laporan mutasi bakteri hendrik

8/9/2019 Laporan Mutasi Bakteri Hendrik

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CMVOPMG VPMAXJATE

ETXMRJ VMHM @MAXDPJ

Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte

Hjrtrtg Ocdl ;

Ldghpja Gtpijxpjmgxo ,6<20880=<*

KTPTRMG @JOCONJ

IMATCXMR JCET VDGNDXMLTMG MCME HMG EMXDEMXJAM

TGJYDPRJXMR GDNDPJ RTPM@MZM

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@M@ J

VDGHMLTCTMG

=' Cmxmp @dcmamgn

Vdpt`mlmg cjgnatgnmg hmvmx edgnmaj`mxamg vdpt`mlmg rjimx eopioconj hmg ijrjoconj

ejapo`m'Maxjyjxmr ejapo`m hjvdgnmptlj ocdl imaxop%imaxop cjgnatgnmggzm' Imaxop cjgnatgnmgedcjvtxj imaxop%imaxop m`joxja ,ijrjam hmg ajejm*# hmg imaxop `joxja'

@d`dpmvm adcoevoa ejapo`m rmgnmx pdrjrxdg xdplmhmv vdpt`mlmg imaxop cjgnatgnmg'

Ejapo`m xdprd`tx hmvmx hdgnmg bdvmx edgzdrtmjamg hjpj hdgnmg aoghjrj `mpt xdprd`tx' Kmedr

^mxrog hmg Ipmgbjr Bpjba vmhm xmltg =:42 edgnmktamg 0 lmc# zmjxt zmgn `dplt`tgnmg hdgnmg

MGH hmg jevcjamrj ndgdxjb hmpj rxptaxtp MGH vmhm vpordr xdpkmhjgzm ympjmrj ndgdxjb , etxmrj *'

Etxmrj mhmcml vdpt`mlmg vmhm MGH zmgn `dprjimx vdpemgdgx' Vdpt`mlmg jgj hmvmx xdpcjlmx

vmhm idgoxjv rtmxt opnmgjred' Vdpt`mlmg vmhm MGH hmvmx edcjvtxj vdpt`mlmg rmxt mxmt cd`jl

gtacdoxjhm' Etxmrj hmvmx hjnocognamg edgkmhj 0 adcoevoa zmjxt ;

m' Etxmrj Rvogxmg

̀ ' Etxmrj @tmxmg

Etxmrj zmgn hjrd`m`amg ocdl rtmxt imbxop mxmt `d`dpmvm imaxop zmgn xjhma hjadxmltj

hdgnmg vmrxj vdgzd`m`gzm jmcml etxmrj rvogxmg# rdhmgnamg etxmrj zmgn rdgnmkm hj`tmx

rdljgnnm hmvmx hjadxmltj hdgnmg kdcmr hmg vmrxj jmcml etxmrj `tmxmg

Vdpt`mlmg vmhm HGM hmvmx edcjvtxj vdpt`mlmg rmxt mxmt cd`jl gtacdoxjhm' Etxmrj ktnm

xdpkmhj hmcme ndgoxjv rtmxt jghjyjht zmgn xdpkmhj rdbmpm xj`m%xj`m hmg rdbmpm pmghoe zmgn

edgzmgnatx vdpt`mlmg zmgn xdpkmhj vmhm `mlmg ndgdxja# mamg xdxmvj `jmrmgzm ktnm xdpkmhj vmhm

vdpt`mlmg ampdgm m`dpmrj apoeoroe zmgn hjjatx rdpxmamg'Etxmrj vdpt`mlmg HGM zmgn `dprjimx

vdpemgdgx' Vdpt`mlmg jxt hmvmx hjcjlmx vmhm idgoxjv rtmxt opnmgjred'

Hmcme vpmaxjate amej edgztevtcamg `ml~m etxmrj zmgn xdpkmhj mhmcml xdpemrta

etxmrj `tmxmg# ampdgm amej edpdgbmgmamg mamg edcmatamg vdpbo`mmg vmhm `maxdpj zmgn hj

etxmrj hdgnmg rjgmp TY'



Tgxta edgndxmltj vdgnmptl etxmrj altrtrgzm etxmrj rvogxmg vmhm rtmxt opnmgjred#

hmcme vpmaxjate amcj jgj amej edgnntgmamg `maxdpj Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte rd`mnmj `mlmg tkj'

Rdcmjg jxt vpmaxjate jgj hjxtktamg tgxta edgndxmltj adbmvmxg etxmrj rtmxt opnmgjred altrtrgzm

`maxdpj Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte'

0' Ptetrmg Emrmcml

@dphmrmpamg cmxmp `dcmamgn hjmxmr# hjadxmltj ptetrmg emrmcml hmcme darvdpjedg jgj

mhmcml @mnmjemgmaml pdmarj zmgn hj`dpjamg ocdl Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte xdplmhmv etxmrj rvogxmg

edcmctj pmhjmrj rjgmp TY zmgn hjcmatamg hmg `dpmvmaml adbdvmxmg etxmrj zmgn hjxtgktaamg?

