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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan
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Nkhkscswk lkikn Tbrkichke Gbgukskke
Gb`brklkke mbrkgke nkhkscswk sbrcem lcpkelkem sb`kmkc mbrkgke nfrki
lkrc pklk mbrkgke pfictcg prkgtcs ykem nbejbrncegke gkpksctks tbrtbetu.
Lkikn pkelkemke Hk`brnks klk tcmk auemsc strtbmcs pbrmuruke tcemmc sbjkrk
unun. Tbrtknk, nbnpueykc tkemmuem okwk` nbnkstcgke iuiuskeeyk
lc bgkic lbemke gukicacgksc ncecnun gbnknpuke ykem `brscakt
bsgtrkauemscfeki lc `clkem ykem lcmbiutc. Gbluk, nbnpueykc tumks
nbestrkncscgke, nbemcetbrprbstkscgke, lke nbembn`kemgke trklcsc guiturki
nksykrkgkt. Gbtcmk, nbn`betug gbsklkrke pfictcg kmc nkhkscswk.
Lkikn prfybgsc ctu, nkhkscswk lkpkt nbnkelkem lcrc sb`kmkc bictb nksk
lbpke `kemsk. Nbrbgk tclkg hkeyk nbnpbrsckpgke pbrke ykem nbnpueykc
scmecacgkesc pfictcg, tbtkpc sbgkicmus nbebnpktgke sb`kmkc kmbe pbru`khke
sfscki. Lc `br`kmkc gbsbnpktke, nbrbgk lkpkt nbemkgutkicsksc lcrc nbikiuc
gbmcktke pfictcg sbpbrtc lbnfestrksc, lbgikrksc, lke nbelktkemc tbnpkt-
tbnpkt ykem lcscn`ficskscgke sb`kmkc puskt-puskt gbgukskke.
knue, pbrke pfictcg ctu ununeyk skemkt tbr`ktks. !khgke pbrke cec lkpkt
lckn ci kich fibh bictb pfictcg ykem nbnkem nbncicgc rbsfurjbs uetug
nbikgugke pbebtrksc pbru`khke. "bnbetkrk nkhkscswk, hkeyk lbnfetrksc lc
okike-okike, nbelktkemc ibn`kmk-ibn`kmk ykem nbnkem nbescn`ficskscgke
gbgukskke lke gbpbetcemke tbrtbetu, ktku nbemcrcngke lbibmksc pbrwkgcike
uetug nbebnuc tfgfh-tfgfh sbetrki ykem lckemmkp nbnpbroukemgke
kmbrelk pfictcg nkhkscswk.
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"btbikh ctu nbrbgk lcpkgsk gbiukr lkrc tbnpkt ykem nbrbgk lktkemc ktku
ykem nbrbgk tbikh lulugc. $pkgkh lkikn gbklkke ykem nbrbgk pbrgcrkgke
sb`kmkc gbnbekemke ktkupue gbgkikhke. %kikupue tknpkgeyk nbrbgk puks
lbemke kpk ykem nbrbgk jkpkc gkrbek nbn`brcgke tbgkeke tbrhklkp
pbnbrcetkh ykem nbrbgk ecikc lcgtkgtfr, sbjkrk gbsbiuruhke nbrbgk tbrhbetc
lc sctu.
Lkikn rbafrnksc sbelcrc, mbrkgke nkhkscswk nbrupkgke arfet tbrlbpke ykem
nbn`kwk gbpbetcemke-gbpbetcemke ikce nksug &brnksug nbeybrbt
gbifnpfg grcnceki lke pbeokrkh. "btckp pbru`khke lke kpkikmc rb'fiusc,
nbnkem sbikiu tbrlkpkt nksykrkgkt ikpcs pkicem `kwkh ykem tclkg `brlkyk
lke tclkg nbncicgc kpk-kpk. Gbifnpfg cec lbemke nulkh nbnkeakktgke
sctuksc gbgkjkuke uetug nbelkpktgke gb`utuhke ykem pkicem lkskr lbemke
nbikgugke pbeokrkhke lke pbrknpfgke. &uicske cec nbeyfrftc mbrkgke
nkhkscswk lkikn pbemmuicemke "fbhkrtf lkikn pkemmuem pfictcg.
Grcscs gbukemke ykem nbikelk gkwkske $sck, tbrnksug nbibnkheyk ecikc
rupckh lc (elfebsck pklk `uike $mustus #))*, `brlknpkg iuks tbrhklkp
gbhclupke pbrbgfefncke rkgykt sbjkrk nbeybiuruh. ---- !brkwki lkrc
tun`kemeyk !kht &hkcikel pklk kwki `uike +uic #))*, pkskr cetbrekscfeki
gbhcikemke gbpbrjkykke tbrhklkp nktk ukem $sck &bemmkrk .upckh
gbhcikemke hknpcr tuouh pbrsbe lkrc ecikceyk, nbeurue lkrc p ./4,-
hcemmk p .*44,-. Gbputuske uetug nbemkn`kemgke nktk ukem pklk
tkemmki # $mustus nbelkpktgke luguemk nbiuks, tbtkpfc rupckh tbrus okuh.
Lkikn pclktf Gbnbrlbgkke tkemmki #* $mustus, "fbhkrtf nbebekemgke
ebmkrk lbemke nbemktkgke `khwk afelksc bgfefnc tbtkp guguh lke grcscs
nktk ukem hkeyk sb`ukh ; gbgkuke sbnbetkrk 0. $gke tbtkpc, stk`cictks cec
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tclkg `brhksci lcwuouagke. Tklk tkemmki :
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cetbrekscfeki lbemke sb`ukh aftf lc nkek Ncjhbi 7knlbssus, pcnpceke (N1
lbemke tkemke tbricpktlc ktks lklk nbemkwksc "fbhkrtf skkt "fbhkrtf
nbekelktkemkec lfgunbe. "fbhkrtf lcpbrnkiugke, lbemke bgfefnc ykem
hkejur. Lbemke gbgukske ftfrctkrckecsneyk ykem nbelkpky okustcacgksc lkrc
pbn`kemueke bgfefnc, rb=cn
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`bricpkt-icpkt. Gbluk, gbekcgke lrktcs nbejcuptkgke gbpkecgke iukr `cksk lc
gkikemke nksykrkgkt `kwkh hcemmk nbelfrfem nbrbgk nbikgugke
gbrusuhke. Lc okike rkyk !keluem 3 7crb`fe, gftk +ktcwkemc pklk #
1b`rukrc #))8, nkssk `brgbrunue lke `btbrckg, 0turuegke hkrmk0. Nbrbgk
nbruskg pbrtfgfke nuikc lkrc tfgf bibgtrfecg, nftfr, hcemmk wkruem oknu 3
lke gbnulcke lccgutc fibh pbn`kgkrke. Lc lkbrkh +kwk !krkt ykem ikce
9 Tknkeugke. 7cksbn, 6bnkh $`kem, Trckemke, Tbemkibemke, 7cjkibemgk,
7cncelc5, Lc +kwk &bemkh 96fskrc, !f`ftskrc !keyunks5, lc usk &bemmkrk
!krkt 96fn`fg &bemkh5 lke lc "uikwbsc "biktke 9Douem Tkelkem5 oumk
nuejui gbrusuhke lke gbrbskhke sfscki lbemke sb`k` nbifeokgeyk hkrmk
lke tuetutke ykem sknk > turuegke hkrmk.
Lueck uskhk lc sbgtfr prfpbrtc, ftfnftca, bibgtrfecgk, pbtrfgcnck, sbpktu,
pbruemmkske, susu, hcemmk tbnpb, ykem `keykg nbemklkgke `khke `kgu
cnpfr lke `keykg `brhutkem lkikn lfikr lc`ukt tclkg `brgutcg, lbemke
keofgeyk ecikc rupckh. Tkicem pkrkh tbetueyk lckiknc fibh ftfnftca lke
prfpbrty. Hutkem swkstk ykem lcpbrgcrkgke `brounikh D" K :/ nciykr
`biun obiks pbeybibskckeeyk gkrbek tclkg lcscemmuem lkikn pkgbt (N@.
"bnkgce turue ecikc rupckh, sbnkgce nb`bemgkg puik hutkem swkstk .
$ejknke kn`rugeyk lueck uskhk cec sulkh pkstc gbnulcke nbikhcrgke
`bejkek ikeoutke ykgec muiuem tcgkr, ikiu THG, lke kghcreyk pbemkemmcurke
`bskr-`bskrke.
"b`kmcke `bskr nkhkscswk pue nbrupkgke gfr`ke grcscs bgfefnc nbeoklc
gcke ncsgce. Gb`utuhke hclup sbhkrc-hkrc, gb`utuhke kikt tuics, lke `ckyk
guickh sbnkgce tclkg tbrokemgku. "bfrkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks
fnnbesbe Nblke lkrc Dec'brsctks Tkttcnurk 9Depkttc5 $n`fe tbrpgsk
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nbeoklc tugkem `bjkg lke pbemkyuh pbrkhu uetug `brtkhke hclup. "bjkrk
unun nkhkscswk nbemhkyktc grcscs bgfefnc nbikiuc tbrhbetceyk gcrcnke
frkem tuk lc gknpuem, nbifeokgeyk hkrmk `brks, `ckyk aftf gfpc, `khke
prktcgun lke ikcep-ikce. Lc (estctut &bgefifmc "bpuiuh f'bn`br 9(&"5
"urk`kyk /44 lkrc ## rc`u nkhkscswk nbeuelk pbn`kykrke "TT. Lc
Depkyyc $n`fe 244 lkrc 8:44 nkhkscswk tclkg nbelkatkr uikem gkrbek
tclkg nknpu nbiueksc "TT. Trf`ibn sbrupk oumk nbecnpk nkhkscswk
lkbrkh-lkbrkh sbpbrtc Dec'brsctks !rkwcokyk Nkikem, D@N Jfmykgkrtk lke
ikce-ikce. Nkhkscswk lc gftk-gftk `bskr pue nbemkiknc eksc` sbrupk .0 @uk
`cemuem ech, nku jutc, nku jutc kpk guickh. Hk`cs sknk-sknk embiukrce
`ckyk `bskr sch,0 gbiuh crc sbfrkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks 1ueklhkrnk
Lbpfg. +cgk jutc ck hkrusnbn`kykr "TT pbeuh p 44 rc`u, sblkemgke
gkiku tbrus guickh ck hkrusnbn`kykr p )/4 rc`u.
Gbrbskhke nksuykrkgkt ktks nbikemcteyk hkrmk-hkrmk sbn`cike `khke
gb`utuhke pfgfg 9sbn`kgf5 lke kejknke putus guickh sbrtk nksk lbpke
ykem surkn lc gkikemke nkyfrctks nkhkscswk, nbeoklc akgtpr pbemmbrkg
tbrsbelcrc `kmc gkikemke gknpus-nkhkscswk lke jc'ctks kjklbncjk uetug
nbeyktkgke gbprchktcekeeyk. $gsc ncn`kr `b`ks lke gbprchktceke lc
gknpus nbeybrruhgke tuetutke pbeurueke hkrmk-okrmk `krkem, tbrutknk
sbn`kgf, lccgutc fibh tuetutke ykem `brgkctke lbemke grcscs bgfefnc ikceeyk
ykgec kmkr pbecn`ue `krkem lctcelkg, kmkr nkskikh pbemkemmurke ykem
sbnkgce iuks lctkemkec, lke tuetutke kmkr gb`cokgke bgfefnc ib`ch `brpchkg
pklk gbpbetcemke nkyfrctks rkgykt. 9 Nurclke " %clofof, #))) > 2/* 3 #:4 5
Lbnfetrksc ktku ueoug rksk nkhkscswk `brnuejuike nuikeyk sbjkrk
spfrklcj lc `br`kmkc gftk. $etkrk ikce lc "bnkrkem nbekemmmkpc `br`kmkc
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csu ykem `brgkctke ktks pbejuicgke lke cetcnclksc ykem lcikgugke kpkrkt
gbknkeke, lc +kgkrtk lc @bluem LTNT uetug nbn`brcgke luguemke
gbpklk Nbmkwktc "fbgkrefputrc gkrbek pcnpceke ekscfeki lckemmkp tclkg
nknpu nbikgskekgke rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc, lc gknpus (&!
!keluem ykem nbeyktkgke gbprchktceke ktks grcscs bgfefnc. Nkupue lc
"fif lke Nblke ykem nbeuetut pbeurueke hkrmk.
Gbnulcke, ueoug rksk lke gbprchktceke tclkg hkeyk fibh nkhkscswk, tkpc
oumk gkikemke jbelcgckwke, sbpbrtc gbifnpfg #) pbebictc 6bn`kmk (inu
Tbembtkhuke (elfebsck 96(T(5 ykem nbeyukrkgke `br`kmkc gbprchktceke
ykem nbikelk nksykrkgkt skkt ctu, lke nbeycnpuigke nksykrkgkt gbiks
`kwkh sbnkgce nbelbrctk kgc`kt grcscs bgfefnc. ; Tbreyktkke gbprchktceke
9cec5 gknc sknpkcgke sb`kmkc jbrnce lkrc sukrk hktc lke eurkec rkgykt
gbpklk nbrbgk ykem sbiknk cec nktk lke gktk hktceyk tbikh tbr`utkgke lkrc
gbeyktke-gbeyktkke lc sbgbicicem gctk,0 ueyc pbreyktkke nbrbgk.
Tklk 1b`rukrc #))8, ueoug rksk nkhkscswk sbnkgce nbecemgkt lke `br`kmkc
csu pfictcg lke bgfefnc ykem tbrus lcifetkrgke nbeyb`kr gb `bbr`kmkc gftk.
"bnbetkrk ctu tbgkeke bgfefnc sbnkgce `brkt lcrkskgke kgc`kt grcscs
nfebtbr lke gbukemke. Lc !keluem, sb`keykg #/4 nkhkscswk lkrc
Dec'brsctks Tkloklokrke 9Depkl5, (gfpce, ($( lke (&! mkmki nbelktkemc
mbluem LTL +k`kr gkrbek lchklkem kpkrkt gbknkeke lkrc Tfiwctk`bs
!keluem, Tfirbs !keluem &bemkh lke Gflcn. Tkrk nkhkscswk ykem
nbeknkgke lcrc sb`kmkc @brkgke Trf-Lbnfgrksc !keluem 9@TL!5
nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh nbeuruegke hkrmk gb`utuhke nksykrkgkt sulkh tclkg
tbrokemgku ikmc, nbeuetut klkeyk rbafrnksc bgfefnc lc`krbemc pbn`kruke
lc `clkem pfictcg sbrtk nbeuetut pbn`brschke gk cebt lkrc uesur-uesur
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gfrupsc, ifiusc, ebpftcsnb lke nfefpfic. Luk hkrc gbnulcke lc +kgkrtk,
nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks (elfebsck nbikgugke ueoug rksk lcc lkikn Gknpus
D( lc Lbpfg, nbeuetut pbeurueke hkrmk gb`utuhke `khke pfgfg, gb`b`kske
`brpfictcg lke gb`b`kske nbembnugkgke pbelkpkt, sbrtk hki ikce ykem
`brgkctke lbemke lbnfgrksc lke hkg ksksc nkeusck.
Lc Tklkem, pklk #) 1b`rukrc, sbgctkr .444 frkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks
$elkiks brlbnfetrksc nbefikg brgukskeyk gbn`kic Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf lke
nbeuetut lcikgskekgkeeyk rbafrnksc.0 Gctk nbeybruhgke lcikgskekgkeeeyk
sb`ukh sugsbsc gbpbncnpceke ekscfeki lke nbefikg pbejkifeke gbn`kic
+belbrki Turekwcrkwke "fbhkrtf sb`kmkc prbsclbe ykem gbtuouh gkiceyk0
`ueyc pbreyktkke nbrbgk. Tklk 8 1b`rukrc, `b`brkpk nkhkscuswk
Dec'brsctks $crikemmk nfmfg nkgke uetug nbelbskg "clkem Dnun NT
nbnbeuhc tuetutke nbrbgk, lke nbefikg gbgukskeeyk gbn`kic Trbsclbe
"fbhkrtf. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #4 3 #285
"b`kmkc tfemmkg `brsbokrkh ykem knkt pbetcem lke `krfnktbr mbrkgke
nkhscswk, skikh sktueyk klkikh Gknpus D(. &kemmki / 1b`rukrc #))8,
suktu pbrcstcwk nbekrcg tbroklc gbtcgk pkrk nkhkscswk D( sbjkrk scn`fics
nbeutup lbemke gkce putch sb`ukh sb`ukh `kichf `brttuicsgke ; Gknpus
Tbroukemke
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nkhkscswk nbebrcggke gfesbp &rcturk. Lc gknpus tbrsb`utikh, gbtcgk
&rcturk lcjbtusgke, ncictbr nbeyktkgke luguemkeyk gbpklk mbrkgke
nkhkscswk nbikiuc pbejk`utke `kichf scn`fi luguemke nkhkscswk ktks
pbroukemke
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1ktkieyk, gkrbek upkyk Nbelcg`ul uetug nbnfofgke mbrkgke nkhkscswk
lbemke sb`utke sb`kmkc mbrkgke pfictcg prkgtcs, tbreyktk fibh nbetbrc ykem
`brskemgutke sbelcrc, kpk ykem lcnkgsul cstcikh pfictcg prkgtcs, tclkg nknpu
lclbacecscgke lbemke obiks. Lke, oustru nkeu'br Nbelcg`ul ctu, kich-kich
`brnkgsul uetug nbrblkn kgsc nkhkscswk, eknue rbkgsc ykem lchklkpc
oustru sb`kcgeyk nkikh sbnkgce nbnkejcem gbnkrkhke nkhkscswk.
