peran human rights watch (hrw) dalam …
TRANSCRIPT
i
PERAN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (HRW) DALAM MENGHAPUSKAN
PEKERJA MANUAL SCAVENGING KAUM DALIT DI INDIA
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
sarjana (S.Sos) Strata-1
OLEH:
OKTAVIA ARINA HAQQA
201610360311120
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2021
vi
ABSTRAKSI
Oktavia Arina Haqqo, 2021, 201610360311120, Program Studi Hubungan
Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang, Peran Human Rights Watch (HRW) dalam
Menghapuskan Pekerja Manual Scavenging Kaum Dalit di India,
Pembimbing I: M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA. Pembimbing II: Najamuddin
Khairur Rijal, M.Hub. Int.
Pekerjaan manual scavenging menjadi fenonema yang sulit ditangani sebab
keberadaannya telah ada sejak dahulu. Kebiasaan masyarakat India dalam
menggunakan toilet kering menjadi faktor utama pekerjaan ini masih ada hingga
saat ini. HRW sebagai INGO yang bergerak dalam menegakkan Hak Asasi
Manusia diseluruh dunia melihat isu ini sebagai bentuk diskriminasi kasta sebab
hanya dilakukan oleh kaum Dalit.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dianalisa menggunakan
metode kualitatif. Penulis menggunakan konsep Global Civil Society dan
Transnational Advocacy Network sebagai alat analisa dalam penelitian ini. Guna
melengkapi analisis kasus, penulis juga melengkapi penelitian ini dengan data-
data sekunder yang berupa data pustaka dari sumber buku, berita online, dan
laman resmi. Sebagian besar data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari publikasi
dalam laman resmi HRW.
Berdasarkan analisis dan data-data pustaka yang penulis dapatkan, menunjukkan
bahwa HRW telah berhasil melakukan perannya dalam mengupayakan
implementasi kebijakan untuk menghapus pekerja manual scavenging di India.
Organisasi ini telah berkontribusi menyebarkan pengaruh kepada dunia
internasional melalui upaya strategi information politics, symbolic politics,
leverage politics dan accountability politics.
Kata-Kata Kunci: HRW, India. Manual Scavenging
Peneliti, 27 September 2021
Oktavia Arina Haqqa
Menyetujui,
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
vii
ABSTRACT
Oktavia Arina Haqqo, 2021, 201610360311120, Department of International
Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of
Muhammadiyah Malang, The Role of Human Rights Watch (HRW) in
Eliminating Manual Scavenging of Dalits in India Advisor I: M. Syaprin
Zahidi, MA. Advisor II: Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub. Int
Manual scavenging is a phenomenon that is difficult to handle because its has
existed for a long time. The Indian habit of using dry latrines is the main factor in
this work, which still exists today. HRW as an INGO engaged in upholding
human rights around the world sees this issue as a form of caste discrimination
because it is only carried out by Dalits community.
This study is a descriptive study which was analyzed using qualitative methods.
The author uses the concept of Global Civil Society and Transnational Advocacy
Network as analytical tools in this study. In order to complete the case analysis,
the author also completes this research with secondary data in the form of library
data from book sources, online news, and official websites. Most of the data in
this study were taken from publications on the HRW website.
Based on the analysis and literature data that the authors obtained, it shows that
HRW has succeeded in carrying out its role in pursuing the implementation of
policies to eliminate manual scavenging workers in India. This organization has
contributed to spreading influence to the international community through
strategic efforts of information politics, symbolic politics, leverage politics and
accountability politics.
Keywords: HRW, India. Manual Scavenging
Researcher, 27 September 2021
Oktavia Arina Haqqa
Acknowledgment,
Advisor I Advisor II
M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
viii
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Segala puji bagi Allah S.W.T, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang selalu
melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya bagi seluruh umat manusia di muka bumi.
Puji syukur karena berkat kuasa-Nya saya dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan
baik dan lancar tanpa suatu hambatan yang berarti. Shalawat serta salam tidak
lupa saya haturkan kepada Nabi Muhammad S.A.W. yang telah mengantarkan
umat manusia menuju jalan kebenaran serta terang benderang yakni addinul
islam. Saya memohon maaf jika terdapat nama-nama yang belum sempat
disebutkan di bawah ini.
