MARDI Res. Bull. 6, 2 : (202 - 207)

EFFECTS OF SULPHATES AND METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION IN. HIGH CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) BASED DIETSFOR LAYERS

YEONG, S.W. AND SYED ALI, A.B.

Accepted for publication on 4 July, 1978

RINGKASAN

Sebanyak dua ratus empat pr.rluh ekor anak ayam Dekalb jenis telur cokelat berusia 32minggu telah dibahagikan kepada sembilan perlakuan makanan untuk membandingkan kesantambahan sulfate dan DZ' methionine di dalam makanan ubi kayu selama 30 minggi. Makananyarg mengandungi 60% ;agung dan makanan mengandungi 60% ubi kayu digunakan sebagaikawalan. Perlakuan-perlakuan yang lain adalah makanan asas ubi kayu masing-masingdi tambahkan 0.1% DL methionine, 0.2% DL methionine, 0.1% atau 0.2% Na"sor, 01%Dl me th i on ine + 0 .14 Na2SO4 . 0 ,2% Na rS2O. ' d , an A . l% K rSOo + 0 .1Vo Mg 56O. b i dapa t ipenghasilan telur nyata me-ning'kat (P<0.05)-pida kumpulun

'k.rll"n jagung. mak-anan yang

ditambahi D1, rnethionine dan yang ditarnbahi 0.2% NarSOO. Berbancling dengan keputusan yangdidapati dari perlakuan tambahan sr-rlfate yang lain. teiur yang dihasilkan oleh ayam-ayam yangdiberi makanan kawalan jagung nyata (P<0.05) lebih berat dibandingkan dengan telur ayam yangmendapat per lakuan sul fate.

Berdasarkan kepada tukaran makanan terhadap hasil telur didapati makaran kawalanjagung dan per lakuan methionine lebih baik (P<0.05) dar ipada kumpulan yang diber i tambahansul tate. Dicadangkan 0.1% DI nrethionine merupakan tambahan yang baik kepadanrakanan-makanan yang mengandungi ubi kayu yang t inggi .

INTRODUCTION

The use of cassava in poul t ry d iets had been studied (Vocr . 1966; ENnleUEz DANRoss. 1967: 1972: or-soN et a l . , 1969a: cHou and Mur- lEp. 1973: Syuo ALr et at . , 197s;YEONG and SYFID AL:r 1976 and 1977). The results show that the performance of poultryfed high cassava diets could be improved by the supplementation of DI-methionine. Thesulphur containins antino acids would act as sulphur donor for detoxication (OKE, 1973).

The reports on the sparing effect of inorganic sulphate on methionine and cystine andsubsequently on the performance of chickens were well documented. Ross ef at. (1972),HrNroN and HARMS ( i972) showed that Na2SOa could be used to replace par tof the methioninein broiler ration and tlterefore reduces feed costs. Earlier work by ALMeUIST (1964) indicatedthat NarSOa was about 40% as efficient as amino acid sulphur in producing growth response.Sonnt ,s et o l . (1914) cor lpared the ef fect of Dr methionine wi th NarSoa,(NFIa)2Soo zurdK2SO4 in ntaize soya broiler diets. and fclund that 0.16% of NarSOa in the diet strmulatedgrowth but d id not inrprove feed ef f ic iency. ANDERSoN et s l . (1975) indicated thatsuppletlrentation of 200 p.p.m. sulphate to a purif ied diet deficient in sulphur containing aminoacids irnproved the performance of chicks. But it needed 500 to 600 p.p.m. of sulphate toproduce the tttaxitttunr sparing effect of sulphur containing amino acids. With layers, Rrto and'Wt ls t :R (1914) repor ted that Na2SOa and (Nt14)2SO4 supplement in layer d iets d id notintprove egg production, egg weight and feed efficiency, whereas (NH4)2SO4 reduced the effectof nreth ionine on egg product ion.

202

Based on the assumption of the principle of detoxication and the effects of sulphatesreported above. it was of interest to assess whether supplementation with sulphates could haveany effect on the performance of laying chickens fed high levels of dietary cassava.