Nkhkscswk ikiu rknkc-rknkc nbemmumkt lke nbeuetut kmkr Nbelcg`ul
%crketf nuelur lke nbibpksgke ok`ktke.
Nkhkscswk pue tbrus sckp nbemmbikr `br`kmkc kgsc gbprchktceke lc gknpus-
gknpus. Nbrbgk nbeuetut ebmbrk lcikgugkeeyk rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke
pfictcg sb`kmkc okike gbiukr uetug nbnuichgke gbpbrjkykke nksykrkgkt. Hki
ykem nbekrcg `khwk kgsc nkhkscswk ykem nbiuks lke gbnulcke
`brpbemkruh gb `br`kmkc ikpcske nksykrkgkt ctu, oumk nbelkpktgke
sfgfemke lkrc pkrk lfsbe lke muru `bskr nbrbgk. Tkrk lfsbe lke muru `bskr
lc `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc lbemke scgkp `brkec lke tbr`ugk `brsukrk
iketke nbeyktkgke luguemke tbrhklkp mbrkgke nkhkscswk lke hki cec
nbn`ketu nbnpbrgukt ikelkske krmunbe nuktke csu rbafrnksc ykem
lcmuicrgke nkhkscswk.
Ncskieyk, luguemke jc'ctks kgklbncgk D( lbemke nbemmbikr scnpcsun
`brtkoug ; Gbpbluicke D( &brhklkp &ktkeke (elfebsck Nksk Lbpke0 ykem
`brikemsuem sbiknk tcmk hkrc, Nkrbt #))8. Nbikiuc scnpscun cec pklk cetceyk
pkrk sc'ctks kgklbncgk D( nbikpfrgke pbncgcrke lbemke gbscnpuike `khwk
tktkeke pfictcg
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TrbsclbeA lke lcpbrtmks nkikhke lbemke pbreyktkke tbetkem tuetutke
pbemuelurke lcrc "fbhkrtf ykem lcsknpkcgke fibh bgtfr D(, sb`kmkcnkek
kspcrksc ykem ikhcr lc nksykrkgkt.
"bikeouteyk, luguemke ktku kgsc nkhkscswk oumk nuejui lkrc hksci
pbrtbnuke sbounikh lfsbe lbemke muru `bskr kski (&!, D(, D@N, (T! lke
Dekcr ykem nbebifrgke gbsbpkgktke brupk pbreyktkke ykem lctkelk-tkemkec
ketkrk ikce fibh Trfl Lr ?nci "kicn 9D(5, Trfa Lr #:# 3
#: 5
Nbeobikem kghcr `uike 1b`rukrc #))8, tuetutke pkrk nkhkscswk sbrtk
mbifn`kem ueoug rksk lbemke kgsc nfmfg nkgke sbnkgce nbiuks. $gsc
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nkhkscswk cec lcsbrtkc lbemke nfmfg nkgke lke turue gb okike. Tbok`kt
tcemmc ncictbr nuikc nbn`brcgke rbkgsc tbrhklkp ueoug rksk nkhkscswk
lbemke nbemktkgke gkiku tclkg puks tkg pbriu nbikgugke lbnfetrksc.
Tbreyktkke cec lcsknpkcgke sbtbikh tbroklc `betrfgke lke gbruskgke ykem
tclkg hkeyk nbic`ktgke nkhkscswk, tkpc oumk pkrk sfpcr kemgutke lc
!keyuwkemc lke Jfmykgkrtk ykem nbikgugke pbnfmfgke sb`kmkc prftbs
nbifeokgeeyk hkrmk sugu jklkem. Gbrusuhke oumk tbroklc ketkrk ikce lc
Nkokibemgk lke Tknkeugke nbeyb`k`gke ykem sktu frkem tbwks.
(su sugsbs nbeobikem "clkem Dnun NT tkemmki # 3 ## Nkrbt #))8, oumk
nbeoklc afgus pbrhktcke pkrk nkhkscswk. "b`ukh pfi pbelkpkt ykem
lcsbibemmkrkgke "bekt Nkhkscswk D( nbeokrcem #.44 rbspfelbe ktku
sbgctkr / pbrsbe lkrc sbiuruh nkhkscswk D( nbemhkscigke, 8/,: pbrsbe
nkhkscswk sbtuou kmkrsbjbpkteyk lcklkgke kich gbpbncnpceke ekscfeki
9sugsbsc5. "bikce ctu /,2 pbrsbe, ketkrkeyk nbeluguem Gbtuk Dnun TT
Nuhknklcykh $ncbe kcs sb`kmkc jkife prbsclbe, sblkemgke &ry "utrcsef
nbelkpktluguemke #4.# pbrsbe, Nbercstbg !+ Hk`c`cb 8.4# pbrsbe, lke
Nbetbrc Gbukemke Nkr0cb Nuhknnkl nbelulugc urutke gbbnpkt :,)
pbrsbe. $gke tbrus `brikeout, sifmke ketc-pbnbrcetkh nkgce iketkem
lcgunkelkemgke, tkpc gbpklk tbetkrk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke lcsbruhgke uetug
`brmk`uem lbemke nkhkscswk.
!uike Nkrbt #))8, ueoug rksk lke prftbs nkhkscswk nbeyb`kr tbrus gb
`br`kmkc gftk lc (elfebsck. &kemmki / Nkrbt #))8 ueoug rksk lc `br`kmkc
gknpus lc +kgkrtk nbnprftbs gb`cokgke pbnbrcetkh lkikn nbekemkec grcscs
bgfefnc.
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Lc +kgkrtk, nkhkscswk (esctctut Gbmuruke lke (inu Tbelclcgke 9(G(T5
kwknkemue nbemmbikr kgsc gbprchktceke ktks ekcgeyk hkrmk sbn`cike
pfgfg lke nbeyktkgke "clkem Dnun NT #))8 tclkg cespcrktca tbrhklkp
gbhbelkg rkgykt. "blkemgke lc !keluem, kgksc nfmfg nkgke lc Dec'brsctks
Gktficg Tkrkhykemke 9Depkr5 lc`u`krgke ktks pbrcetkh Tbn`ketu bgtfr (((
!ulc %clflf gkrbek lcecikc sulkh nbemkrkh pklk mbrkgke pfictcg prkgtcs.
Gbnulcke ueoug rksk lke kgsc gbprchktceke tclkg hkeyk lcikgugke
nkhkscswk, tkpc oumk lfsbe. "bhcemmk kgsc ykem tklceyk ib`ch nbrupkgke
mbrkgke nkhkscuswk, gcec `bru`kh nbeoklc mbrkgke gknpus. $gsceyk oumk
tclkg hkeyk nbeuetut `br`kmkc pbru`khke bgfefnc lke pfictcg sbpbrtc ykem
tbroklc lc gknpus Dec'brsctks @klokh Nklk Jfmykgkrtk, Dec'brsctks
Tkloklokrke !keluem, Dec'brsctks Tksuelke !keluem, Dec'brsctks (sikn
!keluem sbrtk ($(, tbtkpc oumk nbikgskekgke kgsc sfscki `brupk pbn`kmcke
sbn cike `khke pfgfg 9sbn`kgf5 sbpbrtc ncskieyk lcikgugke nkhkscswk
(&! lbemke nbn`kmcgke #.:44 fkgbt mrktcs gbpklk nksykrkgkt tkg nknpu.
!betrfgke ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke nuikc tbroklc, wkikupue
tclkg nbecn`uigke gfr`ke. knue lbncgcke, Gbpkik "tka "fscki Tfictcg
$!( 6btobe Jueus Jfsackh nbecikc ueoug rksk lc gknus-gknpus sulkh
nbemghkwktfcrgke, gkrbwek ocgk `brgbpkeokemke `csk `brgbn`kem sbpbrtc
pbrcstcwk Gbrusuhke * +uic #)):. Tbekemgkpke ktks kgtc'cs lbnfetrke pue
nuikc lcikgugke. Nbeobikem "clkem Dnun NT ykem kgke nbncich
gbn`kic "fbhkrtf sb`kmkc prbsclbe uetug nksk ok`ktke gb-*, ueoug rksk
sbnkgce `bskr lcikgugke fibh pkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks (elfebsck,
Dec'brsctks $tnkokyk, lke pbrmuruke tcemmc ikceeyklc "bnkrkem, "fif,
"urk`kyk, Lbepkskr, lke Tklkem,
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"bnksk `bikemsuemeyk "clkem Dnun NT, ueoug rksk tbrus `brikeout
lbemke ncn`kr `b`ks, krkg-krkgke gbicicem gknpus, nbemmbikr pfstbr lke
spkelug, nbeuetut rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke pfictcg, pbnbrcetkhke ykem `brsch
lkrc gfrupsc, gfiusc lke ebpftcsnb, sbrtk pbeurueke hkrmk-hkrmk ghususeyk
sbn`cike `khke pfgfg. Lc +kgkrtk, rktuske nkhkscswk (G(T nbemmbikr kgsc
gbprchktceke lc icemguemke Gknpus kwknkemue. ktuske nkhkscswk
ikceeyk nbemklkgke ueoug rksk lc gknpfus Dec'brsctks +kyk`kyk. Lc
!keluem, rc`uke jc'ctks kjklbncjk (esctctut &bgefifmc !keluem nbemmbigkr
kgsc gbprchktceke.
Hki ykem sknk tbroklc lc Tklkem, "unktbrk !krkt, rc`uke nkhkscswk
Dec'brsctks !uem Hkttk nbemklkgke kgsc gbpbrchktceke lbemke nbemklkgke
ncn`kr `b`ks, nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh nbikgugke rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke
rbafrnksc pfictcg lbemke nbemhkpus nfefpfic, nbn`betug bnbrcetkhke
ykem `brsch lkrc gfrupsc, gfiusc lke ebpftcsnb, sbrtk pkribnbe ykem ib`ch
nbnpbrhktcgke gbpbetcemke rkgykt `keykg. Lc Dec'brsctks "unktbrk Dtkrk
9D"D5 lke Decgk lc Nblke, "unktbrk Dtkrk, nkhkscswk nbikgugke ncn`kr
`b`ks lc gknpus nkscem-nkscem nbemkougke tuetutke rbafrnksc pfictcg lke
hugun.
Deoug rksk ykem sknk tbroklc lc Dec'brsctks Dlkyk, !kic, lke `br`kmkc
gknfpus lc Jfmykgkrtk sbpbrtc Dec'brsctks (sikn (elfebsck 9D((5,
Dec'brsctks @klokh Nklk Dec'brscty 9D@N5, Dec'brsctks "krokekwcyktk
&knkescswk, Dec'brsctks "kektk Lhkrnk 9D"L5, Dec'brsctks $tnk +kyk
Jfmykgkrtk 9D$+J5, Dec'brsctks Nuhknnklcykh Jfmykgkrtk 9DNJ5,
Dec'brsctks %clyk Nktkrkn Jfmykgkrtk 9D%NJ5, sbrtk "bgfikh &cemmc
#
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(inu ?gfefnc 9"&(?5 lke (esctut "bec (elfebsck 9("(5. &uetutke ykem
lckougke sbikce nbelbskg pbnbrcetkh nbikgskekgke rbafrnksc bgfefnc lke
pfictcg, oumk nbeuetut pbrmketcke gbpbetcemke ekscfeki.
Hkrc tbrkghcr "clkem Dnun NT, ueoug rksk sbnkgce nkrkg tbroklc lc
`br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc lc +kgkrtk, !fmfr, !keluem, &bmki, Turwfgbrtf,
Jfmykgkrtk, "urkgkrtk, +bn`br, "urk`kyk, Tklkem, Nblke, Lbepkskr,
Tfetckekg, lke Douem Tkelkem, tbtkp nbemkougke tuetutke ykem sknk
pbeurueke hkrmk-hkrmk, rbafrnksc pfictcg, rbafrnksc bgfefnc, lke
pbn`betugke pbnbrcetkh ykem `brsch lkrc gfrupsc gfiusc, lke ebpftcsnb.
!betrfgke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc sbpbrtc ykem tbroklc lc (("(T 9(esctut (inu
"fscki lke (inu Tfictcg5 6betbem $muem, +kgkrtk "biktke. knue `betrfgke
ketkrk nkhkscswk lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke tbroklc lc gknpus (esctctut
&bgefifmc "bpuiuh f'bn`br 9(&"5, "urk`kyk nbeyb`k`gke bekn
nkhkscswk jblbrk lkikn `betrfgke, skikh sbfrkem lcketkrkeyk lcrkwkt lc
runkh skgct gkrbek mbmkr ftkg. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #4 3 #28 5
Tklk tkemmki # Nkrbt hcemmk ## Nkrbt #))8, lcsbibemmkrkgke "clkem Dnun
NT. Tbeokmkkeeyk skemkt gbtkt nbic`ktgke / rc`u pbrsfeci `brokmk sckem
lke nkikn. %kgci Gbtuk LTNT, $`lui @kaur nbemkejkn kgke
nbrbjkii kemmftk 1GT ykem `brkec cetbrupsc lke nbwkoc`gke kemmftk 1GT
nkbeklktkemkec luguemke uetug Hk`c`cb. "biuruh rbgkyksk lcikgugke uetug
nbemknkegke pbejkifeke Hk`c`cb sb`kmkc %kprbs (. ketkp tbetkem >
Tbn`brcke &umks lke %bwbekem Ghusus gbpklk TrbsclbeNkelktkrcs NT
lkikn rkemgk Tbeyugsbske lke Tbemknkeke Tbn`kemueke kscfeki
sb`kmkc Tbemknkike Tkejkscik, lcghkwktcrgke kgke sbnkgce nbn`ukt
gbgukskke "fbhkrtf nbeoklc ;k`sfiut0
#/
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"D NT nbnkem `brkghcr nuius. "fbhkrtf gbn`kic nbeoklc Trbsclbe.
"bpbrtc tclkg tbrpbemkruh fibh lbnf-lbnf nkhkscswk ykem gcke nkrkg,
pklk #/ Nkrbt #))8 +belbrki !bskr Hkoc Nfhknnkl "fbhkrtf
nbemunungke lke nbiketcg Gk`cebt Tbn`kemueke B((. "usueke Gk`cebt
gkic cec nbebmksgke gbtclkgpbluicke "fbhkrtf pklk tuetcutke nksykrkgkt
lke nkhkscswk uetug nbejcftkgke pbnbrcetkhke ykem `brsch lkrc
n,fefpfic, gfrupsc, gfiusc, lke ebpftcsnb. "ctu Hklcyketc ugnkek 3 &utut
3 kekg suiuem "fbhkrtf ykem nbeoklc scn`fi ebpftcsnb
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pbr`kcgke. Lfsbe 1?D(, 1kcski !ksrc nbebmksgke,0 Gk`cebt cec tkg
rbprbsbetktca lke skyk pbrgcrkgke kgke mkmki nbn`kwk (elfebsck gbiukr lkrc
grcscs. ; "b`biun uitcnktun $ncbe kcs tbr ugtc. Gk`cebt cec tbreyktk
hkeyk `brunur luk `uike. @bifn`kem prftbs nkhkscswk nbemkghcrc
gbgukskke "fbhkrtf pklk # Nbc #))8.
b=cn "fbhkrtf tknpkgeyk nbeyklkrc mkwkteyk gbklkke pfictcg, `brgkctke
lbemke kgsc-kgsc nkhkscswk ykem tbrus nbn`bskr nbsgcpue sulkh
lcikgugke pbn`brkemuske pksjk * +uic #)):. b=cn ykem `bmctu pbrjkyk
pklk &bfrc Lkikem cec `brkemmkpke `khwk pkrk pbncnpce kgsc-gksc
nkhkscswk ykem nksch kgtca lke jbelbruem rklcgki hkrus lcibeykpgke kmkr
mbrkgke cec `csk lchbetcgke. Nkgk, lc`betugikh &cn Nkwkr lkrc Gfppksus
ykem wkgtu ctu lcpcnpce fibh nbeketu "fbhkrtf. !bikske kgtc'cs pfictcg 3
sb`kmcke `bskr kgtc'cs nkhkscswk lcjuicg !b`brkpk kgtc'cs sbpbrtc $elc
$rcba 9TL5, Tcus 6ustrcikekm 9$ilbrk5, 1kcsfi b=k 9TL5, khkrlof
%kiuyf +ktc 9TL5 lii. Nuejui gbn`kic lke nbn`brcgke gbskgscke. knue
`bikske kgtc'cs ikceeyk tclkg pbrekh gbn`kic.
