NAM(Non-Aligned Movement)Pergerakan Negara-negara Berkecuali

Oleh : Reza Badiuzzaman @ JJ Bin Abdullah

IPG KAMPUS RAJANG, SARAWAK

Pengenalan• Selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, 2 kuasa besar

dunia iaitu: Amerika Syarikat

Rusia• 2 kuasa besar ini saling bermusuh dan telah

mewujudkan 2 blok politik di dunia• 2 kuasa ini sering bersaing dan

memperlihatkan kekuatan masing-masing.

Dunia

Blok BaratBlok Timur

Blok Barat• Amerika Syarikat• Britain• Perancis • Negara yang amal

konsep demokrasi• Negara yang amal

sistem ekonomi kapitalis

Blok Timur• Rusia • China• Jerman Timur• Korea Utara• Negara-negara

Eropah Timur• Negara yang

mengamalkan fahaman komunis

• Dua blok ini mengadakan konfrontasi secara aman yang dikenali sebagai ‘Perang Dingin’

• Amerika Syarikat dalam usaha menyekat fahaman komunisme di Asia Tenggara telah menubuhkan satu pertubuhan yang dikenali sebagai SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organisation) pada tahun 1995.

SEATO ini disertai oleh :

SEATO

Amerika Syarikat

Britain

Thailand

Filipina

Pakistan

Perancis

• While the organization was intended to be as close an alliance as NATO or the Warsaw Pact, it has little cohesion and many of its members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the great powers. For example, Cuba was closely aligned with the former Soviet Union during the Cold War era

• . India was effectively aligned with the Soviet Union against China for many years. Additionally, some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members (particularly Islamic nations) of the movement did not.

Asal Penubuhan NAM• Walaupun dunia terbahagi kepada 2 blok

politik tetapi ini tidak bermakna semua negara ingin memihak kepada mana-mana kuasa ini.

• Kebanyakan negara mengambil jalan tengah dengan tidak menyebelahi 2 kuasa ini dan mengamalkan pendirian atau dasar luar yang berkecuali.

• Negara-negara ini berkumpul dan membentuk pertubuhan yang dikenali sebagai Pergerakan Negara-negara Berkecuali atau NAM ( Non-Aligned Movement)

• Istilah ‘Non-Aligned’ adalah idea asal Perdana Menteri India masa itu iaitu Nehru semasa ucapannya di Colombo, Sri Lanka pada tahun 1954.

• Dalam ucapannya, Jawaharlal Nehru menyatakan 5 tiang struktur sebagai panduan Hubungan Sino-Indian di mana pada mulanya 4 sahaja oleh Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai.

• 5 tiang ini dinamakan Pancsheel ( 5 restrain / kawalan)• 5 tiang ini kemudian menjadi asas kepada prinsip NAM

iaitu : Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and

sovereignty Mutual non-aggression

Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs Equality and mutual benefit

Peaceful co-existence

• Kesinambungan daripada itu, maka pada tahun 1955,

• Persidangan kemuncak Negara-negara Berkecuali diadakan di Bandung, Indonesia dan dikenali ‘Bandung Conference’.

• Perjumpaan ini telah diketuai oleh Presiden Indonesia Sukarno.

• Dalam perjumpaan itu, mereka menyatakan perdirian untuk tidak menyebelahi dalam perang dingin Blok Timur dengan Blok Barat.

• Bersetuju mengadakan deklarasi mewujudkan keamanan dan kerjasama dunia.

• 6 tahun kemudian, Persidangan Rasmi Kemuncak yang pertama diadakan di Belgrade pada September 1961.

• Mesyuarat ini diketuai oleh presiden Yugoslavia pada masa itu iaitu Joseph Broz Tito.

• Sebanyak 25 ahli menyertai NAM ketika itu dengan 11 Ahli daripada negara Asia Dan Afrika, bersama Yugoslavia, Cuba dan Cyprus.

• Persidangan ini memutuskan untuk menentang kolonisme,imperialisme dan neo-kolonisme, racism dan Zionis.

