mahasiswa dalam peralihan kekuasaan

7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan

1/66

Nkhkscswk lkikn Tbrkichke Gbgukskke

Gb`brklkke mbrkgke nkhkscswk sbrcem lcpkelkem sb`kmkc mbrkgke nfrki

lkrc pklk mbrkgke pfictcg prkgtcs ykem nbejbrncegke gkpksctks tbrtbetu.

Lkikn pkelkemke Hk`brnks klk tcmk auemsc strtbmcs pbrmuruke tcemmc sbjkrk

unun. Tbrtknk, nbnpueykc tkemmuem okwk` nbnkstcgke iuiuskeeyk

lc bgkic lbemke gukicacgksc ncecnun gbnknpuke ykem `brscakt

bsgtrkauemscfeki lc `clkem ykem lcmbiutc. Gbluk, nbnpueykc tumks

nbestrkncscgke, nbemcetbrprbstkscgke, lke nbembn`kemgke trklcsc guiturki

nksykrkgkt. Gbtcmk, nbn`betug gbsklkrke pfictcg kmc nkhkscswk.

Lkikn prfybgsc ctu, nkhkscswk lkpkt nbnkelkem lcrc sb`kmkc bictb nksk

lbpke `kemsk. Nbrbgk tclkg hkeyk nbnpbrsckpgke pbrke ykem nbnpueykc

scmecacgkesc pfictcg, tbtkpc sbgkicmus nbebnpktgke sb`kmkc kmbe pbru`khke

sfscki. Lc `br`kmkc gbsbnpktke, nbrbgk lkpkt nbemkgutkicsksc lcrc nbikiuc

gbmcktke pfictcg sbpbrtc lbnfestrksc, lbgikrksc, lke nbelktkemc tbnpkt-

tbnpkt ykem lcscn`ficskscgke sb`kmkc puskt-puskt gbgukskke.

knue, pbrke pfictcg ctu ununeyk skemkt tbr`ktks. !khgke pbrke cec lkpkt

lckn ci kich fibh bictb pfictcg ykem nbnkem nbncicgc rbsfurjbs uetug

nbikgugke pbebtrksc pbru`khke. "bnbetkrk nkhkscswk, hkeyk lbnfetrksc lc

okike-okike, nbelktkemc ibn`kmk-ibn`kmk ykem nbnkem nbescn`ficskscgke

gbgukskke lke gbpbetcemke tbrtbetu, ktku nbemcrcngke lbibmksc pbrwkgcike

uetug nbebnuc tfgfh-tfgfh sbetrki ykem lckemmkp nbnpbroukemgke

kmbrelk pfictcg nkhkscswk.

#


2/66

"btbikh ctu nbrbgk lcpkgsk gbiukr lkrc tbnpkt ykem nbrbgk lktkemc ktku

ykem nbrbgk tbikh lulugc. $pkgkh lkikn gbklkke ykem nbrbgk pbrgcrkgke

sb`kmkc gbnbekemke ktkupue gbgkikhke. %kikupue tknpkgeyk nbrbgk puks

lbemke kpk ykem nbrbgk jkpkc gkrbek nbn`brcgke tbgkeke tbrhklkp

pbnbrcetkh ykem nbrbgk ecikc lcgtkgtfr, sbjkrk gbsbiuruhke nbrbgk tbrhbetc

lc sctu.

Lkikn rbafrnksc sbelcrc, mbrkgke nkhkscswk nbrupkgke arfet tbrlbpke ykem

nbn`kwk gbpbetcemke-gbpbetcemke ikce nksug &brnksug nbeybrbt

gbifnpfg grcnceki lke pbeokrkh. "btckp pbru`khke lke kpkikmc rb'fiusc,

nbnkem sbikiu tbrlkpkt nksykrkgkt ikpcs pkicem `kwkh ykem tclkg `brlkyk

lke tclkg nbncicgc kpk-kpk. Gbifnpfg cec lbemke nulkh nbnkeakktgke

sctuksc gbgkjkuke uetug nbelkpktgke gbùtuhke ykem pkicem lkskr lbemke

nbikgugke pbeokrkhke lke pbrknpfgke. &uicske cec nbeyfrftc mbrkgke

nkhkscswk lkikn pbemmuicemke "fbhkrtf lkikn pkemmuem pfictcg.

Grcscs gbukemke ykem nbikelk gkwkske $sck, tbrnksug nbibnkheyk ecikc

rupckh lc (elfebsck pklk ùike $mustus #))*, `brlknpkg iuks tbrhklkp

gbhclupke pbrbgfefncke rkgykt sbjkrk nbeybiuruh. ---- !brkwki lkrc

tun`kemeyk !kht &hkcikel pklk kwki ùike +uic #))*, pkskr cetbrekscfeki

gbhcikemke gbpbrjkykke tbrhklkp nktk ukem $sck &bemmkrk .upckh

gbhcikemke hknpcr tuouh pbrsbe lkrc ecikceyk, nbeurue lkrc p ./4,-

hcemmk p .*44,-. Gbputuske uetug nbemkn`kemgke nktk ukem pklk

tkemmki # $mustus nbelkpktgke luguemk nbiuks, tbtkpfc rupckh tbrus okuh.

Lkikn pclktf Gbnbrlbgkke tkemmki #* $mustus, "fbhkrtf nbebekemgke

ebmkrk lbemke nbemktkgke `khwk afelksc bgfefnc tbtkp guguh lke grcscs

nktk ukem hkeyk sbùkh ; gbgkuke sbnbetkrk 0. $gke tbtkpc, stk`cictks cec


3/66

tclkg `brhksci lcwuouagke. Tklk tkemmki :


4/66

cetbrekscfeki lbemke sb`ukh aftf lc nkek Ncjhbi 7knlbssus, pcnpceke (N1

lbemke tkemke tbricpktlc ktks lklk nbemkwksc "fbhkrtf skkt "fbhkrtf

nbekelktkemkec lfgunbe. "fbhkrtf lcpbrnkiugke, lbemke bgfefnc ykem

hkejur. Lbemke gbgukske ftfrctkrckecsneyk ykem nbelkpky okustcacgksc lkrc

pbn`kemueke bgfefnc, rb=cn


5/66

`bricpkt-icpkt. Gbluk, gbekcgke lrktcs nbejcuptkgke gbpkecgke iukr `cksk lc

gkikemke nksykrkgkt `kwkh hcemmk nbelfrfem nbrbgk nbikgugke

gbrusuhke. Lc okike rkyk !keluem 3 7crb`fe, gftk +ktcwkemc pklk #

1b`rukrc #))8, nkssk `brgbrunue lke `btbrckg, 0turuegke hkrmk0. Nbrbgk

nbruskg pbrtfgfke nuikc lkrc tfgf bibgtrfecg, nftfr, hcemmk wkruem oknu 3

lke gbnulcke lccgutc fibh pbn`kgkrke. Lc lkbrkh +kwk !krkt ykem ikce

9 Tknkeugke. 7cksbn, 6bnkh $`kem, Trckemke, Tbemkibemke, 7cjkibemgk,

7cncelc5, Lc +kwk &bemkh 96fskrc, !f`ftskrc !keyunks5, lc usk &bemmkrk

!krkt 96fn`fg &bemkh5 lke lc "uikwbsc "biktke 9Douem Tkelkem5 oumk

nuejui gbrusuhke lke gbrbskhke sfscki lbemke sb`k` nbifeokgeyk hkrmk

lke tuetutke ykem sknk > turuegke hkrmk.

Lueck uskhk lc sbgtfr prfpbrtc, ftfnftca, bibgtrfecgk, pbtrfgcnck, sbpktu,

pbruemmkske, susu, hcemmk tbnpb, ykem `keykg nbemklkgke `khke `kgu

cnpfr lke `keykg `brhutkem lkikn lfikr lcùkt tclkg `brgutcg, lbemke

keofgeyk ecikc rupckh. Tkicem pkrkh tbetueyk lckiknc fibh ftfnftca lke

prfpbrty. Hutkem swkstk ykem lcpbrgcrkgke `brounikh D" K :/ nciykr

`biun obiks pbeybibskckeeyk gkrbek tclkg lcscemmuem lkikn pkgbt (N@.

"bnkgce turue ecikc rupckh, sbnkgce nb`bemgkg puik hutkem swkstk .

$ejknke kn`rugeyk lueck uskhk cec sulkh pkstc gbnulcke nbikhcrgke

`bejkek ikeoutke ykgec muiuem tcgkr, ikiu THG, lke kghcreyk pbemkemmcurke

`bskr-`bskrke.

"b`kmcke `bskr nkhkscswk pue nbrupkgke gfr`ke grcscs bgfefnc nbeoklc

gcke ncsgce. Gbùtuhke hclup sbhkrc-hkrc, gbùtuhke kikt tuics, lke `ckyk

guickh sbnkgce tclkg tbrokemgku. "bfrkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks

fnnbesbe Nblke lkrc Dec'brsctks Tkttcnurk 9Depkttc5 $n`fe tbrpgsk

/


6/66

nbeoklc tugkem `bjkg lke pbemkyuh pbrkhu uetug `brtkhke hclup. "bjkrk

unun nkhkscswk nbemhkyktc grcscs bgfefnc nbikiuc tbrhbetceyk gcrcnke

frkem tuk lc gknpuem, nbifeokgeyk hkrmk `brks, `ckyk aftf gfpc, `khke

prktcgun lke ikcep-ikce. Lc (estctut &bgefifmc "bpuiuh f'bn`br 9(&"5

"urk`kyk /44 lkrc ## rcù nkhkscswk nbeuelk pbn`kykrke "TT. Lc

Depkyyc $n`fe 244 lkrc 8:44 nkhkscswk tclkg nbelkatkr uikem gkrbek

tclkg nknpu nbiueksc "TT. Trfìbn sbrupk oumk nbecnpk nkhkscswk

lkbrkh-lkbrkh sbpbrtc Dec'brsctks !rkwcokyk Nkikem, D@N Jfmykgkrtk lke

ikce-ikce. Nkhkscswk lc gftk-gftk `bskr pue nbemkiknc eksc` sbrupk .0 @uk

`cemuem ech, nku jutc, nku jutc kpk guickh. Hk`cs sknk-sknk embiukrce

`ckyk `bskr sch,0 gbiuh crc sbfrkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks 1ueklhkrnk

Lbpfg. +cgk jutc ck hkrusnbn`kykr "TT pbeuh p 44 rcù, sblkemgke

gkiku tbrus guickh ck hkrusnbn`kykr p )/4 rcù.

Gbrbskhke nksuykrkgkt ktks nbikemcteyk hkrmk-hkrmk sbn`cike `khke

gbùtuhke pfgfg 9sbn`kgf5 lke kejknke putus guickh sbrtk nksk lbpke

ykem surkn lc gkikemke nkyfrctks nkhkscswk, nbeoklc akgtpr pbemmbrkg

tbrsbelcrc `kmc gkikemke gknpus-nkhkscswk lke jc'ctks kjklbncjk uetug

nbeyktkgke gbprchktcekeeyk. $gsc ncn`kr `b`ks lke gbprchktceke lc

gknpus nbeybrruhgke tuetutke pbeurueke hkrmk-okrmk `krkem, tbrutknk

sbn`kgf, lccgutc fibh tuetutke ykem `brgkctke lbemke grcscs bgfefnc ikceeyk

ykgec kmkr pbecnùe `krkem lctcelkg, kmkr nkskikh pbemkemmurke ykem

sbnkgce iuks lctkemkec, lke tuetutke kmkr gb`cokgke bgfefnc ib`ch `brpchkg

pklk gbpbetcemke nkyfrctks rkgykt. 9 Nurclke " %clofof, #))) > 2/* 3 #:4 5

Lbnfetrksc ktku ueoug rksk nkhkscswk `brnuejuike nuikeyk sbjkrk

spfrklcj lc `br`kmkc gftk. $etkrk ikce lc "bnkrkem nbekemmmkpc `br`kmkc

:


7/66

csu ykem `brgkctke ktks pbejuicgke lke cetcnclksc ykem lcikgugke kpkrkt

gbknkeke, lc +kgkrtk lc @bluem LTNT uetug nbn`brcgke luguemke

gbpklk Nbmkwktc "fbgkrefputrc gkrbek pcnpceke ekscfeki lckemmkp tclkg

nknpu nbikgskekgke rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc, lc gknpus (&!

!keluem ykem nbeyktkgke gbprchktceke ktks grcscs bgfefnc. Nkupue lc

"fif lke Nblke ykem nbeuetut pbeurueke hkrmk.

Gbnulcke, ueoug rksk lke gbprchktceke tclkg hkeyk fibh nkhkscswk, tkpc

oumk gkikemke jbelcgckwke, sbpbrtc gbifnpfg #) pbebictc 6bn`kmk (inu

Tbembtkhuke (elfebsck 96(T(5 ykem nbeyukrkgke `br`kmkc gbprchktceke

ykem nbikelk nksykrkgkt skkt ctu, lke nbeycnpuigke nksykrkgkt gbiks

`kwkh sbnkgce nbelbrctk kgc`kt grcscs bgfefnc. ; Tbreyktkke gbprchktceke

9cec5 gknc sknpkcgke sb`kmkc jbrnce lkrc sukrk hktc lke eurkec rkgykt

gbpklk nbrbgk ykem sbiknk cec nktk lke gktk hktceyk tbikh tbr`utkgke lkrc

gbeyktke-gbeyktkke lc sbgbicicem gctk,0 ueyc pbreyktkke nbrbgk.

Tklk 1b`rukrc #))8, ueoug rksk nkhkscswk sbnkgce nbecemgkt lke `br`kmkc

csu pfictcg lke bgfefnc ykem tbrus lcifetkrgke nbeyb`kr gb `bbr`kmkc gftk.

"bnbetkrk ctu tbgkeke bgfefnc sbnkgce `brkt lcrkskgke kgc`kt grcscs

nfebtbr lke gbukemke. Lc !keluem, sb`keykg #/4 nkhkscswk lkrc

Dec'brsctks Tkloklokrke 9Depkl5, (gfpce, ($( lke (&! mkmki nbelktkemc

mbluem LTL +k`kr gkrbek lchklkem kpkrkt gbknkeke lkrc Tfiwctk`bs

!keluem, Tfirbs !keluem &bemkh lke Gflcn. Tkrk nkhkscswk ykem

nbeknkgke lcrc sb`kmkc @brkgke Trf-Lbnfgrksc !keluem 9@TL!5

nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh nbeuruegke hkrmk gb`utuhke nksykrkgkt sulkh tclkg

tbrokemgku ikmc, nbeuetut klkeyk rbafrnksc bgfefnc lc`krbemc pbn`kruke

lc `clkem pfictcg sbrtk nbeuetut pbn`brschke gk cebt lkrc uesur-uesur

*


8/66

gfrupsc, ifiusc, ebpftcsnb lke nfefpfic. Luk hkrc gbnulcke lc +kgkrtk,

nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks (elfebsck nbikgugke ueoug rksk lcc lkikn Gknpus

D( lc Lbpfg, nbeuetut pbeurueke hkrmk gbùtuhke `khke pfgfg, gb`b`kske

`brpfictcg lke gb`b`kske nbembnugkgke pbelkpkt, sbrtk hki ikce ykem

`brgkctke lbemke lbnfgrksc lke hkg ksksc nkeusck.