&bfrc Lkikem tbreyktk skikh.
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Ghusus, Nkrbt #))8, GN D@N nbejktkt nkssk tbr`bskr hcemmk #/ rc`u
frkem pklk / Nkrbt #))8 lke ## Nkrbt #))8. bgfr nkssk tbr`bskr gbluk
lcikgugke fibh gbifnpfg rklcgki "fsif ykem nbejkpkc `bikske rc`u, ykgec
"NT ykem kgsceyk sbikiu lcikgugke lc mbr`kem nksug gknpus D".
Nbeyklkrc gbeyktke nbn`bskreyk kgsc nkhkscswk pklk # Nkrbt #))8
Tkemk` +belbrki %crketf nbnpbrcemktgke kmr nkhkscswk tclkg kekrgcs lke
lbsgtrugtca. 9 Nurclke " %clofof, #))) > #:2 3 #:/ 5
Gkiku pklk wkgtu sb`biuneyk lbnfetrksc nkhkscswk gb`ch `keykg
lcikgugke lc lkikn gknpus lbemke `br`kmkc kgsc ncn`kr `b`ks, sbuskc
"clkem Dnun NT ueoug rksk nkhkscswk nuikc turue gb okike. Lc "fif,
pkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt nuikc turue gb okike lccgutc
rc`uke nkhkscswk. Lke `betrfgke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc. Lc "fif `betrfgke
tbroklc ketkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt lke kpkrkt gbknkeke
nbeyb`k`gke / frkem nkhkscswk iugk-iugk. Hki ykem sknk tbroklc lc
"urk`kyk, +kgkrtk lke `b`brkpk tbnpkt ikceeyk. Lc 6knpuem, pficsc nuikc
nbebn`kg ke tbn`kgke pbrcemktke gb krkh nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks
6knpuem, sbtbikh tbroklc `betrfgke. "b`keykg / frkem nkhkscswk
lctkemgkp.
(esclbe pklk Dec'brsctks 6knpuem tclkg nbemhbetcgke kgtc'ctks ueoug rksk
nkhkscswk lc `br`kmkc uec'brsctks lc (elfebsck. Tklk tkemmki # Nkrbt
#))8, ueoug rksk tbrus nbiuks lc Douem Tkelkem, +kgkrtk, Tklkem,
!kelkriknpuem, lke lc Jfmykgkrtk gbn`kic nbikgugke ueoug rksk lke
gbprchktceke ekscfeki nbeuetut pbru`khke pfictcg, bgfefnc lke hugun. Lc
Jfmykgkrtk, rktuske nkhkscswk lkrc ## uec'brsctks ebmbrc lke swkstk lc gftk
cec, nbikgugke kgsc ueoug rksk lc Gknpus D@N. !betrfgke ykem
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nbeyb`k`gke iugk-iugk pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc. "blcgcteyk #4 frkem kpkrkt
gbknkeke lke 24 frkem nkhkscswk nbemkiknc iugk-iugk sbtbikh sbgctkr 244
pficsc lke tbetkrk nbemmuekgke pbetuemke lke tfemgkt rftke nbnugui
nuelur sbgctkr #.444 frkem nkhkscswk ykem nbibnpkr `ktu. Tkrk
nkhkscswk lcjbmkt kpkrkt gbknkeke gbtcgk kgke turue gb okike lkrc
Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt 9D"5.
&uetutke pkrk nkhkscswk pue tbrus nbecemgkt tbrnksug gbcemceke
nbemklkgke lckifm ikemsuem lbemke Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbn`khks `br`kmkc
nkjkn tuetutke nbrbgk. Gbcemceke cec sbmbrk lcskemmkh Nbegf Tfigkn
1bcski &keouem ykem nbemktkgke tclkg nuemgce, gkrbek klk kturke-kturke
nbembekc cec, sbrtk tclkg nuemgce nkhkscswk `brtbnu lbemke Trbsclbe
"fbhkrtf. "bnkemkt uetug `broukem nbikwke gfrupsc lc `clkem pfictcg lke
bgfefnc sbrtk nbecemgkteyk hkrmk-hkrmk, oumk tbikh nbecemgkt gukictks
pbroukemke nkhkscswk uetug rbik nbemfr`kegke ocwk rkmk nbrbgk.
Nbnksugc `uike $prci, ueoug rksk nkhkscswk lc `br`kmkc gknpus pbrmuruke
tcemmc ebmbrc lke swkstk sulkh nbic`ktgke rc`uke frkem. !betrfgke ketkrk
nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrgke sbpbrtc ykem tbroklc
lc gknpus Dec'brsctks @klokh Nklk 9D@N5 lke ($( "ueke Gkicokmk,
nbeyb`k`gke puiuhke nkhkscswk iugk-iugk. Lc 6knpuem, ib`ch lkrc #44
nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks 6knpuem 9Decik5 skn`ci nbebrckggke ybi-ybi prf-
rbafrnksc nbejf`k nbebrf`fs gb iukr gknpus, eknue mkmki gkrbek lc`ifgcr
kpkrkt gbknkeke.
%kikupue gfr`ke sulkh `broktuhke, ueoug rksk nkhkscswk lc `br`kmkc gftk
tbrus `brikemsuem. Lc Lbpkeskr !kic, bnpkt tfpc hbin lke sktu tknbem pficsc
#)
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lc`kgkr pbemueoug rksk sbtbikh tbroklc `betrfgke acscg lbemke pbtumks lc
gknpus Dec'brsctks Dlkyk. Lc Jfmykgkrtk, ueoug rksk pkrk nkhkscswk
`brikemsuem lc D@N, (G(T lke Dec'brsctks %kemsknkemmkik Jfmykgkrtk,
nbic ktgke sbgctkr 2444 nkhkscswk ykem nbefikg lckifm lbemke
pbnbrcetkh, nbebetkem gbgbrkskke ncictbr, sbrtk nbnpbrtbmks tuetutke
rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc. Deoug rksk nkhkscswk lc Jfmykgkrtk cec
gbn`kic `brkghcr lbemke `betrfgke nbemkgc`ktgke #2 nkhkscswk iugk lke
`bikske frkem lcrkwkt lc runkh skgct, # frkem ikceeyk hcikem, bekn frkem
lctkhke, lke sblcgcteyk / sbpblk nftfr ncicg nkhkscswk lke pbefetfe
ruskg lkikn pbeybrmkpke kpkrkt. Lc pchkg kpkrkt gbknkeke, lcikpfrgke icnk
frkem iugk luk lcketkrkeyk pkrkh gkrbek gbek ibnpkrke `ktu.
Lc "urk`kyk, nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks $crikemmk lke (esctctut &bgefifmc
$lhctknk "urk`kyk nbemmbikr ueoug rksk lke ncn`kr `b`ks nbeuetut
klkeyk rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc. Tkrk nkhkscswk Dekcr sbnpkt ififs
gbiukr gknpus, tkpc tkg `csk nbebrusgke pbrokikeke nbrbgk gkrbek pkmkr
`btcs pbtumks gbpficscke. Lc Nkikem, kgsc ueoug rksk lcmbikrsb`kmkc sbgctkr
/4 frkem tfgfh nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks !rkwcokyk. "blkemgke lc Douem
Tkelkem, ib`ch lkrc .444 kgtc'cs Hcnpueke Nkhkscswk (sikn 9HN(5 jk`kem
Deouempkelkem nbemmbikr rkpkt kg`kr.
!betrfgke lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke gbn`kic tbroklc lc mbr`kem gknpus
Dec'brsctks $crikemmk, "urk`kyk, pklk tkemmki 8 $prci #))8, nbeyb`k`gke
sbounikh nkhkscswk tbriugk. Gbpkik Gbpficscke bsfr Gftk "urk`kyk &cnur
6bteke 9Tfi5
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Lcgktkgke, gkiku klk nkhkscswk ykem `brlkrkh ctu kgc`kt ibnpkrke `ktu
gkwke-gkwke nkhkscswkeyk sbelcrc.
Lc Tklkem, lbnfetrksc nkhkscswk `brikemsuem lc (G(T Tklkem nbic`ktgke
sbgctkr #4.444 nkhkscswk lc kwkh gffrlceksc 1frun Gfnuecgksc
Nkhkscswk "unktbrk !krkt tbrlcrc lkrc pkrk nkhkscswk lc Dec'brsctks
$elkiks, (G(T Tklkem, Dec'brsctks !uem Hkttk, ($( Tklkem, "&&T lke
Dec'brsctks Nuhknnklcykh "unktbrk !krkt. Deoug rksk nkhkscswk tbr`bskr
lc Tklkem cec nbeuetut kmkr NT sbmbrk nbikgskekgke sclkem cstcnbwk
uetug nbncich prbsclbe `kru muek nbnuichgke gfelcsc ebmkrk ykem
sbnkgce pbicg, nbncetk nuelur Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf ykem tbrpcich lkrc
ok`ktkeeyk sb`kmkc nkelktkrcs NT pbrcflb #))8 3 442 gkrbek lcecikc
mkmki nbnuichgke gfelcsc bgstbreki ekscfeki, sbrtk lcikgskekgkeeyk
rbafrnksc pfictcg, bgfefnc, hugun lkn `ulkyk sbjkrk tftki.
Lc +kgkrtk sbjkrk sbrbnpkg sbgctkr 24 gknpus nbikgskekgke kgsc lknkc lc
gknpus D( "kibn`k, nbic`ktgke oumk pkrk nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks Grcstbe
(elfebsck 9DG(5 ykem nbikgugke ifem nkrjh sbgctkr /44 nbtbr lkrc +kike
Lcpfebmfrf . $gsc lc gknpus D( cec nbic`ktgke sbgctkr .444 nkhkscswk ctu,
lchklcrc pbrwkgcike nkhkscswk lkrc $!$-$!(, "&1 Lrcykrgkrk, "&(?
9 "bgcikh &cemmc (inu ?gfefnc5 +kgkrtk, Dec'brsctks +kyk`kyk, Dec'brsctks
Hkskeullce Douempkelkem, Dec'brsctks Dlkykek !kic, Dec'brsctks
7belrkwksch (rcke +kyk, Dec'brsctks "kn ktuikemc Nkeklf, lkn
Dec'brsctks Lcpfebfrf "bnkrkem.
$gc`kt sbrcemeyk tbroklc `betrfgke ketkrk kpkrkt gbknkeke lke nkhkscswk
lc `br`kmkc gftk ykem nbecn`uigke sbounikh nkhkscswk iugk lc Nkrgks
#
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Tfilk +kyk lc +kgkrtk lcsbibemmkrkgke pbrtbnuke tbrtutup ketkrk pbok`kt
kpkrkt gbknkeke lbemke pcnpceke pbrmuruke tcemmc 9bgtfr lke Tbn`ketu
bgtfr (((5 sbiuruh +kgkrtk, pbok`kt Gffrlcektfr Tbrmcruke &cemmc "wkstk
%cikykh (((, pbok`kt Gkewci Lbplcg`ul LG( +kgkrtk. Gbputuskeeyk ketkrk
ikce nbikrkem kgsc nkhkscswk lc iukr gknpus lke turue gb okike lbemke
kikske tclkg `csk nbeoknce gbknkeke nkhkscswk. Tkemlkn +kyk "okarcb
"oknsfbllce nbikrkem nkhkscswk turue gb okike gkrbek nbesceykicr klkeyk
mbrkgke ykem lceknkgke +krcemke Tbrikwkeke $gsc
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nkgkikheyk ykem nbemktkgke, pbnbrcetkh skkt cec tbikh, sblkem, lke kgke
nbikgskekgke tbrus rbafrbnksc lc sbmkik `clkem gbhclupke.
Lkrc Nblke lcikpfrgke tcmk nkhkscswk (esctctut &bgefifmc Nblke 9(&N5
nbemkiknc iugk `brkt kgc`kt `betrfgke lbemke pbtumks gbknkeke lc gknfus
(&N. "bounikh nkhkscswk oumk nbelbrctk iugk rcemke kgc kt puguike.
"b`kicgeyk, tcmk pbtumks !rckmklb Nf ci 9!rcnf`5 Gbpficscke Lkbrkh
9 Tfilk5 "unut nbemkiknc iugk-iugk `brkt kgc`kt ibnpkrke `ktu lke
tbrceokg-ceokg skkt `betrfgke. Gcec gbtcmkeyk lcrkwkt lc " Tfilk "unut. Lc
!kic, kgsc ; kgykt Nbemmumkt0 nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks Dlkyk oumk lcwkrekc
`betrfgke lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke, ykem nbemkgc`ktgke puiuhke
nkhkscswk iugk rcemke lke # nkhkscswk nbeokikec pbrkwktke lc (estkiksc
kwkt Lkrurkt 9(L5 "DT "kemikh. "blkemgke lc Nktkrkn, 6fn`fg,
lcikpfrgke bekn nkhkscswk jblbrk sbtbikh `betrfg lbemke kpkrkt
gbknkeke.
Nbeobikem kghcr `uike $prci #))8, sbgctkr .444 nkhkscswk pbrmuruke
tcemmc ebmbrc lkrc ebmbrc lke swkstk sb-+kwk lke "unktbrk nbemmbikr kgsc
gbprchktceke lc gknfus (esctut Tbrktkecke !fmfr 9(T!5 !krkekemsckem,
!fmfr. Nkhkscswk ykem `brncekt turue gb okike tbrtkhke lc lkikn gknpus
(T!. ktuske pbtumks gbknkeke lkrc Lkinks Tfirbstrk !fmfr, Jfe 2#/C
@krulk Hctkn lkrc Gfrbn 4:# "G nbn`ifgcr gbtkt pkrk nkhkscswk
tbrsb`ut, sbhcemmk tbroklc lfrfem-lfrfemke lc ketkrk nbrbgk. &uetutke ykem
nbrbgk kougke lkikn kgsc lknkc lc (T! cec klkikh nbncetk pbnbrcetkh kmkr
nbn`brc gbpkstcke pbeybgbskcke grcscs bgfefnc, nbeueut Trbsclbe
nbnuichgke gbpbrjkykke iukr ebmbrc, nbemhkpus gfrupsc, gfiusc lke
ebpftcsnb, sbrbtk nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh nbikgugke trkespkrkesc sfki ounikh
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scsk lb'csk ebmkrk ykem sb`bekreyk, utkem swkstk lke lb`ctureyk, ounikh
rupckh ykem lcpkrgcr lc iukr ebmbrc, lke pbemmuekke lkek `ketuke (N1
9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #4 3 #28 5
6kce pfscsc nkhkscswk #)88 ykem lcskn`ut lbemke sfgfemke gukt lkrc
gkikemke jc'ctks kjklbncgk lke nksykrkgkt iuks, ikce pklk pfscsc $!(
lkikn nbeycgkpc nkskikh pbriueyk rbafrnksc. Lkikn `br`kmkc pbreyktkke
tbr`ugk uetug nbekemmkpc nkrkgeyk ueoug rksk nkhkscswk nbeuetut
rbafrnksc. Nbehkegkn Tkemicnk $!( +belbrki %crketf `brcuemgkic
nbemuemgkpgke `khwk ; $!( nbeluguem kspcrksc rbafrnksc eknue hki
ctu hkrus lcikgskekgke sbjkrk mrkluki, gfesctuscfeki, lke tbpkt skskrke. ;
Lbencgcke `khksk ykem ghks ykem nbeoklc pbmkemke pkrk pcnpceke $!(
nbembekc scgkp $!( tbrhklkp rbafrnksc. Lcsknpcem ctu, lkikn rkemgk
pbejkpkcke tkrmbt rbafrnksc ykem lcpbroukemgke nkhkscswk ctu, %crketf
nbemuemgkpgke `khwk ; $!( nbemcemcegke lckifm lkrcpklk lbnfetrksc .0
knpkgeyk skemkt `bskr gbghkwktcrke $!( `khwk krus mbifn`kem
mbrkgke rbafrnksc kgke nbemkgc`ktgke gfelcsc kekrgcs, $!(
nbemghkwktcrgke `brmuicreyk mbrkgke rbafrnksc ctu kgke nbikhcrgke
mbrkgke cegfesctuscfeki lke pbru`khke rb'fiuscfebr. Nbnkem kgsc ueoug
rksk nkhkscswk ekngkeyk tbikh nbnpbrhklkpgke lcibnnk pklk lcrceyk
lkikn nbebetugke scgkp ketkrk pbelbgktke gbknkeke rbprbsca lkektku
pbrsuksc'b lkikn nbemhklkpc mbrkgke nkhkscswk.