• Penubuhan NAM diharap dapat menjadi satu pakatan yang kuat seperti NATO dan WARSAW

Tokoh penting penubuhan NAMFrom left: Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah

of Ghana, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia and Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia

The Initiative of Five

Julius K. Nyerere (TANZANIA)

Presiden Sukarno (INDONESIA)

Jawaharlal Nehru (INDIA)Gamal Abdul Naser

(MESIR)Kwame Nkrumah

(GHANA)

• Persidangan seterusnya diadakan di Kaherah(Cairo),Mesir pada tahun 1964.

• Perhimpunan ini disertai oleh 46 negara dan kebanyakan ahli baru datang daripada negara Afrika yang baru merdeka.

• Persidangan ini lebih banyak membincangkan isu Arab-Israel dan Perang India-Pakistan.

Syarat Keahlian NAM

• At the Cairo preparatory meeting the participants discussed in detail the principal aims and objectives of a policy of non-alignment. These were adopted as criteria for membership as well as for the invitations to the First Summit Conference.

The criteria are the following: The country should have adopted

an independent policy based on the coexistence of States with different political and social systems and on

non-alignment or should be showing a trend in favour of such a

policy.

The country concerned should be consistently

supporting the Movements for National

Independence.

The country should not be a member of a multilateral

military alliance concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts.

If a country has a bilateral military agreement with a Great Power, or is

a member of a regional defence pact, the agreement or pact should not be one deliberately concluded

in the context of Great Power conflicts.

If it has conceded military bases to a Foreign Power the concession should not have been made in the context of

Great Power conflicts.

• Persidangan yang ketiga diadakan Lusaka. Persidangan ini adalah amat penting kerana pada tahun itu NAM menubuhkan organisasi untuk membantu hubunngan ekonomi dan politik.

• Presiden Zambia pada masa itu iaitu Kenneth Kaunda memainkan peranan yang penting pada masa itu.

• The member nations added peaceful resolution of disputes and abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts as the aim of the movement. Opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries was also added as the movement's aim.

Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement

Name Country From To

Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1961 1964

Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt (United Arab Republic 1964 1970

Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1970 1973

Houari Boumédienne Algeria 1973 1976

William Gopallawa Sri Lanka

1976 1978

Junius Richard Jayawardene 1978 1979

Fidel Castro Cuba 1979 1983

N. Sanjiva Reddy India

1983

Zail Singh 1983 1986

Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe 1986 1989

Janez Drnovšek

Yugoslavia

1989 1990

Borisav Jović 1990 1991

Stjepan (Stipe) Mesić 1991

Branko Kostić 1991 1992

Dobrica Ćosić 1992

Suharto Indonesia 1992 1995

Ernesto Samper Pizano Colombia

1995 1998

Andrés Pastrana Arango 1998

Nelson Mandel South Africa

1998 1999

Thabo Mbeki 1999 2003

Mahathir bin Mohammad Malaysia

2003

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 2003 2006

Fidel Castro Cuba

2006 2008

Raúl Castro 2008

First Conference - Belgrade, September 1-6, 1961

Second Conference - Cairo, October 5-10, 1964

Third Conference - Lusaka, September 8-10, 1970

Fourth Conference - Algiers, September 5-9, 1973

Fifth Conference - Colombo, August 16-19, 1976

Sixth Conference - Havana, September 3-9, 1979

Seventh Conference - New Delhi, march 7-12, 1983

Eighth Conference - Harare, September 1-6, 1986

Ninth Conference - Belgrade, September 4-7, 1989

Tenth Conference - Jakarta, September 1-7, 1992

Eleventh Conference - Cartagena de Indias, October 18-20, 1995

Twelfth Conference - Durban, September 2-3, 1998

Thirteenth Conference - Kuala Lumpur, February 20-25, 2003

Fourteenth Conference - Havana, September 15-16, 2006

NAM kini• Apabila NAM semakin matang pelbagai

pembaharuan telah dibuat antaranya ialah menambah prinsip asas daripada 5 pancsheel kepada 9 prinsip.

• Pada tahun 2004, Cyprus dan Malta telah keluar daripada NAM dan menyertai Europen United (EU)

• Cyprus merupakan antara negara yang terawal menyertai NAM dan banyak menyumbang dalam NAM.