2' Xtktmg

Xtktmg hmpj vdpbo`mmg jgj mhmcml edevdcmkmpj pdrvog Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte xdplmhmv

xdpkmhjgzm etxmrj rvogxmg etxmrj rvogxmg hmg edgnljxtgn adbdvmxmg etxmrj zmgn xdpkmhj'

8' Emgimmx

Hmpj vdpbo`mmg zmgn xdcml hjcmatamg# mhm `d`dpmvm emgimmx zmgn hmvmx ajxm

me`jc;

=' Edemlmej hdgnmg vdgndpxjmg etxmrj altrtrgzm etxmrj rvogxmg'

0' Edgndxmltj pdmarj Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte mxmr vdpcmatmg etxmrj

rvogxmg zmgn hj`dpjamg'

2' Edgndxmltj adbdvmxmg etxmrj vmhm Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte'



@M@ JJ

AMKJMG VTRXMAM

Etxmrj mhm htm embme hjcjlmx hmpj rthtx vdgzd`m`gzm ,=* etxmrj rvogxmg zmgn

xdpkmhj hdgnmg rdghjpjgzm hj mcme jgj ,Nmphgdp mgh Rgtrxmh# =:<=*' ,0* etxmrj `tmxmg zmgn

hjrd`m`amg ocdl mndg%mndg etxmrj rdvdpxj pmhjmrj tcxpmyjocdx ,TY*# {mx%{mx ajejm rdvdpxj mrme

gjxpjx ,LGO0*# rdgzm~m BL zmgn `dprjimx mpoemxja ,Aoocemg hmg Pole# =::8*' Rtmxt bogxol

vmhm cmcmx `tml# aoghjrj%aoghjrj cjgnatgnmg rdvdpxj rtlt cjgnatgnmg# vL# gtxpjrj hmg bmlmzm

zmgn xjhma rdrtmj hmvmx edgzd`m`amg xdpkmhjgzm etxmrj ,[ldgn# 0662*'

Xdpgzmxm vdpt`mlmg xdprd`tx xdpkmhj ampdgm mhmgzm vdgzjevmgnmg hmpj

apoeoroegzm' Rdxl ~pjnlx ktnm edcmvopamg vdpjrxj~m etxmrj vmhm hoe`m kdgjr Mgbog zmgn

`dpamaj vdghda hmg `dprjimx edgtptg'Jrxjcml etxmrj vdpxmem amcj hjntgmamg ocdlLtno hd ypjdr#

tgxta edgndetamamg mhmgzm vdpt`mlmg idgoxjvd zmgn edghmhma vmhm `tgnm odgoxldpm

cmempbajmgm hmg `dprjimx edgtptg'

Hmltct# etxmrj hjrdijgjrjamg rd`mnmj vdpt`mlmg rjimx hmpj ndg rdbmpm vdpemgdg#

rdhmgnamg vmhm emrm rdampmgn jgj etxmrj hjadxmltj edptvmamg vdpt`mlmg hmpj `mrm mxmt tptxmg

hmpj `mrm vdgztrtg HGM' Vmhm tetegzm vdgzd`m` etxmrj vmhm emalcta ljhtv hmpj rvdrjdr

mvmvtg `mja xmgmemg emtvtg ld~mg mhmcml rmem# lmgzm jgxdgrjxmrgzm rmkm zmgn `dp`dhm'

Vdgdcjxjmg jcejml xdgxmgn etxmrj hjcmatamg vtcm ocdl Eopnmg , =:=6* hdgnmg

edgnntgmamg Hporovljcm edcmgonmrxdp ,cmcmx `tml*' Maljpgzm etpjh Eopnmg zmgn

`dpgmem Ldpemg Zordvl Etccdp `dplmrjc hmcme vdpbo`mmggzm xdplmhmv cmcmx `tml#zmjxt

edgdetamg etxmrj `tmxmg hdgnmg edgnntgmamg rjgmp \' Vdpjrxj~m xdpkmhjgzm etxmrj hjrd`tx

etxmndgdrjr' Emalcta ljhtv zmgn edgnmcmej etxmrj hjrd`tx% etxmg1 hmg imaxop vdgzd`m`

etxmrj hjrd`tx etxmndg , etxmndgja mndgx* '

Vmpm jcet~mg `jmrm edgnntgmamg ejaapoopnmgjred rdvdpxj `maxdpj tgxta edgndxmltj

`mnmjemgm etxmrj hmvmx xdpkmhj' Tgxta jxt vmpm jcet~mg lmptr edgnde`mgn`jmaamg `maxdpj vmhm

rt`rxpmx xdpxdgxt hdgnmg bmpm zmgn xdpxdgxt vtcm'

Vdpxte`tlmg ejapoopnmgjred xdpnmgxtgn hmpj xdprdhjmgzm mjp' @mlmg%`mlmg zmgn xdpcmptx

hmcme mjp# zmgn hjntgmamg ocdl ejapoopnmgjred tgxta ede`dgxta `mlmg rdc hmg edevdpocdl

dgdpnj# mhmcml `mlmg emamgmg' Xtgxtxmg `dp`mnmj ejapoopnmgjred zmgn edgzmgnatx rtrtgmg

cmptxmg emamgmg hmg vdprzmpmxmg cjgnatgnmg xdpxdgxt# rmgnmx `dp`dhm%`dhm' Ocdl rd`m` jxt

hjvdpadgmcamg `mgzma pdrdv tgxta ede`tmx edhjm `jma `mnj ejapoopnmgjred' Vmhm hmrmpgzmrtmxt cmptxmg `jma rdatpmgn%atpmgngzm lmptr edegtlj rzmpmx%rzmpmx `dpjatx' Hj hmcmegzm lmptr



xdprdhjm rdetm tgrtpd zmgn jatx rdpxm vmhm vde`dgxtamg `mlmg rdc hmcme `dgxta `dp`mnmj

rdgzm~m zmgn hmvmx hjocml'

Embme etxmrj mhm `d`dpmvm kdgjr mgxmpm cmjg'

,=* Etxmrj goaxml ,vojgx etxmxjog*# zmjxt rmcml rmxt `mrm `dpt`ml ejrmcgzm Bzxorjg ,B* edgkmhj

Tpmbjc ,T* emam vmhm pdvcjamrj `dpjatxgzm T mamg `dpvmrmgnmg hdgnmg M `tamg hdgnmg N#

rdljgnnm edgzd`m`amg adrmcmlmg vde`mbmmg HGM#

,0* Vdgzjrjvmg ,jgrdprj* rdnedg HGM ad hmcme rmxt pmgnamjmg HGM#

,2* Hdcdrj zmjxt ljcmgngzm rmxt mxmt `d`dpmvm `mrm hj hmcme HGM#

,8* Jgydprj# zmjxt HGM edgnmcmej poxmrj =<6 o rdljgnnm ee`tmx rmxt mxmt `d`dpmvm vmrmgn `mrm