Tfscsc lke scgkp $!( rbiktca nbnkem nbeluk, tclkg `bmctu obiks lke tbmks,
`khgke jbelbruem ncefr. Lc sktu pchkg sbounikh pcnpceke $!(
nbeyktkgke `khwk $!( sbjkrk kspcrktca nbeluguem rbafrnksc, eknue lc
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pchkg ikce lkikn prkgtbgeyk lc ikpkemke oustru $!( `bruskhk
nbn`uemgkn kgsc nkhkscswk lbemke pbelbgktke rbprbsca ykem
lc`bekrgkeeyk sbelcrc. !khgke hknpcr tclkg klk tcelkgke gfegrct pchkg
$!( uetug nbemkgfnflksc tuetutke rbafrnksc, ncskieyk, nbikiuc cescktca
1rkgsc $!( lc LT uetug pbru`khke pbruelkem-uelkemke pfictcg ktku
nbelbskg "fbhkrtf nuelur sbsukc kspcrksc rbafrnksc ykem oustru `keykg
lcsukrkgke nksykrkgkttbrutknk mbrkgke nkhkscswk.
Gbtclkgtbmkske $!( cec lkpkt lcpkhknc nbemcemkt lkikn pfscsceyk lc sktu
scsc ck lctuetut hkrus nbn`bik sukrk rkgykt, sbnbetkrk lc scsc ikce ck lctuetut
uetug nbejcptkgke gbknkeke lke gbstk`cike ykem oustru `brkrtc nbn`bik
gbbgukskke rb=cn
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pfscsc sb`kmkc pbn`bik sukrk rkgyktlke tclkg nbemkn`ci pfscsc sb`kmkc kikt
gbgukskke `bikgk. Tbrcemktke cec sb`bekreyk nbemkeluem krtc pbetcem `kmc
$!(. "btclkgeyk lbemke pbreyktkke $ncbe kcs ctu, $!( lchkrkpgke
`brscgkp ib`ch kgfnflktca tbrhklkp gbmcktke-gbmcktke ueoug rksk ykem tbrsu
lcmbikr nkhkscswk, tkepk nbetbibskcgke lbemke gbgbrkske.
Gbeyktkkeeyk, $!( nbnkem nbejf`k nbikgugke pbelbgktke kgfnflktca
tbrhklkp nkhkscswk lke tfgfh-tfgfh rbafrnksc lbemke kokgke lckifm.
Lkikn rkemgk ctu, Gksfspfi $!( `brsknk pcnpceke $!( ikceeyk tbikh
`brupkyk tclkg hkeyk nbelbgktc nkhkscswk eknue oumk bgspfebe
nksykrkgkt ikceeyk . Gbhcikhktkeeyk $!( cemce nbn`kemue gfnprfnc
`kmc pbejkpkcke tuouke rbafrnksc, runkh lkikn 'brsc $!( rbafrnksc ctu
tbtkp lkikn gbrkemgk gfesctuscfeki, nbemkju pklk tktkeke ykem klk, lke
ocgk pue tbroklc pbrfn`kgke scstbncg lchkrkpgke `brrscakt mrkluki, lke hki
ykem tclkg gurkem pbetcem ikmc tclkg nbemkejkn bgscstbesc $!(. 9 $lc
"uryklc 7uiik, #)))> #:# 3 #:* 5
bkicsksc pbelbgktke kgfnflktca tbrsb`ut klkikh lckifm $!( lbemke
nkhkscswk, lkikn sb`ukh pbrtbnuke ekscfeki ykem lcrbejkekgke
lcikgskekgke pklk $prci #))*, lcprkgkrskc fibh Gbtuk 1fsgf :: Lousrci
Louske sb`kmkc nblcktfr, lbemke nbemkn`ci tbnpkt lc @bluem Jkykske
&bekmk Gbrok (elfebsck 9J&G(5 +i @ktft "u`rftf, +kgkrtk "biktke. . bejkek
ykem nbelkptgke luguemke $!(, tbreyktk mkmki lcikgskekgke gkrbek
pbefikgke lkrc pchkg nkhkscswk uetug nbemcrcn wkgcieyk. Gbmkmkike
lckifm cec lcsb`k`gke nkhkscswk tclkg pbrjkyk lckifm lbemke $!( kgke
nbemhkscigke gbputuske prflugtca. Gbichktkeeyk, grcscs imctcnksc cec tbikh
nbemkgc`ktgke pfscsc lke jctrk $!( nbeoklc lbncgcke tbrpurug.
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Nkhkscswk nbecikc lckifm lbemke $!( nkupue pkrk nbetbrc tclkg
`brmuek, gkrbek ykem lchklkpc hkeykikh pbn`ketu Trbsclbe .
"bhu`uemke lbemke mkmkieyk lckifm tbrsb`ut, $!( gbnulcke nbemkn`ci
cecscktca sbelcrc, nbejf`k nbeakscictksc rbsnc lckifm ctu sbjkrk gbibn`kmkke
lbemke pbeueougke NbehkegknTkemk` %crketf gbpklk Gksfspfi $!(
6btobe "uscif !kn`kem Julhfyfef sb`kmkc gbtuk Tkectck. &kemmki #8 $prci
#))8, lcikemsuemgke Lckifm Gbnkyftke lc sb`ukh mbluem lc krbek Tbgke
kyk +kgkrtk 9T+5. knue lbncgcke, pbsbrtk ykem lchkrkpgke lkrc
gkikemke nkhkscswk, wkgci-wkgci sbekt lke frmkecsksc nkhkscswk ykem
lcuelkem, gbeyktkeeyk `keykg ykem tclkg hklcr.
Hki ykem nbekrcg nbeykn`ut Lckifm Gbnkyfrke ctu, nkhkscswk ykem
nbefikg sbrtk nbrtk nbemklkgke ueoug rksk lke rkpkr kg`kr lbemke mbnk
ykem gbrks. Lcketkrkeyk, pklk #/ $prci nkhkscswk nbemmbikr rkpkt kg`kr lc
gknpus D(, "kibn`k, +kgkrtk, ykem lchklcrc fibh rc`uke nkhkscswk
pbrmuruke tcemmc +kgkrtk-!fmfr-&kemmbrkem 9+k`ftk`bg5. Tklk bsfgkeyk,
tkemmki #: $prci, kpbi sbupk lcikgugke nkhkscswk `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc
lc !keluem sbpbrtc (&!, Dec'brsctks Tkloklokrke, lke Dec'brsctks
Tkrkhykemke. kpkt kg`kr nkhkscswk ctu nbeyukrkgke fbefikgke tbrhklkp
Lckifm Gbnkyfrke.
Lbemke gbtclkgklcrke sb`kmcke `bskr lkrc utuske nkhkscswk ykem lcuelekm
lkikn Lckifm Gbnkyfrke ctu, nkgk lkpkt lc`kjk `khwk prkgkrsk $!(
uetug `brpbrke lkikn prfsbs rbafrnksc gurkem lcskn`ut lbemke ketuscks
fibh nkhkscswk. $!( sbiknk
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nbemmkemmu afrnkt scstbn scstbn pfictcg #:* 3 #*/ 5
Nbnksugc `uike Nbc #))8, ueoug rksk sbnkgce mbejkr lke tclkg hkeyk
nbic`ktgke nkhkscswk tkpc oumk lfsbe lke pbok`kt pbrmuruke tcemmc. Deoug
rksk nbecemgkt, tbrutknk sbtbikh Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbefikg pbikgskekke
rbafrnksc ykem nbeoklc tuetutke pkrk nkhkscswk lbemke nbemktkgke
rbafrnksc pfictcg hkrus nbeemmu sknpkc nksk ok`ktkeeyk hk`cs tkhue 442.
!betrfgke ketkrk nkhkscswk lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke pue tclkg tbrhcelkrc,
sbpbrtc lc (estctut $mknk (sikn bmbrc 9($(5 "ykrca Hclkyktuiikh +kgkrtk, lc
nkek ib ch lkrc #.444 nkhkscswk `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc lc gkwkske
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+k`ftk`bg `brgunpui lke `brupkyk turue gb okike nbeuetut pbnbrcetkh
sbmbrk nbikgskekgke rbafrnksc pfictcg lke bgfefnc sbjkrk nbeybiuruh.
ktuske kpkrkt gbknkeke nbn`ukt `krcgklb lc sbpkeokem gknpus ($( skkt
nkhkscswk `bruskhk gbiukr lkrc gknpus, lke kgsc lfrfem nbelfrfem ketkrk
nkhkscswk lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke `brikemsuem `b`brkpk skkt lcsbrtkc
ibnpkrke `ktu gb krkh pbtumks. !betrfgke lc ($( cec nbeyb`k`gke tcmk
pbtumks gbknkeke nbemkiknc iugk-iugk.
"bpkeokem ncemmu pbrtknk `uike Nbc #))8, sbiuruh gftk lc (elfebsck
lcpbeuhc lbemke ueoug rksk nkhkscswk. Lc +kgkrtk, ueoug rksk lkikn `betug
ncn`kr `b`ks `brikemsuem lc lbpke Dec'brsctks "khcl lc &b`bt `brtuouke
nbikgugke sfsckicsksc tuetutke nkhkscswk tbrhklkp pbru`khke nksykrkgkt
uetug nbn`brcgke tkemmkpke ktks tuetutke-tuetutke ykem lckougke
nkhkscswk. Hki ykem sknk oumk lcikgugke fibh pkrk nkhkscswk lc Gknpus
D( "kibn`k lbemke nbikgugke ncn`kr `b`ks lc lbpke 1kguitks Gblfgtbrke
D( lbemke nbeknpcigke ketkrk ikce sfscfifm Trfa Lr "bif "fbnkrloke.
Tbreyktkke Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf uetug nbeuelk pbikgskekke rbafrnksc sknpkc
tkhue 442 oumk nbeoklc tfpcg ncn`kr `b`ks ykem lcikgugke lc Dec'brsctks
kscfeki nbic`ktgke /44 nkhkscswk.0 Gkiku nbeuemmu tkhue 442 ctu
eknkeyk `ugke rbafrnksc tkpc prfsbs kiknckh,0 tbrckg pcnpceke ueoug rksk
ykem lcskn`ut tbnpugke mbnuruh pkrk nkhkscswk. Hki sbeklk oumk
lcsknpkcgke sbgctkr .444 nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks /, Douempkelkem ykem
nbeuetut kmkr rbafrnksc sbmbrk lcikgskekgke lke tclkg lctuelk.
Lc Jfmykgkrtk, ueoug rksk tclkg ikmc `brpuskt pklk sktu tbnpkt lke nuikc
nbikgugke kgsc lknkc turue gb okike. Gfesbetrksc nkhkscswk tbroklc lc okike
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7fgrfknceftf lccgutc nkhkscswk sbounikh pbrmuruke tcemmc, lbemke pbrsbrtk
tbr`keykg `brkski lkrc (esctut "bec (elfebsck 9("(5. Lc Gknpus D@N, sbikce
lcmbikr fibh sbekt nkhkscswkeyk, oumk lcikgugke fibh frmkecsksc nkhkscswk
"ficlkrctks Nkhkscswk uetug Gblkuiktke kgykt 9"NG5. Nbrbgk `brupkyk
uetug ifem nkrjh, eknue lctkhke pchkg gbknkeke. Lc Gknpus ($( "ueke
Gkicokmk rktuske nkhkscswk ykem tbrmk`uem lkikn (gktke Nkhkscsswk
Nuhknnklcykh 9(NN5 oumk turue gb okike, tkpc tbrtkhke kpkrkt gbknkeke.
Lc Nblke, kgsc nkhkscswk pbrmuruke tcemmc swkstk lke (G(T bmbrc Nblke
lcwkrekc `betrfgke lbemke pbtcmks gbknkeke nbikiuc ibnpkr-ibnpkrke `ktu.
Lc !keluem, mk`uemke nkhkscswk `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc sbpbrtc
(&!,(G(T, Depkl,(tbeks, $gklbnc $gutkesc !keluem lke "&"( !keluem
nbemmbikr kgsc lc Gknpus "bgfikh &cemmc Hugun !keluem, lbemke
tuetutke pbikgskekke "clkem (stcnbwk NT. Lc Tkibn`kem, pkrk nkhkscswk
lkrc Dec'brsctks "rcwcokyk, Nuhknnklcykh, !ulc Lhkrnk, &rclceketc,
Jkykske (!$ lke ($( klbe Tktkh Tkibn`kem, nbeuetut rbafrnksc
pfictcg, bgfefnc lke `ulkyk. $gsc lknkc pkrk nkhkscswk cec lcikgugke
nkscem-nkscem gknpus ykem oumk lcokmk gbtkt pbtumks gbknkeke ibemgkp
lbemke pbrkgktke ketc huru-hkrkeyk.
Lc "fif, sb`keykg #.444 nkhkscswk nbemmbikr kjkrk ncn`kr `b`ks lc
hkiknke Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt 9D"5 "fif, nbeykocgke tkrc-tkrcke,
pbn`kjkke frksc tuetutke, lke nbic`ktgke Gbtuk LT7 TTT "fif Nulrcjg
"btykwke "kemclfb. Lc "bnkrkem, frmkecsksc nkhkscswk lke pbnulk ykem
tbrmk`uem lkikn 1frun Gb`kemskke Tbnulk (elfebsck 91GT(5 "bnkrkem
nbeyknpkcgke tuetutke lke scgkp pfictcg nbrbgk gbpklk LTL &cemgkt (
+kwk &bemkh. 1frun cec tbrlcrc lkrc pbemurus jk`kem icnk frmkecsksc ykctu
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@brkgke Nkhkscswk kscfeki (elfebsck 9@N(5, Tbrmbrkgke Nkhksfswk
(sikn (elfebsck 9TN((5, Tbrsktuke Nkhkscswk Gktficg bpu`icg (elfebsck
9TNG(5, @brkgke Nkhkscswk Grcstbe (elfebsck 9@NG(5 lke Tbnulk
Gkyficg "bnkrkem. Lbemke nbn`kwk `belbrk Nbrkh Tutch nbrbgk nbeuou
LTL &g ( +kwk &bemkh lbemke gkwkike kpkrkt gbknkeke. Lc Jfmykgkrtk,
ueoug rksk lcikgugke lc hkiknke Nklocl $muem, nbsocl tbr`bskr lc
Jfmykgkrtk,
Lc +kgkrtk, `betrfgke nkssk ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke tclkg
tbrhcelkrc. Lc gknpus (esctut (inu Gbmuruke lke Tbelclcgke 9(G(T5
kwknkemue, `betrfgke tbroklc sbtbikh pkrk nkhkscswk (G(T kgke
nbeobnput rbgke-rbgke nbrbgk uetug nbikgugke ifem nkrjh lc gknpus
Dec'brsctks +kgkrtk nbeuou gb Gknpus D( "kibn`k. Lc tbemkh okike,
rfn`femke nkhkscswk cec lchklkem rktuske pbtumks gbknkeke
nbeyb`k`gke tbroklceyk lfrfem-lfrfemke lc ketkrk nbrbgk. "ctuksc nbeoklc
tclkg tbrgbelkic gbtcgk pbtumks gbknkeke nbibpksgke tbn`kgke, lke bekn
frkem nkhkscswk tbrgbek pbiuru. Tfilk Nbtrf +kyk nbeyb`ut klk 4
nkhkscswk ykem iugk-iugk ykem tbrtcnpk pkmkr rf`fh, lke 8 frkem pbtumks
ykem iugk-iugk.