Lc Tklkem, pklk #) 1b`rukrc, sbgctkr .444 frkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks

$elkiks brlbnfetrksc nbefikg brgukskeyk gbn`kic Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf lke

nbeuetut lcikgskekgkeeyk rbafrnksc.0 Gctk nbeybruhgke lcikgskekgkeeeyk

sbùkh sugsbsc gbpbncnpceke ekscfeki lke nbefikg pbejkifeke gbn`kic

+belbrki Turekwcrkwke "fbhkrtf sb`kmkc prbsclbe ykem gbtuouh gkiceyk0

ùeyc pbreyktkke nbrbgk. Tklk 8 1b`rukrc, `b`brkpk nkhkscuswk

Dec'brsctks $crikemmk nfmfg nkgke uetug nbelbskg "clkem Dnun NT

nbnbeuhc tuetutke nbrbgk, lke nbefikg gbgukskeeyk gbn`kic Trbsclbe

"fbhkrtf. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #4 3 #285

"b`kmkc tfemmkg `brsbokrkh ykem knkt pbetcem lke `krfnktbr mbrkgke

nkhscswk, skikh sktueyk klkikh Gknpus D(. &kemmki / 1b`rukrc #))8,

suktu pbrcstcwk nbekrcg tbroklc gbtcgk pkrk nkhkscswk D( sbjkrk scn`fics

nbeutup lbemke gkce putch sbùkh sbùkh `kichf `brttuicsgke ; Gknpus

Tbroukemke


9/66

nkhkscswk nbebrcggke gfesbp &rcturk. Lc gknpus tbrsb`utikh, gbtcgk

&rcturk lcjbtusgke, ncictbr nbeyktkgke luguemkeyk gbpklk mbrkgke

nkhkscswk nbikiuc pbejk`utke `kichf scn`fi luguemke nkhkscswk ktks

pbroukemke


10/66

1ktkieyk, gkrbek upkyk Nbelcgùl uetug nbnfofgke mbrkgke nkhkscswk

lbemke sbùtke sb`kmkc mbrkgke pfictcg prkgtcs, tbreyktk fibh nbetbrc ykem

`brskemgutke sbelcrc, kpk ykem lcnkgsul cstcikh pfictcg prkgtcs, tclkg nknpu

lclbacecscgke lbemke obiks. Lke, oustru nkeu'br Nbelcgùl ctu, kich-kich

`brnkgsul uetug nbrblkn kgsc nkhkscswk, eknue rbkgsc ykem lchklkpc

oustru sb`kcgeyk nkikh sbnkgce nbnkejcem gbnkrkhke nkhkscswk.

Nkhkscswk ikiu rknkc-rknkc nbemmumkt lke nbeuetut kmkr Nbelcgùl

%crketf nuelur lke nbibpksgke ok`ktke.

Nkhkscswk pue tbrus sckp nbemmbikr `br`kmkc kgsc gbprchktceke lc gknpus-

gknpus. Nbrbgk nbeuetut ebmbrk lcikgugkeeyk rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke

pfictcg sb`kmkc okike gbiukr uetug nbnuichgke gbpbrjkykke nksykrkgkt. Hki

ykem nbekrcg `khwk kgsc nkhkscswk ykem nbiuks lke gbnulcke

`brpbemkruh gb `br`kmkc ikpcske nksykrkgkt ctu, oumk nbelkpktgke

sfgfemke lkrc pkrk lfsbe lke muru `bskr nbrbgk. Tkrk lfsbe lke muru `bskr

lc `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc lbemke scgkp `brkec lke tbrùgk `brsukrk

iketke nbeyktkgke luguemke tbrhklkp mbrkgke nkhkscswk lke hki cec

nbn`ketu nbnpbrgukt ikelkske krmunbe nuktke csu rbafrnksc ykem

lcmuicrgke nkhkscswk.

Ncskieyk, luguemke jc'ctks kgklbncgk D( lbemke nbemmbikr scnpcsun

`brtkoug ; Gbpbluicke D( &brhklkp &ktkeke (elfebsck Nksk Lbpke0 ykem

`brikemsuem sbiknk tcmk hkrc, Nkrbt #))8. Nbikiuc scnpscun cec pklk cetceyk

pkrk sc'ctks kgklbncgk D( nbikpfrgke pbncgcrke lbemke gbscnpuike `khwk

tktkeke pfictcg


11/66

TrbsclbeA lke lcpbrtmks nkikhke lbemke pbreyktkke tbetkem tuetutke

pbemuelurke lcrc "fbhkrtf ykem lcsknpkcgke fibh bgtfr D(, sb`kmkcnkek

kspcrksc ykem ikhcr lc nksykrkgkt.

"bikeouteyk, luguemke ktku kgsc nkhkscswk oumk nuejui lkrc hksci

pbrtbnuke sbounikh lfsbe lbemke muru `bskr kski (&!, D(, D@N, (T! lke

Dekcr ykem nbebifrgke gbsbpkgktke brupk pbreyktkke ykem lctkelk-tkemkec

ketkrk ikce fibh Trfl Lr ?nci "kicn 9D(5, Trfa Lr #:# 3

#: 5

Nbeobikem kghcr `uike 1b`rukrc #))8, tuetutke pkrk nkhkscswk sbrtk

mbifn`kem ueoug rksk lbemke kgsc nfmfg nkgke sbnkgce nbiuks. $gsc

##


12/66

nkhkscswk cec lcsbrtkc lbemke nfmfg nkgke lke turue gb okike. Tbok`kt

tcemmc ncictbr nuikc nbn`brcgke rbkgsc tbrhklkp ueoug rksk nkhkscswk

lbemke nbemktkgke gkiku tclkg puks tkg pbriu nbikgugke lbnfetrksc.

Tbreyktkke cec lcsknpkcgke sbtbikh tbroklc `betrfgke lke gbruskgke ykem

tclkg hkeyk nbic`ktgke nkhkscswk, tkpc oumk pkrk sfpcr kemgutke lc

!keyuwkemc lke Jfmykgkrtk ykem nbikgugke pbnfmfgke sb`kmkc prftbs

nbifeokgeeyk hkrmk sugu jklkem. Gbrusuhke oumk tbroklc ketkrk ikce lc

Nkokibemgk lke Tknkeugke nbeyb`k`gke ykem sktu frkem tbwks.

(su sugsbs nbeobikem "clkem Dnun NT tkemmki # 3 ## Nkrbt #))8, oumk

nbeoklc afgus pbrhktcke pkrk nkhkscswk. "b`ukh pfi pbelkpkt ykem

lcsbibemmkrkgke "bekt Nkhkscswk D( nbeokrcem #.44 rbspfelbe ktku

sbgctkr / pbrsbe lkrc sbiuruh nkhkscswk D( nbemhkscigke, 8/,: pbrsbe

nkhkscswk sbtuou kmkrsbjbpkteyk lcklkgke kich gbpbncnpceke ekscfeki

9sugsbsc5. "bikce ctu /,2 pbrsbe, ketkrkeyk nbeluguem Gbtuk Dnun TT

Nuhknklcykh $ncbe kcs sb`kmkc jkife prbsclbe, sblkemgke &ry "utrcsef

nbelkpktluguemke #4.# pbrsbe, Nbercstbg !+ Hk`c`cb 8.4# pbrsbe, lke

Nbetbrc Gbukemke Nkr0cb Nuhknnkl nbelulugc urutke gbbnpkt :,)

pbrsbe. $gke tbrus `brikeout, sifmke ketc-pbnbrcetkh nkgce iketkem

lcgunkelkemgke, tkpc gbpklk tbetkrk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke lcsbruhgke uetug

`brmk`uem lbemke nkhkscswk.

!uike Nkrbt #))8, ueoug rksk lke prftbs nkhkscswk nbeyb`kr tbrus gb

`br`kmkc gftk lc (elfebsck. &kemmki / Nkrbt #))8 ueoug rksk lc `br`kmkc

gknpus lc +kgkrtk nbnprftbs gb`cokgke pbnbrcetkh lkikn nbekemkec grcscs

bgfefnc.

#


13/66

Lc +kgkrtk, nkhkscswk (esctctut Gbmuruke lke (inu Tbelclcgke 9(G(T5

kwknkemue nbemmbikr kgsc gbprchktceke ktks ekcgeyk hkrmk sbn`cike

pfgfg lke nbeyktkgke "clkem Dnun NT #))8 tclkg cespcrktca tbrhklkp

gbhbelkg rkgykt. "blkemgke lc !keluem, kgksc nfmfg nkgke lc Dec'brsctks

Gktficg Tkrkhykemke 9Depkr5 lc`u`krgke ktks pbrcetkh Tbn`ketu bgtfr (((

!ulc %clflf gkrbek lcecikc sulkh nbemkrkh pklk mbrkgke pfictcg prkgtcs.

Gbnulcke ueoug rksk lke kgsc gbprchktceke tclkg hkeyk lcikgugke

nkhkscswk, tkpc oumk lfsbe. "bhcemmk kgsc ykem tklceyk ib`ch nbrupkgke

mbrkgke nkhkscuswk, gcec `bru`kh nbeoklc mbrkgke gknpus. $gsceyk oumk

tclkg hkeyk nbeuetut `br`kmkc pbru`khke bgfefnc lke pfictcg sbpbrtc ykem

tbroklc lc gknpus Dec'brsctks @klokh Nklk Jfmykgkrtk, Dec'brsctks

Tkloklokrke !keluem, Dec'brsctks Tksuelke !keluem, Dec'brsctks (sikn

!keluem sbrtk ($(, tbtkpc oumk nbikgskekgke kgsc sfscki `brupk pbn`kmcke

sbn cike `khke pfgfg 9sbn`kgf5 sbpbrtc ncskieyk lcikgugke nkhkscswk

(&! lbemke nbn`kmcgke #.:44 fkgbt mrktcs gbpklk nksykrkgkt tkg nknpu.

!betrfgke ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke nuikc tbroklc, wkikupue

tclkg nbecn`uigke gfr`ke. knue lbncgcke, Gbpkik "tka "fscki Tfictcg

$!( 6btobe Jueus Jfsackh nbecikc ueoug rksk lc gknus-gknpus sulkh

nbemghkwktfcrgke, gkrbwek ocgk `brgbpkeokemke `csk `brgbn`kem sbpbrtc

pbrcstcwk Gbrusuhke * +uic #)):. Tbekemgkpke ktks kgtc'cs lbnfetrke pue

nuikc lcikgugke. Nbeobikem "clkem Dnun NT ykem kgke nbncich

gbn`kic "fbhkrtf sb`kmkc prbsclbe uetug nksk ok`ktke gb-*, ueoug rksk

sbnkgce `bskr lcikgugke fibh pkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks (elfebsck,

Dec'brsctks $tnkokyk, lke pbrmuruke tcemmc ikceeyklc "bnkrkem, "fif,

"urk`kyk, Lbepkskr, lke Tklkem,

#2


14/66

"bnksk `bikemsuemeyk "clkem Dnun NT, ueoug rksk tbrus `brikeout

lbemke ncn`kr `b`ks, krkg-krkgke gbicicem gknpus, nbemmbikr pfstbr lke

spkelug, nbeuetut rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke pfictcg, pbnbrcetkhke ykem `brsch

lkrc gfrupsc, gfiusc lke ebpftcsnb, sbrtk pbeurueke hkrmk-hkrmk ghususeyk

sbn`cike `khke pfgfg. Lc +kgkrtk, rktuske nkhkscswk (G(T nbemmbikr kgsc

gbprchktceke lc icemguemke Gknpus kwknkemue. ktuske nkhkscswk

ikceeyk nbemklkgke ueoug rksk lc gknpfus Dec'brsctks +kyk`kyk. Lc

!keluem, rc`uke jc'ctks kjklbncjk (esctctut &bgefifmc !keluem nbemmbigkr

kgsc gbprchktceke.

Hki ykem sknk tbroklc lc Tklkem, "unktbrk !krkt, rc`uke nkhkscswk

Dec'brsctks !uem Hkttk nbemklkgke kgsc gbpbrchktceke lbemke nbemklkgke

ncn`kr `b`ks, nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh nbikgugke rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke

rbafrnksc pfictcg lbemke nbemhkpus nfefpfic, nbn`betug bnbrcetkhke

ykem `brsch lkrc gfrupsc, gfiusc lke ebpftcsnb, sbrtk pkribnbe ykem ib`ch

nbnpbrhktcgke gbpbetcemke rkgykt `keykg. Lc Dec'brsctks "unktbrk Dtkrk

9D"D5 lke Decgk lc Nblke, "unktbrk Dtkrk, nkhkscswk nbikgugke ncn`kr

`b`ks lc gknpus nkscem-nkscem nbemkougke tuetutke rbafrnksc pfictcg lke

hugun.

Deoug rksk ykem sknk tbroklc lc Dec'brsctks Dlkyk, !kic, lke `br`kmkc

gknfpus lc Jfmykgkrtk sbpbrtc Dec'brsctks (sikn (elfebsck 9D((5,

Dec'brsctks @klokh Nklk Dec'brscty 9D@N5, Dec'brsctks "krokekwcyktk

&knkescswk, Dec'brsctks "kektk Lhkrnk 9D"L5, Dec'brsctks $tnk +kyk

Jfmykgkrtk 9D$+J5, Dec'brsctks Nuhknnklcykh Jfmykgkrtk 9DNJ5,

Dec'brsctks %clyk Nktkrkn Jfmykgkrtk 9D%NJ5, sbrtk "bgfikh &cemmc

#


15/66

(inu ?gfefnc 9"&(?5 lke (esctut "bec (elfebsck 9("(5. &uetutke ykem

lckougke sbikce nbelbskg pbnbrcetkh nbikgskekgke rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke

pfictcg, oumk nbeuetut pbrmketcke gbpbetcemke ekscfeki.

Hkrc tbrkghcr "clkem Dnun NT, ueoug rksk sbnkgce nkrkg tbroklc lc

`br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc lc +kgkrtk, !fmfr, !keluem, &bmki, Turwfgbrtf,

Jfmykgkrtk, "urkgkrtk, +bn`br, "urk`kyk, Tklkem, Nblke, Lbepkskr,

Tfetckekg, lke Douem Tkelkem, tbtkp nbemkougke tuetutke ykem sknk

pbeurueke hkrmk-hkrmk, rbafrnksc pfictcg, rbafrnksc bgfefnc, lke

pbn`betugke pbnbrcetkh ykem `brsch lkrc gfrupsc gfiusc, lke ebpftcsnb.

!betrfgke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc sbpbrtc ykem tbroklc lc (("(T 9(esctut (inu

"fscki lke (inu Tfictcg5 6betbem $muem, +kgkrtk "biktke. knue `betrfgke

ketkrk nkhkscswk lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke tbroklc lc gknpus (esctctut

&bgefifmc "bpuiuh f'bn`br 9(&"5, "urk`kyk nbeyb`k`gke bekn

nkhkscswk jblbrk lkikn `betrfgke, skikh sbfrkem lcketkrkeyk lcrkwkt lc

runkh skgct gkrbek mbmkr ftkg. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #4 3 #28 5

Tklk tkemmki # Nkrbt hcemmk ## Nkrbt #))8, lcsbibemmkrkgke "clkem Dnun

NT. Tbeokmkkeeyk skemkt gbtkt nbic`ktgke / rc`u pbrsfeci `brokmk sckem

lke nkikn. %kgci Gbtuk LTNT, $`lui @kaur nbemkejkn kgke

nbrbjkii kemmftk 1GT ykem `brkec cetbrupsc lke nbwkoc`gke kemmftk 1GT

nkbeklktkemkec luguemke uetug Hk`c`cb. "biuruh rbgkyksk lcikgugke uetug

nbemknkegke pbejkifeke Hk`c`cb sb`kmkc %kprbs (. ketkp tbetkem >

Tbn`brcke &umks lke %bwbekem Ghusus gbpklk TrbsclbeNkelktkrcs NT

lkikn rkemgk Tbeyugsbske lke Tbemknkeke Tbn`kemueke kscfeki

sb`kmkc Tbemknkike Tkejkscik, lcghkwktcrgke kgke sbnkgce nbn`ukt

gbgukskke "fbhkrtf nbeoklc ;k`sfiut0

#/


16/66

"D NT nbnkem `brkghcr nuius. "fbhkrtf gbn`kic nbeoklc Trbsclbe.

"bpbrtc tclkg tbrpbemkruh fibh lbnf-lbnf nkhkscswk ykem gcke nkrkg,

pklk #/ Nkrbt #))8 +belbrki !bskr Hkoc Nfhknnkl "fbhkrtf

nbemunungke lke nbiketcg Gk`cebt Tbn`kemueke B((. "usueke Gk`cebt

gkic cec nbebmksgke gbtclkgpbluicke "fbhkrtf pklk tuetcutke nksykrkgkt

lke nkhkscswk uetug nbejcftkgke pbnbrcetkhke ykem `brsch lkrc

n,fefpfic, gfrupsc, gfiusc, lke ebpftcsnb. "ctu Hklcyketc ugnkek 3 &utut

3 kekg suiuem "fbhkrtf ykem nbeoklc scn`fi ebpftcsnb


17/66

pbr`kcgke. Lfsbe 1?D(, 1kcski !ksrc nbebmksgke,0 Gk`cebt cec tkg

rbprbsbetktca lke skyk pbrgcrkgke kgke mkmki nbn`kwk (elfebsck gbiukr lkrc

grcscs. ; "b`biun uitcnktun $ncbe kcs tbr ugtc. Gk`cebt cec tbreyktk

hkeyk `brunur luk `uike. @bifn`kem prftbs nkhkscswk nbemkghcrc

gbgukskke "fbhkrtf pklk # Nbc #))8.

b=cn "fbhkrtf tknpkgeyk nbeyklkrc mkwkteyk gbklkke pfictcg, `brgkctke

lbemke kgsc-kgsc nkhkscswk ykem tbrus nbn`bskr nbsgcpue sulkh

lcikgugke pbn`brkemuske pksjk * +uic #)):. b=cn ykem `bmctu pbrjkyk

pklk &bfrc Lkikem cec `brkemmkpke `khwk pkrk pbncnpce kgsc-gksc

nkhkscswk ykem nksch kgtca lke jbelbruem rklcgki hkrus lcibeykpgke kmkr

mbrkgke cec `csk lchbetcgke. Nkgk, lc`betugikh &cn Nkwkr lkrc Gfppksus

ykem wkgtu ctu lcpcnpce fibh nbeketu "fbhkrtf. !bikske kgtc'cs pfictcg 3

sb`kmcke `bskr kgtc'cs nkhkscswk lcjuicg !b`brkpk kgtc'cs sbpbrtc $elc

$rcba 9TL5, Tcus 6ustrcikekm 9$ilbrk5, 1kcsfi b=k 9TL5, khkrlof

%kiuyf +ktc 9TL5 lii. Nuejui gbn`kic lke nbn`brcgke gbskgscke. knue

`bikske kgtc'cs ikceeyk tclkg pbrekh gbn`kic.