Prinsip terkini NAMRespect for fundamental human rights and for the

purposes and principles of the Charter of the United

Nations.

Respect for the sovereignty and

territorial integrity of all nations.

Recognition of the equality of all races and

of the equality of all nations, large and small.

Abstention from intervention or

interference in the internal affairs of another

country.

Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself

singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter

of the United Nations.

Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial

integrity or political independence of any country.

Settlement of all international disputes by

peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter

of the United Nations.

Promotion of mutual interests

and co-operation.

Respect for justice and international

obligations.

NAM• NAM kini dianggotai sebanyak 118 anggota yang

kebanyakan terdiri daripada negara dunia ketiga.• NAM mewakili 2/3 Ahli Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa

Bersatu (PBB)• NAM juga mewakili 55% populasi dunia pada masa

kini• NAM mampu wujud sebagai satu pertubuhan yang

kuat dan besar.• Kebanyakan anggota NAM pernah dijajah dan

mempunyai latar belakang yang sama iaitu berasaskan pertanian dan pengeluar bahan-bahan mentah yang utama.

Member States and Representatives• Afghanistan • Algeria• Angola• Antigua and Barbuda• Bahamas• Bahrain• Bangladesh• Barbados• Belarus• Belize• Benin• Bhutan• Bolivia• Botswana• Brunei• Burkina Faso• Burundi• Cambodia• Cameroon • Cape Verde• Central African Republic• Chad • Chile• Colombia • Comoros • Congo• Côte ld'Ivoire • Cuba• Democratic Republic of the Congo • Djibouti

• Dominica• Dominican Republic• Ecuador• Egypt • Equatorial Guinea • Eritrea• Ethiopia • Fiji • Gabon • Gambia• Ghana• Grenada • Guatemala • Guinea• Guinea-Bissau • Guyana• Haiti • Honduras• India• Indonesia• Iran• Iraq• Jamaica• Jordan • Kenya• Kuwait• Laos• Lebanon• Lesotho• Liberia

• Libya• Madagascar• Malawi• Malaysia• Maldives• Mali• Mauritania• Mauritius• Mongolia• Morocco• Mozambique• Myanmar• Namibia• Nepal• Nicaragua • Niger • Nigeria• North Korea• Oman• Pakistan• Palestine• Panama• Papua New Guinea• Peru• Philippines• Qatar• Rwanda• Saint Lucia• Saint Kitts and Nevis

• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines• São Tomé and Príncipe• Saudi Arabia• Senegal• Seychelles• Sierra Leone• Singapore• Somalia• South Africa• Sri Lanka• Sudan• Suriname• Swaziland• Syria• Tanzania• Thailand• Timor-Leste• Togo• Trinidad and Tobago• Tunisia• Turkmenistan• Uganda• United Arab Emirates• Uzbekistan• Vanuatu• Venezuela• Vietnam• Yemen• Zambia• Zimbabwe

Negara Pemerhati

• Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bosnia and

Herzegovina • Brazil • Costa Rica • Croatia • El Salvador • Kazakhstan

• Kyrgyzstan • Mexico • Montenegro • Paraguay • People's Republic of

China • Serbia• Ukraine • Uruguay

• Brazil has never been a formal member of the movement, but shares many of the aims of NAM and frequently sends observers to the Non-Aligned Movement's summits.

• NAM juga akan menjemput negara-negara atau pertubuhan yang bukan ahli NAM untuk memerhati pertubuhan ini semasa Persidangan Kemuncak NAM.

• Setakat ini belum ada Negara jemputan yang kekal.

• Selalunya wakil daripada sistem PBB dan luar daripada sistem PBB.