1. Saya berterimah kasih kepada orang tua saya, ibu, bapak serta saudara-
saudara saya yang memberi semangat serta doanya untuk menyelesaikan
skripsi ini.
2. Terima kasih kepada dosen pembimbing saya pak M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA
dan pak Najamuddin K. Rijal, M Hub. Int. Yang telah membimbing saya
dalam menyelesaikan proses pembuatan skripsi ini.
3. Teman-teman serta keluarga saya di Malang Dhela, Cece, Malta, Fadly,
Raffi, Wahidun, Majid, Rulas, Anin, Cindy, Ifa, Iqbal Ikom, Iqbal IP,
Silmi, kak Inur, Kak Dita, Melia, Kak Nizam, Kak Teko, Hisyam, Dhani,
Ucup, Virel, Seno, Anita, Rista, Alvisah dan masih banyak lagi yang tidak
bisa saya sebutkan satu persatu. Rumah kedua saya, Komisariat ISIP
UMM Jalan Tirto Utomo gg 2B salah satu rumah singgah bersejarah serta
ix
menjadi saksi kenangan saya selama menjadi mahasiswa di awal tahun
perkuliahan. Meskipun kemudian pindah di Jalan Dermo no. 40 namun
tampak tidak ada yang berubah, kedua tempat tersebut memiliki arti yang
berarti dalam kehidupan saya. Semoga kita semua sukses dan mampu
mencapai apa yang kita cita-citakan, selalu dalam lindungan Allah S.W.T.
dan tetap menjalin silaturrahmi.
4. Penghuni kos Jalan Tirto Utomo Gg 12, Pakde dan teman sekamar saya
Nanda termasuk kucing-kucing kos, Chio, Mowie dan Roku yang
membantu saya menghilangkan stress dikala proses penyelesaian skripsi
ini. Tidak lupa kucing-kucing saya yang telah tiada Unclebob, Yunan dan
Kimal terima kasih sudah menemani.
5. Semua pihak yang belum sempat saya sebutkan namaya yang berada
dalam kehidupan saya selama saya menjadi mahasiswa. Terima kasih
banyak telah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan saya.
Semoga hasil penelitian skripsi ini memberikan manfaat untuk dijadikan
bahan referensi bagi para peneliti selanjutnya, khususnya untuk bidang Studi
Hubungan Internasional. Penulis menyadari skripsi ini masih jauh dari
kesempurnaan, baik dalam penyusunan maupun penyajiannya.
Billahitaufiq Wal Hidayah
Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb.
x
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.................................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI ................................................................... iii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI .......................................................... iv
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ......................................................................... v
ABSTRAKSI ......................................................................................................... vi
KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ...................................................................................... xv
BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah .................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................... 6
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ......................................................................................... 7
1.5 Landasan Konsep ............................................................................................ 17
1.6 Metode Penelitian............................................................................................ 25
1.7 Argumen Pokok .............................................................................................. 28
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ..................................................................................... 29
xi
BAB II: FENOMENA PEKERJA MANUAL SCAVENGING KAUM DALIT
SERTA KETERLIBATAN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH DI INDIA
2.1 Gambara Pekerja Manual Scavenging Kaum Dalit di India ........................... 32
2.1.1 Kaum Dalit di India .............................................................................. 36
2.1.2 Fenomena Pekerja Manual Scavenging ................................................ 41
2.1.3 Kondisi Pekerja Manual Scavenging .................................................... 45
2.2 Profil Human Rights Watch ............................................................................ 50
2.3 Keterlibatan Human Rights Watch dalam Menangani Pekerja Manual
Scavenging di India ............................................................................................... 55
BAB III: PERAN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH MELALUI STRATEGI
INFORMATION POLITICS DAN SYMBOLIC POLITICS
3.1 Strategi Advokasi Human Right Watch sebagai Information Politics bersama
Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan .................................................................................... 61
3.2 Human Right Watch Sebagai Symbolic Politics ............................................. 69
3.3 Publikasi Annual Report Human Right Watch ................................................ 73