&bfrc Lkikem tbreyktk skikh.


18/66

Ghusus, Nkrbt #))8, GN D@N nbejktkt nkssk tbr`bskr hcemmk #/ rcù

frkem pklk / Nkrbt #))8 lke ## Nkrbt #))8. bgfr nkssk tbr`bskr gbluk

lcikgugke fibh gbifnpfg rklcgki "fsif ykem nbejkpkc `bikske rcù, ykgec

"NT ykem kgsceyk sbikiu lcikgugke lc mbr`kem nksug gknpus D".

Nbeyklkrc gbeyktke nbn`bskreyk kgsc nkhkscswk pklk # Nkrbt #))8

Tkemk` +belbrki %crketf nbnpbrcemktgke kmr nkhkscswk tclkg kekrgcs lke

lbsgtrugtca. 9 Nurclke " %clofof, #))) > #:2 3 #:/ 5

Gkiku pklk wkgtu sb`biuneyk lbnfetrksc nkhkscswk gb`ch `keykg

lcikgugke lc lkikn gknpus lbemke `br`kmkc kgsc ncn`kr `b`ks, sbuskc

"clkem Dnun NT ueoug rksk nkhkscswk nuikc turue gb okike. Lc "fif,

pkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt nuikc turue gb okike lccgutc

rcùke nkhkscswk. Lke `betrfgke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc. Lc "fif `betrfgke

tbroklc ketkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt lke kpkrkt gbknkeke

nbeyb`k`gke / frkem nkhkscswk iugk-iugk. Hki ykem sknk tbroklc lc

"urk`kyk, +kgkrtk lke `b`brkpk tbnpkt ikceeyk. Lc 6knpuem, pficsc nuikc

nbebn`kg ke tbn`kgke pbrcemktke gb krkh nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks

6knpuem, sbtbikh tbroklc `betrfgke. "b`keykg / frkem nkhkscswk

lctkemgkp.

(esclbe pklk Dec'brsctks 6knpuem tclkg nbemhbetcgke kgtc'ctks ueoug rksk

nkhkscswk lc `br`kmkc uec'brsctks lc (elfebsck. Tklk tkemmki # Nkrbt

#))8, ueoug rksk tbrus nbiuks lc Douem Tkelkem, +kgkrtk, Tklkem,

!kelkriknpuem, lke lc Jfmykgkrtk gbn`kic nbikgugke ueoug rksk lke

gbprchktceke ekscfeki nbeuetut pbru`khke pfictcg, bgfefnc lke hugun. Lc

Jfmykgkrtk, rktuske nkhkscswk lkrc ## uec'brsctks ebmbrc lke swkstk lc gftk

cec, nbikgugke kgsc ueoug rksk lc Gknpus D@N. !betrfgke ykem

#8


19/66

nbeyb`k`gke iugk-iugk pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc. "blcgcteyk #4 frkem kpkrkt

gbknkeke lke 24 frkem nkhkscswk nbemkiknc iugk-iugk sbtbikh sbgctkr 244

pficsc lke tbetkrk nbemmuekgke pbetuemke lke tfemgkt rftke nbnugui

nuelur sbgctkr #.444 frkem nkhkscswk ykem nbibnpkr `ktu. Tkrk

nkhkscswk lcjbmkt kpkrkt gbknkeke gbtcgk kgke turue gb okike lkrc

Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt 9D"5.

&uetutke pkrk nkhkscswk pue tbrus nbecemgkt tbrnksug gbcemceke

nbemklkgke lckifm ikemsuem lbemke Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbn`khks `br`kmkc

nkjkn tuetutke nbrbgk. Gbcemceke cec sbmbrk lcskemmkh Nbegf Tfigkn

1bcski &keouem ykem nbemktkgke tclkg nuemgce, gkrbek klk kturke-kturke

nbembekc cec, sbrtk tclkg nuemgce nkhkscswk `brtbnu lbemke Trbsclbe

"fbhkrtf. "bnkemkt uetug `broukem nbikwke gfrupsc lc `clkem pfictcg lke

bgfefnc sbrtk nbecemgkteyk hkrmk-hkrmk, oumk tbikh nbecemgkt gukictks

pbroukemke nkhkscswk uetug rbik nbemfr`kegke ocwk rkmk nbrbgk.

Nbnksugc ùike $prci, ueoug rksk nkhkscswk lc `br`kmkc gknpus pbrmuruke

tcemmc ebmbrc lke swkstk sulkh nbic`ktgke rcùke frkem. !betrfgke ketkrk

nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrgke sbpbrtc ykem tbroklc

lc gknpus Dec'brsctks @klokh Nklk 9D@N5 lke ($( "ueke Gkicokmk,

nbeyb`k`gke puiuhke nkhkscswk iugk-iugk. Lc 6knpuem, ib`ch lkrc #44

nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks 6knpuem 9Decik5 skn`ci nbebrckggke ybi-ybi prf-

rbafrnksc nbejf`k nbebrf`fs gb iukr gknpus, eknue mkmki gkrbek lcìfgcr

kpkrkt gbknkeke.

%kikupue gfr`ke sulkh `broktuhke, ueoug rksk nkhkscswk lc `br`kmkc gftk

tbrus `brikemsuem. Lc Lbpkeskr !kic, bnpkt tfpc hbin lke sktu tknbem pficsc

#)


20/66

lc`kgkr pbemueoug rksk sbtbikh tbroklc `betrfgke acscg lbemke pbtumks lc

gknpus Dec'brsctks Dlkyk. Lc Jfmykgkrtk, ueoug rksk pkrk nkhkscswk

`brikemsuem lc D@N, (G(T lke Dec'brsctks %kemsknkemmkik Jfmykgkrtk,

nbic ktgke sbgctkr 2444 nkhkscswk ykem nbefikg lckifm lbemke

pbnbrcetkh, nbebetkem gbgbrkskke ncictbr, sbrtk nbnpbrtbmks tuetutke

rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc. Deoug rksk nkhkscswk lc Jfmykgkrtk cec

gbn`kic `brkghcr lbemke `betrfgke nbemkgc`ktgke #2 nkhkscswk iugk lke

`bikske frkem lcrkwkt lc runkh skgct, # frkem ikceeyk hcikem, bekn frkem

lctkhke, lke sblcgcteyk / sbpblk nftfr ncicg nkhkscswk lke pbefetfe

ruskg lkikn pbeybrmkpke kpkrkt. Lc pchkg kpkrkt gbknkeke, lcikpfrgke icnk

frkem iugk luk lcketkrkeyk pkrkh gkrbek gbek ibnpkrke `ktu.

Lc "urk`kyk, nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks $crikemmk lke (esctctut &bgefifmc

$lhctknk "urk`kyk nbemmbikr ueoug rksk lke ncn`kr `b`ks nbeuetut

klkeyk rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc. Tkrk nkhkscswk Dekcr sbnpkt ififs

gbiukr gknpus, tkpc tkg `csk nbebrusgke pbrokikeke nbrbgk gkrbek pkmkr

`btcs pbtumks gbpficscke. Lc Nkikem, kgsc ueoug rksk lcmbikrsb`kmkc sbgctkr

/4 frkem tfgfh nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks !rkwcokyk. "blkemgke lc Douem

Tkelkem, ib`ch lkrc .444 kgtc'cs Hcnpueke Nkhkscswk (sikn 9HN(5 jk`kem

Deouempkelkem nbemmbikr rkpkt kg`kr.

!betrfgke lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke gbn`kic tbroklc lc mbr`kem gknpus

Dec'brsctks $crikemmk, "urk`kyk, pklk tkemmki 8 $prci #))8, nbeyb`k`gke

sbounikh nkhkscswk tbriugk. Gbpkik Gbpficscke bsfr Gftk "urk`kyk &cnur

6bteke 9Tfi5


21/66

Lcgktkgke, gkiku klk nkhkscswk ykem `brlkrkh ctu kgc`kt ibnpkrke `ktu

gkwke-gkwke nkhkscswkeyk sbelcrc.

Lc Tklkem, lbnfetrksc nkhkscswk `brikemsuem lc (G(T Tklkem nbic`ktgke

sbgctkr #4.444 nkhkscswk lc kwkh gffrlceksc 1frun Gfnuecgksc

Nkhkscswk "unktbrk !krkt tbrlcrc lkrc pkrk nkhkscswk lc Dec'brsctks

$elkiks, (G(T Tklkem, Dec'brsctks !uem Hkttk, ($( Tklkem, "&&T lke

Dec'brsctks Nuhknnklcykh "unktbrk !krkt. Deoug rksk nkhkscswk tbr`bskr

lc Tklkem cec nbeuetut kmkr NT sbmbrk nbikgskekgke sclkem cstcnbwk

uetug nbncich prbsclbe `kru muek nbnuichgke gfelcsc ebmkrk ykem

sbnkgce pbicg, nbncetk nuelur Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf ykem tbrpcich lkrc

ok`ktkeeyk sb`kmkc nkelktkrcs NT pbrcflb #))8 3 442 gkrbek lcecikc

mkmki nbnuichgke gfelcsc bgstbreki ekscfeki, sbrtk lcikgskekgkeeyk

rbafrnksc pfictcg, bgfefnc, hugun lkn `ulkyk sbjkrk tftki.

Lc +kgkrtk sbjkrk sbrbnpkg sbgctkr 24 gknpus nbikgskekgke kgsc lknkc lc

gknpus D( "kibn`k, nbic`ktgke oumk pkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks Grcstbe

(elfebsck 9DG(5 ykem nbikgugke ifem nkrjh sbgctkr /44 nbtbr lkrc +kike

Lcpfebmfrf . $gsc lc gknpus D( cec nbic`ktgke sbgctkr .444 nkhkscswk ctu,

lchklcrc pbrwkgcike nkhkscswk lkrc $!$-$!(, "&1 Lrcykrgkrk, "&(?

9 "bgcikh &cemmc (inu ?gfefnc5 +kgkrtk, Dec'brsctks +kyk`kyk, Dec'brsctks

Hkskeullce Douempkelkem, Dec'brsctks Dlkykek !kic, Dec'brsctks

7belrkwksch (rcke +kyk, Dec'brsctks "kn ktuikemc Nkeklf, lkn

Dec'brsctks Lcpfebfrf "bnkrkem.

$gc`kt sbrcemeyk tbroklc `betrfgke ketkrk kpkrkt gbknkeke lke nkhkscswk

lc `br`kmkc gftk ykem nbecn`uigke sbounikh nkhkscswk iugk lc Nkrgks

#


22/66

Tfilk +kyk lc +kgkrtk lcsbibemmkrkgke pbrtbnuke tbrtutup ketkrk pbok`kt

kpkrkt gbknkeke lbemke pcnpceke pbrmuruke tcemmc 9bgtfr lke Tbn`ketu

bgtfr (((5 sbiuruh +kgkrtk, pbok`kt Gffrlcektfr Tbrmcruke &cemmc "wkstk

%cikykh (((, pbok`kt Gkewci Lbplcg`ul LG( +kgkrtk. Gbputuskeeyk ketkrk

ikce nbikrkem kgsc nkhkscswk lc iukr gknpus lke turue gb okike lbemke

kikske tclkg `csk nbeoknce gbknkeke nkhkscswk. Tkemlkn +kyk "okarcb

"oknsfbllce nbikrkem nkhkscswk turue gb okike gkrbek nbesceykicr klkeyk

mbrkgke ykem lceknkgke +krcemke Tbrikwkeke $gsc


23/66

nkgkikheyk ykem nbemktkgke, pbnbrcetkh skkt cec tbikh, sblkem, lke kgke

nbikgskekgke tbrus rbafrbnksc lc sbmkik `clkem gbhclupke.

Lkrc Nblke lcikpfrgke tcmk nkhkscswk (esctctut &bgefifmc Nblke 9(&N5

nbemkiknc iugk `brkt kgc`kt `betrfgke lbemke pbtumks gbknkeke lc gknfus

(&N. "bounikh nkhkscswk oumk nbelbrctk iugk rcemke kgc kt puguike.

"b`kicgeyk, tcmk pbtumks !rckmklb Nf ci 9!rcnf`5 Gbpficscke Lkbrkh

9 Tfilk5 "unut nbemkiknc iugk-iugk `brkt kgc`kt ibnpkrke `ktu lke

tbrceokg-ceokg skkt `betrfgke. Gcec gbtcmkeyk lcrkwkt lc " Tfilk "unut. Lc

!kic, kgsc ; kgykt Nbemmumkt0 nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks Dlkyk oumk lcwkrekc

`betrfgke lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke, ykem nbemkgc`ktgke puiuhke

nkhkscswk iugk rcemke lke # nkhkscswk nbeokikec pbrkwktke lc (estkiksc

kwkt Lkrurkt 9(L5 "DT "kemikh. "blkemgke lc Nktkrkn, 6fn`fg,

lcikpfrgke bekn nkhkscswk jblbrk sbtbikh `betrfg lbemke kpkrkt

gbknkeke.

Nbeobikem kghcr ùike $prci #))8, sbgctkr .444 nkhkscswk pbrmuruke

tcemmc ebmbrc lkrc ebmbrc lke swkstk sb-+kwk lke "unktbrk nbemmbikr kgsc

gbprchktceke lc gknfus (esctut Tbrktkecke !fmfr 9(T!5 !krkekemsckem,

!fmfr. Nkhkscswk ykem `brncekt turue gb okike tbrtkhke lc lkikn gknpus

(T!. ktuske pbtumks gbknkeke lkrc Lkinks Tfirbstrk !fmfr, Jfe 2#/C

@krulk Hctkn lkrc Gfrbn 4:# "G nbnìfgcr gbtkt pkrk nkhkscswk

tbrsbùt, sbhcemmk tbroklc lfrfem-lfrfemke lc ketkrk nbrbgk. &uetutke ykem

nbrbgk kougke lkikn kgsc lknkc lc (T! cec klkikh nbncetk pbnbrcetkh kmkr

nbn`brc gbpkstcke pbeybgbskcke grcscs bgfefnc, nbeueut Trbsclbe

nbnuichgke gbpbrjkykke iukr ebmbrc, nbemhkpus gfrupsc, gfiusc lke

ebpftcsnb, sbrbtk nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh nbikgugke trkespkrkesc sfki ounikh

2


24/66

scsk lb'csk ebmkrk ykem sb`bekreyk, utkem swkstk lke lb`ctureyk, ounikh

rupckh ykem lcpkrgcr lc iukr ebmbrc, lke pbemmuekke lkek `ketuke (N1

9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #4 3 #28 5

6kce pfscsc nkhkscswk #)88 ykem lcskn`ut lbemke sfgfemke gukt lkrc

gkikemke jc'ctks kjklbncgk lke nksykrkgkt iuks, ikce pklk pfscsc $!(

lkikn nbeycgkpc nkskikh pbriueyk rbafrnksc. Lkikn `br`kmkc pbreyktkke

tbr`ugk uetug nbekemmkpc nkrkgeyk ueoug rksk nkhkscswk nbeuetut

rbafrnksc. Nbehkegkn Tkemicnk $!( +belbrki %crketf `brcuemgkic

nbemuemgkpgke `khwk ; $!( nbeluguem kspcrksc rbafrnksc eknue hki

ctu hkrus lcikgskekgke sbjkrk mrkluki, gfesctuscfeki, lke tbpkt skskrke. ;

Lbencgcke `khksk ykem ghks ykem nbeoklc pbmkemke pkrk pcnpceke $!(

nbembekc scgkp $!( tbrhklkp rbafrnksc. Lcsknpcem ctu, lkikn rkemgk

pbejkpkcke tkrmbt rbafrnksc ykem lcpbroukemgke nkhkscswk ctu, %crketf

nbemuemgkpgke `khwk ; $!( nbemcemcegke lckifm lkrcpklk lbnfetrksc .0

knpkgeyk skemkt `bskr gbghkwktcrke $!( `khwk krus mbifn`kem

mbrkgke rbafrnksc kgke nbemkgc`ktgke gfelcsc kekrgcs, $!(

nbemghkwktcrgke `brmuicreyk mbrkgke rbafrnksc ctu kgke nbikhcrgke

mbrkgke cegfesctuscfeki lke pbru`khke rb'fiuscfebr. Nbnkem kgsc ueoug

rksk nkhkscswk ekngkeyk tbikh nbnpbrhklkpgke lcibnnk pklk lcrceyk

lkikn nbebetugke scgkp ketkrk pbelbgktke gbknkeke rbprbsca lkektku

pbrsuksc'b lkikn nbemhklkpc mbrkgke nkhkscswk.