!betrfgke pue tbrus tbroklc, lke gfr`ke oumk `broktuhke. Lc "fif, `betrfgke
ketkrk kpkrkt gbknkeke lke pbemuoug rksk nbeyb`k`gke / frkem rksk iugk-
iugk kgc`kttbn`kgke pbiuru gkrbt ykem lcibrpks kpkrkt, lke ib`ch lkrc #44
iugk-iugk kgc kt ibnpkrke `ktu lke mb`ugke. Lc "knkrcelk, `betrfgke
ketkrk nkhkscswk ykem nbelulugc mbluem LTL nbn`kwk gfr`ke #8
nkhkscswk iugk-iugk bekn nksug runkh skgct, #: nkhkscswk lctkhke, lke
2 kpkrkt gbknkeke nbemkiknc iugk-iugk tbrgbek ibnpkrke `ktu.
2#
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!betrfgke lc Jfmykgkrtk nbebike gfr`ke ocwk sbfrkem nkhkscswk ebreknk
Nfsbs @ktutgkjk lkrc 1kguitks N(T$ Dec'brsctks "kektk Lhkrnk 9D"L5.
!betrfgke ketkrk nkhkscswk Jfmykgkrtk lbemke kpkrkt ykem `brikemsuem
hcemmk pugui 2.44 lcikgugke skicem sbrkem ketkrk kpkrkt lke lbnfestrke.
$gsc sbrkem cec kghcreyk suict lcgbelkicgke, wkikupue pbn`u`krke ueoug
rksk lcikgugke lbemke tbn`kgke mks kcr nktk, sbnprftke wktbr mue, lke
pbembokrke gb gknpuem (G(T lke D"L Jfmykgkrtk ctu. "blcgcteyk tuouh
frkem lctkemgkp Nfsbs tbwks gkrbek nbemkiknc pbelkrkhke tbicemke kgc`kt
`belk tunpui.
Gfr`ke ocwk tbrus `broktuhke. $gsc lknkc lc Dec'brsctks Loukelk gkic cec
nbeyb`k`gke` sbfrkem pficsc, Gkskt (etbi Tfirbs !fmfr 6btlk 9Tfi5 Lklkem
usnkek, tbwks nbecemmki lueck pklk tkemmki ) Nbc. !brctk kwki gbnktcke
Lklkem usnkek nbeyb`utgke, gbpkikeyk lcpugui lbemke `ktu fibh
sbounikh nkhkscswk. $gc`kteyk, tuouh frkem nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks
Loukelk lctkekh lke lccetbrfmksc. "bikce tbwkseyk sbfrkem pbrwcrk pficsc,
kgsc lc !fmfr ceceoumk nbeyb`k`gke iugk pkrkh Gkptbe $ic, Gksc (etbi
Gflcn 4:# Gk`upktbe !fmfr.
knue lbncgcke, hknpcr sktu `uike gbnulcke ftfpsc obek=kh tbrhklkp
Lklkem usnkek ykem lcikgugke fibh Juic !ulcecemsch, lfgtbr khic
gblfgtbrke afrbestcg pklk 1kguitks Gflfgtbrke D( lcsb`k`gke pbeykgct
oketuem gfrfebr lke `ugke kgc`kt pbemkeckykke fibh nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks
Loukelk. Lfgtbr Juic lcncetk Lcrbgtur " TN( !fmfr $ncr (snkci uetug
nbemuemgktgke hksci 'csun gbpklk kemmftk Gfneks H$N nbeyb`utgke
pklk obek=kh Lklkem lcgbtbnugke iugk ibjbt lke nbnkr lc jupcem hcluem,
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`c`cr `kmcke lkikn sbrtk pkemgki ibemke gkeke kgc`kt gbgbrkskke `belk
tunpui. "biknk ctu tbrlkpkt `bgks gbrfgke pklk lklk gcrc lke gkeke.
; Gkiku skyk ichkt lkrc iugk ibjbt ctu, tclkg sbsukc pbemkeckykke.Gkrbek gkiku
lc cikem pbemkeckykke, frkem kgke nbikgugke pbrikwkeke ;lke `keykg
sbgkic iugk-iugkeyk. "blkem pklk obek=kh 6btlk Lklkem hkeyk pklk jupcem
hcluem lke `c`cr. Gkrbek ctu ib`ch sbsukc gkiku kgc`kt gbgbrkskke gkrbek
oktuh,0 gktk lr Juic. Lctkn`khgkeeyk `brlkskrgke gbpustkgkke ykem lc`kjk
gbnktcke 6btlk Lklkem tbrnksug gbnktcke wkokr nbelklkg ykem sbgbtcgk. 9
beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb , #))) > #4 3 #28 5
Lkikn nbemhklkpc mbrkgke nkhkscswk #))8 ykem nbeuetut rbafrnksc,
$!( lbemke gbtkt nbikgugke pbemkwkske tbrhklkp gknpus-gknpus. Tklk
ununeyk ocgk lcichkt lkikn gfetbgs pfictcg lkikn nbeycgkpc mbrkgke
tuetcutke rbafrnksc `kcg lc +kgkrtk nkupue lc lkbrkh-lkbrkh, $!( ib`ch
jbelbruem cemce nbebrkpgke gb`cokgke rbprbsca uetug nbn`ktksc ueoug rksk
nkhkscswk, kmkr bsgkiksc ueoug rksk tbr`ktks lc wcikykh gknpus, $!(
nkntfg ; pkmkr gbknkeke ; lbemke nbembrkhgke pksugke sblbncgcke rupk
nbembicicemc pcetu-pcetu gbiukr strktbmcs gknpus.
$!( lbemke sktuke pksugke gbknkeke ykem sbikiu sckp, nbnkmkrc kgsc
ueoug rksk nkhkscswk uetug tclkg gbiukr lkrc mbr`kem gknpus. &btkpc oustru
lbemke scgkp sbpbrtc ctu, $!( lchklkpgke lbemke gfelcsc rkwke
gfearfetksc lbemke nkhkscswk. Nkhkscswk nbemkemmkp `khwk kgsc nbrbgk
tclkg kgke lcpbrhktcgke ocgk tclkg lcmkuemgke lbemke pbemmbikrke kgsc lc
iukr gknpus. "kskrke nkhkscswk `ugke uetug nbejcptkgke gfelcsc
lbstrugtrca lc okike rkyk, gkrbek sb`bekreyk ykem nbrbgk cemcegke klkikh
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`khwk nbrbgk lkpkt nbeyknpkcgke prftbs nbikiuc ibn`kmk-ibn`kmk
pbrwkgcike rkgykt sbpbrtc LT, skikh sktu tbnpkt ykem nbrbgk kemmkp
pkicem tbpkt uetug nbeyknpkcgke mumktke tbrhklkp pbemuksk.
Gbeyktkke nbeueouggke `khwk lc `b`brkpk gknpus lc +kwk lke `br`kmkc
pbifsfg lkbrkh ikceeyk, `betrfg acscg ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt gbknkeke
tclkg tbrhcelkrgke kgc`kt pbefikgke kpkrkt uetug nbn`brc okike `kmc
nkhkscswk `brueoug rksk nbiknpuc pkmkr gknpus. Ncsieyk, `betrfgke acscg
pklk pbrtbemkhke Nkrbt lkikn gksus Dec'brsctks "b`biks Nkrbt 9D"5 lc
"fif, lc D@N 9Jfpmykgkrtk5, lke Dec'brsctks 6knpuem 9Decik5 lc 6knpuem
Lkrc gksus-gksus tbrsb`ut, gfr`ke ocwk lke iugk-iugk tbikh lckiknc `kcg lc
pchkg kpkrkt gbnkeke nkupue nkhkscswk.
Tuejkg lkrc gfelcsc ykem sbnkgce nbnkeks ketkrk nkhkscswk lke kpkrkt
gbknkeke kghcreyk nbiblkg lke nbejcptkgke pbrcstcwk pkicem trkmcs, gbtcgk
tbroklc pbebn`kgke fibh kpkrkt gbknkeke tbrhklkp nkssk nkhkscswk lc
Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ykem nbemkgc`ktgke tbwkseyk 9 bnpkt5 frkem
nkhkscswk &rcskgtc lke lcsbrtkc puiuhke rbgke-rbgke nbrbgk iugk pkrkh,
pklk # Nbc #))8. ?npkt nkhkscswk ykem tbwks lkikn pbrcstcwk `brlkrkh
&rcskgtc klkikh ?ikem Nuiyk, Hkaclce fyke, Hbelrkwke 6bsnkek "cb, lke
Hbelrc Hbryketf. Nbrbgk gbnulcke lcusuigke sb`kmkc pkhikwke rbafrnksc 9
$lc "uryklc 7uiik, #))) > #*/ 3 #*: 5
(ghwki pbrcstcwk trkmblc &rcskgtc `brnuik lkrc sb`ukh pbrokikeke pkeokem. Lc
gknpus Dec'brcstks &rcskgtc, lc gkwkske @rfmfi, pklk nuikeyk tclkg `keykg
kgsc nkhkscswk. +uicketf Hbelrf 7khyfef, Gbtuk "bekt Nkhkscswk
Dec'brcstks &rcskgtc, nbichkt sctuksc ykem `brgbn`kem lc `br`kmkc gknpus
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ikiu nuikc nbemunpuigke pkrk kgtc'cs gknpus &rcskgtc uetug nbn`khks
scgkp nkhkscswk &rcskgtc.
$gsc nkhkscswk lc gknpus &rcskgtrc nuejui sbtbikh nbichkt pbrgbn`kemke
lkrc gbmcktke pfictcg lke bgfefnc ykem tbroklc lc (elfebsck pklk ununeyk ,
tkemmkpke lc icemguemke gknpus `br`kmkc pbrmuruke tcemmc. "btbikh
`bruelcem Hbelrf lke tbnke-tbnkeeyk nuikc nbrkejkem nkekobnbe kgsc
uetug cgut `brpbrke sbrtk lke nbn`betug scgkp nkhkscswk &rcskgtrc
ktkspbrgbn`kemke lke gboklcke lc sbiuruh (elfebsck. Gbtcgk kgsc nku
lcfikgskekgke gknpus lcic`urgke sbiknk luk ncemmu. Guickh lc icemguemke
gknpus &rcskgtc lcic`urgke pklk skkt `brikemsuem eyk "clkem Dnun # 3 ##
Nkrbt #))8.
"btbikh guickh lcnuikc gbn`kic, Hbelrf lke rbgke-rbgkeeyk nuikc ikmc
nbemklkgke rkemgkcke rkpkt uetug nbeyusue sb`ukh nkekobnbe kgsc
nbebmuhgke scgkp nkhklscswk &rcskgtc tbrhklkp gbklkke pfictcg lke
bgfefnc ykem sblkem `brikemsuem. Tklk tkemmki 2 Nkrbt #))8, "ND&
nbneukh sb`ukh pbreyktkke ykem lcekjkgke lc pik=k gknpus &rcskgtc fibh
sbn`cike frkem gbtuk "bekt 1kguitks sbjkrk `brmketckeeyk. (etceyk , "ND&
pbluic tbrhklkp rkgykt, grcscs bgfefnc ykem tbroklc, sbrtk gfelcsc `kemsk lke
ebmkrk.
Lkikn pbreyktke ykem `broului ; "bruke Gbprchktceke Nkhkscswk &rcskgtc
&brhklkp ksc` !kemsk ; tbrjbrnce gbmbicskhke nkhkscswk bcskgtc nbichkt
grcscs bgfefnc lke abefnbek grcscs ikceeyk ykem nbikelk (elfebsck.
Tbreyktkke ykem lcsknpkcgke "ND& `br`ueyc ----kgykt sbnkgce gbrks
`brtbrckg gkrbek tkg nknpu ikmc uetug nbnbeuhc gb`utuhke pfgfg ykem
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sulkh sbnkgce skemkt tclkg rkscfeki , pkrk pbikgu bgfefnc nkgce nbibnkh
gkrbek `ckyk `khke `kgu lke prflugsc ykem tbrus nbebrus nbn`un`uem
tcemmc tkepk tbrgbelkic, pkrk gkrykwke tbrsu nbebrus mbicskh lke `brtkeyk-
tkeyk tbetkem pbgbrokke nbrbgk ykem tbrkejkn gkrbek sbnkgce `keykg
pbnutuske hu`uemke gbrok, pkrk pbejkrc gbrok `brtkn`kh suict nbikemgkh
gkrbek tclkg klk ifwfemke pbgbrokke, pbemkemmurke nbifeokg, gbokhktke
nbrb`kg, lke kghcreyk sbnuk nbrumc. Tkrk pbikokr, nkhkscswk, lke
frkemtuk, tbrus nbembiuh gkrbek `ckyk pbelclcgke, ghususeyk uetug
nbn`bic `ugu, sbnkgce tcemmc ----
"bruke oumk nbeyb`utgke nksch `keykg ykem hkrus lcikgugke uetug
nbikgugke pbr`kcgke lbemke nbnuikc nbikgugke `br`kmkc pbru`khke.
Nbrbgk oumk nbeybruhgke kmkr pbnbrcetkh ib`ch tkemmkp lke nkwks lcrc
uetug `brpcgcr sbjkrk jbpkt, tbpkt, lke suemmuh-suemmuh lkikn nbemktksc
grcscs ykem nbikelk (elfebsck. Tbreyktkke pkrk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc cec
lckghcrc lbemke nbemkougke `b`brkpk tuetutke sb`kmkc scgkp pbluic eksc`
`kemsk.
Dskc nbn`kjkgke pbreyktkke gbprchktceke, `b`brkpk nkhkscswk nbelbskg
supkyk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc turue gb okike uetug nbikgugke lbnfetrksc
sbpbrtrc ykem lcikgugke fibh nkhkscswk gknpus-gknpus ikce. Tcetu mbr`kem
gknpus &rcskgtc lc +kike Gykc &kpk sulkh lctutup fibh sktuke tumks "ND&.
knue gkrbek lbskgke (r $rrc @uekrsk, Gbpkik Gbknkeke lke Gbtbrtc`ke
Gknpus 9Gkntc`pus5, puetu gbnulcke lc`ugk lke sbgctkr 44 frkem
nkhkscswk `brhkn`urke gb okikeke. Tchkg "ND& sbmbrk nbemcgutc uetug
nbemknkegke nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem turue gb okike. Lc okike nbrbgk
nbebrcnkggke ybi-ybi rbafrnksc, nbikgugke pfrksc lke nbeykeycgke ikmu-
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ikmu pbroukemke. $gke tbtkpc gkrbek nbnkem tclkg klk tuouke ueoug rksk
turue gb okike, pkrk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ctu hkeyk okike gkgc nbnutkrc
gknpus, nuikc lkrc +kike Gykc &kpk `bifg gcrc lke nbikiuc mbr`kem +kike "
Tkrnke.
Tklk tkemmki 8 $prci #))8, "ND& nbeybibemmkrkgke sb`ukh lcsgusc
tbr`ugk ketkr-nkhkscswk &rcskgtc lc ukem #4# @bluem ?ibgtrf . $jkrk
ykem lcnuikc pklk pugui #2.44 cec lcpkelu fibh fwike &kgkyk nkhkscswk
1kguitks ?gfefnc, nbemkemgkt tfpcg lknpfkg grcscs lke pbrkeke
nkhkscswk lkikn nbeycgkpceyk, tbrutknk ktkstbroklceyk grcscs bgfefnc lc
(elfebsck lbemke oktuheyk ecikc tcgkr nktk ukem rupckh ktks lfiikr $".
Lkikn lcsgusc cec, klk `keykg tkemmkpke ykem lckougke nkhkscswk ketkrk
ikce sbfrkem nkhkscswk `breknk &fnny lkrc 1kguitks ?gfefnc ykem
nbeyb`utgke `khwk tbroklceyk grcscs kgc`kt klkikh gbskikhke pbnbrcetkhke
gkrbek strktbmc pbn`kemueke ykem nbeycnpkem sbpbrtc gfrupsc, gfiusc, lke
ebpftcsnb. (k oumk nbemhcn`ku nkhkscswk uetug `brmbrkg nbekemmkpc
sctuksc ebmkrk, `broukem sknpkc tctcg pbemhk`cske, lke `cik pbriu lbemke
nbelbskg, sbrtk `brmbrkg sbjkrk gfegrbt.
Lkrc lcsgusc tbr`ugk cec oumk tbruemgkp klkeyk gbgjbwkke sb`kmcke
nkhkscswk tbrhklkp "ND& ykem lckemmkp tclkg jbpkt tkemmkp lkikn
nbichkt icemguemke , ghususeyk gb gknpus-gknpus ikce lc (elfebsck ykem
tbrus `brmbifrk lkikn kgsc ueoug rksk. Tklk `uike ykem sknk lc icemguemke
&rcskgtc sulkh nuikc tbrlbemkr csu Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc nbebrcnk gcrcnke
`bhke lke jbikek lkikn wkectk ykem lcgcrcn fibh sbsbfrkem ykem tclkg
lcgbeki sb`kmkc sb`ukh scelcrke.