BAB IV: PERAN HUMAN RIGHT WATCH MELALUI STRATEGI
LEVERAGE POLITICS DAN ACCOUNTABILITY POLITICS
4.1 Human Right Watch Sebagai Leverage Politics ............................................. 81
4.1.1 Pengaduan Human Right Watch Kepada Lembaga Internasional ........ 83
4.1.2 Program Clean India Movement Sebagai Jalan Keluar Terhadap
Permasalahan Manual Scavenging ................................................................ 87
4.2 Human Right Watch Sebagai Accountability Politics ..................................... 90
xii
4.2.1 Dampak Skema Undang-Undang 2013: The Prohibitation of
Employment as Manual Scavenging and Their Rehabilitation Terhadap
Pekerja Manual Scavenging........................................................................... 91
4.2.2 Pengajuan Rekomendasi Sasaran pada India Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG’s) 2030 ...................................................................................... 97
BAB V: PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................... 102
5.2 Saran Penelitian Lanjutan ............................................................................. 103
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 105
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian .................................................................................... 13
Tabel 2.1 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................... 29
Tabel 3.1 Presentase Populasi India Berdasarkan Agama .................................... 34
Tabel 4.1 Presentase Kaum Dalit .......................................................................... 39
Tabel 5.1 Skema Rehabilitasi Manual Scavenging .............................................. 74
Tabel 6.1 Bantuan Bagi Anggota Keluarga Yang Meninggal .............................. 95
Tabel 7.1 Hasil Peran Human Rights Watch ....................................................... 100
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Patung Brahmana .............................................................................. 37
Gambar 2.1 Women Manual Scavenging .............................................................. 46
Gambar 3.1 Sewage & Manhole/Sanitation Worker ............................................. 47
Gambar 4.1 Manual Scavenging in India Railways .............................................. 48
Gambar 5.1 Donasi Human Rights Watch ............................................................ 72
xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
APD : Alat Pelindung Diri
BJP : Bharatiya Janata Party
CLEAR : Country Level Engagement Assitance To Reduce Child
Labour
CRSP : Central Rural Sanitation Program
DUHAM : Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia
ECLT : Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco
GCS : Global Civil Society
GPS : Global Positioning System
HAM : Hak Asasi Manusia
HRC : Human Rights Council
HRW : Human Right Watch
IAG’s : Independent Advocacy Groups
IDSN : International Dalit Salidarity Network
IEC : Information, Education and Communication
ILO : International Labour Organisation
INGO : International non-governmental Organization
IPEC : International Programme on the Elimination of Child
Labour
LTTE : Liberation Tigers of Tamil Nadu
MGNREGA : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
MS : Manual Scavenging
MSJE : Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
NAC : National Advisory Council
NBA : Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
NCSK : National Commission for Safai Karamcharis
NSKFDC : National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development
Corporation
xvi
NGO : Non-Governmental Organisations
NPA’s : Non-Profit Associations
NSSO : National Sample Survey Office
OBC : Other Backwards Castes
ODF : Open Defecation-Free
OHCHR : High Commissioner for Human Rights
PBB : Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa
PEMS : The Prohibitation of Employment as Manual Scavenging
PINs : Principled Issue Networks
PVOs : Private Voluntary Organisations
RIC : Rakhine Investigation Commission
SC/CT : Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
SDGs : Sustainable Development Goals
SKA : Safai Karamchari Andolan
SM : Sebelum Masehi
SOP : Standard Operating Procedure
SPINs : Segmented Polycentric Ideologically Integrated Networks
TADA : The Terrorist and Distruptive Activities
TAN : Transnational Advocacy Network
TVET-R : Technical and Vocational Education and Training Reform
UU : Undang-Undang
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF : United Nations Children's Fund
UN P&G : United Nations Procter & Gamble
UN Treaty Bodies : United Nations Treaty Bodies
UN Women : United Nations Women
WHO : World Health Organization
105
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Buku/ E-Book
Fultholini, Memahami Diskriminasi, Buku Saku Untuk Kebebasan Beragama.
