifarG ajaR

.7002 .ynnoS ,onosramuS nahitaL laoS nad iroeT orkiM imonokE . : atrakaygoY

.umlI aharG

.XIXXX/8002 rebmevon iside 864 .on SUBURT 041 pR irisA kayniM ,gk/atuj 81 - .)92

.6002 ,hairuZ isakilpA iroeT nakididneP nad laisoS naitileneP igolodoteM

araskA imuB : atrakaJ


NARIPMAL


ARACNAWAW NAMODEP

.A nednopseR satitnedI

.1 naahasureP amaN :

.2 kilimeP amaN :

.3 naahasureP tamalA :

.4 halada ahasureb amaL nuhat

.5 ahasu ialum nuhaT :

.6 naajrekep iagabes nakanaskalid gnades gnay ahasU

.a kokoP

.b nagnipmaS

.7 ahasu alum lawA

.a aut gnaro nasiraW

.b s naaniB lawa irad iridne

.8 lawa ladoM :

.B ratfaD iskudorP ayaiB kutnU naaynatreP

oN rotakidnI

aracnawaw

naaynatreP rasebeS

1 pateT ayaiB .1 hapu ayaiB

ajrek aganet

.2 kirtsil ayaiB

ria nad

.3 ayaiB

isatropnsart

.4 nahab ayaiB

ukab

.5 ayaiB

natawarep

nisem

pR

pR

pR

pR

pR


.6 nahab ayaiB

ukab

.7 aiB ay

natusuynep

nisem

pR

PR

halmuJ pR

.C nalaujneP tesmO kutnU naaynatreP ratfaD

pR malad )P( agraH iskudorP halmuJ latoT naamireneP

.D ahasU abaL kutnU naaynatreP ratfaD

pR malad )P( agraH iskudorP halmuJ ahasu abaL

hisaK amireT


nuhaT iskudorP ayaiB)Y(

nuhaT)X(

Y.X 2x ’Y

7002 000,008,552 2- 000,006,115- 4 000,276,2818002 000,008,492 1- 000,008,192- 1 000,040,6329002 000,000,443 0 0 0 000,804,9820102 000,006,524 1 000,004,514 1 000,677,2431102 000,048,074 2 000,086,149 4 000,441,693latoT 000,040,744,1 0 000,086,355 01 000,040,744,1


nuhaT nalaujneP tesmO)Y(

)X( nuhaT Y.X 2x ’Y

7002 000,000,072 2- 000,000,045- 4 000,000,4628002 000,000,423 1- 000,000,423- 1 000,004,9239002 000,000,504 0 0 0 000,002,4930102 000,000,234 1 000,000,234 1 000,000,9541102 000,000,045 2 000,000,080,1 4 000,008,325latoT 000,000,179,1 0 000,000,846 01 000,004,079,1


nuhaT ahasU abaL)Y(

nuhaT)X(

Y.X 2x ’Y

7002 000,002,41 2- 000,004,82- 4 000,865,818002 000,002,92 1- 000,002,92- 1 000,082,729002 000,000,16 0 0 0 000,299,530102 000,004,6 1 000,004,6 1 000,407,441102 000,061,96 2 000,023,831 4 000,614,35latoT 000,069,971 0 000,021,78 01 000,069,971


NUHAT/ ISKUDORP AYAIB LATOT ajrek aganeT latoT

7002 000000081 00000612 0000021 00000081 000,000,2 0000003 00000003 000,008,5528002 000000612 00000042 0000081 00000081 000,000,2 0000003 00000003 000,008,4929002 000000252 00000072 0000042 00000612 000,000,2 0000003 00000063 000,000,4430102 000000423 00000003 0000003 00000612 000,000,2 0000003 00000024 000,006,5241102 000000063 00000033 0000423 00000612 000,000,2 0000003 00000084 000,048,074

tusuynePniseM nanuhaT ukaB nahaB isatropsnarT ,kirtsiL

riArakaB nahaB niseM natawareP


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