Negara jemputan semasa sidang kemuncak NAM XI,Cartagena

Australia Austria Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Czech Republic #Dominican

Republic admitted as observer Finland Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Italy

Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland #Ukraine admitted as observer

September 1996

Negara jemputan semasa sidang kemuncak NAM XII,

• Australia • Netherlands • Austria • New Zealand • Bosnia-Herzegovina • Norway • Bulgaria • Poland • Canada • Portugal • Finland • Republic of Korea • France • Romania

• Germany • Russian Federation • Greece • Slovak Republic • Holy See • Slovenia • Hungary • Sweden • Ireland • Switzerland • Italy • United Kingdom of Great Britain • Japan • United States of America

Dalam Sistem PBBHigh-Level Working

Group for the Restructuring of the

United Nations

Working Group on Human

Rights

Working Group on Peace-Keeping

Operations

Working Group on

Disarmament

Committee on Palestine

Task Force on Somalia

Non-Aligned Security Caucus

Standing Ministerial Committee for

Economic Cooperation

Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and

Chairman of NAM)

Luar Sistem PBBAsian-African Legal

Consultative Committee (AALCC)

Commonwealth Secretariat

Economic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS)

Group of 77

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies

League of Red Cross and Red

Crescent Societies

Non-Aligned News Agency Pool (NANAP)

Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and

Southern African States

SELA South Centre

Southern African Development Community

(SADC)

World Association for

World Federation

Isu semasa NAM• Sentimen Anti-America• Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini AS telah menjadi sasaran NAM. The

singular superpower the US invasion of Iraq, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced as human rights violations and attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations.[6] The movement’s leaders have also criticized the US overt control over the United Nations and other international structures, and the war on terrorism. While the organization has rejected terrorism, it condemns the association of terrorism with a particular religion, nationality, or ethnicity, and recognizes the rights of those struggling against colonialism and foreign occupation.[7]

• Israel-Palestine• The movement has taken a firm position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,

denouncing Israel’s occupation of the contested Palestinian territories.[8] It has called upon Israel to halt its settlement activities, open up border crossings, and cease the use of force and violence against civilians. The UN has also been asked to pressure Israel and to do more to prevent further human rights abuses.

• Southern Development• The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of

sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionalities, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[9]

• Reforms of the UN• The Non-Aligned Movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of

current UN structures and power dynamics, mostly in how the organization has been utilized by powerful states in ways that violate the movement’s principles. It has made a number of recommendations that would strengthen the representation and power of ‘non-aligned’ states. The proposed reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element considered the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.

• South-South Cooperation• Lately the Non-Aligned Movement has collaborated with

other organizations of the developing world, primarily the Group of 77, forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and document representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organization and bolster its political clout.

• Cultural Diversity and Human Rights• The movement accepts the universality of human rights and

social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenization. In line with its views on sovereignty, the organization appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region

Ongoing Policies and Ideology• The NAM always has had deep abiding commitment to world peace

and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in march 1983, the movement described itself as the "history's biggest peace movement".[4] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates it's formal institutionlization in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognised that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament. [4]

• From the 1960s onwards, critics came to see the movement as unduly dominated by states allied to the Soviet Union. Many questioned how countries in close alliance with the Soviet Union, such as Cuba, could claim to be non-aligned. The movement divided against itself over the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. This division was an indication that the NAM was indeed aligned, and it is possible that an organization of this nature can never be fully non-aligned.

Ongoing Policies and Ideology• In contrast, The Non-aligned movement believes in policies and practices of

cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the NAM are also members of the United Nations and both organizations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet successes that the NAM has had in multilateral agreements tends to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine and success of multilateral cooperation in these areas has been a stamp of moderate success for the NAM. The NAM has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid regimes and support of liberation movements in various locations including Zimbabwe and South Africa. The support of these sorts of movements stems from a belief that every state has the right to base policies and practices with national interests in mind and not as a result of relations to a particular power bloc. The Non-aligned movement has become a voice of support for issues facing developing nations and is still contains ideals that are legitimate within this context.

POLITICAL ISSUES• Since its inception the Movement therefore attempted to create an

independent path in world politics that would not result in Member States becoming pawns in the struggles between the major powers. This resulted in a large part of its history being influenced by the global tension of the Cold War between the two super powers. The Movement therefore this issue as a priority item on its agenda and its work. However, the Cold War was not the sole or only critical issue on the agenda of the Non-Aligned Movement. A cursory glance at the history of the Movement reveals three basic elements which influenced the approaches of the Movement to international issues. These are the right of independent judgement, the struggle against imperialism and neo-colonialism, and the use of moderation in relations with all big powers.