`dpvjghml xdevmx ,Aoocemg hmg Pole# =::8* 1 ,Cj mgh Npmtp# =::=*'

Vdgdxmvmg ktecml `maxdpj' Hjhmcme rtmxt vovtcmrj `maxdpj xjhma rdetm rdc emevt ljhtv

xdptr edgdptr' Zmgn hjmgnnmv rd`mnmj rdc ljhtv mhmcml rdc zmgn emevt ede`dgxta aocogj hj

hmcme mnmp `jma mxmt ede`dgxta rtrvdgrj hmcme cmptxmg `jma' Rdc rdc zmgn emevt ljhtv xdptr

jgjcml zmgn hjljxtgn hdgnmg `dp`mnmj edxohd tgxta edgdgxtamg ktecml rdc'

Rxdpjcjrmrj hmvmx hjbmvmj hdgnmg edgnntgmamg vdemgmrmg cde`m`# vdemgmrmg adpjgn#

ijcxpmrje# vdgzjgmpmg mxmt hdgnmg edgnntgmamg `mlmg ajejm' Edxohd rxdpjcjrmrj hmvmx

edgnntgmamg vdemgmrmg hdgnmg rtlt zmgn xjgnnj' Tgxta edgbmvmj rtlt zmgn cd`jl xjgnnj

hmpjvmhm xjxja hjhjl mjp hmvmx hjntgmamg oxoacmi'

Rdktecml `drmp ejapoopnmgjred zmgn xjhma `mgzma xtgxtxmg# ejrmcgzm `mgzma

vrdthoeogmh hmcme xmgml hmg mjp# hmg ktnm Drbldpdbljm bocj ejrmcgzm# hmvmx xte`tl rt`tp

hmcme cmptxmg `jma' Ejapoopnmgjred emrjl ededpctamg `mgzma tgrtpd cmjg zmjxt tgrtpd

vdcdgnamv# yjxmejg%yjxmejg hmg rdgzm~m xte`tlmg zmgn cmjg' Rdrtmxt cmptxmg `jma zmgn hmvmx

hj`tmx hmpj rdgzm~m ajejm xdpxdgxt hjrd`tx edhjm `jma rjgxdxja' Lmptr hjtrmlmamg mnmp jgxta

rdxjmv ejapoopnmgjred hmvmx hjxdxmvamg ad`txtlmg `mlmg emamgmg ejgjete zmgn xjhma

edgnmghtgn cd`jl `mgzma aoevogdg zmgn hjvdpctamg tgxta vdpxte`tlmg# rvdrjdr zmgn

edevtgzmj xtgxtxmg xjgnnj ede`txtlamg rdktecml `drmp {mx vdcdgnamv'

Vdemxjmg ejapoopnmgjred edghmrmpj edxohd adpkm ejapo`joconja hmg vdgnm~dxmg `mlmg

emamgmg' Vde`d`mrmg rtmxt `mlmg hmpj ejapoopnmgjred ljhtv mxmt rxmhjte jrxjpmlmxgzm hjrd`tx

rxdpjcjrmrj' Lmptr hj`dhmamg mgxmpm rxdpjcjrmrj hdgnm vmxdtpjrmrj hmg ktnm hdgnmg aogrdpymrj' Kjam

rtmxt cmptxmg `jma rxdpjc mxmt zmgn rthml hjxmgmej atemg# xmgvm hjadldghmaj hjbdempj ocdl

ejcpoopnmgjred# vdpjrxj~m jgj hjrd`tx aogxmejgmrj'



Etxmrj hmvmx ktnm xdpkmhj rdbmpm mcmej mxmt rvogxmg hmg etxmrj `tmxmg mxmt jghtarj'

J' Edgtptx xjvd rdc mxmt embme rdc zmgn edgnmcmej etxmrj'

=' Etxmrj roemxjr

Zmjxt etxmrj zmgn xdpkhj vmhm rdc%rdc xt`tl mxmt rdc roem'

0' etxmrj ndpejgm

zmjxt etxmrj zmgn xdpkmhj vmhm rdc adcmejg mxmt nmedx rdljgnnm hmvmx hjxtptgamg'

JJ' Edgtptx rjimx ndgdxjagzm# etxmrj hmvmx hj`mnj edgkmhj htm embme zmjxt ;

=' etxmrj hoejgmg hmg

0' etxmrj pdrdrji

JJJ' Edgtptx mpml etxmrjgzm

=' etxmrj emkt

zmjxt etxmrj zmgn `dpmrmc hmpj idgoxjv gopemc edgkmhj m`gopemc'

0' etxmrj ̀ mcja

zmjxt etxmrj zmgn hmvmx edgnde`mcjamg hmpj idgoxjv xjhma gopemc edgmhj idgoxjv

gopemc'

JY' Edgtptx adkmhjmggzm

m' Etxmrj mcmej mxmt etxmrj rvogxmg

Zmjxt etxmrj zmgn xdpkmhj vdgzd`m`gzm xjhma hjadxmltj' Etxmrj jgj xdpkmhj hj mcme

rdbmpm rvogxmg ,mcmej*# rdbmpm ad`dxtcmg hmg kmpmgn xdpkmhj' Ejrmcgzm etxmndg mcme

mhmcml rjgmp aorejr# pmhjo maxji mcme# hmg rjgmp tcxpmyjocdx'

̀ ' Etxmrj ̀ tmxmg mxmt etxmrj jghtarj

Zmjxt etxmrj zmgn xdpkmhj hdgnmg mhmgzm bmevtp xmgnmg emgtrjm' Vpordr

vdpt`mlmg ndg mxmt apoeoroe rdbmpm rdgnmkm hjtrmlmamg ocdl emgtrjm hdgnmg {mx ajejm#

rjgmp \# pmhjmrj# hmg rd`mnmjgzm# emam rdpjgn hjrd`tx ktnm etxmrj jghtarj'

