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DEVELOPMENT CONTROL STANDARD MANUAL AND SOCIAL INTERACTION:

THE CASE OF TAMAN SOON HUP, PERMAI

JAYA, SIBU

Muhammad Hanif Bin Morshidi

HC 79 E5 M952 2013

Master of Environmental Management (Development Planning)

2013

Pusat Khidmat Makiumat Akademik UNIVEItSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Piiiüiiiýüiiýiiýi 1000245990

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL STANDARD MANUAL AND SOCIAL INTERACTION:

THE CASE OF TAMAN SOON HUP, PERMAI JAYA, SIBU

MUHAMMAD HANIF BIN MORSHIDI

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2013

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL STANDARD MANUAL AND SOCIAL INTERACTION:

THE CASE OF TAMAN SOON HUP, PERMAI JAYA, SIBU

MUHAMMAD HANIF BIN MORSHIDI

This graduation exercise is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management

(Development Planning)

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2013

Development Control Standard Manual And Social Interaction: The Case of Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya, Sibu

Muhammad Hanif Bin Morshidi

Master of Environmental Management Faculty of Social Sciences

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Abstract

(There are various approaches in planning to achieve sustainable development, which is

sustainable economy, environment, and social. The key to achieving sustainable development is by balancing these aspects. The evaluation on whether a social environment is sustainable is

subjective, but it is primarily important. As a response to the need of sustainable development, in the state of Sarawak, policies on development, land, and planning authority also have undergone changes in 1997. Development Control Standard (DCS) have been in existence since 1968. However, due to modernization and urbanization, many of the standards are outdated and no longer useful as regulations. (Zaidi, 1998) With the amendments to the Land Code in November, 1997, and the establishment of the State Planning Authority (SPA) on 1st August, 1998, the DCS is again recognized as "one of the most important tools used in development control works" It

was reviewed and further updated by the Ministry of Planning and Resource Planning (MP ) then, who is the Secretariat of the SPA - and published as the Development Control Standards Manual (1998). The DCS manual contains guide on open space. Open space can promotes social interaction. The provision of these spaces seems to be one of the ways that can promote interactions among the residents. However the effectiveness of the design guideline and requirement of the open spaces in promoting social interaction needs to be studied in order to identify whether it really promotes interaction between the residents or not. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the open space that is in consideration of DCS Manual in promoting interactions between the residents. This study also tries to prove whether DCS Manual on open space is a document that can guide development to promote social interaction. Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya, Sibu is selected as the study area. Observations of the open spaces are done and questionnaire surveys are conducted to 100 samples which represents Taman Soon Hup population. The findings show that the open space does promote social interaction and it is also identified that social interaction occurs at the open spaces. Three

recommendations are made to improve the open spaces roles in promoting a higher degree of social interactions.

Key words: DCS Manual, open space, social interaction, sustainable development.

i

Abstrak

Terdapat pelbagai perkara diperlukan untuk mencapai pembangunan mampan. Perkara penting

untuk mencapai pembangunan mampan adalah dengan mengimbangi pembangunan fizikal,

ekonomi dan sosial. Walaupun penilaian kemampanan pembangunan sosial adalah subjektif,

namun ia adalah amat penting. Kesan daripada keperluan untuk pembangunan mampan, Polisi

pembangunan, tanah, dan penguasa perancangan Negeri Sarawak telah melalui pembaharuan pada tahun 1997. Development Control Standard (DCS) sudah wujud semenjak 1968. Namun, disebabkan perubahan zaman, banyak perkara harus diubah. (Zaidi, 1998) Dengan penambahan kepada undang undang tanah pada November 1997 dan penubuhan Jabatan Perancangan Negeri pada August 1998, DCS sekali lagi dikenali sebagai alat penting untuk membantu kerja

kerja perancangan. Ia telah dibaikpulih dan dilancarkan semula sebagai DCS Manual pada tahun 1998. DCS manual mengandungi panduan untuk penyediaan kawasan lapang. Kawasan lapang boleh mengalakkan interaksi sosial. Namun begitu, keberkesanan panduan perancangan berkenaan kawasan lapang tersebut harus dikaji untuk menentukan sama ada ia benar benar