Jakarta: 2009, Hal 34 diakses dari http://mitrahukum.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/09/Memahami-Diskriminasi.pdf. (17/10/2018
pukul 19:26 WIB)
Neier, A. The International Human Rights Movement: A History. 2012. Diakses
melalui https://muse.jhu.edu/book/36502 New Jersey: Princeton
University Press. (08 /07/2021 pukul 20:58 WIB)
Pirnahad, Kamran, Evolution of Humanity: The Path to Independence, New York:
2021, hal 57 diakses dari
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=w8zdUcamkU0C&sitesec=buy&sou
rce=gbs_vpt_read (15/06/2021 pukul 18:15 WIB)
Ulfat, A. Samad, Agama-Agama Besar di Dunia. diaksess melalui pada
https://aaiil.org/indonesia/indonesianbooksislamahmadiyya/misc/agamab
esardunia/agamabesarduniagreatreligionsworld.pdf (12/04/2021 pukul
14:53 WIB)
E-Jurnal
Alexander, K. dkk. 2016. Ending Open Defection in India: Insights on
Implementation and Behavior Change for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
Diakses melalui http://dc-20788-1635065795.us-east-
1.elb.amazonaws.com/sites/default/files/content/India%20Workshop%20
Report_FINAL_2.25.2016.pdf (01/08/2021 pukul 17:38 WIB)
Astywie, Dayuh, Peran Human Rights Watch Dalam Menangani Krisis Rohingya
di Myanmar, Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Vol.05, No.01, Jember; Universitas
Hasyim Asy’ari, diakses melalui
http://ejournal.unhasy.ac.id/index.php/ed-
humanistics/article/view/707/568
106
Dwiyutiari, Sagung, Upaya International Labour Organization (ILO)-IPEC
Melalui INDUS Project dalam Menanggulangi Pekerja Anak di Sektor
Industri di India Tahun 2003 -2007, Bali: Universitas Udayana, diakses
melalui
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/hi/article/download/26207/16746/
Kartini, Indriana, Demokrasi Dan Fundamentalisme Agama Hindu Di India
Buddha Di Sri Lanka dan Islam Di Turki, Hal. 131, diakses melalui
https://ejournal.politik.lipi.go.id/index.php/jpp/article/download/456/269
(02/07/2021 12:02 WIB)
Khatoon, Ameena. 1995, Caste System in India: A Select Annotated Bibliography,
Vol. 6409 No 94, hal 01 diakses melalui
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144525076.pdf (16/06/2021 pukul 17:27
WIB)
Shahid, Mohd, Manual Scavenging: Issues of Caste, Culture and Violence,
University of Otago Library: 4 Juni 2016, Hal. 249-250 diakses melalui
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0049085715574187
(07/07/2021 pukul 20:44 WIB)
Singh, Rajeev Kumar, Manual Scavenging as Social Exclusion: A Case Study,
Vol. XI.IV No. 26 & 27, Economic and Political Weekly: 27 Juni 2009,
Hal. 523, diakses melalui
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261891349_Manual_Scavengin
g_as_Social_Exclusion_A_Case_Study (07/07/2021 pukul 20:17 WIB)
Thontowi, Jawahir, Peranan PBB dalam Pembentukan Mayarakat Sipil Global,
Jurnal Huk, Vol 7, No 15, hl 35, diakses di
https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/84442-none-b8298f0a.pdf
(10/04/2021 pukul 03:07 WIB)
Ula, Syarifatul, Peran Aktor Non-Negara dalam Hubungan Internasional: Studi
Kasus Human Right Watch dalam Krisis Kemanusiaan di Myanmar,
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, Vol. 03, No. 03, Semarang: Universitas
107
Diponegoro, diakses melalui
https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jihi/article/view/16758/16094
Ulum, Raudatul. 2018. Institusi Minoritas dan Struktur Sosial di India. Diakses
melalui
https://jurnalharmoni.kemenag.go.id/index.php/harmoni/article/download
/289/224/710 (15/06/2021 pukul 17:36 WIB)
Winkler, I. 2016. The Human Right to Sanitation. Diakses dalam
https://www.academia.edu/21573058/The_Human_Right_to_Sanitation
(28/03/2021 pukul 10:13 WIB)
Skripsi/Thesis
Fadhlurrakhman, Rifqi, Peran International People’s Tribunal 1965 Dalam
Penyelesaian Kasus Pelanggaran HAM Berat, Skripsi, Bandung:
Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Pasundan Bandung, diakses melalui
http://repository.unpas.ac.id/13590/
Kusuma, M Osada, Peran Human Right Watch dalam Usaha Mengurangi Pekerja
Anak Ladang Tembakau di Indonesia, Skripsi, Bandung: Hubungan
Internasional, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, diakses melalui
https://repository.unpar.ac.id/handle/123456789/9863