Etxmrj `tmxmg hdgnmg rjgmp \ hjvdcovopj ocdl Ldpemg Zorldv Etccdp ,etpjh

Eopnmg* zmgn `dpad`mgnrmmg Medpjam rdpjamx ,=<:6 ‒ ,=:84*' Etccdp `dpvdghmvmx `ml~

etxmrj vmhm rdc roem xjhma ede`m~m vdpt`mlmg# rdhmgnamg etxmrj rdc%rc ndgdpmxji mxmt

nme#dx ad`mgzmamg cdxmc hmg ede`m~m ademxjmg rd`dcte mxmt rdrthml adcmljpmg'

Rdcmgktxgzm vmhm xmltg =:0> hmvmx hjadxmltj `ml~m rjgmp \ hmvmx edgzd`m`amg ndg

edgnmcmej jogjrmrj rdljgnnm rjimx edgkmhj cm`jc' Hmg maljpgzm etxmrj ̀ tmxmg

hjcmarmgmamg vtcm hdgnmg vdeoxognmg hmtg mxmt vdgzjrjvmg HGM vmhm opnmgjred%

opnmgjred zmgn ajxm jgnjgamg'



Etxmrj hvmx xdpkmhj vmhm xjgnamx HGM# ndg# apoeoroe# hmg etxmrj xdpkmhj rdbmpm mcmej mxmt

rvogxmg hm` `tmxmg mxmt jghtarj'

=' Etxmrj Ndg

Vmrmgnmg `mrm gjxpondg vmhm HGM# mgxmp xjejg hmg mhdgjgd mxmt mgxmp ntmgjgd hmg rjxorjg

hjlt`tgnamg hdgnmg mamxmg ljhpondg zmgn cdeml' Mxoe%mxoe ljhpondg hmvmx `dpvjghml hmpj

rmxt vorjrj ad vorjrj cmjg vmhm vtpjg mxmt vjpjejhjg' Vdpt`mlmg ajem xdprd`tx hjrd`tx

vdpt`mlmg xmtxoedp' Ejrmcgzm# rdbmpm xjhma gopemc# mhdgjg `dpvmrmgnmg hdgnmg rjxorjg hmg

xjejg `dpvmrmgnmg hdgnmg ntmgjg' Vdpjrxj~m vdpt`mlmg ndgdxja rdvdpxj jgj hjrd`tx etxmrj ndg'

Etxmrj ndg hjrd`tx ktnm etxmrj xjxja , vojgx etxmxjog*' Etxmrj ndg hmvmx xdpkmhj ampdgm rt`xjxtrj

`mrm G' Embme%embme etxmrj ndg mgxmpm cmjg ;

m' Etxmrj xma ̀ dpemagm

Xdpkmhj vdpt`mlmg aohog hmpj aohd `mrm G mrme mejgo xdxmvj xjhma edgnmaj`mxamg

adrmcmlmg vde`dgxtamg vpoxdjg' Ejrmcgzm# TTT hjnmgxj TTR zmgn rmem%rmem aohd

idgjcmcmmgjg'

̀ ' Etxmrj nmghm xjnm

Etxmrj ampdgm mhm vdgme`mlmg mxmt vdgntpmgnmg xjnm `mrm rdbmpm `dprme%rmem'

b' Etxmrj ̀ jgnamj

Xdpkmhj ampdgm mhmgzm vdgme`mlmg rdamcjntr vdgntpmgnmg rmxt mxmt `d`dpmvm vmrmgnmg

`mrm rdbmpm `dprmem%rmem'

0' Etxmrj Apoeoroe

Etxmrj apoeoroe mxmt etxmrj `drmp vmhm vpjgrjvgzm hjnocognamg edgkmhj htm# zmjxt

rd`mnmj `dpjatx ;

m' Etxmrj apoeoroe zmgnn xdpkmhj ampdgm vdpt`mlmg

apoeoroe

Etxmrj apoeoroe zmgn xdpkmhj ampdgm ktecml apoeoroe ,vcojh* edcj`mxamg adljcmgnmg

mxmt vdgme`mlmg vdpmgnamx apoeoroe ,ndgoe* hjrd`tx dtvcojh# rdhmgnamg zmgn lmgzm xdpkmhj

vmhm rmcml rmxt apoeoroe hmpj ndgoe hjrd`tx mgdtvcojh'

=' Dtvcojh

Opnmgjred zmgn adljcmgnmg rxt rdx apoeoroe hjrd``tx eogovcojh# opnmgored

eogovcojh edejcjaj rmxt ndgoe mxmt rmxt vdpmgnamx apoeoroe hmcme rdc roemxjrgzm'

Rdhmgnamg tgxta opnmgjred zmgn edejcjaj cd`jl hmpj htm ndgoe hjrd`tx vocjvcojh'

Vocjvcojh mhm htm zmjxt# oxovcojh zmgn xdpkmhj vmhm apoeoroe gog loecon'

0' Mgdtvcojh



Etxmrj apoeoroe jgj xjhma edcj`mxamg rdctptl ndgoe zmgn `dpt`ml# edcmjgamg lmgzm

xdpkmhj vmhm rmcml rmxt apoeoroe hmpj ndgoe' Hjrd`tx ktnm hdgnmg jrxjcml mgdtroeja'

̀ ' Etxmrj apoeoroe zmgn xdpkmhj ampdgm vdpt`mlmg rxptaxtp

apoeoroe

Etxmrj ampdgm vdpt`mlmg rxptaxtp apoeoroe mxmt adptrmamg `dgxta apoeoroe hjrd`tx

ktnm hdgnmg jrxjcml m`dpmrj' M`dpmrj mhm htm embme zmjxt ;

m' Hdcdrj

Mhmcml etxmrj ampdgm adatpmgnmg rdnedg apoeoroe' Hdcdrj mhm `d`dpmvm embme

mgxmpm cmjg ; hdcdrj xdpejgmc# hdcdrj jgxdprxjxjmc# hdcdrj bjgbjg# hmg hdcdrj coov'