mengalakkan interaksi sosial di kalangan penduduk atau tidak. Kajian inijuga bertujuan untuk

membuktikan panduan ini boleh membantu pembangunan kea rah mengalakkan interaksi sosial. Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya, Sibu dipilih sebagai kawasan kajian Pemerhatian terhadap kawasan lapang dan survey terhadap 100 sampel telah dilakukan. Penemuan menunjukkan kawasan lapang memang mengalakkan interaksi sosial dan turut dikenalpasti ialah interaksi

sosial berlaku di kawasan lapang. Tiga cadangan telah dikemukakan demi meningkatkan tahap

ruang terbuka dalan mengalakkan interaksi sosial.

Kata kunci: DCS Manual, kawasan lapang, ruang terbuka, interaksi sosial, pembangunan

mampan.

ii

Student's Certification

I hereby certify that the present work is my own except for the paraphrases, quotations,

elaboration, and summaries with each source quoted.

I also accord the copyright of the graduation exercise to the Faculty of Social Sciences for

publication if deemed fit.

2ß 17ot3

Submission date Muhammad Hanif Bin Morshidi

Supervisor's Endorsement

This graduation exercise entitled DEVELOPMENT CONTROL STANDARD MANUAL AND SOCIAL INTERACTION: THE CASE OF TAMAN SOON HUP, PERMAI JAYA, SIBU was prepared and submitted by MUHAMMAD HANIF BIN MORSHIDI (11031784) as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management (Development Planning).

Approved by:

., (Q, (1) As oc. Prof Dr. Mus Chairil Samani Submission date Supervisor Faculty of Social Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise be to Almighty God for His Guidance and Blessing

without which life is meaningless

In the process of completing this project paper, many people have generously given their

time and help. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Assoc.

Prof. Dr. Mus Chairil Samani for the useful comments, remarks and engagement through the

learning process of this project paper, very useful tips and advices for the presentation, and for

understanding my problems in the writing of this paper. I would like to thank the coordinators

and all the lecturers involved for your hard work and time giving comments and advices.

I am also indebted to all the representative from from Soon Hup office, especially for

their co-operation in providing the information I needed for this research. Also, I like to thank

the participants in my survey, and the resident's of Taman Soon Hup who have willingly shared

their precious time during the process of interviewing.

I owe my deepest gratitude to my beloved parents Morshidi Omar and Hashimah Seruji

and all my family members for their caring and unfailing encouragement. Lastly, I offer my

regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of

the project paper. Besides, great appreciation goes to my colleagues and friends whom

unconsciously keep feeding me with inputs for this project paper.

iv

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Table of Contents

Abstract

Declaration Page

Acknowledgements

Tables of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Statement of Problems 1.3 Aim and Objectives

1.4.1 Aim 1.4.2 Objectives

1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Scope of Study 1.6 Significance of Study 1.7 Organization of Report 1.8 Summary

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Social Interaction 2.3 Open Space 2.4 DCS Manual on Open Space 2.5 Interpersonal Relationship 2.6 Summary

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Stage One: Preliminary Study 3.3 Stage Two: Literature Review 3.4 Stage Three: Data Collection

3.4.1 Primary Data Collection 3.4.1.1 Observation 3.4.1.2 Questionnaire Survey

3.4.1.2.1 Method of Sampling 3.4.1.2.2 Design of Survey

3.4.1.3 Interview 3.4.2 Secondary Data Collection

3.5 Stage Four: Analysis and Findings 3.5.1 Quantitative Analysis

1

111

iv

V

Vlll

ix

1 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9

10 10 12 15 16 18

19 20 21 21 22 22 24 25 26 27 27 28 28

V

3.5.2 Qualitative Analysis 3.6 Stage Five: Strategies and Recommendations 3.7 Background of Study Area

3.7.1 Location 3.7.2 Attributes of the Study Area

3.8 Summary

28 29 30 30 31 32

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Data Displays from Observation 34