• In the present day context the Movement not only remains focussed on the above areas but also works towards the restructuring of the international economic order.

ECONOMIC ISSUES• Because of great power rivalry during the Cold War Era

many economic projects were set up in developing countries as part of the rivalry but suffered as a result of the quest for influence. During the years the focus of Non-Aligned Summits therefore shifted away from essentially politically issues, to the advocacy of solutions to global economic and other problems. The Jakarta Summit in 1992 was a turning point in Non-Aligned history since this was the first Summit after the end of the Cold War. It allowed the Movement to shift its focus in a direction that also enabled It to work across to groupings such as the G-7 and the EU. South Africa assumed the position as the Chair at a time when this transitional phase was still ongoing.

ADMINISTRATION• he founders of the Non-Aligned Movement and their

successors recognised that the Movement would probably be best served if it operated without a formal constitution and a permanent secretariat. The practice of a rotating Chair was instead created which at the same time place the onus of an administrative structure on the country assuming the Chair. The Summit Conferences are the occasions when the Movement formally rotates its Chair to the Head of State or Government of the host country of the Summit. The Foreign Ministry and Permanent Mission in New York of the Chair at the same time assume the responsibility of the administrative management of the Movement.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NAM CHAIR• The Chair is at the same time delegated certain responsibilities

for promoting the principles and activities of the Movement. To facilitate the Chairs' responsibilities a number of structures aimed at improving the co-ordination and functioning of the existing mechanisms of the Movement were created. (Also see Cartagena Document under Methodology.) Of these mechanisms the most important is the Co-ordinating Bureau (CoB) at the United Nations in New York, which forms the focal point for co-ordination. Since the Non-Aligned countries meet regularly at the UN and conduct much of their work there, the Chairs' Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York functions as the Chair of the CoB. The Bureau reviews and facilitates the harmonisation of the work of the NAM Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and Committees.

• The Heads of State or Government entrusted the Co-ordinating Bureau with the task of intensifying its action to further strengthen co-ordination and mutual co-operation among Non-Aligned countries, including unified action in the United Nations and other international fora, on issues of common concern.

• Another important mechanism is the Troika of past, serving and future Chairs. This concept is operationalised at the discretion of the incumbent Chair and can act as a clearinghouse for solutions of problems and issues confronting developing countries on which the Movement must take a position.

• The Methodology of the Movement was reviewed at a Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology in Cartagena, Colombia in 1996 and the decisions taken there is reflected in the Cartagena document on Methodology

Working Groups, Taskforces, Committees

High-Level Working

Group for the

Restructuring of the United

Nations

Working Group on Human Rights

Working Group on

Peace-Keeping

OperationsWorking Group on

Disarmament

Committee on

Palestine

Task Force on Somalia

Non-Aligned Security Caucus

NAM High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations (Chaired by Chairman of NAM).

NAM Working Group for the Restructuring of the Security Council (Chaired by Egypt).

NAM Drafting Groups of the NAM High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations dealing with the Supplement to an Agenda for Peace:

NAM Drafting Group on UN Imposed Sanctions (Coordinator : India).

NAM Drafting Group on Preventive Diplomacy and Peace-Making (Coordinator : Zimbabwe).

NAM Drafting Group on Post Conflict Peace-Building (Coordinator : Egypt).

NAM Drafting Group on Coordination (Coordinator : Colombia).

NAM Working Group on Human Rights (Chaired by

Malaysia).

NAM Working Group on Peace-Keeping

Operations (Chaired by Thailand).

Ministerial Committee on

Methodology (Chaired by Chairman of NAM).

NAM Working Group of the Coordinating Bureau

on Methodology (Chaired by Colombia).

NAM Working Group on Disarmament

(Chaired by Indonesia).

Committee of Palestine (Chaired

by Chairman of NAM).

Contact Group on Cyprus (Chaired by

Algeria).