`' Htvcjamrj

Mhmcml etxmrj ampdgm adcd`jlmg rdnedg apoeoroe'

b' Xpmgrcoamrj

Mhmcml etxmrj zmgn edgnmcmej vdpxtampmg rdnedg apoeoroe ad apoeoroe

loeocongzm' Embme%ebme xpmgrcoamrj mgxmpm cmjg ;

=' Xpmgrcoamrj loeo{jnox

Mhmcml xpmgrcoamrj zmgn edgnmcmej vdpxtampmg rdnedg adhtm apoeoroe loeocongzm

hdgnmg rdnedg adhtm apoeoroe gog loeocongzm'

0' Xpmgrcoamrj ldxdpo{jnox

Mhmcml xpmgrcoamrj zmgn lmgzm edgnmcmej vdpxtampmg rmxt rdnedg apoeoroe ad rmxt

rdnedg apoeoroe gog loeocon'

2' Xpmgrcoamrj Po`dpxrog

Mhmcml xpmgrcoamrj zmgn xdpkmhj ampdg mvdgnnm`tgnmg htm apoeoroe maordgxpja edgkmhj

rmxt apoeoroe edxmrdgxpja# emam hjrd`tx ktnm itrjog ,vdgnnm`tgnmg*'

2' Jgydprj

Mhmcml etxmrj zmgn edgnmcmej vdpt`mlmg cdxma ndg%ndg# ampdgm rdcmem edorjr

apoeoroe xdpvjcjg hmg xdpkmhj ajmrem' Jgydprj mhm `d`dpmvm embme mgxmpm cmjg ; jgydprj

vmpmrrdgxpja xdpkmhj ampdgm acpoeoroe xjhma `dprdgxpoedp hmg jgydprj vdpjrdgxpja zmgn xdpkmhj

vmhm apoeoroe zmgn `dprdgxpoedp'

8' Jroapoeoroe

Mhmcml etxmrj apoeoroe zmgn xdpkmhj vmhm ~maxt edghtvcjamrjamg hjpj# vde`dcmlmg

rdgxpoedpgzm edgnmcmej vdpt`mlmg mpml vde`dcmlmg rdljgnnm xdp`dgxtcaml htm apoeoroe

zmgn emrjgn%emrjgn `dpcdgnmg jhdgxja ,rmem*'

4' Amxdgmrj



Mhmcml etxmrj apoeoroe zmgn xdpkmhj vmhm htm apoeoroe gog loeocon zmgn vmhm

~maxt ede`dcml edgkmhj devmx apoeoroe# rmcjgn `dpxdet tkgn%tktggzm rdljgnnm

ede`dgxta cjgnampmg'

@M@ JJJ

EDXOHD VDGDCJXJMG

M' Kdgjr Vdgdxjcjmg

Vdgdcjxjmg zmgn amej cmatamg jgj edptvmamg vdgdcjxjmg darvdpjedgxmc ampdgm vdgdcjxjmg jgj

edgnntgmamg ympjm`dc aogxpoc# ympjm`dc emgjvtcmrj# hmg ympjm`dc pdrvog'

@' Ympjm`cdYmpjm`dc aogxpoc ; aogrdgxpmrj hmg ktecml ̀ maxdpj hmcme edhjm ̀ jma

Ympjm`dc emgjvtcmrj ; Jghtarj rjgmp TY vmhm etxmrj rvogxmg hdgnmg

jgat`mrj rmevdc `maxdpj hjxdevmx xdpmgn hmg ndcmv

Ympjm`dc pdrvog ; Lmrjc jghtarj rjgmp TY vmhm etxmrj ̀ maxdpj

rd`dpmvm `drmp hmg vdp`dhmmg adbdvmxmg etxmrj rvogxmg hmpj jghtarj TY 86 ~mxx vmhm

jgat`mrj xdpmgn hmg ndcmv'

B' Mcmx hmg @mlmg

Vmhm vdpbo`mmg jgj zmgn `dpkthtc Etxmrj Vmhm @maxdpj hjvdpctamg mcmx hmg `mlmg zmjxt rd`mnmj

`dpjatx ;

=' atcxtp Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte

0' edhjte atcxtp – gtxpjdgx `poxl –

2' EnRO8 6#= E rxdpjc

8' cmevt tcxpm yjocdx , TY 86 ~mxx *

4' Dpcdedzdp rxdpjc

9' 9 `tml xm`tgn pdmarj zmgn `drmp zmgn `dpjrj :#: ec edhjte – gtxpjdgx `poxl –

rxdpjc hmg hj`dpj cm`dc Hjc ‒ =# Hjc ‒ 0# Hjc ‒ 2# Hjc ‒ 4# Hjc ‒ 9# hmg Hjc ‒ >

>' 0 `tml xm`tgn pdmarj zmgn `drmp zmgn `dpjrj :#6 ec edhjte – gtxpjdgx `poxl –

rxdpjc hmg hj`dpj cm`dc Hjc ‒ 8 hmg Hjc ‒ <

<' 8 bm~mg Vdxpj zmgn `dpjrj edhjte vmhmx – gtxpjdgx mnmp – hmg hj`dpj cm`dc

GM % =# GM ‒ 0# GM ‒ 2# GM ‒ 8



:' 9 bm~mg Vdxpj zmgn `dpjrj edhjte vmhmx – gtxpjdgx mnmp – zmgn edgnmghtgn

mgxj `joxjb meo|jcjg 26 en/c , hmvmx ktnm mgxj`joxjb zmgn cmjg * hmg hj`dpj cm`dc