Luciana, Elsy, Peran UN Woman dalam Menghapus Diskriminasi Terhadap
Kaum Perempuan di India, Skripsi, Bandung: Hubungan Internasional,
Universitas Pasundan Bandung, diakses melalui
http://repository.unpas.ac.id/11649/
Luthfianti, Widya Pasha, Peran ILO (International Labour Organization) dalam
Menanganai Permasalahan Pekerja Anak di Bangladesh, Skripsi,
Bandung: Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Pasundan Bandung,
diakses melalui http://repository.unpas.ac.id/34230/
Ramadhani, Bayu Azhari, Peran OHCHR Dalam Menangani Kasus HAM Yang
Terjadi Pada Etnis Rohingya di Myanmar Tahun 2012, Skripsi, Jakarta:
108
Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah,
diakses melalui
https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/39542/1/Bayu
%20Azhari%20Ramadhani.pdf
Retnowati, Chusnul, Upaya Human Rights Watch (HRW) dalam Menegakkan Hak
Asasi Manusia (HAM) Atas Kebijakan War on Drugs Presiden Rodrigo
Duterte Di Filipina, Skripsi, Yogyakarta: Hubungan Internasional,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, diakses melalui
http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/18734
Annual Report
Human Right Watch, 2007, Hidden Apartheid Caste Discrimination against
India’s “Untouchables”, Center For Human Right and Justice
(CHR&GJ), Volume 19 (27 /03/2021 pukul 17:55 WIB)
Human Right Watch, 2014, Cleaning Human Waste“Manual Scavenging,” Caste,
and Discrimination in India, United States of America (28/03/2021 pukul
15:15 WIB)
Human Right Watch. 2014. They Say We are Dirty: Denying an Education to
India’s Marginalised. Diakses melalui
https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/04/22/they-say-were-dirty/denying-
education-indias-marginalized (12/04/2021 pukul 16:52 WIB)
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Handbook Social Walfare, diakses
melalui https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/handbook-on-
social-welfare-statistics-2016/) diterbitkan pada Januari 2016
(25/10/2021 pukul 23:14 WIB)
Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan, 2011, Eradication of Inhuman Practice of Manual
Scavenging and Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers in
India, Dewas: India (17/08/2021 pukul 22:17 WIB)
109
Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan, 2018, Justice Denied: Death of workers engaged in
manual scavenging while cleaning the Septic tank or Sewer, Dewas:
India, (18/08/2021 pukul 23:32 WIB)
Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan dan IDSN, The Inhuman Caste and Gender Based
Sanitation Practice of Manual Scavenging in India, diakses melalui
https://idsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Submission-Caste-and-
Gender-Based-Sanitation-Practice-of-Manual-Scavenging-in-India.pdf
(30/08/2021 pukul 21:57 WIB)
The World Bank, 2019, Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An
Initial Assessment, Washington DC (07/07/2021 pukul 12:21 WIB)
UNDP and UN Solution Exchange (Gender Community of Practice), Report of
National Round Table Discussion on Social Inclusion of Manual
Scavengers, New Delhi: 2012, Hal. 09, diakses melalui
http://in.one.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Social-inclusion-of-
Manual-Scavengers.pdf (1/07/2021 pukul 16:04 WIB)
Written statement, submitted by the Human Rights Watch, a non-governmental
organization in special consultative statu diakses melalui
https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=%20%20A/HRC
/31/NGO/140 (22/10/2021 pukul 14:26 WIB)
Dokumen Resmi
Government of India Ministry of Labour and Employment diakses melalui
https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/SafetyHealthandEnvironmentatW
orkPlace.pdf (07/07/2021, 14:00 WIB)
India E Info, SC/ST ACT 1989 Implemented By V.P. Singh Government (History
of SC/ST ACT 1989), diterbitkan pada 2 Maret 2021, diakses melalui
dhttps://www.indiaeinfo.com/sc-st-act-1989-implemented-by-v-p-singh-
government-history-of-sc-st-act-1989/ (06/07/2021 pukul 12:27 WIB)
110
India: Act No. 33 of 1989, Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, diakses melalui
https://adsdatabase.ohchr.org/IssueLibrary/INDIA_Scheduled%20Castes
%20and%20the%20Scheduled%20Tribes%20(Prevention%20of%20Atr