4.2.1 Acessibility and Siting 35 4.2.2 Design and Landscape 40 4.2.3 Functions and Activities 42

4.3 Data Collected From Questionnaire Survey 44 4.3.1 Respondents Background 45

4.3.1.1 Age 45 4.3.1.2 Gender 46 4.3.1.3 Ethnicity 47 4.3.1.4 Household Size 48 4.3.1.5 Private Transport Ownership 49 4.3.1.6 Duration of Residence 50 4.3.1.7 Ownership of House 51

4.3.2 Respondent's Frequency Of Spending Time At The Yard 52 4.3.3 Respondent's Usual Purpose Of Spending Time At The 53

Yard 4.3.4 Respondents Usual Involvement In The Yard 54 4.3.5 Occurrence Of Social Interaction With Other Residents At 56

Yard 4.3.6 Usual Number Of Person That Interaction Occurs With The 57

Respondent At The Yard. 4.3.7 Approximate Number Of Person The Respondent Knows 58

By Name At Their Street 4.3.8 Respondent's Presence For Events At Their Street And 59

Type Of Events 4.3.9 Perception's Of Respondents On The Facilities And Spaces 59

In Promoting Interaction 4.3.10 Respondent's Satisfaction On The Existing Condition Of 62

The Facilities And Spaces. 4.3.11 Perception's Of Respondents On The Facilities And 63

Spaces Level Of Effectiveness In Promoting Interaction 4.3.12 Respondent's Frequency Of Coming To The Park 66 4.3.13 Respondent's Usual Purpose Of Coming To The Park 67 4.3.14 Respondents Usual Involvement Doing Activities In The 68

Park 4.3.15 Occurrence Of Social Interaction With Other Residents At 69

The Park

VI

4.3.16 Usual Number Of Person That Social Interaction Occurs 70 With The Respondent At The Park

4.3.17 Approximate Number Of Person The Respondent Are 71 Familiar With At The Park

4.3.18 Respondent's Usual Mode Of Transport To Travel From 72 Their House To The Park

4.3.19 Respondent Problems, Comments, And Idea On The Park 73 4.3.20 Respondent's Perceptions On The Effectiveness Of The 74

Private And Public Open Space In Promoting Social Interaction

4.4 Summary of Findings 75 4.5 Summary 77

CHAPTER FIVE: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Recommendations 78