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"bnbetkrk gknpus ikce lc sbiuruh (elfebsck tbrrus `bmbofikg, "ND& sbelcrc
sc`ug nbnpbrsckpgke nkekobnbe kgsc uetug nbekemmkpc pbrcstcwk-
pbrcstcwk ykem tbroklc. Nbeurut $jhnkl Gureckwke 9"bgobe "ND&5 , lkikn
nbnpbrscpgke nkekobnbe kgsc cec "ND& nbnpbrsckpgke `b`brkpk tcn
ykem tbrlcrc tcn strktbmcs ykem tbrlcrc lkrc sbn`cike frkem tcn pbrunus ykem
tbrlcrc lkrc # frkem, lke tcn pbikgskek ykem tbrlcrc lkrc #* frkem. Dsuike
ykem lcsknpkcgke fibh tcn pbrunus ykem lcpcnpce fibh Nfh 6bfekrlus
9 nkhkscswk 1kguitks Gblfgtbrke kemgktke ; )2 5 klkikh `khwk nkhkscswk
&rcskgtc oumk hkrus turue gb okike uetug nbikgugke ueoug rksk. Dsuike cec
tclkg `bmctu skok lctbrcnk fibh "ND& ykem ib`ch jfelfem uetug nbikgugke
nkekobnbe kgsc nbikiuc lckifm ktku ncn`kr `b`ks.
Gbnulcke pklk / Nbc ,"ND& nbembiukrgke pbreyktkke ikce ykem lcsb`ut ;
"cgkp "bekt Nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc > Tbrchki Gbputuske pbnbrcetkh
Nbembekc Gbekcgke !!N, &krca $emgutke Dnun, lke &krca 6cstrcg.0
Lkikn sckrke pbrseyk, +uicketf Hbelrf 7khyfef, Gbtuk "bekt Nkhkscswk
&rcskgtc nbemktkgke sbiuruh nkhkscswk uec'brsctkseyk oumk nbncetk
pbnbrcetkh tclkg nbekcggke hkrmk !!N tkrcaa icstrcg, lke tkrcaa gbelkrke
unun uetug wcikykh LG( +kgkrtk sbrtk nbncetk pbnbrcetkh uetug tbrus
nbestk`cigke hkrmk-hkrmk `khke pfgfg ikceeyk lkikn sctuksc lke gfelcsc
grcscs cec. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > ## 3 #8 5
Tklk tkemmki * Nbc, `brikemsuem sclkem "bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ykem
`brikemsuem sbiknk luk okn lc @bluem "ykrcba &hkyb` ykem lccgutc fib /
lkrc /8 kemmftk "bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc. Trfl Lr Nfblketfe
Nfbrtblof, bgtfr Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ykem oumk nbeok`kt sb`kmkc Gbtuk
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"bekt Dec'brsctks&rcskgtc, nbeobiksgke tbetkem gbklkke lke pbrgbn`kemke
sctuksc ebmkrk (elfebsck, ghuseyk `brgkctke lbemke kgsc nkhkscswk.
Nbeurut Nfblketfe, lc sbnuk pbrmuruke tcemmc lc (elfebsck tbikh tbroklc
kgsc lbnfetrksc nkhkscswk ykem pklk cetceyk nbeuetut klkeyk rbafrnksc
ykem nbeybiuruh lc sbmkik `clkem lkikn pbnbrcetkhke ykem `brguksk.
$gksc cec nbelkpkt scnpktc lke luguemke lkrc sbmbekp pcnpceke
nkupue"bekt Dec'brsctks nkscem-nkscem pbrmuruke tcemmc. Detug ctu, gktk
Nfblketfe, pcnpceke lke "bekt De'brsctks &rcskgtc pbriu nbebetuggke
scgkp lkikn nbemhklkpc pbrgbn`kemke lke gbklkke tbrsb`ut.
Lkikn sclkem cec, "bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc nbembiukrgke pbreyktkke ykem
lcsb`ut ,0 Tbreyktkke "cgkp "bekt lke Tcnpceke Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc ; ykem
ketkrk ikce `br`ueyc --- Lkikn rkemgk nbeybiknktgke rkgykt, `kemsk, lke
&kekh $cr (elfebsck, "bekt lke Tcnfpceke Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc nbeluguem
sbpbeuheyk kspcrksc lke tuetutke nkhkscswk (elfebsck pklk ununeyk lke
nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc pklk ghususeyk ykem pklk hkgbgkteyk
nbeyukrkgke kspcrksc sbiuruh rkgykt (elfebsck ykem nbemhbelkgc
lcikgugkeeyk rbafrnksc lc sbmkik `clkem nuikc sbgkrkem oumk---- "bikce ctu,
"bekt Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc oumk sbpkgkt nbn`betug sb`ukh 7rcs 7betbr
`brpuskt lc 6bn`kmk Tbebictcke &rcskgtc uetug nbn`brcgke luguemke pbeuh
gbpklk nkhkscswk lkikn nbeyukrkgke kspcrksceyk.
Tklk tkemmki 8 Nbc, ueoug rksk `brikemsuem lc `b`brkpk gftk, sbpbrtc
+kgkrtk, "knkrcelk, "fif lke Jfmykgkrtk ykem `brokike sbjkrk lknkc. Lc
+kgkrtk, ueoug rksk tbroklc lc lbpke mbluem LTNT lke sbgctkr gknpus
&rcskgtc lc +kike Gykc &kpk. Deoug rksk mk`uemke `b`brkpk pbrmuruke tcemmc
swkstk cec ketkrk ikce nbic`ktgke nkhkscswk "bgfikh &cemmc Nkekobnbebe
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(afrnktcgk lke &bgecg Gfnputbr (elfebsck 9"&N(G5, "bgfikh &cemmc (inu
?gfefnc 9"&(?5 &rcskgtc, Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc, Dec'brsctks &krunkebmkrk
9Detkr5, Dgrclk, Dec'brsctks "ktykmknk, Dec'brsctks Nbrju !ukek.
%kikupue tbroklc pbibnpkrke `ktu tbrhklkp pksugke gbnknke lc +kike Gukc
&kpk, tclkg tbroklc `betrfgke ikemsuem ketkrk kpkrkt gbknkeke lbemke pkrk
nkhkscswk.
Deoug rksk ykem lcnuikc lkrc gknpus "&N(G cec, nbn`ukt ikiu icetks lc
+kike Gykc &kpk iunpuh, lke nbnkjbtgke okike-okike sbgctkreyk. +kike
lctutup fibh pficsc, tbrutknk lkrc krkh fOy gb @rfmfi "bgctkr pugui #.44
%(!, ybi-ybi nkhkscswk lcskn`ut rktuske wkrmk ykem tbikh `brgunpui lc
sbgctkr gknpus "&N(G. Nbrbgk ketkrk ikce klkikh wkrmk sbgctkr gknpus,
pblkmkem ksfemke, lke pbokike gkgc. "bgctkr pugui #/.44, nkhkscswk
mk`uemke ctu nuikc `brgunpui lke nbrbgk `brokike gkgc sbpkeokem /44
nbtbr lkrc gknpus "N(G sknpkc lbpke gknpus &rcskgtc. "bnuik nbrbgk
`brnkgsul nbeyb`brkem gb Dec'brsctks &krunkebmkrk, tkpc pbrncetkke
nbrbgk lctfikg kpkrkt gbknkeke sbhcemmk nkssk nkhkscswk tbrtkhke lc
lbgktaiy-fvbr@rfmfi. Deoug rksk cec `u`kr sbgctkr pugui #*.44 %(! sbtbikh
mkmki nbikgucgke ebmfcsksc lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke.
Deoug rksk "&N(G cec, nbnkju "ND& uetug ib`ch nbnktkemgke
nkekobnbe kgsc ykem lcpbrsckpgke ghususeyk kgsc tkemmki # Nbc #))8
ykem lcrbejkekgke sb`kmkc kgsc pbnkekske nbeobikem kgsc ykem ib`ch `bskr
tkemmki 4 Nbc #))8 lkikn rkemgk nbnpbrcemktc Hkrc Gb`kemgctke
kscfeki. Tklk kgsc gkic cec, pbrsckpke "ND& tbrksk ib`ch sficl
lc`kelcemgke lbemke kgsc-kgsc sb`biuneyk lc nkek tbrksk suskh `kembt
uetug nbn`kemgctgke sbesb fa jrcscs pklk pkrk nkhkscswk.
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Lkikn rkpkt-rkpkt nbnpbrsckpgke kgsc ncn`kr `b`ks tkemmki # Nkrbt
#))8 cec, Nbrbgk nbemklkgke rkpkt hknpcr tckp hkrc, gklkem-gklkem nbrbgk
hkrus `brnkikn lc "ND&. Lkikn rkpkt sbncemmu tbrkghcr tbrsb`ut kmbelk
rkpkt gknc klkikh pbnktkemke nbembekc tcn sktmks, tcn gbsbhktke,
gffrlcketfr ikpkemke, lke pbikgskek lc ikpkemke. &btkpc ykem pkicem gknc
pbrsckpkgke klkikh tcn sktmks ykem lc`betug sknpkc tcmk ikpcs uetug
pbemknkeke kjkrk cec.
!br`krbemke lbemke ctu, pu`icgksc gb sbiuruh sc'ctks kgklbncgk
sbmbrklcikgugke lbemke nbn`kmfc-`kmcgke sbib`krke lke pbemununke
tbetkem kgsc lknkc ctu lbemke nbemklkgke ncn`kr `b`ks. Tbemununke cec
lctbnpbigke lc pcetu mbr`kem &rcskgtc lke lc tbnpkt-tbnpkt strktbmcs ikceeyk
lc lkikn gknpus . Tbemununke cec , `brcsc luk hki. Tbrtknk, tbetkem kjkrk
kgsc lknkc `brupk ncn`kr `b`ks lbemke tbnk ; Drmbesc Tbn`brlkykke
LT.NT lke Gfrbgsc &ftki &broklkp 6bn`kmk ?gsbgutca ykem
lcsbibemmkrkgke lc pbiktkr pkrgcr @bluem N "ykrcba &hkyb` pklk tkemmki #
Nbc #))8 pklk pugui #4.44 lke tbr`ugk `kmc sc'ctks kgklbncgk ykem pbluic
pklk grcscs `kemsk. Gbluk, hcn`kuke gbpklk nkhkscswk uetug tclkg
nbn`kwk gbelkrke gblkikn gknpus , lke nbnkgkc okgbt kinknktbr
&rcskgtc pklk kjkrk tbrsb`ut. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, #))) > #8 3 #/ 5
Tklk pugui 4*.24 %(! tkemmki # Nbc #))8, gbsc`ugke lcnuikc lc rukem
"ND&. $lk ykem nbnftfem-nftfem pctk uetug tkelk pbembeki, klk
`rcbacem uetug tcn sktmks. Gfnkelke sktaks lcpbmkem fibh "bgobe "ND&
$jhnkl Gureckwke . (k nbemktur pbemknkeke ncn`kr `b`ks lkikn `betug
icemgrke ktku rcem `brmkelk. Tklk cem # 9lkbrkh sbgctkr pkemmuem 5 lcokmk
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fibh nkhkscswk +uruske Nbsce lke &bgecg (elustrc lcpcnpce fibh cmmk 3
Gbtuk Hcnpueke Nkhkscswk Nbsce. Lkikn cem 3 9ykem `br`kur lbemke
nkssk 5 lcokmk fibh nkhkscswk 1kguitks ?gfefnc lc`kwkho pcnpceke $lkn.
"blkemgke cem-2 9lc sbgbicicem pkmkr5 lcokmk nkhkscswk 1&N lcpcnpce
Nkuikek, Gbtuk Hcnpueke Nkhkscswk &bgecg Tbrnceykgke . !cik nkssk
turue gb okike, sktmks cem 32 lc`ketu sktmks cem -# ykem kgke nbnkmkrc
nkssk kmkr tbrtc`.
"bgctkr pugui #4.44 %(! ncn`kr `b`ks lcnuikc . !keykg ykem `cjkrk wkgtu
ctu, tbrnksug Gbtuk Jkykske &rcskgtc, bgtfrlke pklk @uru !bskr. $jkrk
`brokike lbemke ikejkr, sbnuk pbn`cjkrk `br`cjkrk lbemke sbnkemkt tcemmc.
$jkrk cec tclkg hkeyk `brcsc frksc skok , tbtkpc oumk lccsc fibh pbn`kjkke
skokg ykem csceyk nbeyclcr lwcauemsc $!( sbrtk nbeykeycgke ikmu-ikmu
pbroukemke. "bnuk pbemcsc kjkrk ykem pbrekh nbecgnktc nksk G$N( lke
G$TT( tkhue #):: nbrksk lcrrceyk lc tkhue ctu ikmc, nbrbgk `brjbrctk
nbembekc pbroukemke tkhue #):: lke nbncetk gbpklk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc
uetug tclkg `brhbetc nbnbrkemc gbokhktke ykem lcikgugke fibh pkrk
pbncnpce `kemskk skkt cec.
Gbnulcke klk sbgbifnpfg nkhkscswk nbn`kgkr aftf "fbhkrtf, lke
gbcemceke `b`brkpk nkhkscswk uetug turue gb okike. &btkpc gbcemceke ctu
nksch `csk lctkhke fibh gfrikp lke skrmks, sbrtk gbkgtcake lkrc 'ftb mbttbr
ykem `csk nbekhke nkssk. knue, kghcreyk gbcemceke nkhkscswk uetug
turue gb okike tclkg `csk lctkhke fibh sktmks nkupue gfrikp. Nkssk ykem
turue gcrk-gcrk *.444 3 #4.444 nkhkscswk. &cn ebmfcsksc "ND& pue
ikemsuem `bgbrok, lke nbrbgk nbelkpkt okwk`ke nkhkscswk , hkeyk lkpkt
turue tkemke sknpkc lc lbpke wkicgftk. "blkemgke gbcemceke nbrbgk sbpbrtc
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lcsbpkgktc skkt rkpkt, ykctu gkiku sknpkc turue gb okike nkgk tuoukeeyk
klkikh LTNT, tbreyktk suict lcikgskekgke.
Gbtcgk turue gb okike, nkssk nkhkscswk tbrbpbjkh nbeoklc luk `kmcke
gkrbek tbr`bikh fibh `ifgklb kpkrkt "bgctkr pugui #2.24 huoke nuikc
nbemmuyur @rfmfi. Gbelktc lbncgcke, nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem gktkeyk
kekg nkeok tbtkp `brtkhke wkikupue huoke ykem nbemmuyur ctu e`csk
lcgktkgke skemkt gbrks. Nkssk nkhkscswk &rcskgtc sbnpkt nbejkcr gbtcgk
sulkh nuikc tbroklc pbruelcemke ketkrk tcn ebmfcsksc nkhkscswk lbemke
pcnpceke kpkrkt gbknkeke lc ikpkemke. 9 beb 6 Tkttcbklokwkeb, #))) > #/
3 #/* 5.
Tklk pugui #*.44 3 #8.44 %(!, nkssk nkhkscswk gbn`kic gb gknpus,
sbtbikh pbruelcemke nbrbgk lbemke kpkrkt gbkmknke kmkr lkpkt
nbikeoutgke ifem nkrjhgb @bluem LTNT tbreyktk mkmki. !betrfgke
acscg hknpcrtbroklc , gbtcgk tbrlbemkr jkjcke lke nkgcke nuejui lkrc `krcske
pksugke pficsc ykem nbembobg lke nbebrtkwkgke nkhkscswk ykem kgke
`brokike gbn`kic gb gknpus. &cmk frkem nkhkscswk tbrpkejcem lke
`brtcelkg nku nbeybrkem pficsc. &kpc nbrbgk lcjbmkh fibh "ktuke &umks
9"ktmks5 Dskgtc ykemlc`betug fibh "bekt Nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc.
7kjc nkgc ctu gbnulcke lkikn sbgbokp `bru`kh nbeoklc sctuksc `rctki lke
gbgboknke. Tksugke pficsc ctu nuikc nbeybrkem nkhkscswk ykem sblkem
`brokike gbn`kic gb gknpus. &bn`kgke lcibpksgke. @ks kcr nktk
lcifetkrgke. "ukskek rbetbtke tbn`kgke sbekpken, lke sbn`urke mkcr kcr
nktk nbecn`uigke gbpkecgke lkikn `krcske nkhkscswk ykem sblkem
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`brmbrkg gbn`kic gb gknpu. Tkrk nkhkscswk ctu `brikrcke nbeokuhc
pksugke gbnkeke ykem gkikp.