MATERJALS AND METHODS

Two hundred and forty-three 32 week-old Dekalb brown shell layers were used in thisexperiment. They were previously fed maize control layer mash (Toble 1) from point of lay.The birds were randomly allotted to individual battery cages. Nine treatments including onemaize and one cassava control diets were randomly given to the chickens (Table I and 2).There were 27 birds per treatment in three separate blocks of 9 cages each. Al1 blocks wereagain randomized before being assigned to the treatments. Feed and water were given adlibinm. Records of feed intake were taken weekiy and egg production taken daily. Average eggweights from each treatment were randomly taken from 20 eggs twice weekly. The trial lastedfor 30 weeks. from the 32nd to 62nd weeks of lay.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results on the performance of the layers are shown in Table 3. The hen-day eggproduction was significantly superior (P(0.05) in the maize control. DZ-methionine andsodium sulphate (Na2SOa) supplemented cassava diets. Significantly lower egg production wasobserved in those chickens fed the cassava diet alone (unsupplemented), supplemented witheither sodium thiosulphate (NarSr03.5H2O) or potassium sulphate (KrSOa) and magnesiumsulphate (MgSOa). This suggested that the supplenrentation of DL methionine in cassava dietswas more effective than all the sulphates except sodium sulphate. The supplementation ofNa2SOa in the 0.2% sulphate was superior to 0.1% and was cornparable to the effect of 0.1%DI, methionine supplementation. Addition of 0.1% DL methionine and 0.1% sodium sulphategave a slightly better egg production than groups fed 0. 1% D,l- methionine alone. The low eggproduction resulting from supplen-rentation of 0.2% sodium thiosulphate is rather diff icult toexplain since the thiosulphate is theoretically involved in the detoxication process ofhydrocyanide into thiocyanate (Ort:. 1973). However. earlier experiment by Svan ALI et al.,(1975) did not reveal toxic synrptonrs in la.vers ied high levels of cassava chips in the diet.

Chickeirs fed the maize control ration or cassava diets supplemented with DI -methionine

laid bigger eggs than those on cassava-based diets with or without sulphates supplementation(P<0.05). Sirrce methionine is an important amino acid for egg albumen formation, thisphenotnenon might be attributed t<-r the adequacy of DL methionine which helps in thedetoxication process without affecting the dietary methiorrine level. The inorganic sulphates didnot have any effect on egg weight increases.

Results on feed intake was inconsistent. The total egg mass produced in 30 weeks periodwas heaviest in maize control group and reduced in the following order of treatments viz. theD1- -methionine sodium sulphate, cassava basai, and sodium thiosulphate groups.

Efficiency of feed conversion and total egg mass is shown in Table -1. The maize controland the D1, methionine sodium sulphate supplemented groups showed better feed efficiencythan all those sulphate supplemented and the cassava basal groups (P<0.05). This suggests thatthe DI' methionine played a direct role in egg forrnation, whereas addition of sodium sulphatealone stimulated only egg production. Lowered production consequently affects feed conversion.This result is in agreement with the report of So,rnns et al., (1914) with broilers. but difrered

203

TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF CONTROL RATIONS(As fed basis, %)

Ingredients Maize Control Cassava Basal**

Maize (C.P. 8.57)

Cassava (C.P.2%)

Rice bran (C.P. 10%)

Soybean meal (C.P.44%)

Fish meal (C.P.54%)

Grass meal (C.P. l9%)

Palm oil

Salt

Tricalcium phosphate

Umestone powder

Vitamin mineral mix.*

DZ-methionine

60.00

9.00

1s.005.00

2.00

0.25

1 . 7 5

6.50

0.s0

60.00

24.00

7.00

1.00

0.25

1 . 7 0

5 . 5 0

0.s0

0.05

iVitamin mineral mix supplied by Merch Sharp and Dohme,104 USPU, D3 529, 104 ICU, E 220.5 IU, B 661.4 ms, 823,968.3 mg, chol ine chloride 66,138 mg, Mn 1.2%, Cu 0.04%,

**Treatments diets were based on the replacement of cassava by

U.S.A. Per Kg premix contains vitamin A 529,1.3 mg, Calcium pantothenate 718.7 mg, niacinI. 0.024%, Fe 0.4%.

the supplementation treatments (Table 3).