5.2.1 Organize More Activities 79 5.2.2 The Temporary Space 80 5.2.3 Makes Walking More Interesting and Comfortable 82

5.3 Conclusion 83

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Questionnaire Survey Form

Appendix B: Houses existing condition form

85

VII

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

1.1 Scope of Study 7

3.2 Distribution of Sample 25

4.3 Distribution of Sample 45

4.3.1.1 Respondent's Age Distribution 45

4.3.1.4 Frequencies of Household Size 48

4.3.4 Crosstabulation of Purpose / With Whom 55

4.3.5 Occurrence of Social Interaction in Private Open Space 56

4.3.8 Crosstabulation of Attending Event / Type of Event 59

4.3.9 Respondent's Perception on Facilities and Space In 59

Promoting Interaction

4.3.10 Respondent's Satisfaction on Facilities and Space 62

Conditions

4.3.11.1 Respondent's Ranks on Spaces That They Think Promote 64

Social Interaction the Most

4.3.11.2 Respondent's Ranks on Spaces That They Think Promote 65

Social Interaction the Least

4.3.14 Crosstabulation of Purpose / With Whom(Public Space) 69

4.3.15 Occurrence of Social Interaction at Park 69

4.3.19 Problems Faced at the Park 73

4.3.20 Open Space is Effective in Promoting Social Interaction 74

5.2 Approaches of Recommendation 79

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page

3.1 Study Methodology 19

3.7.1 Key Plan and Location Plan 30

3.7.2.1 Waterplay Area 31

3.7.2.2 New Children Playground (Lake Garden 3d Phase) 31

4.2.1.1 Map of the Study Area 35

4.2.1.2 Surau 36

4.2.1.3 DCS Manual Recreational Open Space Requirement for 37

Residential Development

4.2.1.4 Development Control Standards Manual General Indication 38

for Distribution of Open Spaces

4.2.1.5 DCS Manual Requirement on Provision of Usable Open 39

Space

4.2.2.1 The Local Centre Park 40

4.2.2.2 Motorcycle on the Jogging and Cycling Track 41

4.2.3.1 Park Users Walking a Dog and Playing Badminton 42

4.2.3.2 Various Groups of People at the Local Centre Park 43

4.3.1.2 Respondent's Distribution of Gender 46

4.3.1.3 Respondent's Distribution of Ethnicity 47

4.3.1.4 Respondent's Distribution of Household Size 48

4.3.1.5 Respondent's Ownership of Private Transport 49

4.3.1.6 Respondent's Duration of Residence 50

4.3.1.7 Respondent's Ownership Status of the House 51

4.3.2 Respondent's Frequency of Spending Time at the Yard 52

4.3.3 Respondent's Usual Purpose of Spending Time at the Yard 53

4.3.4 Respondent's Usual Involvement in the Yard 54

4.3.6 Usual Number of Person that Social Interaction Occurs 57

With the Respondent at the Yard

4.3.7 Approximate Number of Person the Respondent Know by 58

ix

Name at Their Street 4.3.9 Extensions at the Respondent House 61

4.3.12 Respondent's Frequency of Going to the Park 66

4.3.13 Respondent's Usual Purpose of Going to the Park 67

4.3.14 Respondents Usual Involvement in the Park 68

4.3.16 Usual Number of Person that Social Interaction Occurs 70 With the Respondent at the Park

4.3.17 Approximate Number of Person the Respondents are 71 Familiar With at the Park

4.3.18 Respondent's Usual Mode of Transport to Travel From 72 Their House to the Neighbourhood Parks

5.2.2 Non Permanent And Simple Set Up For Marketplace 81

5.2.3 Photos Showing Interactive Urban Furniture for Walkways 83

X

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Malaysia has undergone a lot of development phases and plans as a developing country,

especially in planning for development. The planning for development in Malaysia underwent

significant role changes, even more fundamental changes occurred in the function of planning.

Malaysia underwent three phases in the planning for development. The first phase, the role

assigned to planning remained narrowly confined to forward capital budgeting for government

services. During the second phase, the role of planning was extended to a more wide ranging,

pursuit of economic growth. In the third phase, planning was given an instrumental role in the

projected restructuring of the economic and social order (Martin Rudner, 1994). In this phase,

the emphasis on social development was accepted as one of the roles in development planning.

Then, in the 7th Malaysian Plan (1995-2000), the need for sustainable development was

stressed where it begins to get more attention and focus. Sustainable development is basically

defined as a development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their own needs" (United Nations, 1987). There are various

approaches in planning to achieve sustainable development, which is sustainable economy,

environment, and social. It was during this time that the concerns on the significance of human

development were raised in the planning for the development of Malaysia.

1

As a result of the sensitivity on the needs and significance of human development in the

development of Malaysia, the concept of holistic development for land use planning which is the

Total Planning and Development Doctrine (TPDD) was endorsed by the Federal Government of

Malaysia in 1997. This document was prepared by the Department of Town and Country

planning, Peninsular Malaysia. (D. B. Omar, 2004)

As a response to the need for sustainable development, in the state of Sarawak, policies

on development, land, and planning authority also have undergone changes in 1997. One such

policy is the Development Control Standard (DCS) that has been in existence since 1968. With

changes brought about by modernization and urbanization, many of these standards are outdated

and no longer useful as regulations (Zaidi, cited in Development Control Standard, 1998).