Tksugke pficsc tbrus `brmbrkg nkou. Nbrbgk nbemhketkn sckpk skok ykem
`brklk lc lbpkeeyk. Nbrbgk `brmbrkg sbpbrtc pksugke ickr tkepk gfnkelf
nkou nbembokr nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem `brikrcke nbeuou gb gknpus.
"ukskek lc sbpkeokem +kike " Tkrnke, lkrc nuikc `bgks Gketfr %kicgftk
+kgkrtk !krkt sknpkc gfnpibrgs Gknpus &rcskgtc nbeoklc gkjku `kiku.
Tkrk nkhkscswk lke sb`kmcke pbemkokr lke pbmkwkc &rcskgtc sbrtk sb`kmcke
nksykrkgkt ykem nbeykgscgke okike-okike ueoug rksk nbeoklc pkecg sbtbikh
nbelbemkr `ueyc rbebtke tbn`kgke. "bjkrk sbrbetkg nbrbgk `brikrcke
nbeokuhc pksugke gbknkeke lke nbejkrc sbiknkt. Gbklkke nbeoklc tbmkem
Nkssk lke nkhkscswk `brikcrke tbrpbejkr 3pbejkr gb `br`kmkc krkh. $lk
ykem nksug gb `bgks Gketfr %kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt, klk ykem `brhkn`urke
nbnksugc gfnpibgs pbrunkhke lc +kike &knke " Tkrnke sbrtk klk ykem
tbrus `brupkyk nbejkpkc lke nksug gknpus &rcskgtc.
Nksk ykem pkecg sbpbrtc `brifn`k ikrc lbemke kemmftk pksugke gbknkeke
ykem nbembokr lke nbeybrkem lbemke tfemgkt lke sbeoktk kpceyk. "bounikh
pblkmkem ykem `cksk `brgunpui lc lbpke gknpus lke sbpkeokem trftfkr
+kike " Tkrnke `brmbmks nbeybiknktgke lcrc nkscem-nkscem gb lkikn
gknpus lke hkiknke `bgks Gketfr %kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt. Tficsc tbrus
nbembokr nkhkscswk, lke nbeyusue `krcgklb lc ktks obn`ktke aiy-fvbr
@rfmfi. "bpbrtc klk pbrcetkh, kemmftk-kemmftk pficsc ctu tbrus nbn`uru pkrk
nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem nksug gb lkikn , gknpus &rcskgtc , ykem lc lkikn
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`bgks Gketfr %kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt nkupue ykem `brikrcke gb +kike &knke
" Tkrnke .9 beb 6 Tkttcrklhkwkeb, #))) > #4 3 # 5
&bn`kgke-tbn`kgke tbrus tbrlbemkr lke tbrtuou gb krkh nkhkscswk ykem
nksch klk lc iukr nkupue ykem sulkh `brklk lc lkikn gknpus. Tksugke
Gbpficscke ( gbtcgk ctu lcibemgkpc lbemke sbeoktk "tbtbr $D@ lke sbeoktk
stkelkr $!( ""-#. "bikce pbiuru hknpk lke pbiuru gkrbt, sbeoktk cec oumk
lccsc lbemke pbiuru tkokn lke tk`uem mks kcr nktk. &bn`kgke mbejkr
lcikgugke fibh gbifnpfg Tksugke !brnftfr ykem nbikeou gb ktks obn`ktke
aiy-f'br lke okike lc `kwkheyk ykem pkrkrbi nbelbgktc mbr`kem gknpus
&rcskgtc "bnuk kemmftk Tksugke !brnftfr cec nbembekgke sbrkmkn
!rcn`f` Gbpficscke (. Gfr`ke ykem tbrgbek tbn`kgke lkrc Tksugke
!brnftfr cec nuikc `broktuhke. Nbrbgk tbrtbn`kg pbiuru gkrbt lke pbiuru
tkokn, klk ykem tbwks lke iugk. Lke sbnuk gfr`ke tbn`kgke cec tbroklc
ketkrk pugui #*-24 3 #8.)) %(!.
?ikem Nuick 6bsnkek klkikh nkhkscswk @bgkuitks $rsctbgtur, kemgktke
;):. Nkhkscswk gbikhcrke / +uic #)*8 klkikh kekg gbluk lkrc pkskemke fy
!kmus Jkmknkelctk khnke lke Hbrktbty Hclkykt ykem tcemmki lc
Tbrunkhke @rkhk Tbrnkc, 7cputkt, +kgkrtk "biktke. "btbikh lctbn`kg, ?ikem
nksch hclup lke lcmftfem gb iukr `brmketcke lkrc @bluem "ykrca &hkyb .
Nbeurut vcsun bt rbpbrtun " "un`br %krks, gfr`ke lktkem lkikn
gbklkke sulkh nbecemmki lcsb`k`gke pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk `bruoul
tkokn. ?ikem tbwks kgc kt tbn`kgke ykem pbiurueyk nbeyb`k`gke iugk
rf`bg pklk lklk gcrc sbib`kr ib`ch gurkem # jn O # jn, ikiu nbebn`us
rfemmk lklk lke gbiukr gb puemmuem gcrc lbemke iugk sbib`kr gurkem / jn O
#4 jn . Gbscnpuike 'csun " "un`br %krks nbeyktkgke ?ikem nbecemmki
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gkrbek iugk tbn`kg lc puemmuem gcrc tbn`us rfemmk lklk gcrc lbemke
pbeyb`k` pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk `brwuoul tkokn.
Hbry Hkrtketc klkikh nkhkscswk 1kguigtks &bgefifmc (elustrc +uruske
Nbscen kemgktke ;)/ , `brusck # tkhue. (k tbrobrbn`k` lctbrokem pbiuru
pficsc lc lbpke tckem `belbrk lc lbpke @bluem "ykrcba &hkyb`. Nbeurut
jcsun bt rbpbrtun ykem lcgbikurgke " "un`br %krks , gfr`kem lktkem
sulkh lkikn gbklkke nbecemmki lueck. Bcsun ctu nbeyktkgke tbrlkpkt iugk
rf`bg A lc puemmuem gcrc lbemke ib`kr sbgctkr jn O # jn ykem lcsb`k`gke
fibh pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk `brwuoultkokn. "b`bekreyk Hbry `biun
nbecemmki gbtcgk lc`kwk gb " "un`br %krks lbemke nf`ci pcjg upT6.
"kkt ctu lcpbrgcrkgke sbgctkr pugui #*.44 3 #8.44 . knue, gkrbek okike
nbeuou gb " "un`br %krks pklkt lbemke gbelkrkke lke nbeyb`k`gke
gbnkjbtke , ck nbemhbn`usgke ekaks tbrkghcr lkikn pbrokikeke gkrbek tclkg
sbnpkt nbelkpkt pbrtfifemke lfgtbr. Lkiknpcjg upctu oumk klk gfr`ke ikce
ykctu Hkaulhce fyke.
Hkaclce fyke tbrtbn`kg lc lbpke @bluem "ykrcba &hkyb` , lc lbgkt lbrbtke
tkeknke ykem nbemhklkp gb +kike " Tkrnke. Hkaclce lckemgkt fibh bekn
frkem `brmketcke lke lc kwk gb " "un`br %krks lbemke nf`ci pcjg up
T6 lkikn gbklkke nksch hclup sbgctkr pugui #*.44 3 #8.44. !brlkskrgke
vcsun bt rbpbrtun " "un`br %krks, Hkaclce tc`k lkikn gbklkke
nbecemmki lueck gkrbek pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk tkokn ykem
nbemkgc`ktgke iugk tbn`kg lc lkhc tbn`us gb `bikgkem gbpkik. Bcsun
nbeyktkgke iugk tbn`kg ykem lclbrctk Hkaclce klkikh iugk rf`bg pklk lkhc
sbib`kr # jn O # jn lke iugk rf`bg `bikgkem gbpkik sbiuks ib`ch gurkem #
jn O # jn.
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Hbelrkwke "cb oktuh tbrtbn`kg , sbgctkr tuouh frkem nbemkemgkt gfr`ke lkrc
lbgkt Tfs"ktpkn lc lbpke +kike " Tkrnke, nbeuou gketfr "ND& ykem
`brokrkg sbgctkr #4 nbtbr.+belrkwke "cb gbnulcke lfmftfem fibh "ktpkn gb
gketfr Gkntc`pus lke gbnulcke lc`kwk gb @bluem "ykrca &hkyb` . Lkrc
mbluem cec Hbelrckwke lc`kwk gb Tuskt Gbsbohktke &rcskgtc, kgke tbtkpc
tclkg `csk nksug gkrbek pcetueyk lcguejc. Hbelckwke nbecemmki lueck lc
sctu lke gbnulcke obek=kheyk lc `kwk gb unkh "kgct "un`br %krks.
Qcsun bt rbpbrtun lkrc " "un`br %krks nbeyb`utgke gfr`ke ykem
lcpbrcgsk fibh lr $rbel G Tfemmkwk lktkem sulkh nbecemmki lueck.
Tbeyb`k` gbnktckeeyk klkikh pbrsbetuhke lbemke `belk ykem `brwuoul
tkokn . 6ugk tbn`kg lc ibhbr. Tklk tu`uheyk, tbrlkpkt iugk rf`bg pklk ibhbr
gkeke lbemke ugurke sbgctkr # jn O # jn lke 4,/ jn O # jn. Bcsun
nbeyb`utgke pklk iugk tbrsb`ut lcgbtbnugke prfybgtci pbiuru, 9 beb 6
Tkttcrlokwkeb , #))) > /4 3 : 5
Tbeybiclcgke tbrhklkp pbebn`kgke nbeueouggke `khwk nbrbgk sbemkok lc
tbn`kg fibh pbnbn`kg octu. Hknpcr sbiuruh gfr`ke ykem tbr`ueuh lke
tbriugk, lctbn`kg lc `kmcke gbpkik, ibhbr, lklk, ktku pkemmuem. "btbikh
trkmblc &rcskgtc nbrb`kgikh gbrusuhke lc +kgkrtk. Gbrusuhke tbrsb`ut
nbemkrkh tbrutknk gbpklk btecs &cfemhfk. Lkrc `br`kmkc pbeybiclcgke `kcg
&rkmblc &rcskgtc lke Gbrusuhke Nbc lc +kgkrtk nbrupkgke sb`ukh
gbsbemkokke ykem tbikh lcrbejkekgke. "b`kmcke `bskr `ugtc-`ugtc jugup
ibemgkp. !b`brkpk pbemknkt nbeueouggke nftca-nftca tbrsbiu`uem ykem
pbrekh `brblkr sb`biuneyk ykem nbeyktkgke `khwk gbrusuhke ctu lc`ukt
uetug nbemkichgke gbnkrkhke rkgykt gbpklk ncictbr ykem lcsb`k`gke fibh
*
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gbnktcke nkhkscswk lc &rcskgtc nbeuou frkem-frkem &cfemhfk ykem nbeoklc
gkn`cem hctkneyk. Hunke cmht %ktjh lkikn ikpfrkeeyk nbeyb`utgke
`khwk pbemgkn`cemhctknke frkem-frkem &cfemhfk tbikh nbeoklc
pbrjkgkpke pkrk pbok`kt-pbok`kt ncictbr. 9 "uhkrsch lke (me Nkhbelrk G ,
44* > #4) 3 ##4 5
!br`blk lkrc mbrkgke nkhkscswk pklk tkhue-tkhue sb`biuneyk sbpbrtc tkhue
#)::, #)*, #)*8 lke tkhue `brcguteyk, mbrkgke nkhkscswk tkhue #))8
`brklk lkikn suktu gfelcsc lugk jctk lbemke mbifn`kem `bskr Grcscs
Nfebtbr ykem nbrfetfggke sbelc-sbelc pbrbgfefncke ebmkrk. !br`kmkc
nusc`kh nbnkem gctk kiknc sbjkrk `bruetutke > nuscn gbnkrku, gb`kgkrke
hutke, gbikpkrke lc (rcke +kyk, wk`kh lbemke lbnkn `brlkrkh, nkupue
hknk `bikiknm lc 6knpuem ykem pbemhkejurgke prflugsc pbrtkecke, sbrtk
mkmki pkebe lc `br`kmkc tbnpkt.
Tklk scsc ikce grcscs nfebtbr nbeyb`k`gke iuiuh iketkgeyk auelknbetki
bgfefnc ebmkrk, hcikemeyk ibmctcnksc pfictcg pbemuksk lke nuejuieyk
gbtclkgpukske lkrc sbiuruh ikpcske nksykrkgkt tbrhklkp gbpbncnpceke
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$ebheyk, pbnbrcetkh sbkgke tkg pbluic `khgke tclkg nbeueouggkesbesb fa
jrcscs tbrhklkp sbmbekp pbrnkskikhke tbrsb`ut. "bpbrtc gksus gb`kgkrke
hutke, sbnbetkrk ebmkrk-ebmkrk ikce sbpbrtc Nkikysck, $ustrkick, "cemkpurk,
Tbrkejcs, Gfrbk "biktke lke $nbrcgk "brcgkt `bruskhk nbn`ketu
nbekemmuikemceyk lke nbemcrcngke `ketuke tbhefifmc, pbnbrcetkh sbkgke-
kgke tkg `brmbncem `khgke sc`ug nbejkrc gkn`cem hctkn hutke sbpbrtc
tulcemke tbrhklkp bi ecef. Tklkhki nksykrkgkt sulkh `keykg ykem
nbembtkhuc `khwk hutke tbrsb`ut lcbgspifctksc `bskr-`bskrke fibh gbiukrmk
7belkek 9gbiukrmk nketke prbsclbe "fbhkrtf5, +ktuheyk ecikc upckh ykem
lctulcem klkikh babg lfncef lkrc grcscs ykem tbroklc lc &hkcikel lke
Thcicpcek sbrtk klkeyk gfespcrksc kscem ykem cemce nbemhkejurgke `kemsk
(elfebsck.
Grcscs bgfefnc ykem `brikrut-ikrut tbrsb`ut tbreyktk nkikh lccsc lbemke
lb`kt-lb`kt ykem `brgbpkeokemke lke tclkg prflugtca nbembekc kpkgkh
`ketuke Cetbrektcfeki Nfebtkry Auel 9(N15 nbikemmkr DDL #)/ sbrtk
lcsgusc tbetkem Jurrbejy @fkrl ystbn 97!"5 sbiknk gurkem 2 `uike
iknkeyk.
Lbemke `keykgeyk pbrnkskikhke `bskr ykem tbemkh lchklkpc `kemsk,
nkhkscswk nbichkt `khwk upkyk-upkyk pbekemmuikemke ykem lcikgugke
pbnbrcetkh tclkg sbrcus. Lbemke gktk ikce grblc`cictks pbnbrcetkh sb`kmkc
pbembifik ebmkrk sulkh tclkg klk lc nktk nbrbgk. +klc cetbmrktfr lkrc
mbrkgke nkhkscswk tkhue #))8 klkikh sbttcem grcscs nfebtbr lke nusc`kh
ykem `brgbpkeokemke. 9 cjkrl " $leke lke $r'ke Trklckesykh, #))) > #8
3 #8/ 5
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Gbtcgk kgsc lknkc # Nbc #))8 `bru`kh nbeoklc trkmblc `brlkrkh, sbnuk
frkem nkrkh. "bnuk frkem nbekemcs. &clkg klk ykem pbrjkyk gkiku
nkhkscswk ykem sblkem nbeuetut cinu, `brusck 4-tkhue, `brnflkigke
sbnkemkt lke gbpbrjkykke, eurkec, lke gb`bekrke, lctbn`kg nktc lc lkikn
gknpuseyk sbelcrc. Lkrc tctcg cec, krfmkesc gbgukskke lkikn sb`ukh rbocn
nbeknpcigke gbguktke sbgkicmus gbgkjkukeeyk sbjkrk tbikeokem ykem
tbrlfgunbetksc lkikn rbgknke 'clbf hksci icputke wkrtkwke lke lkikn
cemktke trkunktcg skgsc nktk, `brupk gbskgscke tbetkem pbnuguike fibh
kpkrkt gbknkeke ykem nbn`uru nkhkscswk `brikrcke nksug gb hkiknke
gknpus nbrbgk, ikiu pbebn`kgke tbrtuou gb nkhkscswk ykem `brklk lkikn
gknpus nbrbgk.