Tfscsc lke scgkp $!( rbiktca nbnkem nbeluk, tclkg `bmctu obiks lke tbmks,

`khgke jbelbruem ncefr. Lc sktu pchkg sbounikh pcnpceke $!(

nbeyktkgke `khwk $!( sbjkrk kspcrktca nbeluguem rbafrnksc, eknue lc


25/66

pchkg ikce lkikn prkgtbgeyk lc ikpkemke oustru $!( `bruskhk

nbn`uemgkn kgsc nkhkscswk lbemke pbelbgktke rbprbsca ykem

lc`bekrgkeeyk sbelcrc. !khgke hknpcr tclkg klk tcelkgke gfegrct pchkg

$!( uetug nbemkgfnflksc tuetutke rbafrnksc, ncskieyk, nbikiuc cescktca

1rkgsc $!( lc LT uetug pbru`khke pbruelkem-uelkemke pfictcg ktku

nbelbskg "fbhkrtf nuelur sbsukc kspcrksc rbafrnksc ykem oustru `keykg

lcsukrkgke nksykrkgkttbrutknk mbrkgke nkhkscswk.

Gbtclkgtbmkske $!( cec lkpkt lcpkhknc nbemcemkt lkikn pfscsceyk lc sktu

scsc ck lctuetut hkrus nbn`bik sukrk rkgykt, sbnbetkrk lc scsc ikce ck lctuetut

uetug nbejcptkgke gbknkeke lke gbstk`cike ykem oustru `brkrtc nbn`bik

gbbgukskke rb=cn


26/66

pfscsc sb`kmkc pbn`bik sukrk rkgyktlke tclkg nbemkn`ci pfscsc sb`kmkc kikt

gbgukskke `bikgk. Tbrcemktke cec sb`bekreyk nbemkeluem krtc pbetcem `kmc

$!(. "btclkgeyk lbemke pbreyktkke $ncbe kcs ctu, $!( lchkrkpgke

`brscgkp ib`ch kgfnflktca tbrhklkp gbmcktke-gbmcktke ueoug rksk ykem tbrsu

lcmbikr nkhkscswk, tkepk nbetbibskcgke lbemke gbgbrkske.

Gbeyktkkeeyk, $!( nbnkem nbejf`k nbikgugke pbelbgktke kgfnflktca

tbrhklkp nkhkscswk lke tfgfh-tfgfh rbafrnksc lbemke kokgke lckifm.

Lkikn rkemgk ctu, Gksfspfi $!( `brsknk pcnpceke $!( ikceeyk tbikh

`brupkyk tclkg hkeyk nbelbgktc nkhkscswk eknue oumk bgspfebe

nksykrkgkt ikceeyk . Gbhcikhktkeeyk $!( cemce nbn`kemue gfnprfnc

`kmc pbejkpkcke tuouke rbafrnksc, runkh lkikn 'brsc $!( rbafrnksc ctu

tbtkp lkikn gbrkemgk gfesctuscfeki, nbemkju pklk tktkeke ykem klk, lke

ocgk pue tbroklc pbrfn`kgke scstbncg lchkrkpgke `brrscakt mrkluki, lke hki

ykem tclkg gurkem pbetcem ikmc tclkg nbemkejkn bgscstbesc $!(. 9 $lc

"uryklc 7uiik, #)))> #:# 3 #:* 5

bkicsksc pbelbgktke kgfnflktca tbrsb`ut klkikh lckifm $!( lbemke

nkhkscswk, lkikn sb`ukh pbrtbnuke ekscfeki ykem lcrbejkekgke

lcikgskekgke pklk $prci #))*, lcprkgkrskc fibh Gbtuk 1fsgf :: Lousrci

Louske sb`kmkc nblcktfr, lbemke nbemkn`ci tbnpkt lc @bluem Jkykske

&bekmk Gbrok (elfebsck 9J&G(5 +i @ktft "u`rftf, +kgkrtk "biktke. . bejkek

ykem nbelkptgke luguemke $!(, tbreyktk mkmki lcikgskekgke gkrbek

pbefikgke lkrc pchkg nkhkscswk uetug nbemcrcn wkgcieyk. Gbmkmkike

lckifm cec lcsb`k`gke nkhkscswk tclkg pbrjkyk lckifm lbemke $!( kgke

nbemhkscigke gbputuske prflugtca. Gbichktkeeyk, grcscs imctcnksc cec tbikh

nbemkgc`ktgke pfscsc lke jctrk $!( nbeoklc lbncgcke tbrpurug.

:


27/66

Nkhkscswk nbecikc lckifm lbemke $!( nkupue pkrk nbetbrc tclkg

`brmuek, gkrbek ykem lchklkpc hkeykikh pbn`ketu Trbsclbe .

"bhuùemke lbemke mkmkieyk lckifm tbrsbùt, $!( gbnulcke nbemkn`ci

cecscktca sbelcrc, nbejf`k nbeakscictksc rbsnc lckifm ctu sbjkrk gbibn`kmkke

lbemke pbeueougke NbehkegknTkemk` %crketf gbpklk Gksfspfi $!(

6btobe "uscif !kn`kem Julhfyfef sb`kmkc gbtuk Tkectck. &kemmki #8 $prci

#))8, lcikemsuemgke Lckifm Gbnkyftke lc sbùkh mbluem lc krbek Tbgke

kyk +kgkrtk 9T+5. knue lbncgcke, pbsbrtk ykem lchkrkpgke lkrc

gkikemke nkhkscswk, wkgci-wkgci sbekt lke frmkecsksc nkhkscswk ykem

lcuelkem, gbeyktkeeyk `keykg ykem tclkg hklcr.

Hki ykem nbekrcg nbeyknùt Lckifm Gbnkyfrke ctu, nkhkscswk ykem

nbefikg sbrtk nbrtk nbemklkgke ueoug rksk lke rkpkr kg`kr lbemke mbnk

ykem gbrks. Lcketkrkeyk, pklk #/ $prci nkhkscswk nbemmbikr rkpkt kg`kr lc

gknpus D(, "kibn`k, +kgkrtk, ykem lchklcrc fibh rcùke nkhkscswk

pbrmuruke tcemmc +kgkrtk-!fmfr-&kemmbrkem 9+k`ftk`bg5. Tklk bsfgkeyk,

tkemmki #: $prci, kpbi sbupk lcikgugke nkhkscswk `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc

lc !keluem sbpbrtc (&!, Dec'brsctks Tkloklokrke, lke Dec'brsctks

Tkrkhykemke. kpkt kg`kr nkhkscswk ctu nbeyukrkgke fbefikgke tbrhklkp

Lckifm Gbnkyfrke.

Lbemke gbtclkgklcrke sb`kmcke `bskr lkrc utuske nkhkscswk ykem lcuelekm

lkikn Lckifm Gbnkyfrke ctu, nkgk lkpkt lc`kjk `khwk prkgkrsk $!(

uetug `brpbrke lkikn prfsbs rbafrnksc gurkem lcsknùt lbemke ketuscks

fibh nkhkscswk. $!( sbiknk


28/66

nbemmkemmu afrnkt scstbn scstbn pfictcg #:* 3 #*/ 5

Nbnksugc `uike Nbc #))8, ueoug rksk sbnkgce mbejkr lke tclkg hkeyk

nbic`ktgke nkhkscswk tkpc oumk lfsbe lke pbok`kt pbrmuruke tcemmc. Deoug

rksk nbecemgkt, tbrutknk sbtbikh Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbefikg pbikgskekke

rbafrnksc ykem nbeoklc tuetutke pkrk nkhkscswk lbemke nbemktkgke

rbafrnksc pfictcg hkrus nbeemmu sknpkc nksk ok`ktkeeyk hk`cs tkhue 442.

!betrfgke ketkrk nkhkscswk lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc,

sbpbrtc lc (estctut $mknk (sikn bmbrc 9($(5 "ykrca Hclkyktuiikh +kgkrtk, lc

nkek ib ch lkrc #.444 nkhkscswk `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc lc gkwkske

8


29/66

+k`ftk`bg `brgunpui lke `brupkyk turue gb okike nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh

sbmbrk nbikgskekgke rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc sbjkrk nbeybiuruh.

ktuske kpkrkt gbknkeke nbnùkt `krcgklb lc sbpkeokem gknpus ($( skkt

nkhkscswk `bruskhk gbiukr lkrc gknpus, lke kgsc lfrfem nbelfrfem ketkrk

nkhkscswk lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke `brikemsuem `b`brkpk skkt lcsbrtkc

ibnpkrke `ktu gb krkh pbtumks. !betrfgke lc ($( cec nbeyb`k`gke tcmk

pbtumks gbknkeke nbemkiknc iugk-iugk.

"bpkeokem ncemmu pbrtknk ùike Nbc #))8, sbiuruh gftk lc (elfebsck

lcpbeuhc lbemke ueoug rksk nkhkscswk. Lc +kgkrtk, ueoug rksk lkikn `betug

ncn`kr `b`ks `brikemsuem lc lbpke Dec'brsctks "khcl lc &b`bt `brtuouke

nbikgugke sfsckicsksc tuetutke nkhkscswk tbrhklkp pbru`khke nksykrkgkt

uetug nbn`brcgke tkemmkpke ktks tuetutke-tuetutke ykem lckougke

nkhkscswk. Hki ykem sknk oumk lcikgugke fibh pkrk nkhkscswk lc Gknpus

D( "kibn`k lbemke nbikgugke ncn`kr `b`ks lc lbpke 1kguitks Gblfgtbrke

D( lbemke nbeknpcigke ketkrk ikce sfscfifm Trfa Lr "bif "fbnkrloke.

Tbreyktkke Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf uetug nbeuelk pbikgskekke rbafrnksc sknpkc

tkhue 442 oumk nbeoklc tfpcg ncn`kr `b`ks ykem lcikgugke lc Dec'brsctks

kscfeki nbic`ktgke /44 nkhkscswk.0 Gkiku nbeuemmu tkhue 442 ctu

eknkeyk ùgke rbafrnksc tkpc prfsbs kiknckh,0 tbrckg pcnpceke ueoug rksk

ykem lcsknùt tbnpugke mbnuruh pkrk nkhkscswk. Hki sbeklk oumk

lcsknpkcgke sbgctkr .444 nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks /, Douempkelkem ykem

nbeuetut kmkr rbafrnksc sbmbrk lcikgskekgke lke tclkg lctuelk.

Lc Jfmykgkrtk, ueoug rksk tclkg ikmc `brpuskt pklk sktu tbnpkt lke nuikc

nbikgugke kgsc lknkc turue gb okike. Gfesbetrksc nkhkscswk tbroklc lc okike

)


30/66

7fgrfknceftf lccgutc nkhkscswk sbounikh pbrmuruke tcemmc, lbemke pbrsbrtk

tbr`keykg `brkski lkrc (esctut "bec (elfebsck 9("(5. Lc Gknpus D@N, sbikce

lcmbikr fibh sbekt nkhkscswkeyk, oumk lcikgugke fibh frmkecsksc nkhkscswk

"ficlkrctks Nkhkscswk uetug Gblkuiktke kgykt 9"NG5. Nbrbgk `brupkyk

uetug ifem nkrjh, eknue lctkhke pchkg gbknkeke. Lc Gknpus ($( "ueke

Gkicokmk rktuske nkhkscswk ykem tbrmkùem lkikn (gktke Nkhkscsswk

Nuhknnklcykh 9(NN5 oumk turue gb okike, tkpc tbrtkhke kpkrkt gbknkeke.

Lc Nblke, kgsc nkhkscswk pbrmuruke tcemmc swkstk lke (G(T bmbrc Nblke

lcwkrekc `betrfgke lbemke pbtcmks gbknkeke nbikiuc ibnpkr-ibnpkrke `ktu.

Lc !keluem, mkùemke nkhkscswk `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc sbpbrtc

(&!,(G(T, Depkl,(tbeks, $gklbnc $gutkesc !keluem lke "&"( !keluem

nbemmbikr kgsc lc Gknpus "bgfikh &cemmc Hugun !keluem, lbemke

tuetutke pbikgskekke "clkem (stcnbwk NT. Lc Tkibn`kem, pkrk nkhkscswk

lkrc Dec'brsctks "rcwcokyk, Nuhknnklcykh, !ulc Lhkrnk, &rclceketc,

Jkykske (!$ lke ($( klbe Tktkh Tkibn`kem, nbeuetut rbafrnksc

pfictcg, bgfefnc lke ùlkyk. $gsc lknkc pkrk nkhkscswk cec lcikgugke

nkscem-nkscem gknpus ykem oumk lcokmk gbtkt pbtumks gbknkeke ibemgkp

lbemke pbrkgktke ketc huru-hkrkeyk.

Lc "fif, sb`keykg #.444 nkhkscswk nbemmbikr kjkrk ncn`kr `b`ks lc

hkiknke Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt 9D"5 "fif, nbeykocgke tkrc-tkrcke,

pbn`kjkke frksc tuetutke, lke nbic`ktgke Gbtuk LT7 TTT "fif Nulrcjg

"btykwke "kemclfb. Lc "bnkrkem, frmkecsksc nkhkscswk lke pbnulk ykem

tbrmkùem lkikn 1frun Gb`kemskke Tbnulk (elfebsck 91GT(5 "bnkrkem

nbeyknpkcgke tuetutke lke scgkp pfictcg nbrbgk gbpklk LTL &cemgkt (

+kwk &bemkh. 1frun cec tbrlcrc lkrc pbemurus jk`kem icnk frmkecsksc ykctu

24


31/66

@brkgke Nkhkscswk kscfeki (elfebsck 9@N(5, Tbrmbrkgke Nkhksfswk

(sikn (elfebsck 9TN((5, Tbrsktuke Nkhkscswk Gktficg bpuìcg (elfebsck

9TNG(5, @brkgke Nkhkscswk Grcstbe (elfebsck 9@NG(5 lke Tbnulk

Gkyficg "bnkrkem. Lbemke nbn`kwk `belbrk Nbrkh Tutch nbrbgk nbeuou

LTL &g ( +kwk &bemkh lbemke gkwkike kpkrkt gbknkeke. Lc Jfmykgkrtk,

ueoug rksk lcikgugke lc hkiknke Nklocl $muem, nbsocl tbr`bskr lc

Jfmykgkrtk,

Lc +kgkrtk, `betrfgke nkssk ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke tclkg

tbrhcelkrc. Lc gknpus (esctut (inu Gbmuruke lke Tbelclcgke 9(G(T5

kwknkemue, `betrfgke tbroklc sbtbikh pkrk nkhkscswk (G(T kgke

nbeobnput rbgke-rbgke nbrbgk uetug nbikgugke ifem nkrjh lc gknpus

Dec'brsctks +kgkrtk nbeuou gb Gknpus D( "kibn`k. Lc tbemkh okike,

rfn`femke nkhkscswk cec lchklkem rktuske pbtumks gbknkeke

nbeyb`k`gke tbroklceyk lfrfem-lfrfemke lc ketkrk nbrbgk. "ctuksc nbeoklc

tclkg tbrgbelkic gbtcgk pbtumks gbknkeke nbibpksgke tbn`kgke, lke bekn

frkem nkhkscswk tbrgbek pbiuru. Tfilk Nbtrf +kyk nbeybùt klk 4

nkhkscswk ykem iugk-iugk ykem tbrtcnpk pkmkr rf`fh, lke 8 frkem pbtumks

ykem iugk-iugk.