Changes were also made to the Land Code which was amended in November, 1997. The

amendment led to the creation of the State Planning Authority (SPA) on August 1st, 1998. With

the establishment of SPA, the DCS was recognized as "one of the most important tools used in

development control works". The standard was further reviewed and updated by the Ministry of

Planning and Resource Planning (MPRM) which became the Secretariat for SPA. They were

responsible for publishing of the "Development Control Standards Manual (1998)".

The Development Control Standards Manual (DCS), sets out the standards which are

basically concerned with the physical and spatial dimensions for the provision of space and has

been used as a guideline or checklist by the local authorities to make decision especially in

approving a development plan. DCS will ensure an orderly, well planned and `sustainable

development' plan for a particular development project. However there is flexibility in applying

these standards in consideration of the different situation in order to achieve innovative,

interesting and sustainable urban environment (State Planning Authority, 1998).

2

Guidelines and requirement in the provision of open spaces for residents, i. e. individual

and public space are among the contents of the DCS. This is provided for in part 4, relating to

building and plots, and part 5 on open space. Open spaces are important in creating a healthy,

sustainable society where residents can do their activities and communicate, engage or interact

with others. Residential areas, townships, and cities in Sarawak are planned and developed

following guidelines provided in DCS.

This study aims to provide an analysis on the effectiveness of Sarawak Development

Control Standards Manual on Open Space in promoting social interaction among residents at

housing area. On this note, Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya was chosen to undertake this study.

The Taman Soon Hup was chosen because it was approved by the SPA. This research seeks to

study whether the development of the Taman promotes social interaction among residents.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

According to Rao (1990), urbanisation is one of the factors for social change.

Urbanisation has led to the growth of cities which leads to social problems that is caused by

social disorganisation and degeneration of values. Individualism and a weaker bond of the

community compounded the problem further. Thus town planners need to take into consideration

of all these factors in order to achieve positive urbanisation.

Ali Madanipour (1996) stated that "social and physical dimensions of urban form have a

dynamic relationship. Physical fabric is produced and conditioned by different social procedures.

At the same time the form of urban space, once built, can exert influence upon the way these

3

procedures recur. " In other words, built physical environment can influence and conditions the

people behavior. This can either hinder or promote interaction.

In the context of the study, the researcher is interested to study whether the provision of

open space in the DCS Manual which consists of private and public open space has an impact on

social interactions between the residents. The guidelines and requirements on the design of open

space are there to serve the needs of the local residents in Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya and

adjacent areas. It also aims to promote interaction among the residents of Taman Soon Hup,

Permai Jaya to be in line with the concept of sustainable development.

The provision of these spaces seems to be one of the ways that can promote interactions

among the residents. However the effectiveness of the design guideline and requirement of the

open spaces in promoting social interaction needs to be studied in order to identify whether it

really promotes interaction between the residents or not.

Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the open space that is in

consideration of DCS Manual in promoting interactions between the residents. This study also

tries to prove whether DCS Manual on open space is a document that can guide development to

promote social interaction.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of individual and public space in Taman Soon Hup,

Permai Jaya in promoting interaction among residents in consideration of the DCS.

4

Pusat Khidmat Maklumac Axodraaik UIVIVERSPTI MALAYSIA SARAWAI{

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

The four objectives of this study are:

i. To study the characteristics of Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya open space in promoting

interactions and its implementation of DCS Manual.

ii. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya open space in

promoting interaction among residents.

iii. To analyse the users' perception towards Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya open space

effectiveness in promoting interaction among residents.

iv. To recommend measures to further enhance the provision of open space in order to

achieve a higher degree of social interaction.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Research questions were developed to provide directions and guide the study. The following are

the questions which this study seeks to answer.

i. Does Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya Open Spaces follow the DCS guidelines?

ii. Does the design of Open Spaces in Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya promote interaction

between residents?

iii. Does the resident in Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya Utilize the Open Spaces?

iv. Does interaction among residents occur at the Open Spaces in Taman Soon Hup, Permai

Jaya?

v. How is the perception of the Residents towards the effectiveness of Open Spaces in

Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya promoting interaction?