$pk ykem tbroklc pklk tkemmki # Nbc #))8 klkikh lc iukr `ktks-`ktks ykem
`csk lctbrcnk sbjkrk kgki sbhkt, gbifnpfg nkhkscswk ykem tclkg `brsbeoktk
lc`ketkc lbemke gbokn. ; &hby 9thb stulbets5 wbrb oust shft lfwe icgbs pcms.
fw ctIs jibkr thkt "fbhkrtf nust mf,0 gktk rbgtfr &rcskgsc, $lc $elfeof
"fbtocptf, "H , lkikn wkwkejkrk lbemke nblck kscem. Gboklcke `brlkrkh lc
gknpus &rcskgtc nbekn`kh gbykgceke $lc $elfof `khwk Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf
hkrus turue lkrc ok`ktkeeyk.
!keykg ykem tclkg nbemcrk gkiku kgsc lknkc tkemmki # Nbc #))8, ykem
`brikeout lbemke ifem nkrjh lkrc gknpus &rcskgtc nbeuou @bluem
LTNT tkpc lchklkem pksugke gbknkeke lc lbpke lc `bgks Gketfr
%kicgftk +kgkrtk !krkt, kgke `brkghcr lbemke gbgboknke. $pk ikmc
gbnulcke tbroklc gbruskgke hb`kt ykem nbikelk sbiuruh +kgkrtk lke
sbgctkreyk sbiknk luk hkrc `brturutke pklk #2 3 #/ Nbc. $gc`kteyk,
/4
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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan
51/66
pbebn`kgke ktks nkhkscswk-nkhkscswk &rcskgtc lc lkikn gknpcus nbrbgk
nbeoklc akgtfr pbncju gbrusuhke lc +kgkrtk pklk #2-#/ Nbc #))8 ykem sbrtk
nbrtk pbncju mbifn`kem kgsc nbenkgsk Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf uetug turue
lkrc ok`ktkeeyk. Gbrusuhke lc +kgkrtk nbeyb`k`gke gfr`ke ocwk gbrumcke
nktbrc ykem knkt `bskr, sbhcemmk nbn`cgce `urug eknk (elfebsck.
$gsc pbrikwkeke tbrhklkp Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf ikiu tclkg hkeyk lcikejkrgke
nkhkscswk lke gknpuseyk, tkpc oumk fibh sbounikh tfgfh ekscfeki ykem
`brmk`uem lkikn sb`ukh gbifnpfg prf-lbnfgrksc `breknk Nkobics $nkekt
kgykt 9N$5 lbemke gfnctnbe pklk rbafrnksc uetug lbnfgrksc, sbrtk
nbeuetut kmkr Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbemuelurgke lcrc uetug nbejbmkh
tbroklceyk tcelkgke kekrgcs ykem ib`ch pkrkh. !kmkc `fik skiou ykem
nbemmbicelcem lc ibrbem mueuem bs, kgsc pbrikwkeke nbejkpkc puejkgeyk
pklk tkemmki # Nbc #))8, lbemke pbemuelurke lcrc "fbhkrtf sb`kmkc
Trbsclbe lke Nkelktkrcs NT.
!ukt Gbtuk "bekt Nkhkscswk Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc, +uicketf Hbelrf
7khyfef, pbebn`kgke tbrhklkp lcrceyk lke tbnke-tbnkeeyk, nbebmuhgke
scgkpeyk `khwk hkrus klk pbru`khke lc (elfebsck. !ukt Hbelrf, &rkmblc
&rcskgtc # Nbc #))8 nbemkokrgke pbroukemke hkrus lcikgugke lbemke
`brkec, kpkpu rbscgfeyk .0 "bgkicpue ctu eykwk tkruhkeeyk. Lke pbroukemke
ctu hkrus nuejui lkrc hktc eurkec gctk sbelcrc, `ugke gkrbek pknrch,0
gktkeyk, Hbelrf oumk pbrjkyk, sb`kmkc mbebrksc nulk hkrus `brkec
nbeyukrkgke gbtclkg`brbske lke gbtclkgklcike.
Tklk tkemmki #2 Nbc #))8, rc`uke lkrc sbiuruh +kgkrtk lke `b`brkpk tfgfh
nksykrkgkt hklcr lc &rcskgtc lkikn lugk jctk lc gknpus &rcskgtc, @rfmfi.
/#
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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan
52/66
Hklcr lkikn kjkrk cec ketkrk ikce Nbmkwktc "fbgkrefputrc, $ncbe kcs, $ic
"klcgce, Trfa "bif "fbnkrloke, Trfa ?nci "kicn, Lr Gkricek 6bgsfef, y
"rc !cetkem Tknuemgks, Lr $rcba kjhnkl Hkgcn, %" belrk, Gbtuk
(6D( Hkrcklc Lkrnkwke, $leke !uyuem ksutcfe, Gbtuk "bekt
Nkhkscswk D( knk Trktknk, lke Hkrcnke "crbmkr. $jkrk `brgk`uem lc
gknpus&rcskgtc cec, `ugke sbgblkr nbeyknpkcgke `biksuemgkwk tkpc
lcsbrtkc frksc pfictcg ykem lcskn`ut nkhkscswk lbemke pbgcg ; ; &uruegke
"fbhkrtf &uruegke "fbhkrtf0 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, 4#2 > #/) 3 #:# 5
6fgksc lke wkgtu gbrusuhke Nbc #))8 lc +kgkrtk lcnuikc lc sbgctkr gknpus
Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc, gkwkske @rfmfi tkemmki #2 Nbc sbgctkr pugui 4).44 3
#4. %(!. c`uke frkem `brgunpui lc lbpke gknpus Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc
uetug nbeyknpkcgke lugk jctk nbrbgk ktks tbwkseyk bnpkt frkem
nkhkscswk &rcskgtc ykem tbric`kt lkikn `betrfg lbemke kpkrkt gbknkeke
pklk tkemmki # Nbc #))8. Lc lkikn gknpus, kgsc `brgk`uem nkhkscswk
`brokike lbemke tbrtc` lke nkhkscswk lcikrkem gb iukr gknpus uetug
nbemhcelkrc cesclbe. "bgctkr pugui #.44 %(! tbroklc sb`ukh pbn`kgkrke
trug sknpkh lc pbrbnpktke okike ikykem. !keykg skgsc nktk ykem
nbeyb`utgke `khwk tbr`kgkreyk trug sknpkh cec kmkg mkeoci, nbemcemkt
lkbrkh sbputkr gknpus Dec'brsctks &rcskgtc lctutup rkpkt fibh kpkrkt
gbknkeke ykem nbemhbetcgke krus ikiu icetks. Nbichkt gf`krke kpc lkrc trug
sknpkh, nkssk `bru`kh `rutki lbemke nuikc nbibnpkrc `krcske kpkrkt ykem
nbn`ifgcr okike lc lbpke mbluem Nki 7cputrk lbemke `kru, `ftfi, lke
`belk ikceeyk sbrtk nbejk`utc lke nbruskg rkn`u-rkn`u ikiu icetks nkupue
pkmkr pkn`ktks okike. betbtke tbn`kgke pbrcemktke lke mks kcr nktk
nbn`ukt nkssk brikrc tuemmkem ikemmkem.
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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan
53/66
Tbruskgke lke pbn`kgkrke tbrus nbeyb`kr, nuikc lkrc gkwkske lc sbgctkr
Gknpus &rcskgtc ykctu +kikn Lkke Nfmft, +kike Gykc &kpk, +kike " Tkrnke.
Nbeobikem sfrb hkrc kgsc pbruskgke lke pbn`kgkrke nbiuks gb gkwkske
!beluemke Hcgur, Gblfyk, +bn`ktke !bsc, !kelbemke "biktke, &u`kmus
$emgb, "bnkeke, Gfskn c. &cn @k`uemke Tbejkrc 1kgtk 9&T@15
nbejktkt gbrusuhke nbn`bskr lbemke kgsc pbruskgke lke pbn`kgkrke ykem
tbrib`ch lkhuiu lcikgugke fibh sbounikh frkem ykem gbnulcke lccgutc fibh
nkssk ykem `brmbrkg lkrc wcikykh @rfmfi gb +kike GH Hksycn $sykrc, +kike
Gckyc &kpk, pbrbnpktke iknpu nbrkh fOy, +kike GH Nfjh Nkesyur,
sknpkc gb +kike !beluemke Hcicr. Lc wcikykh +kgkrtk "biktke, sb`ukh pfs
Tficsc lc gkwkske Tkskr unput lcruskg nkssk.
Lc +kike Lkke Nfmft, nkssk nbemknug lbemke nbn`kgkr mbluem nkupue
nf`ci. "bgctkr #/ nf`ci hkemus tbr`kgkr lke sbn`cike ikceeyk hkejur tftki .
"b`biuneyk, csc nf`ci lcokrkh fibh nkssk. Nkssk oumk nbn`kgkr sb`ukh `us
ykem `brklk lckrbk pkrgcr. Lc icetkske gcrc nkupue gkeke +kike Lkke Nfmft,
gkjk-gkjk mbluem hkejur `brketkgke. &cmk gcfs pkrgcr T& Tutrc "uryk
Nuitclkek, bekn nf`ci lc`kgkr lke sktu lcruskg. Hftbi Lkke +kyk hkemus
tbr`kgkr lke gf`krke kpceyk nuikc nbeybetuh gb mbluem `bikgkemeyk, ykctu
sb`ukh lcsgftbg. @bluem !7$, runkh `ciykr, lke sbounikh mbluem ykem
`brklk lc okokrkeeyk cgut oklc gfr`ke knugke nkssk.
Nbeobikem, sfrb lc wcikykh +bn`ktke "bnpct $emgb, +bn`ktke Luk,
+bn`ktke &cmk, lke +bn`ktke !bsc gbrusuhke `brupk pbruskgke lke
pbemhkejurke lcsbrtkc lbemke csu rkscki ketc-&cfemhfk. Nksk nuikc nbeokrkh
runkh wkrmk lke `b`brkpk tfgf `khgke lc`kgkr. Lc !fofem, sb`ukh pkskr
swkikyke ncec lc kgkr nkssk. Lc +kike 6cemgkr 6ukr !krkt, nkssk
/2
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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan
54/66
nbemhklkem lke nbeokrkh sbtckp gbelkrkke ykem nbicetks. Nkssk oumk
nbemhkejurgke Nki Turc (elkh lke @rbbe @krlbe. Nbeobikem nkikn,
pbn`kgkrke mbluem, nf`ci, lke pbeokrkhke tfgf nksch `brikemsuem,
tbrutknk lc sbgctkr gkwkske $emgb. Gbrununke nkssk eknpkg lc
sbpkeokem +kike Lkke Nfmft gb 7bemgkrbem.
Tklk skkt ykem `brsknkke, sbgctkr pugui #/.24 %(!, gbrusuhke nbib`kr gb
okwktke. !beluemke Hcicr lc sbgctkr @bluem %csnk @G!(, @bluem !( (
lke @bluem !( ((, sbrtk pkskr lke puskt pbrtfgfke !beluemke Hcicr. Lc
gkwkske cec lcikpfrgke luk rugf lc pbrtfgfke !behci ruskg lke luk nf`ci
tbr`kgkr. Nksch lc +kike Lkke Nfmft, nbeobikem pugui .44 %(!
gbrusuhke sulkh nbnksugc wcikykh Gflyk &kemmbrkem, ykctu wcikykh
!ktujbpbr. Gbrusuhke oumk tbroklc lc &knke "bnkeke lke Gfskn`c, +kgkrtk
!krkt. Lc gkwkske @iflfg, pbn`kgkrke lcikpfrgke tbroklc lc sbgctkr pugui
#).44 %(!, lcnuikc lbemke lc`kgkreyk Tkskr Tbreckmkke. Tbruskgke lke
pbn`kgkrke pklk tkemmki #2 Nbc #))8 cec nbikelk tcmk gkwkske, +kgkrtk
!krkt, +kgkrtk Tuskt lke +kgkrtk Dtkrk lbemke sgkik lke icemgup ykem
`br`blk, eknue `biun klk gfr`ke ocwk. 9 beb 6 Tkttcrklokwkeb, 4#2 >
# 3 4 5
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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan
55/66
Tklk skkt tbroklceyk gbrusuhke nksski tbrsb`ut, Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf sblkem
tclkg `brklk lc &kekh $cr gkrbek sbokg ) Nbc #))8 uetug nbemhklcrc G&&
@-#/ lc Gkcrf Nbscr, #2-# Nbc #))8. Gbtcgk lc Gkcrf tbrsb`ut, tbrjktkt
`khwk nblck nkssk rknkc nbn`brctkgke pbrchki pclktf Trbsclbe lc
lbpke wkrmk (elfebsck lc Gkcrf. Lkikn pclktfeyk tbrsb`ut Trbsclbe
nbeyktkgke gbsblckkeeyk nbemuelurgke lcrc lkrc ok`ktkeeyk. "ceyki
`khwk Trbsclbe kgke nbecemmkigke tknpug gbpbncnpcekeeyk ctu
lcuemgkpgke fibh "fbhkrtf sbelcrc, `khwk ocgk rkgykt tclkg ikmc
nbn`brc gbpbrjkykke gbpklk lcrceyk sb`kmkc prbsclbe, nkgk ck sckp
nuelur lke tclkg kgke nbnpbrtkhkegke gblulugkeeyk lbemke
gbguktke sbeoktk. "fbhkrtf nbeoboksgke kgke nbemuelurgke lcrc lke
nbelbgktgke lcrc gbpklk &uhke Jkem Nkhk ?sk lke juju-jujueyk.
9 Gfnpks, # Nbc #))8 5
//
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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasaan
56/66
Trbsclbe kghcreyk nbnpbrjbpkt gbpuikemkeeyk gb &kekh $cr #/ Nbc #))8
sbgctkr pugui 4.24 %(! lcec hkrc nbikiuc ikelkske ulkrk Hkicn
Tbrlkekgusunkh. knue gkctke nbekemmkpc csu pbemuelurke lcrceyk
tbrsb`ut, tbreyktk Trbsclbe nbebmksgke `khwk lck tclkg pbrekh
nbeyktkgke sckp nuelur. Hki cec sbrtk-nbrtk nbn`ukt nblck nkssk
gbtcgk ctu `brgkic-gkic tbrpkgsk nbnutkr tkykemke uikem pclktf Trbsclbe
gbtcgk lc Gkcrf tbrsb`ut lc nblck-nblck ekscfeki. Gbnulcke gbtcgk pklk
sckem hkrceyk Trbsclbe lc`brctkgke nbebrcnk ikpfrke tbrkghcr lkrc %kgci
Trbsclbe !+ Hk c`cb, Nbetbrc Tbrtkhkeke lke Gbknkeke %crketf,
Nbetbrc Gffrlcektfr Tfictcg lke Gbknkeeke 1bcski &keouem, Nbetbrc
Lkikn bmbrc Hkrtfef, Nbetbrc Gbhkgcnke Nuiklc, Nbetbrc
Tbebrkemke $iwc Lkhike lke `b`brkpk pbok`kt tcemmc ikceeyk. Tklk hkrc
ykem sknk ctu, Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf gbnulcke nbemcestrugscgke
pbn`ktkike 9pbeurueke5 gbekcgke hkrmk !!N Nbc #))8, "bikeouteyk,
tbrjktkt puik `khwk lkikn nbekemmkpc pbreyktkke pbemuelurke lcrc
Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf tbrsb`ut, klk # pbrwcrk tcemmc $emgktke #)/
nbeyknpkcgke pbreyktkke scgkp, `khwk nbrbgk nbeykn`ut `kcg
pbreyktkke Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf ykem lcnukt nblck nkssk pklk hkrc
sb`biuneyk uetug ; ibemsbr gbprk`fe0. knue, kgc`kt sctuksc c`u gftk
ykem sbnkgce gurkem gfelusca, nkgk hki cec tbikh nbeyb`k`gke rktuske
%$ lke %( Gbturueke nuikc brmbrkg nbecemmkigke +kgkrtk.
Tklk gbbsfgke hkrceyk, #: Nbc #))8, Trbsclbe "fbhkrtf nbebrcnk tcn
Dec'brsctks (elfebsck ykem lcpcnpce fibh bgtfr D( Trfa Lr $snke
!fblcsketfsf. Lkikn pbrtbnuke tbrsb`ut D( nbeyknpkcgke pfgfg-pfgfg
pcgcrke rbafrnksc ykem lchkscigke scnpfscun D( `b`brkpk wkgtu
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7/22/2019 Mahasiswa Dalam Peralihan Kekuasa