!betrfgke pue tbrus tbroklc, lke gfr`ke oumk `broktuhke. Lc "fif, `betrfgke

ketkrk kpkrkt gbknkeke lke pbemuoug rksk nbeyb`k`gke / frkem rksk iugk-

iugk kgc`kttbn`kgke pbiuru gkrbt ykem lcibrpks kpkrkt, lke ib`ch lkrc #44

iugk-iugk kgc kt ibnpkrke `ktu lke mbùgke. Lc "knkrcelk, `betrfgke

ketkrk nkhkscswk ykem nbelulugc mbluem LTL nbn`kwk gfr`ke #8

nkhkscswk iugk-iugk bekn nksug runkh skgct, #: nkhkscswk lctkhke, lke

2 kpkrkt gbknkeke nbemkiknc iugk-iugk tbrgbek ibnpkrke `ktu.

2#


32/66

!betrfgke lc Jfmykgkrtk nbebike gfr`ke ocwk sbfrkem nkhkscswk ebreknk

Nfsbs @ktutgkjk lkrc 1kguitks N(T$ Dec'brsctks "kektk Lhkrnk 9D"L5.

!betrfgke ketkrk nkhkscswk Jfmykgkrtk lbemke kpkrkt ykem `brikemsuem

hcemmk pugui 2.44 lcikgugke skicem sbrkem ketkrk kpkrkt lke lbnfestrke.

$gsc sbrkem cec kghcreyk suict lcgbelkicgke, wkikupue pbnù`krke ueoug

rksk lcikgugke lbemke tbn`kgke mks kcr nktk, sbnprftke wktbr mue, lke

pbembokrke gb gknpuem (G(T lke D"L Jfmykgkrtk ctu. "blcgcteyk tuouh

frkem lctkemgkp Nfsbs tbwks gkrbek nbemkiknc pbelkrkhke tbicemke kgc`kt

`belk tunpui.

Gfr`ke ocwk tbrus `broktuhke. $gsc lknkc lc Dec'brsctks Loukelk gkic cec

nbeyb`k`gke` sbfrkem pficsc, Gkskt (etbi Tfirbs !fmfr 6btlk 9Tfi5 Lklkem

usnkek, tbwks nbecemmki lueck pklk tkemmki ) Nbc. !brctk kwki gbnktcke

Lklkem usnkek nbeybùtgke, gbpkikeyk lcpugui lbemke `ktu fibh

sbounikh nkhkscswk. $gc`kteyk, tuouh frkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks

Loukelk lctkekh lke lccetbrfmksc. "bikce tbwkseyk sbfrkem pbrwcrk pficsc,

kgsc lc !fmfr ceceoumk nbeyb`k`gke iugk pkrkh Gkptbe $ic, Gksc (etbi

Gflcn 4:# Gkùpktbe !fmfr.

knue lbncgcke, hknpcr sktu ùike gbnulcke ftfpsc obek=kh tbrhklkp

Lklkem usnkek ykem lcikgugke fibh Juic !ulcecemsch, lfgtbr khic

gblfgtbrke afrbestcg pklk 1kguitks Gflfgtbrke D( lcsb`k`gke pbeykgct

oketuem gfrfebr lke ùgke kgc`kt pbemkeckykke fibh nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks

Loukelk. Lfgtbr Juic lcncetk Lcrbgtur " TN( !fmfr $ncr (snkci uetug

nbemuemgktgke hksci 'csun gbpklk kemmftk Gfneks H$N nbeybùtgke

pklk obek=kh Lklkem lcgbtbnugke iugk ibjbt lke nbnkr lc jupcem hcluem,

2


33/66

`c`cr `kmcke lkikn sbrtk pkemgki ibemke gkeke kgc`kt gbgbrkskke `belk

tunpui. "biknk ctu tbrlkpkt `bgks gbrfgke pklk lklk gcrc lke gkeke.

; Gkiku skyk ichkt lkrc iugk ibjbt ctu, tclkg sbsukc pbemkeckykke.Gkrbek gkiku

lc cikem pbemkeckykke, frkem kgke nbikgugke pbrikwkeke ;lke `keykg

sbgkic iugk-iugkeyk. "blkem pklk obek=kh 6btlk Lklkem hkeyk pklk jupcem

hcluem lke `c`cr. Gkrbek ctu ib`ch sbsukc gkiku kgc`kt gbgbrkskke gkrbek

oktuh,0 gktk lr Juic. Lctkn`khgkeeyk `brlkskrgke gbpustkgkke ykem lc`kjk

gbnktcke 6btlk Lklkem tbrnksug gbnktcke wkokr nbelklkg ykem sbgbtcgk. 9

beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb , #))) > #4 3 #28 5

Lkikn nbemhklkpc mbrkgke nkhkscswk #))8 ykem nbeuetut rbafrnksc,

$!( lbemke gbtkt nbikgugke pbemkwkske tbrhklkp gknpus-gknpus. Tklk

ununeyk ocgk lcichkt lkikn gfetbgs pfictcg lkikn nbeycgkpc mbrkgke

tuetcutke rbafrnksc `kcg lc +kgkrtk nkupue lc lkbrkh-lkbrkh, $!( ib`ch

jbelbruem cemce nbebrkpgke gb`cokgke rbprbsca uetug nbn`ktksc ueoug rksk

nkhkscswk, kmkr bsgkiksc ueoug rksk tbr`ktks lc wcikykh gknpus, $!(

nkntfg ; pkmkr gbknkeke ; lbemke nbembrkhgke pksugke sblbncgcke rupk

nbembicicemc pcetu-pcetu gbiukr strktbmcs gknpus.

$!( lbemke sktuke pksugke gbknkeke ykem sbikiu sckp, nbnkmkrc kgsc

ueoug rksk nkhkscswk uetug tclkg gbiukr lkrc mbr`kem gknpus. &btkpc oustru

lbemke scgkp sbpbrtc ctu, $!( lchklkpgke lbemke gfelcsc rkwke

gfearfetksc lbemke nkhkscswk. Nkhkscswk nbemkemmkp `khwk kgsc nbrbgk

tclkg kgke lcpbrhktcgke ocgk tclkg lcmkuemgke lbemke pbemmbikrke kgsc lc

iukr gknpus. "kskrke nkhkscswk `ugke uetug nbejcptkgke gfelcsc

lbstrugtrca lc okike rkyk, gkrbek sb`bekreyk ykem nbrbgk cemcegke klkikh

22


34/66

`khwk nbrbgk lkpkt nbeyknpkcgke prftbs nbikiuc ibn`kmk-ibn`kmk

pbrwkgcike rkgykt sbpbrtc LT, skikh sktu tbnpkt ykem nbrbgk kemmkp

pkicem tbpkt uetug nbeyknpkcgke mumktke tbrhklkp pbemuksk.

Gbeyktkke nbeueouggke `khwk lc `b`brkpk gknpus lc +kwk lke `br`kmkc

pbifsfg lkbrkh ikceeyk, `betrfg acscg ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke

tclkg tbrhcelkrgke kgc`kt pbefikgke kpkrkt uetug nbn`brc okike `kmc

nkhkscswk `brueoug rksk nbiknpuc pkmkr gknpus. Ncsieyk, `betrfgke acscg

pklk pbrtbemkhke Nkrbt lkikn gksus Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt 9D"5 lc

"fif, lc D@N 9Jfpmykgkrtk5, lke Dec'brsctks 6knpuem 9Decik5 lc 6knpuem

Lkrc gksus-gksus tbrsb`ut, gfr`ke ocwk lke iugk-iugk tbikh lckiknc `kcg lc

pchkg kpkrkt gbnkeke nkupue nkhkscswk.

Tuejkg lkrc gfelcsc ykem sbnkgce nbnkeks ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt

gbknkeke kghcreyk nbiblkg lke nbejcptkgke pbrcstcwk pkicem trkmcs, gbtcgk

tbroklc pbebn`kgke fibh kpkrkt gbknkeke tbrhklkp nkssk nkhkscswk lc

Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ykem nbemkgc`ktgke tbwkseyk 9 bnpkt5 frkem

nkhkscswk &rcskgtc lke lcsbrtkc puiuhke rbgke-rbgke nbrbgk iugk pkrkh,

pklk # Nbc #))8. ?npkt nkhkscswk ykem tbwks lkikn pbrcstcwk `brlkrkh

&rcskgtc klkikh ?ikem Nuiyk, Hkaclce fyke, Hbelrkwke 6bsnkek "cb, lke

Hbelrc Hbryketf. Nbrbgk gbnulcke lcusuigke sb`kmkc pkhikwke rbafrnksc 9

$lc "uryklc 7uiik, #))) > #*/ 3 #*: 5

(ghwki pbrcstcwk trkmblc &rcskgtc `brnuik lkrc sb`ukh pbrokikeke pkeokem. Lc

gknpus Dec'brcstks &rcskgtc, lc gkwkske @rfmfi, pklk nuikeyk tclkg `keykg

kgsc nkhkscswk. +uicketf Hbelrf 7khyfef, Gbtuk "bekt Nkhkscswk

Dec'brcstks &rcskgtc, nbichkt sctuksc ykem `brgbn`kem lc `br`kmkc gknpus

2


35/66

ikiu nuikc nbemunpuigke pkrk kgtc'cs gknpus &rcskgtc uetug nbn`khks

scgkp nkhkscswk &rcskgtc.

$gsc nkhkscswk lc gknpus &rcskgtrc nuejui sbtbikh nbichkt pbrgbn`kemke

lkrc gbmcktke pfictcg lke bgfefnc ykem tbroklc lc (elfebsck pklk ununeyk ,

tkemmkpke lc icemguemke gknpus `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc. "btbikh

`bruelcem Hbelrf lke tbnke-tbnkeeyk nuikc nbrkejkem nkekobnbe kgsc

uetug cgut `brpbrke sbrtk lke nbn`betug scgkp nkhkscswk &rcskgtrc

ktkspbrgbn`kemke lke gboklcke lc sbiuruh (elfebsck. Gbtcgk kgsc nku

lcfikgskekgke gknpus lcicùrgke sbiknk luk ncemmu. Guickh lc icemguemke

gknpus &rcskgtc lcicùrgke pklk skkt `brikemsuem eyk "clkem Dnun # 3 ##

Nkrbt #))8.

"btbikh guickh lcnuikc gbn`kic, Hbelrf lke rbgke-rbgkeeyk nuikc ikmc

nbemklkgke rkemgkcke rkpkt uetug nbeyusue sbùkh nkekobnbe kgsc

nbebmuhgke scgkp nkhklscswk &rcskgtc tbrhklkp gbklkke pfictcg lke

bgfefnc ykem sblkem `brikemsuem. Tklk tkemmki 2 Nkrbt #))8, "ND&

nbneukh sbùkh pbreyktkke ykem lcekjkgke lc pik=k gknpus &rcskgtc fibh

sbn`cike frkem gbtuk "bekt 1kguitks sbjkrk `brmketckeeyk. (etceyk , "ND&

pbluic tbrhklkp rkgykt, grcscs bgfefnc ykem tbroklc, sbrtk gfelcsc `kemsk lke

ebmkrk.

Lkikn pbreyktke ykem `broului ; "bruke Gbprchktceke Nkhkscswk &rcskgtc

&brhklkp ksc` !kemsk ; tbrjbrnce gbmbicskhke nkhkscswk bcskgtc nbichkt

grcscs bgfefnc lke abefnbek grcscs ikceeyk ykem nbikelk (elfebsck.

Tbreyktkke ykem lcsknpkcgke "ND& `brùeyc ----kgykt sbnkgce gbrks

`brtbrckg gkrbek tkg nknpu ikmc uetug nbnbeuhc gbùtuhke pfgfg ykem

2/


36/66

sulkh sbnkgce skemkt tclkg rkscfeki , pkrk pbikgu bgfefnc nkgce nbibnkh

gkrbek `ckyk `khke `kgu lke prflugsc ykem tbrus nbebrus nbnùnùem

tcemmc tkepk tbrgbelkic, pkrk gkrykwke tbrsu nbebrus mbicskh lke `brtkeyk-

tkeyk tbetkem pbgbrokke nbrbgk ykem tbrkejkn gkrbek sbnkgce `keykg

pbnutuske huùemke gbrok, pkrk pbejkrc gbrok `brtkn`kh suict nbikemgkh

gkrbek tclkg klk ifwfemke pbgbrokke, pbemkemmurke nbifeokg, gbokhktke

nbrb`kg, lke kghcreyk sbnuk nbrumc. Tkrk pbikokr, nkhkscswk, lke

frkemtuk, tbrus nbembiuh gkrbek `ckyk pbelclcgke, ghususeyk uetug

nbn`bic ùgu, sbnkgce tcemmc ----

"bruke oumk nbeybùtgke nksch `keykg ykem hkrus lcikgugke uetug

nbikgugke pbr`kcgke lbemke nbnuikc nbikgugke `br`kmkc pbru`khke.

Nbrbgk oumk nbeybruhgke kmkr pbnbrcetkh ib`ch tkemmkp lke nkwks lcrc

uetug `brpcgcr sbjkrk jbpkt, tbpkt, lke suemmuh-suemmuh lkikn nbemktksc

grcscs ykem nbikelk (elfebsck. Tbreyktkke pkrk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc cec

lckghcrc lbemke nbemkougke `b`brkpk tuetutke sb`kmkc scgkp pbluic eksc`

`kemsk.

Dskc nbn`kjkgke pbreyktkke gbprchktceke, `b`brkpk nkhkscswk nbelbskg

supkyk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc turue gb okike uetug nbikgugke lbnfetrksc

sbpbrtrc ykem lcikgugke fibh nkhkscswk gknpus-gknpus ikce. Tcetu mbr`kem

gknpus &rcskgtc lc +kike Gykc &kpk sulkh lctutup fibh sktuke tumks "ND&.

knue gkrbek lbskgke (r $rrc @uekrsk, Gbpkik Gbknkeke lke Gbtbrtc`ke

Gknpus 9Gkntc`pus5, puetu gbnulcke lcùgk lke sbgctkr 44 frkem

nkhkscswk `brhknùrke gb okikeke. Tchkg "ND& sbmbrk nbemcgutc uetug

nbemknkegke nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem turue gb okike. Lc okike nbrbgk

nbebrcnkggke ybi-ybi rbafrnksc, nbikgugke pfrksc lke nbeykeycgke ikmu-

2:


37/66

ikmu pbroukemke. $gke tbtkpc gkrbek nbnkem tclkg klk tuouke ueoug rksk

turue gb okike, pkrk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ctu hkeyk okike gkgc nbnutkrc

gknpus, nuikc lkrc +kike Gykc &kpk `bifg gcrc lke nbikiuc mbr`kem +kike "

Tkrnke.

Tklk tkemmki 8 $prci #))8, "ND& nbeybibemmkrkgke sbùkh lcsgusc

tbrùgk ketkr-nkhkscswk &rcskgtc lc ukem #4# @bluem ?ibgtrf . $jkrk

ykem lcnuikc pklk pugui #2.44 cec lcpkelu fibh fwike &kgkyk nkhkscswk

1kguitks ?gfefnc, nbemkemgkt tfpcg lknpfkg grcscs lke pbrkeke

nkhkscswk lkikn nbeycgkpceyk, tbrutknk ktkstbroklceyk grcscs bgfefnc lc

(elfebsck lbemke oktuheyk ecikc tcgkr nktk ukem rupckh ktks lfiikr $".

Lkikn lcsgusc cec, klk `keykg tkemmkpke ykem lckougke nkhkscswk ketkrk

ikce sbfrkem nkhkscswk `breknk &fnny lkrc 1kguitks ?gfefnc ykem

nbeybùtgke `khwk tbroklceyk grcscs kgc`kt klkikh gbskikhke pbnbrcetkhke

gkrbek strktbmc pbn`kemueke ykem nbeycnpkem sbpbrtc gfrupsc, gfiusc, lke

ebpftcsnb. (k oumk nbemhcn`ku nkhkscswk uetug `brmbrkg nbekemmkpc

sctuksc ebmkrk, `broukem sknpkc tctcg pbemhk`cske, lke `cik pbriu lbemke

nbelbskg, sbrtk `brmbrkg sbjkrk gfegrbt.