GMM ‒ =# GMM ‒ 0# GMM ‒ 2# GMM ‒ 8# GMM ‒ 4 hmg GMM ‒ 9

=6' `d`dpmvm xm`tgn pdmarj rxdpjc

==' vdgnmhta ndcmr `dp`dgxta C

=0' vjvdx rxdpjc `dptatpmg = ec hmg 6#= ec

=2' mcaoloc >6$

=8' vdgrjc cjcjg

=4' adpxmr amp`og

H' Vpordhtp Adpkm

Vmhm vdpbo`mmg jgj zmgn `dpkthtc Etxmrj Vmhm @maxdpj hjvdpctamg cmgnaml vdpbo`mmg zmjxt

rd`mnmj `dpjatx ;

=' @jmamg Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte zmgn hjvdpntgmamg mhmcml Mbldxo`mbxdp |zcjgte zmgn

xdcml hjxte`tlamg hj hmcme 866 ec – gtxpjdgx p̀oxl – rdcmem 08 kme vmhm rtlt 2>» B'

Aogrdgxpmrj `maxdpj hjhmcme edhjte jgj hjvdpajpmamg =6° rmemvj =6 `maxdpj vdp ejcjedxdp'

Atevtcamg `maxdpj jgj hdgnmg kmcmg hjrdgxpjitnmrj vmhm adbdvmxmg 066 ve rdcme 4 edgjx'

@tmgn rtvdpgmxmggzm# cmct hjpdrtrvdgrjamg ade`mcj hdgnmg >6 ec cmptxmg enro8 6#= ec

, lmc jgj hjcmatamg tgxta advdpctmg rdctptl adcmr *

0' Tgxta rdxjmv adcoevoa hjme`jc 0 ec rtrvdgrj `maxdpj xmhj

2' Hmpj 0 ec rtrvdgrj `maxdpj xmhj hjme j̀c emrjgn ‒ emrjgn 6#4 ec hdgnmg vjvdx rxdpjc

tgxta hj`jmaamg hj hmcme bm~mg Vdxpj zmgn `dpcm`dc GMM ‒ = hmg GMM ‒ 0' Edpmxmamg

xdxdrmg xdprd`tx hdgnmg vdgnmhta ndcmr `dp`dgxta C zmgn rxpdjc ad rdctptl vdpetammg

edhjte mnmp

8' Hmpj 0 ec rtrvdgrj `maxdpj , rjrmgzm * hjme`jc 6#= ec hmg hjemrtaamg hmcme xm`tgn

pdmarj zmgn `dpcm`dc HJC ‒ = hmg hjmhta hdgnmg yopxd|

4' Edgnme`jc o#= ec hmpj HJC ‒ = ad HJC ‒ 0 hmg hjbmevtp' Cmct edejghml 6#= ec hmpj

hjc ‒ 0 ad HJC ‒ 2 hmg hjbmevtp ljgnnm loeondg

9' Edgnme`jc rd`mgzma 6#4 ec hdgnmg vjvdx rxdpjc hmpj HJC ‒ 2 hmg hjxdxdramg ad edhjte

mnmp GM%= hjrd`mpamg rmevmj pmxm hdgnmg edgnntgmamg vdgnmhta ambm `dp`dgxta C zmgn

rxdpjc

>' Edgnme`jc = ec hmpj HJC %2 hjemrtaamg ad HJC ‒ 8 cmct hjbmevtp ljgnnm loeondg'

Cmct hjme j̀c 6#4 ec hmpj Hjc ‒ 8 hmg hjxdxdramg vmhm edhjte vmhmx GM ‒ 0 hmg hjpmxmamg

xdxdrmg xdprd`tx hdgnmg vdgnmhta ambm `dp`dgxta C zmgn rxdpjc' Zmgn vdpct mghm jgnmx



mhmcml `ml~m GMM ‒ = hmg GMM ‒ 0 hjxmgmej hdgnmg rtrvdgrj `maxdpj zmgn hj dgbdpamg

=6 ' GM ‒ = hjxmgmej rtrvdgrj `maxdpj zmgn hj dgbdpamg rmevmj =6%9 hmg GM ‒ 0 hjxmgmej

rtrvdgrj `maxdpj zmgn hj dgbdpamg rmevmj =6%> '

<' Rdrthml rdetm vdadpkmmg vmhm go = r/h > hjadpkmamg emam bm~mg Vdxpj zmgn xdcml

hjxmgmej hdgnmg `maxdpj hjjgat`mrj vmhm rtlt 2>» B rdcmem 08 kme' Vmhm rmmx hjjgat`mrj

bm~mg Vdxpj hj`mcja rdljgnnm `mnjmg edhjte mnmp `dpmhm hj mxmr' Lmc jgj tgxta edgkmnm

mnmp aocogj ‒ aocogj zmgn xte`tl xjhma adcjmlmxg am`tp ampdgm mhmgzm vdgnde`tgmg

:' Cmgnaml `dpjatxgzm mhmcml edgnme j̀c 86 ec rtrvdgrj `maxdpj hj hmcme cmptxmg enro8

6#= E hmg hjcdxmaamg hj hmcme bm~mg Vdxpj zmgn rxdpjc# edemrtaamg ad hmcme rtrvdgrj

xdprd`tx vdgnmhta emngdxjb zmgn rxdpjc cmct hjxdevmxamg bm~mg vdxpj xdprd`tx hj mxmr mcmx

vdgnmhta emngdxjb# xtxtvcml bm~mg Vdxpj xdprd`tx hmg rjgmpjcml hdgnmg TY , 86 ~mxx *

hdgnmg kmpma 26 be ‒ 86 be rdcmem 96 hdxja' Rdxdcml hjpmhjmrj hdgnmg TY hjxme`mlamg ad

hmcmegzm 26 ec – gtxpjdgx `poxl –# hjbmevtp ljgnnm loeondg hmg rdcmgktxgzm ede`mnj

rtrvdgrj `maxdpj xdprd`tx ad hmcme 0 dpcdedzdp zmgn rxdpjc' Rmxt dpcdedzdp hjxtxtv hdgnmg

adpxmr amp`og hmg hj `dpj cm`dc H' Rdhmgnamg dpcdedzdp zmgn rmxtgzm hj`dpj cm`dc C hmg

hj j̀mpamg xdpadgm rjgmp cmevt' Edgnjat`mrj adhtm dpcdedzdp xdprd`tx rdcmem 26 edgjx#

rdxdcml 26 edgjx edgnme`jc 0 ec rtrvdgrj `maxdpj `mja hmpj C emtvtg hmpj H cmct

edemrtaamg emrjgn ‒ emrjgn rtrvdgrj xdprd`tx ad hmcme 0 xm`tgn pdmarj zmgn rxdpjc'