TABLE 2. CALCULATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CONTROL RATIONS

Item Maize Control Tapioca Basal

Crud.e Protein, %

Ether Exfiact,%

Crude Fibre, Vo

CaIcium.%

Phosphorus, %

Metabolizable energy : (MJ/Kg)

Lysine,%

Methionine,%

Cystine, %

15.68

3.00

4.90

3 . 1 8

0.92

1 1 . 8 0

0.90

0.32

0.30

I 5 .59

2 . 1 0

3.90

J . t z

0.87

12.08

1.06

0.33

0.26

204

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slightly from that of Rslo and Wesrn (1Ol+). who indicated that sulphate supplementationdid not effect egg production, egg weight or feed conversion efhciency.

Since DZ-methionine is commercially available and is commonly used in animal feeds, itsfavoutable effect on both egg production and feed conversion compared to sulphates should beconsidered. It is therefore practical that DL-methionine is used as a supplement in diets withcassava based diet.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank Puan Faizah bte Hj Mohammad, Encik Dahlan bin Hj. Ali andother supporting staff for their cooperation in conducting this experiment. The assistanceprovided by Encik Abdul Munir bin Jaafar and Encik Ahmad Shokri bin Othrnan in analyzingthe data are greatly appreciated.

SUMMARY

A total of two hundred and forty three of 32 w'eeks old Dekalb brown shell layers wereallotted to nine tleatments to compare the effect of sulphate compounds and Dl-methioninesupplementation to cassava based diets for 30 weeks duration. The treatments wele : 60% manediet and 60% cassava diets (basal contro l ) . 0]% and 0.2% DL methionine, 0.1% ot 0.2% sodiumsulphate (NarSOa), 0.1% DL methionine + 0.7% sodium sulphate, 0.2Vc sodium th iosulphate(Na rS r .O1 ) . 6 , nd 0 .14o po tass i um su lpha te (KaSO/ ) + 0 . l To masnes ium su lpha te (Me SO, ) . Eesproduc-tioi was significantly better (P<0.05) fn ,i^A" control gr-oup. att rne Of *"i6i.nil.t. uni0.2% sodium sulphate supplemented groups compared to groups with other sulphate supplements.Eggs were significantly heavier (P(0.05) in the maize control diet and the methioninesupplemented diets than those with sulphates supplemented diets. Chickens fed maize controland methionine groups was superior in feed efficiency than all the sulphate supplemented groups(P<0.05). It is therefore recommended that 0.1% DZ-methionine is the suitable supplementallevel for cassava based diets.

REFERENCES

ALMQUIST, H.J. (1964). Inorganic sul fur in animal

A N D E R S o N , J . O . , W e n u r c K , R . E . a n d D R l e r ,and cystine in chick diets with sulfate or1122 I I 28.

CHou, K.C. and MuLLt iR, Z. (1973). High levelsConf. Anirn. hod., Melboume, Australia,s(c) 18 s(c) l e.

ENnrgur , ;2 . F .Q. and ERNr , rs r Ross (1967) . TheSci. , 46 : 622 626.

nutrition. Feedstuffs, 36 : 60.

R.K. (1975). Repiacing dietary methionineother sulfur compounds. Poult. Sci., 54 :

of tapioca meal in poultry rations. lll. Ilrld.Sliort Contributions. Vol. No. l, P.

value of cassava root meal for chicks. Poult.

ENRIQLJI Iz . F.Q. and ERNl isT Ross (1972). Cassava root meal in grower and layer d iets .Poult. Sci.. 5I : 228 232.

HlNroN, C.F. and HARNtS, R.H. (1972). Evidence for su l fate as an unident i f ied growth factorin fish solubles. Pouh. Sci.. 5l : 701 103.

206

OrP, O.L. (1973). The mode of cyanide detoxication. In chronic cassava toxicity: Proc.Inter-disciplinary llorkshop IDRC Monogram IDRC-OIe, p. 97 104.

Ot-soN, D.W., SUNDE, M.L. and BtRo, H.R. (1969a).The metabol izable energ/ content andfeeding value of mandioca meal in diets for chicks, Poult. Sci., 48 : 1445-1452.