Lkrc lcsgusc tbrùgk cec oumk tbruemgkp klkeyk gbgjbwkke sb`kmcke

nkhkscswk tbrhklkp "ND& ykem lckemmkp tclkg jbpkt tkemmkp lkikn

nbichkt icemguemke , ghususeyk gb gknpus-gknpus ikce lc (elfebsck ykem

tbrus `brmbifrk lkikn kgsc ueoug rksk. Tklk ùike ykem sknk lc icemguemke

&rcskgtc sulkh nuikc tbrlbemkr csu Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc nbebrcnk gcrcnke

`bhke lke jbikek lkikn wkectk ykem lcgcrcn fibh sbsbfrkem ykem tclkg

lcgbeki sb`kmkc sbùkh scelcrke.

2*


38/66

"bnbetkrk gknpus ikce lc sbiuruh (elfebsck tbrrus `bmbofikg, "ND& sbelcrc

sc`ug nbnpbrsckpgke nkekobnbe kgsc uetug nbekemmkpc pbrcstcwk-

pbrcstcwk ykem tbroklc. Nbeurut $jhnkl Gureckwke 9"bgobe "ND&5 , lkikn

nbnpbrscpgke nkekobnbe kgsc cec "ND& nbnpbrsckpgke `b`brkpk tcn

ykem tbrlcrc tcn strktbmcs ykem tbrlcrc lkrc sbn`cike frkem tcn pbrunus ykem

tbrlcrc lkrc # frkem, lke tcn pbikgskek ykem tbrlcrc lkrc #* frkem. Dsuike

ykem lcsknpkcgke fibh tcn pbrunus ykem lcpcnpce fibh Nfh 6bfekrlus

9 nkhkscswk 1kguitks Gblfgtbrke kemgktke ; )2 5 klkikh `khwk nkhkscswk

&rcskgtc oumk hkrus turue gb okike uetug nbikgugke ueoug rksk. Dsuike cec

tclkg `bmctu skok lctbrcnk fibh "ND& ykem ib`ch jfelfem uetug nbikgugke

nkekobnbe kgsc nbikiuc lckifm ktku ncn`kr `b`ks.

Gbnulcke pklk / Nbc ,"ND& nbembiukrgke pbreyktkke ikce ykem lcsb`ut ;

"cgkp "bekt Nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc > Tbrchki Gbputuske pbnbrcetkh

Nbembekc Gbekcgke !!N, &krca $emgutke Dnun, lke &krca 6cstrcg.0

Lkikn sckrke pbrseyk, +uicketf Hbelrf 7khyfef, Gbtuk "bekt Nkhkscswk

&rcskgtc nbemktkgke sbiuruh nkhkscswk uec'brsctkseyk oumk nbncetk

pbnbrcetkh tclkg nbekcggke hkrmk !!N tkrcaa icstrcg, lke tkrcaa gbelkrke

unun uetug wcikykh LG( +kgkrtk sbrtk nbncetk pbnbrcetkh uetug tbrus

nbestk`cigke hkrmk-hkrmk `khke pfgfg ikceeyk lkikn sctuksc lke gfelcsc

grcscs cec. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > ## 3 #8 5

Tklk tkemmki * Nbc, `brikemsuem sclkem "bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ykem

`brikemsuem sbiknk luk okn lc @bluem "ykrcba &hkyb` ykem lccgutc fib /

lkrc /8 kemmftk "bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc. Trfl Lr Nfblketfe

Nfbrtblof, bgtfr Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ykem oumk nbeok`kt sb`kmkc Gbtuk

28


39/66

"bekt Dec'brsctks&rcskgtc, nbeobiksgke tbetkem gbklkke lke pbrgbn`kemke

sctuksc ebmkrk (elfebsck, ghuseyk `brgkctke lbemke kgsc nkhkscswk.

Nbeurut Nfblketfe, lc sbnuk pbrmuruke tcemmc lc (elfebsck tbikh tbroklc

kgsc lbnfetrksc nkhkscswk ykem pklk cetceyk nbeuetut klkeyk rbafrnksc

ykem nbeybiuruh lc sbmkik `clkem lkikn pbnbrcetkhke ykem `brguksk.

$gksc cec nbelkpkt scnpktc lke luguemke lkrc sbmbekp pcnpceke

nkupue"bekt Dec'brsctks nkscem-nkscem pbrmuruke tcemmc. Detug ctu, gktk

Nfblketfe, pcnpceke lke "bekt De'brsctks &rcskgtc pbriu nbebetuggke

scgkp lkikn nbemhklkpc pbrgbn`kemke lke gbklkke tbrsbùt.

Lkikn sclkem cec, "bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc nbembiukrgke pbreyktkke ykem

lcsbùt ,0 Tbreyktkke "cgkp "bekt lke Tcnpceke Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ; ykem

ketkrk ikce `brùeyc --- Lkikn rkemgk nbeybiknktgke rkgykt, `kemsk, lke

&kekh $cr (elfebsck, "bekt lke Tcnfpceke Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc nbeluguem

sbpbeuheyk kspcrksc lke tuetutke nkhkscswk (elfebsck pklk ununeyk lke

nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc pklk ghususeyk ykem pklk hkgbgkteyk

nbeyukrkgke kspcrksc sbiuruh rkgykt (elfebsck ykem nbemhbelkgc

lcikgugkeeyk rbafrnksc lc sbmkik `clkem nuikc sbgkrkem oumk---- "bikce ctu,

"bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc oumk sbpkgkt nbn`betug sbùkh 7rcs 7betbr

`brpuskt lc 6bn`kmk Tbebictcke &rcskgtc uetug nbn`brcgke luguemke pbeuh

gbpklk nkhkscswk lkikn nbeyukrkgke kspcrksceyk.

Tklk tkemmki 8 Nbc, ueoug rksk `brikemsuem lc `b`brkpk gftk, sbpbrtc

+kgkrtk, "knkrcelk, "fif lke Jfmykgkrtk ykem `brokike sbjkrk lknkc. Lc

+kgkrtk, ueoug rksk tbroklc lc lbpke mbluem LTNT lke sbgctkr gknpus

&rcskgtc lc +kike Gykc &kpk. Deoug rksk mkùemke `b`brkpk pbrmuruke tcemmc

swkstk cec ketkrk ikce nbic`ktgke nkhkscswk "bgfikh &cemmc Nkekobnbebe

2)


40/66

(afrnktcgk lke &bgecg Gfnputbr (elfebsck 9"&N(G5, "bgfikh &cemmc (inu

?gfefnc 9"&(?5 &rcskgtc, Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc, Dec'brsctks &krunkebmkrk

9Detkr5, Dgrclk, Dec'brsctks "ktykmknk, Dec'brsctks Nbrju !ukek.

%kikupue tbroklc pbibnpkrke `ktu tbrhklkp pksugke gbnknke lc +kike Gukc

&kpk, tclkg tbroklc `betrfgke ikemsuem ketkrk kpkrkt gbknkeke lbemke pkrk

nkhkscswk.

Deoug rksk ykem lcnuikc lkrc gknpus "&N(G cec, nbnùkt ikiu icetks lc

+kike Gykc &kpk iunpuh, lke nbnkjbtgke okike-okike sbgctkreyk. +kike

lctutup fibh pficsc, tbrutknk lkrc krkh fOy gb @rfmfi "bgctkr pugui #.44

%(!, ybi-ybi nkhkscswk lcsknùt rktuske wkrmk ykem tbikh `brgunpui lc

sbgctkr gknpus "&N(G. Nbrbgk ketkrk ikce klkikh wkrmk sbgctkr gknpus,

pblkmkem ksfemke, lke pbokike gkgc. "bgctkr pugui #/.44, nkhkscswk

mkùemke ctu nuikc `brgunpui lke nbrbgk `brokike gkgc sbpkeokem /44

nbtbr lkrc gknpus "N(G sknpkc lbpke gknpus &rcskgtc. "bnuik nbrbgk

`brnkgsul nbeyb`brkem gb Dec'brsctks &krunkebmkrk, tkpc pbrncetkke

nbrbgk lctfikg kpkrkt gbknkeke sbhcemmk nkssk nkhkscswk tbrtkhke lc

lbgktaiy-fvbr@rfmfi. Deoug rksk cec ù`kr sbgctkr pugui #*.44 %(! sbtbikh

mkmki nbikgucgke ebmfcsksc lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke.

Deoug rksk "&N(G cec, nbnkju "ND& uetug ib`ch nbnktkemgke

nkekobnbe kgsc ykem lcpbrsckpgke ghususeyk kgsc tkemmki # Nbc #))8

ykem lcrbejkekgke sb`kmkc kgsc pbnkekske nbeobikem kgsc ykem ib`ch `bskr

tkemmki 4 Nbc #))8 lkikn rkemgk nbnpbrcemktc Hkrc Gb`kemgctke

kscfeki. Tklk kgsc gkic cec, pbrsckpke "ND& tbrksk ib`ch sficl

lc`kelcemgke lbemke kgsc-kgsc sb`biuneyk lc nkek tbrksk suskh `kembt

uetug nbn`kemgctgke sbesb fa jrcscs pklk pkrk nkhkscswk.

4


41/66

Lkikn rkpkt-rkpkt nbnpbrsckpgke kgsc ncn`kr `b`ks tkemmki # Nkrbt

#))8 cec, Nbrbgk nbemklkgke rkpkt hknpcr tckp hkrc, gklkem-gklkem nbrbgk

hkrus `brnkikn lc "ND&. Lkikn rkpkt sbncemmu tbrkghcr tbrsbùt kmbelk

rkpkt gknc klkikh pbnktkemke nbembekc tcn sktmks, tcn gbsbhktke,

gffrlcketfr ikpkemke, lke pbikgskek lc ikpkemke. &btkpc ykem pkicem gknc

pbrsckpkgke klkikh tcn sktmks ykem lc`betug sknpkc tcmk ikpcs uetug

pbemknkeke kjkrk cec.

!br`krbemke lbemke ctu, puìcgksc gb sbiuruh sc'ctks kgklbncgk

sbmbrklcikgugke lbemke nbn`kmfc-`kmcgke sbib`krke lke pbemununke

tbetkem kgsc lknkc ctu lbemke nbemklkgke ncn`kr `b`ks. Tbemununke cec

lctbnpbigke lc pcetu mbr`kem &rcskgtc lke lc tbnpkt-tbnpkt strktbmcs ikceeyk

lc lkikn gknpus . Tbemununke cec , `brcsc luk hki. Tbrtknk, tbetkem kjkrk

kgsc lknkc `brupk ncn`kr `b`ks lbemke tbnk ; Drmbesc Tbn`brlkykke

LT.NT lke Gfrbgsc &ftki &broklkp 6bn`kmk ?gsbgutca ykem

lcsbibemmkrkgke lc pbiktkr pkrgcr @bluem N "ykrcba &hkyb` pklk tkemmki #

Nbc #))8 pklk pugui #4.44 lke tbrùgk `kmc sc'ctks kgklbncgk ykem pbluic

pklk grcscs `kemsk. Gbluk, hcn`kuke gbpklk nkhkscswk uetug tclkg

nbn`kwk gbelkrke gblkikn gknpus , lke nbnkgkc okgbt kinknktbr

&rcskgtc pklk kjkrk tbrsbùt. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #8 3 #/ 5

Tklk pugui 4*.24 %(! tkemmki # Nbc #))8, gbscùgke lcnuikc lc rukem

"ND&. $lk ykem nbnftfem-nftfem pctk uetug tkelk pbembeki, klk

`rcbacem uetug tcn sktmks. Gfnkelke sktaks lcpbmkem fibh "bgobe "ND&

$jhnkl Gureckwke . (k nbemktur pbemknkeke ncn`kr `b`ks lkikn `betug

icemgrke ktku rcem `brmkelk. Tklk cem # 9lkbrkh sbgctkr pkemmuem 5 lcokmk

#


42/66

fibh nkhkscswk +uruske Nbsce lke &bgecg (elustrc lcpcnpce fibh cmmk 3

Gbtuk Hcnpueke Nkhkscswk Nbsce. Lkikn cem 3 9ykem `br`kur lbemke

nkssk 5 lcokmk fibh nkhkscswk 1kguitks ?gfefnc lc`kwkho pcnpceke $lkn.

"blkemgke cem-2 9lc sbgbicicem pkmkr5 lcokmk nkhkscswk 1&N lcpcnpce

Nkuikek, Gbtuk Hcnpueke Nkhkscswk &bgecg Tbrnceykgke . !cik nkssk

turue gb okike, sktmks cem 32 lc`ketu sktmks cem -# ykem kgke nbnkmkrc

nkssk kmkr tbrtc`.

"bgctkr pugui #4.44 %(! ncn`kr `b`ks lcnuikc . !keykg ykem `cjkrk wkgtu

ctu, tbrnksug Gbtuk Jkykske &rcskgtc, bgtfrlke pklk @uru !bskr. $jkrk

`brokike lbemke ikejkr, sbnuk pbn`cjkrk `br`cjkrk lbemke sbnkemkt tcemmc.

$jkrk cec tclkg hkeyk `brcsc frksc skok , tbtkpc oumk lccsc fibh pbn`kjkke

skokg ykem csceyk nbeyclcr lwcauemsc $!( sbrtk nbeykeycgke ikmu-ikmu

pbroukemke. "bnuk pbemcsc kjkrk ykem pbrekh nbecgnktc nksk G$N( lke

G$TT( tkhue #):: nbrksk lcrrceyk lc tkhue ctu ikmc, nbrbgk `brjbrctk

nbembekc pbroukemke tkhue #):: lke nbncetk gbpklk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc

uetug tclkg `brhbetc nbnbrkemc gbokhktke ykem lcikgugke fibh pkrk

pbncnpce `kemskk skkt cec.

Gbnulcke klk sbgbifnpfg nkhkscswk nbn`kgkr aftf "fbhkrtf, lke

gbcemceke `b`brkpk nkhkscswk uetug turue gb okike. &btkpc gbcemceke ctu

nksch `csk lctkhke fibh gfrikp lke skrmks, sbrtk gbkgtcake lkrc 'ftb mbttbr

ykem `csk nbekhke nkssk. knue, kghcreyk gbcemceke nkhkscswk uetug

turue gb okike tclkg `csk lctkhke fibh sktmks nkupue gfrikp. Nkssk ykem

turue gcrk-gcrk *.444 3 #4.444 nkhkscswk. &cn ebmfcsksc "ND& pue

ikemsuem `bgbrok, lke nbrbgk nbelkpkt okwk`ke nkhkscswk , hkeyk lkpkt

turue tkemke sknpkc lc lbpke wkicgftk. "blkemgke gbcemceke nbrbgk sbpbrtc


43/66

lcsbpkgktc skkt rkpkt, ykctu gkiku sknpkc turue gb okike nkgk tuoukeeyk

klkikh LTNT, tbreyktk suict lcikgskekgke.

Gbtcgk turue gb okike, nkssk nkhkscswk tbrbpbjkh nbeoklc luk `kmcke

gkrbek tbr`bikh fibh ìfgklb kpkrkt "bgctkr pugui #2.24 huoke nuikc

nbemmuyur @rfmfi. Gbelktc lbncgcke, nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem gktkeyk

kekg nkeok tbtkp `brtkhke wkikupue huoke ykem nbemmuyur ctu e`csk

lcgktkgke skemkt gbrks. Nkssk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc sbnpkt nbejkcr gbtcgk

sulkh nuikc tbroklc pbruelcemke ketkrk tcn ebmfcsksc nkhkscswk lbemke

pcnpceke kpkrkt gbknkeke lc ikpkemke. 9 beb 6 Tkttcbklokwkeb, #))) > #/

3 #/* 5.

Tklk pugui #*.44 3 #8.44 %(!, nkssk nkhkscswk gbn`kic gb gknpus,

sbtbikh pbruelcemke nbrbgk lbemke kpkrkt gbkmknke kmkr lkpkt

nbikeoutgke ifem nkrjhgb @bluem LTNT tbreyktk mkmki. !betrfgke

acscg hknpcrtbroklc , gbtcgk tbrlbemkr jkjcke lke nkgcke nuejui lkrc `krcske

pksugke pficsc ykem nbembobg lke nbebrtkwkgke nkhkscswk ykem kgke

`brokike gbn`kic gb gknpus. &cmk frkem nkhkscswk tbrpkejcem lke

`brtcelkg nku nbeybrkem pficsc. &kpc nbrbgk lcjbmkh fibh "ktuke &umks

9"ktmks5 Dskgtc ykemlc`betug fibh "bekt Nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc.