=6' Edgnme`jc 6#4 ec rtrvdgrj `maxdpj hmg xm`tgn pdmarj zmgn hjjrj ocdl rtrvdgrj `maxdpj

zmgn xdphmvmx vmhm dpcdezdp zmgn `dpcm`dc C tgxta hjxmgmej vmhm GMM ‒ 2 hmg 6#4 ec cmnj

hjxmgme vmhm GMM ‒ 8' Edpmxmamg hdgnmg vdgnmhta ambm zmgn `dp`dgxta C hmg rthml rxdpjc'

==' Ede`tmx vdgndgbdpmg `dpxjgnamx hdgnmg kmcmg edgnme`jc 6#= ec atcxtp C tgxta

hjemrtaamg ad hmcme Hjc ‒ 4 hmg hjbmevtp ljgnnm loeondg' Cmct me`jc 6#= ec hmpj Hjc ‒ 4

hmg hjemrtaamg ad Hjc ‒ 9 cmct bmevtp' Me`jc 6#= ec hmpj Hjc ‒ 9 hmg vjghmlamg ad Hjc ‒ >

cmct bmevtp' Vdgndgbdpmg jgj mhmcml =6%9'

=0' Edgnme`jc 6#4 ec hmpj Hjc ‒ > hmg hjxdxdramg vmhm edhjte mnmp GM ‒ 2 hmg hjrd`mp

hdgnmg ambm vdgnmhta C zmgn rxdpjc

=2' Edgnme`jc = ec hmpj Hjc ‒ > hmg hjemrtaamg ad Hjc ‒ < cmct bmevtp' Jgj mhmcml

vdgndgbdpmg =6%>'

=8' Edgnme`jc 6#4 ec hj Hjc ‒ < hmg hjxmgme vmhm edhjte mnmp GM ‒ 8 hmg hjrd`mp

hdgnmg ambm vdgnmhta C zmgn rxdpjc'

=4' Edgnme`jc 6#4 ec hmpj atcxtp H hmg hjxmgme vmhm GMM ‒ 4 hmg hjme`jc cmnj 6#4 ec

tgxta hjxmgme vmhm GMM ‒ 9 cmct hjrd`mp hdgnmg vdgnmhta ambm `dp`dgxta C



=9' Ede`tmx vdgndgbdpmg `dpxjgnamx hdgnmg kmcmg edgnme`jc 6#= ec atcxtp H tgxta

hjemrtaamg ad hmcme Hjc ‒ 4 hmg hjbmevtp ljgnnm loeondg' Cmct me`jc 6#= ec hmpj Hjc ‒ 4

hmg hjemrtaamg ad Hjc ‒ 9 cmct bmevtp' Me`jc 6#= ec hmpj Hjc ‒ 9 hmg vjghmlamg ad Hjc ‒ >

cmct bmevtp' Vdgndgbdpmg jgj mhmcml =6%9'

=>' Edgnme`jc 6#4 ec hmpj Hjc ‒ > hmg hjxdxdramg vmhm edhjte mnmp GM ‒ 4 hmg hjrd`mp


=<' Edgnme`jc = ec hmpj Hjc ‒ > hmg hjemrtaamg ad Hjc ‒ < cmct bmevtp' Jgj mhmcml

vdgndgbdpmg =6%>'

=:' Edgnme`jc 6#4 ec hj Hjc ‒ < hmg hjxmgme vmhm edhjte mnmp GM ‒ 9 hmg hjrd`mp


06' Edgnjat`mrj `maxdpj zmgn xdcml hjxmgme hmcme bm~mg Vdxpj xmhj rdcmem 08 kme vmhm

rtlt 2> » B hdgnmg vorjrj xdp`mcja , cmvjrmg mnmp hj mxmr *

0=' Rdrthml 08 kme# edgnljxtgn ktecml aocogj `maxdpj vmhm rdetm bm~mg Vdxpj hmg

edgbmxmx ktecml

Nme`mp ; Radem adpkm etxmrjndgdrjr vmhm `maxdpj



@M@ JY

LMRJC MGMCJRJR HMG VDE@MLMRMG

=' Lmrjc

Hmxm zmgn hjvdpocdl hmpj vdpbo`mmg zmgn xdcml hjcmatamg ocdl adcoevoa amej mhmcml

rd`mnmj `dpjatx ;

Cm`dc

Bm~mg

Vdxpj

Ktecml

Aocogj

@maxdpj

Imaxop

aopdarj

Ktecml Aocogj

Rdrthml

Vdgndgbdpmg Imaxop

Aopdarj

Pmxm %

PmxmAdxdpmgnmg

GMM%= 08 = 08

Xjhma Hj`dpj TY GMM%0 =< = =<

GM%= 9: =6%9 9: =69

GM%0 =:4 =6%> =:4 =6>

GMM%2 => = =<

Hj`dpj TY#

Hjadgmj bmlmzm

GMM%8 =0 = =0

GM%2 8< =6%9 8< =69

GM%8 2> =6%> 2> =6>

GMM%4 == = =0

Hj`dpj TY#

Hjxtxtv Adpxmr

amp`og

GMM%9 : = :