ocities)%20Act.pdf (06/07/2021 pukul 12:43 WIB)
India’s Candidature Human Rights Council for 2019-2021, diakses melalui
https://www.hlrn.org.in/documents/India_Pledges_UNHRC_2018.pdf
(01/09/2021 pukul 22:49 WIB)
International Dalit Solidarity Network, IDSN recommendations on agenda items
of relevance to be considered at the 31st session of the Human Rights
Council (HRC), diakses melalui https://idsn.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/IDSN-recommendations-HRC31-February-
2016.pdf (02/09/2021 pukul 22:05 WIB)
The Employment Of Manual Scavengers And Construction Of Dry Latrines
(Prohibition) Act, 1993, diakses melalui
https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1993-46_0.pdf (06/07/2021
pukul 18:28 WIB)
Artikel
Baruah, Aparajita, The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and
their Rehabilitation Act, 2013: A Review, India: 2014, diakses melalui
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294117501_The_Prohibition_o
f_Employment_as_Manual_Scavengers_and_their_Rehabilitation_Act_2
013_A_Review/fulltext/56dec1b108aedf2bf0c9c672/The-Prohibition-of-
Employment-as-Manual-Scavengers-and-their-Rehabilitation-Act-2013-
A-Review.pdf (02/09/2021 pukul 20:04 WIB)
Gloria, Arita, Peran Gerakan Safoi Karmachari Andolan dalam Megakhiri
Manual Scavenging di India, 2016, diakses melalui
https://www.academia.edu/33959738/Peran_Gerakan_Safoi_Karmachari
_Andolan_Dalam_Mengakhiri_Manual_Scavenging_di_India
111
Mahmood, Tahir, Religion and the Secular State: Indian Perspective, hal 388,
diakses melalui
https://classic.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/India.rev.2011.05.16.pdf
(16/06/2021 pukul 17:00 WIB)
Margaret Keck dan Kathryn Sikkink. Transnational Advocacy Network in
International and Regional Politics, diakses melalui
https://courses.washington.edu/pbaf531/KeckSikkink.pdf (15/04/2021
pukul 23:12 WIB)
Penn Law: Uniersity of Pennsylvania Carey Law Scholl, Shikha Bhattacharjee
Fellowship Project diakses melalui
https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/profiles/818-shikha-
bhattacharjee/profiles/tpic (25/10/2021 pukul 21:09)
Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan, 2013, Manual Scavengers and Their Health, diaskses
melalui
http://www.mfcindia.org/main/bgpapers/bgpapers2013/am/bgpap2013h.p
df diakses pada 07 Juli 2021 pukul 14:51 WIB
Scholte A. Jan. Global Civil Society: Changing the World?. No.31/99, diakses
dari
https://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/Global_Civil_Society_Changin
g_the_World.pdf (16/03/2021 pukul 16:51 WIB)
Sneha Gutgutiaon, Dignity By Design: A Life Free Of ‘Mal’ (Feces), terbit pada
23 Novemeber 2018, diakses melalui
https://vikalpsangam.org/article/dignity-by-design-a-life-free-of-mal-
feces/ (25/10/2021 pukul 21:25 WIB)
Watkins, Thayer, The Indus River Valley Civilization: Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa, diakses melalui
https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/indus.htm (15/06/2021 pukul 21:42
WIB)
112
Website
Human Rights Watch, World Report 1991: India Human Rights Development,
diakses melalui https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/ASW-
07.htm#P517_197857 (09/07/2021 pukul 21:55 WIB)
Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999: India Human Rights Development,
diakses melalui
https://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport99/asia/india.html (09/07/2021
pukul 22:41 WIB)
Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001: India Human Rights Development,
diakses melalui https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k2/asia6.html
(09/07/2021 pukul 21:18 WIB)
Human Rights Watch. 2021. Our History, diaskses melalui Human Rights Watch:
https://www.hrw.org/history (08/07/2021 pukul 20:18 WIB)
Human Rights Watch. 2021. UN Human Rights Council: General Debate on
Ending discrimination based on caste and descent, diakses melalui
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/03/11/un-human-rights-council-general-
debate-ending-discrimination-based-caste-and (08/07/2021 pukul 14:05
WIB)
Human Rights Watch. 2021. About Our Research, diakses melalui
https://www.hrw.org/about/about-us/about-our-research#3 (09/07/2021