Task Force on Somalia (Chaired by Chairman of NAM).

Task Force on Bosnia and

Herzegovina.

Non-Aligned Security

Council Caucus.

Coordinator Countries of the Action Programme

for Economic Cooperation (APEC).

Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation (Chaired by

Chairman of NAM).

Joint Coordinating Committee - JCC -

(Chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of

NAM).

Penglibatan Malaysia dalam NAM

• Malaysia mula menyertai NAM pada tahun 1970.• Penglibatan awal Malaysia dalam NAM bermula apabila

Setiausaha Tetap Kementerian Luar, Tan Sri Ghazali Shafie secara rasmi menghadiri mesyuarat persediaan Sidang Kemuncak NAM di Dares-Salam,Tanzania.

• Malaysia menyentuh isu Palestin di Timur Tengah dengan mendesak supaya Israel berundur dari kedudukannya di Palestin sebelum perang tahun 1967.

• Malaysia juga membawa isu soal rundingan damai Kampuchea di Paris,Perancis.

• Mesyuarat pada kali itu membincangkan kemungkinan untuk menjadikan rantau Indo-China sebagai kawasan berkecuali.

• Tan Sri Ghazali juga meminta NAM agar menjadikan seluruh Asia Tenggara sebagai negara yang berkecuali dengan jaminan 3 kuasa besar iaitu China, Rusia dan Amerika Syarikat (Mokhtar Abdul Kadir 1991:113-4)

• Malaysia menghadiri Sidang Kemuncak Pergerakan Negara Berkecuali buat pertama kali di Lusaka pada bulan September 1970 diketuai Perdana Menteri. Tun Abdul Razak.

Malaysia menyertai NAM berlandaskan beberapa faktor yang menjadi pegangan negara

Penyelesaian secara aman terhadap apa-apa pertikaian

Menghormati keutuhan dan kedaulatan wilayah negara lain

Prinsip hidup bersama secara aman

Tidak campur tangan dalam urusan negara lain, sama ada gerakan subversif atau gerakan lain

• Walaupun Malaysia merupakan ahli baru dalam NAM tetapi memainkan peranan berkesan dalam Sidang Kemuncak di Lusaka itu.

• Malaysia menyuarakan pendirian yang tegas tentang isu perlumbaan senjata nukklear dan ancaman senjata kepada umat sejagat.

• Malaysia menyokong bahawa perlu ada kawalan segera secara berkesan perlu bagi mengatasi fenomena ini.

• Pada akhir persidangan itu, Pengisytiharan Lusaka dibuat dan memutuskan menjadikan dekad 1970-an sebagai dekad Perlucutan Senjata

• Sejak menyertai NAM sehingga sekarang Malaysia telah memberi sumbangan yang besar dalam NAM terutamanya semasa Tun Mahathir menjadi Perdana Menteri.

• Ini terbukti apabila Malaysia menjadi Tuan Rumah persidangan NAM pada tahun 2003-2006 dan Tun Mahathir menjadi Setiausaha Agung NAM pada penggal itu.

• Malaysia dianggap penggerak kepada beberapa usaha gigih bagi perjuangan negara dunia ketiga.

Sumbangan Malaysia dalam NAM1 •Meningkatkan kerjasama antara negara yang sedang membangun dengan negara miskin, Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan

2 •Mempelopori Perang Penyalahgunaan dan Pengedaran Dadah

3 •Isu antartika sebagai hak warisan bersama manusia sejagat

4 •Usaha hapuskan dasar Apartheid di Afrika Selatan

5 •Terdapat banyak lagi usaha Malaysia dalam NAM

DI SAMPING BIDANG, MALAYSIA TURUT MEMAINKAN PERANAN PENTING DALAM BIDANG EKONOMI DI MANA-MANA SIDANG KEMUNCAK NAM.* DALAM SIDANG KEMUNCAK NAM DI NEW DEHLI, INDIA PADA BULAN MAC 1983, MALAYSIA MENGEMUKAKAN 2 PINDAAN TERHADAP RANGKA PENGISYTIHARAN TENTANG EKONOMI YANG DIKEMUKAKAN KEPADA SIDANG ITU :

Berhubung dengan cadangan untuk meningkatkan kerjasama di

kalangan negara pengeluar.Malaysia mencadangkan diwujudkan satu

badan atau organisasai ke arah itu di kalangan negara pengeluar

Meminta sidang kemuncak mendesak PBB supaya menjadikan benua Antartika

sebagai warisan bersama manusia. Seperti yang dilakukan PBB terhadap Konvesyen Undang-undang Laut dan bukannya oleh

28 negara yang menandatangani perjanjian tentang Antartika.