OrsoN, D.W., SuNor, , M.L. and Brno, H.R. (1969b). Amino acid supplementat ion ofmandioca meal chicks diets. Poult. Sci., 48 : 1949-1953.

REID, B.L. and WeerR, C.W. (1974). Lack of sulfur amino acid sparing effect withammonium sulfate and sodium sulfate in laying hen diets. Poult. Sci-, 52 : 964-968.

Ross. E., DAMROM, B.L. and HARMS, R.H. (1972). The requirements for inorganic sulfate inthe diet of chicks for optimum growth and feed efficiency. Poult. Sci.,51 : 1606 1612.

SoaRrs, J .H. , Jr . . MrcHolsoN, J .L. , BossARD, E.H. and rHoMAS, o.p. ( t9 : .4) . Ef fect ivelevels of sulfate supplementation in broiler diets. Poultr. ScL, 53 :235-240.

Sven Arr , A.8. , YEONG, S.W. and Sepr, C.P. (1975). Per formance of layers fed h igh levelsof broken rice and tapioca as a direct substitution of maize. MARDI Res. Bult.,3:63 70 .

VoGT. H. (1966). The use of tapioca meal in poultry rations. llorld Poult., Sci., 22 :I 13 125 .

YEONG. S.W. and SYED ALI, A.B. (1976). The use of tapioca in layer diets. MARDI Res.B u l l . , 4 : 9 1 9 6 .

YEoNG, S.W. and SyED ALr, A.B. (1977). The use of tapioca in broiler diets. MARDI Res.B u l l . . 5 : 9 5 1 0 3 .

207

Figure 1. A copper deftcient cass(na plant about 3 months old growing on peat wil, showingyellowing and curling of young leoves and inteneinal chlorosis of the next lower tierof mature leaves.

Figure 2. A close-up view of a copper deftcient cassova shoot from a 3 manth old plant. Notethe leaf curling and yellowing and the ight mgle between petiole and lamina.

2lr

Figure 3. Copper deficient cassava plants after ubout 10 months of growth on peat showingthe stem die-back and the reducecl size of the mature green leaves.

Figure 4. Tuber yields of copper deficient cassqva (right) compared to a normal plant (left) onpeat after 10 months of growth. Note the poor tuberization in copper deficient plants. Inextreme copper deficiency, no tubers may be formed.

2r2

K4N,c.perHy. K. , TaN. S.H. and CHraH, T.E. (1914). Avai lable micronutr ients in somePeninsular Malaysian soils as indicated by the oil palm. Malq,. Agric. J. a9 Q):357-364.

KR,4Nrz. B.A. and Mr,r-stso, S.W. (1964). Nutrient deficiences in corn, sorghum and small

grains. In: Hunger Signs in Crops, a Symposium, pp.25-58.3rd Ed. H.B. Sprague, DavidMcKay Co., New York.

LEEs. H. (1950). Copper retaining power of a humid acrd from peat. Biochem. J. 46:4 5 0 4 5 1 .

LIwsKI. S. (1954). The role of copper in the ferti l i ty of peat soils. Poftslr Agr. J.87 (A4);469.

LucAs, R.E. and KNEzEr, B.D. (1972). Climatic and soil conditions promoting micronutrientdeficiencies in plants. in Micronutrient in Agiculture. (Eds. J.J. Mortvedt and others).Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wis.

McMuRrev. Jr., J.E. (1964). Nutrient deficiencies in tobacco. In. Hunger Signs in C\ops, aSymposium. 3rd Ed. H.B. Sprague. David McKay Co., New York.

Russr,lr, E.W. (1961). The individual nutrients needed by plants. In: Soil Conditions andPlant Growth. 9th Ed. Longmans, England.

SHonnocrS. V.M. (1964). Mineral Deficiencies in Hevea and Associated Cover Plants. RRIM,Kua la Lumpur , Ma lays ia . pp .5 . 10 -1 i . 53 55 .

WooouousE. Jr., W.W. (1964). Nutrient deficiencies in forage grasses. ln: Hunger Signs inOops, a Symposium. pp.181- 218.3rd Ed. H.B. Sprague. David McKay Co., New York.

z t J

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