pukul 21:05 WIB)
Human Rights Watch, People, diakses melalui https://www.hrw.org/about/people
(09/07/2021 pukul 20:33 WIB)
International Dalit Solidarity Network, UN P&G Special Measure, diakses
melalui https://idsn.org/un-2/un-principles-guidelines-on-caste/un-pg-
special-measures/ (25/10/2021 pukul 22:58 WIB)
113
National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation, About Us,
diakses melalui https://nskfdc.nic.in/en/content/home/about-us
(18/08/2021 pukul 00:23 WIB)
Berita
Masoodi, Ashwaq, Supreme Court Awards Compensation for Sewer Death Since
1993, dirilis pada 28 Maret 2014 12:24 AM IST, diakses dalam
https://www.livemint.com/Politics/TIcoOwqRsgw2ACB0GkB1nL/Supre
me-Court-awards-compensation-for-sewer-deaths-since-199.html
(06/07/2021 pukul 15:57 WIB)
Mehra, Preeti, Fighting for Dignity, dirilis pada 22 Juni 2015, diakses pada
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/fighting-for-
dignity/article7342754.ece (01/09/2021 pukul 00:03 WIB)
Paliath, Shreehari, Tired of the endless wait for compensation, thousands of
Indians may return to manual scavenging, diterbitkan pada 14 Maret
2021, diakses melalui https://scroll.in/article/989340/tired-of-the-endless-
wait-for-compensation-thousands-of-indians-may-return-to-manual-
scavenging (18/08/2021 pukul 22:38 WIB)
Ramesh, Randeep, Untouchables in new battle for jobs. Diterbitkan di The
Guardian pada Senin 03 Oktober 2004 diakses melalui
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/03/india.randeepramesh
(13/04/2021 pukul 20:43 WIB)
Sengupta, Rai, 2017 Timeline of Atrocities Against Dalits: UP, Rajasthan Top The
List dipublikasi pada 29 November 2019 diakses melalui
https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/12381/2017-
timeline-of-atrocities-against-Dalits-up-rajasthan-top-the-list (08/04/2021
pukul 14:14 WIB)
Sent, Suman, What percentage of people prefer to speak Hindi across States?
Dipublikasi pada 18 September 2018 diakses melalui
114
https://www.thehindu.com/data/what-percentage-of-people-prefer-to-
speak-hindi-across-states/article27451589.ece (15/06/2021 pukul 17:25
WIB)
Shivakumar, B, Half of India’s Dalit Population Lives in 4 States, dipublikasi di
The Times of India pada 2 Mei 2013 pukul 6:16 IST diakses melalui
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/half-of-indias-Dalit-population-
lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms (08/04/2021 pukul 04:36
WIB)
The Hindu, Families of manual scavengers to get compensation immediately:
Anjaneya, diterbitkan pada 15 Desember 2016, diakses melalui
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Families-of-manual-
scavengers-to-get-compensation-immediately-
Anjaneya/article16806638.ece (18/08/2021 pukul 22:25 WIB)
The Hindu, India's Manual Scavenging Problem, dirilis pada 16 Februari 2020,
diakses melalui https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-manual-
scavenging-problem/article30834545.ece (01/09/2021 pukul 21:06 WIB)
Yadavar, Swagata, Government Claims To Have Assisted 91% Of India’s Manual
Scavengers, Without Counting 93% Of Them, dirilis pada 25 Juni 2015,
diakses melalui https://scroll.in/article/841580/government-claims-to-
have-assisted-91-of-indias-manual-scavengers-without-counting-93-of-
them (02/09/2021 pukul 20:20 WIB)
fisip.umm.ac.id | [email protected]
SURAT KETERANGAN
Nomor : E.6.e/ /HI/FISIP-UMM/XI/2021
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, Ketua Program Studi Hubungan Internasional
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang,
menerangkan bahwa mahasiswa:
Nama : Oktavia Arina Haqqo
NIM : 201610360311120
Judul Skripsi : Peran Human Rights Watch (HRW) dalam Menghapuskan
Pekerja Manual Scavenging Kaum Dalit di India
Dosen Pembimbing : 1. M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA
2. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
telah melakukan cek plagiasi pada naskah Skripsi sebagaimana judul di atas,
dengan hasil sebagai berikut:
BAB I BAB II BAB III BAB IV BAB V
Similarity 13 % 2 % 7 % 2 % 2 %
*) Similarity maksimal 15% untuk setiap Bab.
Demikian surat keterangan ini dibuat untuk dipergunakan sebagai syarat
pengurusan bebas tanggungan di UPT. Perpustakaan UMM.
Malang, 13 November 2021