• Dalam Sidang Kemuncak ke-8 NAM di Harare pada September 1986, Malaysia mencadangkan ditubuhkan Suruhanjaya Bebas Selatan-Selatan untuk tingkatkan kerjasama dalam ekonomi negara dalam NAM.

• Tun Mahathir turut menghadiri persidangan kemuncak telah mengumumkan butir-butir penubuhan persidangan ini dalam satu sidang akhbar di Harare.

Cadangan Tujuan Penubuhan Suruhanjaya Selatan-Selatan

Mencari jalan untuk menyelesaikan beban hutang kepada negara maju dan mengkaji ekomomi negara membangun

Tingkatkan kerjasama antara negara-negara selatan khususnya dalam bidang ekonomi serta kerjasama yang serupa dengan negara utara.

Penubuhan Suruhanjaya Selatan-Selatan

• Cadangan Malaysia telah menjadi kenyataan apabila secara rasminya Suruhanjaya Selatan-Selatan ditubuhkan pada Sidang kemuncak NAM di Belgrade pada bulan September 1987.

• Bekas presiden Tanzania, Julius K. Nyerere telah dipilih sebagai Pengerusi Suruhanjaya Bebas Selatan-Selatan.

• Mesyuarat pertama diadakan di Geneva pada bulan Oktober 1987.

• Bagi memastikan kerjasama Selatan-Selatan ini dapat dijalankan dengan berkesan, pada tahun 1989, 15 buah negara membangun termasuk Malaysia telah menubuhkan sebuah kumpulan kerja yang dikenali sebagai Kumpulan 15 (Group-15 (G15))

• Ditubuhkan untuk mengukuhkan kerjasama ekonomi di kalangan negara-negara selatan, terutamanya dalam perdagangan serta wujudkan hubungan baik dengan negara maju.

• G-15 yang juga dikenali sebagai ‘Kumpulan Perunding dan Kerjasama Kemuncak’ dianggotai oleh 13 buah negara NAM dan 2 Negara membangun yang bukan anggota NAM.

Anggota G-15

G-15

Nigeria

Peru

Senegal

AlgeriaArgentina

Mesir India Venezuela Yugoslavia

Zimbabwe

Indonesia

Jamaica

Malaysia

• Keanggotaan ini jelas menunjukkan bahawa semua kawasan atau benua terlibat dan diwakili dalam Suruhanjaya ini agar NAM tetap wujud sebagai sebuah pertubuhan yang berkecuali. ( Mokhtar Abdul Kadir, 1991:122-35)

Kesimpulannya • NAM telah menjadi satu pertubuhan yang sangat

penting bagi memperjuangkan hak-hak dunia ketiga dan yang mengamalkan dasar berkecuali.

• NAM telah menjadi pengimbang kepada kuasa-kuasa besar dunia kerana tidak memihak kepada mana-mana blok kuasa.

• Malaysia telah memainkan peranan yang penting dan berkesan dalam Pergerakan Negara-negara Berkecuali (NAM) sejak menjadi anggota pada tahun 1970.

• Sumbangan Malaysia telah banyak membantu NAM seperti cadangan Suruhanjaya Selatan-Selatan dan Benua Antartika sebagai satu warisan manusia sejagat.

ADA SOALAN?

• DISEDIAKAN OLEH:• REZA BADIUZZAMAN BIN

ABDULLAH (JJ)• MUHAMAD AFIQ BIN SAHARI

• NAZILA BINTI SUJONO• NORLIS BINTI MORNIE

• MARYANNE

Sekian, Terima Kasih