7kjc nkgc ctu gbnulcke lkikn sbgbokp `bru`kh nbeoklc sctuksc `rctki lke

gbgboknke. Tksugke pficsc ctu nuikc nbeybrkem nkhkscswk ykem sblkem

`brokike gbn`kic gb gknpus. &bn`kgke lcibpksgke. @ks kcr nktk

lcifetkrgke. "ukskek rbetbtke tbn`kgke sbekpken, lke sbnùrke mkcr kcr

nktk nbecnùigke gbpkecgke lkikn `krcske nkhkscswk ykem sblkem

2


44/66

`brmbrkg gbn`kic gb gknpu. Tkrk nkhkscswk ctu `brikrcke nbeokuhc

pksugke gbnkeke ykem gkikp.

Tksugke pficsc tbrus `brmbrkg nkou. Nbrbgk nbemhketkn sckpk skok ykem

`brklk lc lbpkeeyk. Nbrbgk `brmbrkg sbpbrtc pksugke ickr tkepk gfnkelf

nkou nbembokr nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem `brikrcke nbeuou gb gknpus.

"ukskek lc sbpkeokem +kike " Tkrnke, lkrc nuikc `bgks Gketfr %kicgftk

+kgkrtk !krkt sknpkc gfnpibrgs Gknpus &rcskgtc nbeoklc gkjku `kiku.

Tkrk nkhkscswk lke sb`kmcke pbemkokr lke pbmkwkc &rcskgtc sbrtk sb`kmcke

nksykrkgkt ykem nbeykgscgke okike-okike ueoug rksk nbeoklc pkecg sbtbikh

nbelbemkr ùeyc rbebtke tbn`kgke. "bjkrk sbrbetkg nbrbgk `brikrcke

nbeokuhc pksugke gbknkeke lke nbejkrc sbiknkt. Gbklkke nbeoklc tbmkem

Nkssk lke nkhkscswk `brikcrke tbrpbejkr 3pbejkr gb `br`kmkc krkh. $lk

ykem nksug gb `bgks Gketfr %kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt, klk ykem `brhknùrke

nbnksugc gfnpibgs pbrunkhke lc +kike &knke " Tkrnke sbrtk klk ykem

tbrus `brupkyk nbejkpkc lke nksug gknpus &rcskgtc.

Nksk ykem pkecg sbpbrtc `brifn`k ikrc lbemke kemmftk pksugke gbknkeke

ykem nbembokr lke nbeybrkem lbemke tfemgkt lke sbeoktk kpceyk. "bounikh

pblkmkem ykem `cksk `brgunpui lc lbpke gknpus lke sbpkeokem trftfkr

+kike " Tkrnke `brmbmks nbeybiknktgke lcrc nkscem-nkscem gb lkikn

gknpus lke hkiknke `bgks Gketfr %kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt. Tficsc tbrus

nbembokr nkhkscswk, lke nbeyusue `krcgklb lc ktks obn`ktke aiy-fvbr

@rfmfi. "bpbrtc klk pbrcetkh, kemmftk-kemmftk pficsc ctu tbrus nbnùru pkrk

nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem nksug gb lkikn , gknpus &rcskgtc , ykem lc lkikn


45/66

`bgks Gketfr %kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt nkupue ykem `brikrcke gb +kike &knke

" Tkrnke .9 beb 6 Tkttcrklhkwkeb, #))) > #4 3 # 5

&bn`kgke-tbn`kgke tbrus tbrlbemkr lke tbrtuou gb krkh nkhkscswk ykem

nksch klk lc iukr nkupue ykem sulkh `brklk lc lkikn gknpus. Tksugke

Gbpficscke ( gbtcgk ctu lcibemgkpc lbemke sbeoktk "tbtbr $D@ lke sbeoktk

stkelkr $!( ""-#. "bikce pbiuru hknpk lke pbiuru gkrbt, sbeoktk cec oumk

lccsc lbemke pbiuru tkokn lke tk`uem mks kcr nktk. &bn`kgke mbejkr

lcikgugke fibh gbifnpfg Tksugke !brnftfr ykem nbikeou gb ktks obn`ktke

aiy-f'br lke okike lc `kwkheyk ykem pkrkrbi nbelbgktc mbr`kem gknpus

&rcskgtc "bnuk kemmftk Tksugke !brnftfr cec nbembekgke sbrkmkn

!rcn`f` Gbpficscke (. Gfr`ke ykem tbrgbek tbn`kgke lkrc Tksugke

!brnftfr cec nuikc `broktuhke. Nbrbgk tbrtbn`kg pbiuru gkrbt lke pbiuru

tkokn, klk ykem tbwks lke iugk. Lke sbnuk gfr`ke tbn`kgke cec tbroklc

ketkrk pugui #*-24 3 #8.)) %(!.

?ikem Nuick 6bsnkek klkikh nkhkscswk @bgkuitks $rsctbgtur, kemgktke

;):. Nkhkscswk gbikhcrke / +uic #)*8 klkikh kekg gbluk lkrc pkskemke fy

!kmus Jkmknkelctk khnke lke Hbrktbty Hclkykt ykem tcemmki lc

Tbrunkhke @rkhk Tbrnkc, 7cputkt, +kgkrtk "biktke. "btbikh lctbn`kg, ?ikem

nksch hclup lke lcmftfem gb iukr `brmketcke lkrc @bluem "ykrca &hkyb .

Nbeurut vcsun bt rbpbrtun " "un`br %krks, gfr`ke lktkem lkikn

gbklkke sulkh nbecemmki lcsb`k`gke pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk `bruoul

tkokn. ?ikem tbwks kgc kt tbn`kgke ykem pbiurueyk nbeyb`k`gke iugk

rf`bg pklk lklk gcrc sbib`kr ib`ch gurkem # jn O # jn, ikiu nbebn`us

rfemmk lklk lke gbiukr gb puemmuem gcrc lbemke iugk sbib`kr gurkem / jn O

#4 jn . Gbscnpuike 'csun " "un`br %krks nbeyktkgke ?ikem nbecemmki

/


46/66

gkrbek iugk tbn`kg lc puemmuem gcrc tbnùs rfemmk lklk gcrc lbemke

pbeyb`k` pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk `brwuoul tkokn.

Hbry Hkrtketc klkikh nkhkscswk 1kguigtks &bgefifmc (elustrc +uruske

Nbscen kemgktke ;)/ , `brusck # tkhue. (k tbrobrbn`k` lctbrokem pbiuru

pficsc lc lbpke tckem `belbrk lc lbpke @bluem "ykrcba &hkyb`. Nbeurut

jcsun bt rbpbrtun ykem lcgbikurgke " "un`br %krks , gfr`kem lktkem

sulkh lkikn gbklkke nbecemmki lueck. Bcsun ctu nbeyktkgke tbrlkpkt iugk

rf`bg A lc puemmuem gcrc lbemke ib`kr sbgctkr jn O # jn ykem lcsb`k`gke

fibh pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk `brwuoultkokn. "b`bekreyk Hbry `biun

nbecemmki gbtcgk lc`kwk gb " "un`br %krks lbemke nf`ci pcjg upT6.

"kkt ctu lcpbrgcrkgke sbgctkr pugui #*.44 3 #8.44 . knue, gkrbek okike

nbeuou gb " "un`br %krks pklkt lbemke gbelkrkke lke nbeyb`k`gke

gbnkjbtke , ck nbemhbnùsgke ekaks tbrkghcr lkikn pbrokikeke gkrbek tclkg

sbnpkt nbelkpkt pbrtfifemke lfgtbr. Lkiknpcjg upctu oumk klk gfr`ke ikce

ykctu Hkaulhce fyke.

Hkaclce fyke tbrtbn`kg lc lbpke @bluem "ykrcba &hkyb` , lc lbgkt lbrbtke

tkeknke ykem nbemhklkp gb +kike " Tkrnke. Hkaclce lckemgkt fibh bekn

frkem `brmketcke lke lc kwk gb " "un`br %krks lbemke nf`ci pcjg up

T6 lkikn gbklkke nksch hclup sbgctkr pugui #*.44 3 #8.44. !brlkskrgke

vcsun bt rbpbrtun " "un`br %krks, Hkaclce tc`k lkikn gbklkke

nbecemmki lueck gkrbek pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk tkokn ykem

nbemkgc`ktgke iugk tbn`kg lc lkhc tbnùs gb `bikgkem gbpkik. Bcsun

nbeyktkgke iugk tbn`kg ykem lclbrctk Hkaclce klkikh iugk rf`bg pklk lkhc

sbib`kr # jn O # jn lke iugk rf`bg `bikgkem gbpkik sbiuks ib`ch gurkem #

jn O # jn.

:


47/66

Hbelrkwke "cb oktuh tbrtbn`kg , sbgctkr tuouh frkem nbemkemgkt gfr`ke lkrc

lbgkt Tfs"ktpkn lc lbpke +kike " Tkrnke, nbeuou gketfr "ND& ykem

`brokrkg sbgctkr #4 nbtbr.+belrkwke "cb gbnulcke lfmftfem fibh "ktpkn gb

gketfr Gkntc`pus lke gbnulcke lc`kwk gb @bluem "ykrca &hkyb` . Lkrc

mbluem cec Hbelrckwke lc`kwk gb Tuskt Gbsbohktke &rcskgtc, kgke tbtkpc

tclkg `csk nksug gkrbek pcetueyk lcguejc. Hbelckwke nbecemmki lueck lc

sctu lke gbnulcke obek=kheyk lc `kwk gb unkh "kgct "un`br %krks.

Qcsun bt rbpbrtun lkrc " "un`br %krks nbeybùtgke gfr`ke ykem

lcpbrcgsk fibh lr $rbel G Tfemmkwk lktkem sulkh nbecemmki lueck.

Tbeyb`k` gbnktckeeyk klkikh pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk ykem `brwuoul

tkokn . 6ugk tbn`kg lc ibhbr. Tklk tuùheyk, tbrlkpkt iugk rf`bg pklk ibhbr

gkeke lbemke ugurke sbgctkr # jn O # jn lke 4,/ jn O # jn. Bcsun

nbeybùtgke pklk iugk tbrsbùt lcgbtbnugke prfybgtci pbiuru, 9 beb 6

Tkttcrlokwkeb , #))) > /4 3 : 5

Tbeybiclcgke tbrhklkp pbebn`kgke nbeueouggke `khwk nbrbgk sbemkok lc

tbn`kg fibh pbnbn`kg octu. Hknpcr sbiuruh gfr`ke ykem tbrùeuh lke

tbriugk, lctbn`kg lc `kmcke gbpkik, ibhbr, lklk, ktku pkemmuem. "btbikh

trkmblc &rcskgtc nbrb`kgikh gbrusuhke lc +kgkrtk. Gbrusuhke tbrsbùt

nbemkrkh tbrutknk gbpklk btecs &cfemhfk. Lkrc `br`kmkc pbeybiclcgke `kcg

&rkmblc &rcskgtc lke Gbrusuhke Nbc lc +kgkrtk nbrupkgke sbùkh

gbsbemkokke ykem tbikh lcrbejkekgke. "b`kmcke `bskr ùgtc-ùgtc jugup

ibemgkp. !b`brkpk pbemknkt nbeueouggke nftca-nftca tbrsbiuùem ykem

pbrekh `brblkr sb`biuneyk ykem nbeyktkgke `khwk gbrusuhke ctu lcùkt

uetug nbemkichgke gbnkrkhke rkgykt gbpklk ncictbr ykem lcsb`k`gke fibh

*


48/66

gbnktcke nkhkscswk lc &rcskgtc nbeuou frkem-frkem &cfemhfk ykem nbeoklc

gkn`cem hctkneyk. Hunke cmht %ktjh lkikn ikpfrkeeyk nbeyb`utgke

`khwk pbemgkn`cemhctknke frkem-frkem &cfemhfk tbikh nbeoklc

pbrjkgkpke pkrk pbok`kt-pbok`kt ncictbr. 9 "uhkrsch lke (me Nkhbelrk G ,

44* > #4) 3 ##4 5

!br`blk lkrc mbrkgke nkhkscswk pklk tkhue-tkhue sb`biuneyk sbpbrtc tkhue

#)::, #)*, #)*8 lke tkhue `brcguteyk, mbrkgke nkhkscswk tkhue #))8

`brklk lkikn suktu gfelcsc lugk jctk lbemke mbifn`kem `bskr Grcscs

Nfebtbr ykem nbrfetfggke sbelc-sbelc pbrbgfefncke ebmkrk. !br`kmkc

nusc`kh nbnkem gctk kiknc sbjkrk `bruetutke > nuscn gbnkrku, gb`kgkrke

hutke, gbikpkrke lc (rcke +kyk, wk`kh lbemke lbnkn `brlkrkh, nkupue

hknk `bikiknm lc 6knpuem ykem pbemhkejurgke prflugsc pbrtkecke, sbrtk

mkmki pkebe lc `br`kmkc tbnpkt.

Tklk scsc ikce grcscs nfebtbr nbeyb`k`gke iuiuh iketkgeyk auelknbetki

bgfefnc ebmkrk, hcikemeyk ibmctcnksc pfictcg pbemuksk lke nuejuieyk

gbtclkgpukske lkrc sbiuruh ikpcske nksykrkgkt tbrhklkp gbpbncnpceke


49/66

$ebheyk, pbnbrcetkh sbkgke tkg pbluic `khgke tclkg nbeueouggkesbesb fa

jrcscs tbrhklkp sbmbekp pbrnkskikhke tbrsbùt. "bpbrtc gksus gb`kgkrke

hutke, sbnbetkrk ebmkrk-ebmkrk ikce sbpbrtc Nkikysck, $ustrkick, "cemkpurk,

Tbrkejcs, Gfrbk "biktke lke $nbrcgk "brcgkt `bruskhk nbn`ketu

nbekemmuikemceyk lke nbemcrcngke `ketuke tbhefifmc, pbnbrcetkh sbkgke-

kgke tkg `brmbncem `khgke scùg nbejkrc gkn`cem hctkn hutke sbpbrtc

tulcemke tbrhklkp bi ecef. Tklkhki nksykrkgkt sulkh `keykg ykem

nbembtkhuc `khwk hutke tbrsbùt lcbgspifctksc `bskr-`bskrke fibh gbiukrmk

7belkek 9gbiukrmk nketke prbsclbe "fbhkrtf5, +ktuheyk ecikc upckh ykem

lctulcem klkikh babg lfncef lkrc grcscs ykem tbroklc lc &hkcikel lke

Thcicpcek sbrtk klkeyk gfespcrksc kscem ykem cemce nbemhkejurgke `kemsk

(elfebsck.

Grcscs bgfefnc ykem `brikrut-ikrut tbrsbùt tbreyktk nkikh lccsc lbemke

lb`kt-lb`kt ykem `brgbpkeokemke lke tclkg prflugtca nbembekc kpkgkh

`ketuke Cetbrektcfeki Nfebtkry Auel 9(N15 nbikemmkr DDL #)/ sbrtk

lcsgusc tbetkem Jurrbejy @fkrl ystbn 97!"5 sbiknk gurkem 2 ùike

iknkeyk.

Lbemke `keykgeyk pbrnkskikhke `bskr ykem tbemkh lchklkpc `kemsk,

nkhkscswk nbichkt `khwk upkyk-upkyk pbekemmuikemke ykem lcikgugke

pbnbrcetkh tclkg sbrcus. Lbemke gktk ikce grblc`cictks pbnbrcetkh sb`kmkc

pbembifik ebmkrk sulkh tclkg klk lc nktk nbrbgk. +klc cetbmrktfr lkrc

mbrkgke nkhkscswk tkhue #))8 klkikh sbttcem grcscs nfebtbr lke nusc`kh

ykem `brgbpkeokemke. 9 cjkrl " $leke lke $r'ke Trklckesykh, #))) > #8

3 #8/ 5

)


50/66

Gbtcgk kgsc lknkc # Nbc #))8 `bru`kh nbeoklc trkmblc `brlkrkh, sbnuk

frkem nkrkh. "bnuk frkem nbekemcs. &clkg klk ykem pbrjkyk gkiku

nkhkscswk ykem sblkem nbeuetut cinu, `brusck 4-tkhue, `brnflkigke

sbnkemkt lke gbpbrjkykke, eurkec, lke gb`bekrke, lctbn`kg nktc lc lkikn

gknpuseyk sbelcrc. Lkrc tctcg cec, krfmkesc gbgukskke lkikn sb`ukh rbocn

nbeknpcigke gbguktke sbgkicmus gbgkjkukeeyk sbjkrk tbikeokem ykem

tbrlfgunbetksc lkikn rbgknke 'clbf hksci icputke wkrtkwke lke lkikn

cemktke trkunktcg skgsc nktk, `brupk gbskgscke tbetkem pbnuguike fibh

kpkrkt gbknkeke ykem nbn`uru nkhkscswk `brikrcke nksug gb hkiknke

gknpus nbrbgk, ikiu pbebn`kgke tbrtuou gb nkhkscswk ykem `brklk lkikn

gknpus nbrbgk.