5

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of open space in Taman Soon Hup,

Permai Jaya in promoting interaction among residents in consideration of the DCS Manual., The

researcher focuses on the designs and functions of the individual open space for residential unit

and public open space at the local centre park. The variables involved are shown in Table 1.1.

To study on its effectiveness, the researcher includes implementation of DCS Manual in

designing the open space as one of the variables that affect the effectiveness of the open spaces

in promoting interactions. This is because that the DCS Manual includes the need to provide

individual and public spaces to promote social interaction among residents. The researcher

analyzed whether the open space was developed according to the provision of DCS which

includes facilities provided, linkage, extensions, quality, functions, accessibility and siting, and

the usage of the spaces. in this way, the researcher can identify whether that the spaces are really

designed according to the DCS Manual. The researcher will also be able to identify whether the

design and function of the open space promotes social interaction. This will enable the researcher

to evaluate the implementation of DCS Manual in promoting interaction as included in one of the

objectives for this study.

The perception of the residents towards the design and function of open spaces are also

one of the important variables that determine the effectiveness of the open spaces in promoting

interaction among residents. Apart from identifying problems faced by residents, this can also

determine the satisfaction level of the residents in term of the design and function of the open

space in promoting interaction between residents.

6

Effectiveness of the spaces can be determined by studying the utilization of the spaces. It will

not promote interaction if it is not used or seldom used by the residents. And lastly, the

occurrence of interaction in the space is one of the factors that will also determine the

effectiveness of the space in promoting interaction among residents.

Table 1.1: Scope of study

Dependent Variable Independent Variables

Effectiveness of Taman Soon Hup, Permai Design and Function of Taman Soon Hup,

Jaya Open Space in promoting interaction Permai Jaya open spaces

t id en s. among res Activities at the open space and the

involvement of residents

Utilization of open space by residents

Occurrence of interaction/communication

among residents

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research hopes to address the problems by recommending measures and promotes the

implementation of DCS Manual on Open Space in the development of Sarawak. This study will

also help:

i. Identifying that spaces provided are in accordance to DCS Manual or not.

ii. Identifying problems faced by the residents with the open space design at Taman Soon

Hup, Permai Jaya.

7

iii. Studying the perception of the residents on the effectiveness of the open space design and

function.

iv. To prove whether the open space that is designed based on DCS Manual can promote

interaction among residents.

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT

This research report is presented in six chapters. Chapter one begins with the introduction of

the study which detailed out the purpose of the study, identification of problem statement, aim

and objectives, scope of study as well as the significance of the study.

Chapter two is about the literature review of the study which has been done by referring

to some reading materials that covers the basic definition on the topic and topics related to the

study which is on social interaction, open space, DCS Manual on open spaces and interpersonal

relationship.

Chapter three contains the study methodology of the research in order to achieve

systematically research process starting from the problem identification, data collection until the

outcomes of the research. This chapter also covers the site profile of the study area. This chapter

will also explain the background of Taman Soon Hup, Permai Jaya, Sibu.

Chapter four examines the analysis and findings of the data that has been collected

through observation, and questionnaire survey. Moreover, this chapter also identifies the issues

and problems regarding the effectiveness of open spaces in promoting interaction among

residents.

8

Chapter five provides recommendations to enhance the provision of open space in order

to achieve a higher degree of social interaction by taking account the DCS Manual besides the

overall conclusion of the project paper.

1.8 SUMMARY

Chapter one has briefly discussed about the background of the study which is important

as starting point of discussion for the following chapters. This chapter has defined the problem

statement, aim and objectives, scope of study, significance of the study, and organization of this

report. It can be said that this chapter outlines the general and specific directions of the research

so that the study will be in line with the aim and objectives. This research seeks to study the

characteristics of public and private open space and its effect on social interaction. It is also

hoped that this study can address the problems by recommending measures to further enhance

the provision of open space in order to achieve a higher degree of social interaction.

9

CHAPTER 2