$pk ykem tbroklc pklk tkemmki # Nbc #))8 klkikh lc iukr `ktks-`ktks ykem

`csk lctbrcnk sbjkrk kgki sbhkt, gbifnpfg nkhkscswk ykem tclkg `brsbeoktk

lc`ketkc lbemke gbokn. ; &hby 9thb stulbets5 wbrb oust shft lfwe icgbs pcms.

fw ctIs jibkr thkt "fbhkrtf nust mf,0 gktk rbgtfr &rcskgsc, $lc $elfeof

"fbtocptf, "H , lkikn wkwkejkrk lbemke nblck kscem. Gboklcke `brlkrkh lc

gknpus &rcskgtc nbekn`kh gbykgceke $lc $elfof `khwk Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf

hkrus turue lkrc ok`ktkeeyk.

!keykg ykem tclkg nbemcrk gkiku kgsc lknkc tkemmki # Nbc #))8, ykem

`brikeout lbemke ifem nkrjh lkrc gknpus &rcskgtc nbeuou @bluem

LTNT tkpc lchklkem pksugke gbknkeke lc lbpke lc `bgks Gketfr

%kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt, kgke `brkghcr lbemke gbgboknke. $pk ikmc

gbnulcke tbroklc gbruskgke hb`kt ykem nbikelk sbiuruh +kgkrtk lke

sbgctkreyk sbiknk luk hkrc `brturutke pklk #2 3 #/ Nbc. $gc`kteyk,

/4


51/66

pbebn`kgke ktks nkhkscswk-nkhkscswk &rcskgtc lc lkikn gknpcus nbrbgk

nbeoklc akgtfr pbncju gbrusuhke lc +kgkrtk pklk #2-#/ Nbc #))8 ykem sbrtk

nbrtk pbncju mbifn`kem kgsc nbenkgsk Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf uetug turue

lkrc ok`ktkeeyk. Gbrusuhke lc +kgkrtk nbeyb`k`gke gfr`ke ocwk gbrumcke

nktbrc ykem knkt `bskr, sbhcemmk nbn`cgce ùrug eknk (elfebsck.

$gsc pbrikwkeke tbrhklkp Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf ikiu tclkg hkeyk lcikejkrgke

nkhkscswk lke gknpuseyk, tkpc oumk fibh sbounikh tfgfh ekscfeki ykem

`brmkùem lkikn sbùkh gbifnpfg prf-lbnfgrksc `breknk Nkobics $nkekt

kgykt 9N$5 lbemke gfnctnbe pklk rbafrnksc uetug lbnfgrksc, sbrtk

nbeuetut kmkr Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbemuelurgke lcrc uetug nbejbmkh

tbroklceyk tcelkgke kekrgcs ykem ib`ch pkrkh. !kmkc `fik skiou ykem

nbemmbicelcem lc ibrbem mueuem bs, kgsc pbrikwkeke nbejkpkc puejkgeyk

pklk tkemmki # Nbc #))8, lbemke pbemuelurke lcrc "fbhkrtf sb`kmkc

Trbsclbe lke Nkelktkrcs NT.

!ukt Gbtuk "bekt Nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc, +uicketf Hbelrf

7khyfef, pbebn`kgke tbrhklkp lcrceyk lke tbnke-tbnkeeyk, nbebmuhgke

scgkpeyk `khwk hkrus klk pbru`khke lc (elfebsck. !ukt Hbelrf, &rkmblc

&rcskgtc # Nbc #))8 nbemkokrgke pbroukemke hkrus lcikgugke lbemke

`brkec, kpkpu rbscgfeyk .0 "bgkicpue ctu eykwk tkruhkeeyk. Lke pbroukemke

ctu hkrus nuejui lkrc hktc eurkec gctk sbelcrc, ùgke gkrbek pknrch,0

gktkeyk, Hbelrf oumk pbrjkyk, sb`kmkc mbebrksc nulk hkrus `brkec

nbeyukrkgke gbtclkg`brbske lke gbtclkgklcike.

Tklk tkemmki #2 Nbc #))8, rcùke lkrc sbiuruh +kgkrtk lke `b`brkpk tfgfh

nksykrkgkt hklcr lc &rcskgtc lkikn lugk jctk lc gknpus &rcskgtc, @rfmfi.

/#


52/66

Hklcr lkikn kjkrk cec ketkrk ikce Nbmkwktc "fbgkrefputrc, $ncbe kcs, $ic

"klcgce, Trfa "bif "fbnkrloke, Trfa ?nci "kicn, Lr Gkricek 6bgsfef, y

"rc !cetkem Tknuemgks, Lr $rcba kjhnkl Hkgcn, %" belrk, Gbtuk

(6D( Hkrcklc Lkrnkwke, $leke !uyuem ksutcfe, Gbtuk "bekt

Nkhkscswk D( knk Trktknk, lke Hkrcnke "crbmkr. $jkrk `brgkùem lc

gknpus&rcskgtc cec, ùgke sbgblkr nbeyknpkcgke `biksuemgkwk tkpc

lcsbrtkc frksc pfictcg ykem lcsknùt nkhkscswk lbemke pbgcg ; ; &uruegke

"fbhkrtf &uruegke "fbhkrtf0 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, 4#2 > #/) 3 #:# 5

6fgksc lke wkgtu gbrusuhke Nbc #))8 lc +kgkrtk lcnuikc lc sbgctkr gknpus

Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc, gkwkske @rfmfi tkemmki #2 Nbc sbgctkr pugui 4).44 3

#4. %(!. cùke frkem `brgunpui lc lbpke gknpus Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc

uetug nbeyknpkcgke lugk jctk nbrbgk ktks tbwkseyk bnpkt frkem

nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem tbric`kt lkikn `betrfg lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke

pklk tkemmki # Nbc #))8. Lc lkikn gknpus, kgsc `brgkùem nkhkscswk

`brokike lbemke tbrtc` lke nkhkscswk lcikrkem gb iukr gknpus uetug

nbemhcelkrc cesclbe. "bgctkr pugui #.44 %(! tbroklc sbùkh pbn`kgkrke

trug sknpkh lc pbrbnpktke okike ikykem. !keykg skgsc nktk ykem

nbeybùtgke `khwk tbr`kgkreyk trug sknpkh cec kmkg mkeoci, nbemcemkt

lkbrkh sbputkr gknpus Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc lctutup rkpkt fibh kpkrkt

gbknkeke ykem nbemhbetcgke krus ikiu icetks. Nbichkt gf`krke kpc lkrc trug

sknpkh, nkssk `bru`kh `rutki lbemke nuikc nbibnpkrc `krcske kpkrkt ykem

nbnìfgcr okike lc lbpke mbluem Nki 7cputrk lbemke `kru, `ftfi, lke

`belk ikceeyk sbrtk nbejkùtc lke nbruskg rknù-rknù ikiu icetks nkupue

pkmkr pkn`ktks okike. betbtke tbn`kgke pbrcemktke lke mks kcr nktk

nbnùkt nkssk brikrc tuemmkem ikemmkem.

/


53/66

Tbruskgke lke pbn`kgkrke tbrus nbeyb`kr, nuikc lkrc gkwkske lc sbgctkr

Gknpus &rcskgtc ykctu +kikn Lkke Nfmft, +kike Gykc &kpk, +kike " Tkrnke.

Nbeobikem sfrb hkrc kgsc pbruskgke lke pbn`kgkrke nbiuks gb gkwkske

!beluemke Hcgur, Gblfyk, +bn`ktke !bsc, !kelbemke "biktke, &u`kmus

$emgb, "bnkeke, Gfskn c. &cn @kùemke Tbejkrc 1kgtk 9&T@15

nbejktkt gbrusuhke nbn`bskr lbemke kgsc pbruskgke lke pbn`kgkrke ykem

tbrib`ch lkhuiu lcikgugke fibh sbounikh frkem ykem gbnulcke lccgutc fibh

nkssk ykem `brmbrkg lkrc wcikykh @rfmfi gb +kike GH Hksycn $sykrc, +kike

Gckyc &kpk, pbrbnpktke iknpu nbrkh fOy, +kike GH Nfjh Nkesyur,

sknpkc gb +kike !beluemke Hcicr. Lc wcikykh +kgkrtk "biktke, sbùkh pfs

Tficsc lc gkwkske Tkskr unput lcruskg nkssk.

Lc +kike Lkke Nfmft, nkssk nbemknug lbemke nbn`kgkr mbluem nkupue

nf`ci. "bgctkr #/ nf`ci hkemus tbr`kgkr lke sbn`cike ikceeyk hkejur tftki .

"b`biuneyk, csc nf`ci lcokrkh fibh nkssk. Nkssk oumk nbn`kgkr sbùkh ùs

ykem `brklk lckrbk pkrgcr. Lc icetkske gcrc nkupue gkeke +kike Lkke Nfmft,

gkjk-gkjk mbluem hkejur `brketkgke. &cmk gcfs pkrgcr T& Tutrc "uryk

Nuitclkek, bekn nf`ci lc`kgkr lke sktu lcruskg. Hftbi Lkke +kyk hkemus

tbr`kgkr lke gf`krke kpceyk nuikc nbeybetuh gb mbluem `bikgkemeyk, ykctu

sbùkh lcsgftbg. @bluem !7$, runkh `ciykr, lke sbounikh mbluem ykem

`brklk lc okokrkeeyk cgut oklc gfr`ke knugke nkssk.

Nbeobikem, sfrb lc wcikykh +bn`ktke "bnpct $emgb, +bn`ktke Luk,

+bn`ktke &cmk, lke +bn`ktke !bsc gbrusuhke `brupk pbruskgke lke

pbemhkejurke lcsbrtkc lbemke csu rkscki ketc-&cfemhfk. Nksk nuikc nbeokrkh

runkh wkrmk lke `b`brkpk tfgf `khgke lc`kgkr. Lc !fofem, sbùkh pkskr

swkikyke ncec lc kgkr nkssk. Lc +kike 6cemgkr 6ukr !krkt, nkssk

/2


54/66

nbemhklkem lke nbeokrkh sbtckp gbelkrkke ykem nbicetks. Nkssk oumk

nbemhkejurgke Nki Turc (elkh lke @rbbe @krlbe. Nbeobikem nkikn,

pbn`kgkrke mbluem, nf`ci, lke pbeokrkhke tfgf nksch `brikemsuem,

tbrutknk lc sbgctkr gkwkske $emgb. Gbrununke nkssk eknpkg lc

sbpkeokem +kike Lkke Nfmft gb 7bemgkrbem.

Tklk skkt ykem `brsknkke, sbgctkr pugui #/.24 %(!, gbrusuhke nbib`kr gb

okwktke. !beluemke Hcicr lc sbgctkr @bluem %csnk @G!(, @bluem !( (

lke @bluem !( ((, sbrtk pkskr lke puskt pbrtfgfke !beluemke Hcicr. Lc

gkwkske cec lcikpfrgke luk rugf lc pbrtfgfke !behci ruskg lke luk nf`ci

tbr`kgkr. Nksch lc +kike Lkke Nfmft, nbeobikem pugui .44 %(!

gbrusuhke sulkh nbnksugc wcikykh Gflyk &kemmbrkem, ykctu wcikykh

!ktujbpbr. Gbrusuhke oumk tbroklc lc &knke "bnkeke lke Gfskn`c, +kgkrtk

!krkt. Lc gkwkske @iflfg, pbn`kgkrke lcikpfrgke tbroklc lc sbgctkr pugui

#).44 %(!, lcnuikc lbemke lc`kgkreyk Tkskr Tbreckmkke. Tbruskgke lke

pbn`kgkrke pklk tkemmki #2 Nbc #))8 cec nbikelk tcmk gkwkske, +kgkrtk

!krkt, +kgkrtk Tuskt lke +kgkrtk Dtkrk lbemke sgkik lke icemgup ykem

`br`blk, eknue `biun klk gfr`ke ocwk. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, 4#2 >

# 3 4 5

/


55/66

Tklk skkt tbroklceyk gbrusuhke nksski tbrsbùt, Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf sblkem

tclkg `brklk lc &kekh $cr gkrbek sbokg ) Nbc #))8 uetug nbemhklcrc G&&

@-#/ lc Gkcrf Nbscr, #2-# Nbc #))8. Gbtcgk lc Gkcrf tbrsbùt, tbrjktkt

`khwk nblck nkssk rknkc nbn`brctkgke pbrchki pclktf Trbsclbe lc

lbpke wkrmk (elfebsck lc Gkcrf. Lkikn pclktfeyk tbrsbùt Trbsclbe

nbeyktkgke gbsblckkeeyk nbemuelurgke lcrc lkrc ok`ktkeeyk. "ceyki

`khwk Trbsclbe kgke nbecemmkigke tknpug gbpbncnpcekeeyk ctu

lcuemgkpgke fibh "fbhkrtf sbelcrc, `khwk ocgk rkgykt tclkg ikmc

nbn`brc gbpbrjkykke gbpklk lcrceyk sb`kmkc prbsclbe, nkgk ck sckp

nuelur lke tclkg kgke nbnpbrtkhkegke gblulugkeeyk lbemke

gbguktke sbeoktk. "fbhkrtf nbeoboksgke kgke nbemuelurgke lcrc lke

nbelbgktgke lcrc gbpklk &uhke Jkem Nkhk ?sk lke juju-jujueyk.

9 Gfnpks, # Nbc #))8 5

//


56/66

Trbsclbe kghcreyk nbnpbrjbpkt gbpuikemkeeyk gb &kekh $cr #/ Nbc #))8

sbgctkr pugui 4.24 %(! lcec hkrc nbikiuc ikelkske ulkrk Hkicn

Tbrlkekgusunkh. knue gkctke nbekemmkpc csu pbemuelurke lcrceyk

tbrsbùt, tbreyktk Trbsclbe nbebmksgke `khwk lck tclkg pbrekh

nbeyktkgke sckp nuelur. Hki cec sbrtk-nbrtk nbnùkt nblck nkssk

gbtcgk ctu `brgkic-gkic tbrpkgsk nbnutkr tkykemke uikem pclktf Trbsclbe

gbtcgk lc Gkcrf tbrsbùt lc nblck-nblck ekscfeki. Gbnulcke gbtcgk pklk

sckem hkrceyk Trbsclbe lc`brctkgke nbebrcnk ikpfrke tbrkghcr lkrc %kgci

Trbsclbe !+ Hk c`cb, Nbetbrc Tbrtkhkeke lke Gbknkeke %crketf,

Nbetbrc Gffrlcektfr Tfictcg lke Gbknkeeke 1bcski &keouem, Nbetbrc

Lkikn bmbrc Hkrtfef, Nbetbrc Gbhkgcnke Nuiklc, Nbetbrc

Tbebrkemke $iwc Lkhike lke `b`brkpk pbok`kt tcemmc ikceeyk. Tklk hkrc

ykem sknk ctu, Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf gbnulcke nbemcestrugscgke

pbn`ktkike 9pbeurueke5 gbekcgke hkrmk !!N Nbc #))8, "bikeouteyk,

tbrjktkt puik `khwk lkikn nbekemmkpc pbreyktkke pbemuelurke lcrc

Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf tbrsbùt, klk # pbrwcrk tcemmc $emgktke #)/

nbeyknpkcgke pbreyktkke scgkp, `khwk nbrbgk nbeyknùt `kcg

pbreyktkke Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf ykem lcnukt nblck nkssk pklk hkrc

sb`biuneyk uetug ; ibemsbr gbprk`fe0. knue, kgc`kt sctuksc cù gftk

ykem sbnkgce gurkem gfelusca, nkgk hki cec tbikh nbeyb`k`gke rktuske

%$ lke %( Gbturueke nuikc brmbrkg nbecemmkigke +kgkrtk.

Tklk gbbsfgke hkrceyk, #: Nbc #))8, Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbebrcnk tcn

Dec'brsctks (elfebsck ykem lcpcnpce fibh bgtfr D( Trfa Lr $snke

!fblcsketfsf. Lkikn pbrtbnuke tbrsbùt D( nbeyknpkcgke pfgfg-pfgfg

pcgcrke rbafrnksc ykem lchkscigke scnpfscun D( `b`brkpk wkgtu

/:

7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasa

mahasiswa dalam peralihan kekuasaan

Documents