GM%4 02 =6%9 02=69

GM%9 =4 =6%> =4 =6>

0' MgmcjrjrHmxm

Bm~mg vdxpj GMM%=# GMM%0# GM%= hmg GM%0 edptvmamg bm~mg vdxpj zmgn xjhma hj`dpj

pmhjmrj rjgmp TY' Vmhm bm~mg vdxpj GM%= xdphmvmx 9: aocogj `maxdpj Mbldxo`mbxdp |zccjgte' Vmhm

bm~mg Vdxpj GM%0 ktecml aocogj cd`jl `drmp zmjxt=:4 aocogj' Vmhm bm~mg vdxpj GMM%= xdphmvmx

08 aocogj `maxdpj Mbldxo`mbxdp |zccjgte' Vmhm bm~mg Vdxpj GMM%0 ktecml aocogj cd`jl `drmp

zmjxt =< aocogj'

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rjgmp TY hmg xjhma hjxtxtv ocdl adpxmr amp`og' Vmhm bm~mg vdxpj GMM%2 xdphmvmx =< aocogj' Vmhm

bm~mg vdxpj GMM%8 xdphmvmx =0 aocogj' Vmhm bm~mg vdxpj GM%2 xdphmvmx 8< aocogj `maxdpj

Mbldxo`mbxdp |zccjgte' Vmhm bm~mg Vdxpj GM%8 lmgzm xdphmvmx 2> aocogj'



Bm~mg vdxpj GMM%4# GMM%9# GM%4 hmg GM%9 edptvmamg bm~mg vdxpj zmgn hj`dpj

pmhjmrj rjgmp TY xdxmvj hjxtxtv ocdl Adpxmr amp`og' Vmhm bm~mg vdxpj GMM%4 xdphmvmx =0 aocogj

`maxdpj hmg GMM%9 xdphmvmx : Mbldxo`mbxdp |zccjgte' Vmhm bm~mg vdxpj GM%4 xdphmvmx 02 aocogj

`maxdpj Mbldxo`mbxdp |zccjgte' Vmhm bm~mg Vdxpj GM%9 xdphmvmx =4 aocogj'

m' Ipdatdgrj etxmrj rvogxm

∝ aocogj vmhm GMM%= hmg GMM%0 5 08 ! =<

0 0

5 0=

∝ aocogj vmhm GM%= hmg GM%0 5 9:'=69 ! =:4'=6>

0 0

5 =6#= =68

ipdatdgrj etxmrj rvogxmg 5 ∝ aocogj vmhm GMM%= hmg GMM%0

∝ aocogj vmhm GM%= hmg GM%0

5 0= 5 0#6< =6%8

=6#='=68

̀ ' Ipdatdgrj vdgnjhtarjmg etxmrj ,hdgnmg vdpcmatmg xdpmgn*

∝ aocogj vmhm GMM%2 hmg GMM%8 5 =>!=0

0 0

5 =8#4

∝ aocogj vmhm GM%2 hmg GM%8 5 8<'=69 ! 2>'=6>

0 0

5 0#6: =68

Ipdatdgrj vdgnjghtarjmg etxmrj ,hdgnmg vdpcmatmg xdpmgn*

' ∝ aocogj vmhm GMM%2 hmg GMM%8 5 =8#4

∝ aocogj vmhm GM%2 hmg GM%8 0#6:'=68

5 9#:2 =6%8

b' Ipdatdgrj vdgnjghtarjmg etxmrj ,hdgnmg vdpcmatmg ndcmv*'

∝ aocogj vmhm GMM%4 hmg GMM%9 5 == ! :

0

5 =6

∝ aocogj vmhm GM%4 hmg GM%9 5 02'=69 ! =4'=6>

0 05 6#<> =68



Ipdatdgrj vdgnjghtarjmg etxmrj ,hdgnmg vdpcmatmg ndcmv*

' ∝ aocogj vmhm GMM%4 hmg GMM%9 5 =6

∝ aocogj vmhm GM%4 hmg GM%9 6#<> =68

5 ==#4 =6%8

2' Vde`mlmrmg

Hmpj hmxm hmg mgmcjrm hmxm hjmxmr# hmvmx hjadxmtj `ml~m rjgmp TY hmvmx edgnjghtarj

`maxdpj Mbdxo`mbxdp |zcjgte' Hmxm zmgn edghtatgngzm mhmcml ktecml aocogj `maxdpj

Mbdxo`mbxdp |zcjgte zmgn xdpetxmrj rvogxmg cd`jl `drmp hj`mghjgnamg ktecml aocogj `maxdpj

Mbdxo`mbxdp |zcjgte xdpetxmrj hjjghtarj ocdl TY 86 ~mxx `maxdpj hjxdevmx xdpmgn emtvtg hj

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xte`tl emrjgn%emrjgn 08 hmg =<' Tgxta etxmrj rvogxmg zmgn hjjghtarj TY 86 ~mxx vmhm

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ktecml aocogj zmgn xte`tl emrjgn%emrjgn => hmg =0' Rdhmgnamg tgxta etxmrj rvogxmg zmgn

hjjghtarj TY 86 ~mxx vmhm jgat`mrj rmevdc `maxdpj hjxdevmx ndcmv GMM%4 hmg GMM%9

,aoevorjrj edhjte GMM ! TY* ktecml aocogj zmgn xte`tl emrjgn%emrjgn == hmg :'

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emevt `dpxmlmg ljhtv xmgvm mhmgzm cmvjrmg jgj' @dpjatx rxptaxtp ajejm Meo|jccjg ;



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Edhjte hdgnmg aoevorjrj GMM ! TY `dpmpxj edhjte xdprd`tx rdcmjg edghmvmxamg

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bmlmzm ,hmpa pdvmjp*'

† Vmhm vdp`mjamg hdgnmg bmlmzm ,cjnlx pdvmjp* vmhm edhjm vdgte`tlmg GMM%2 hmg GMM%

8'

@maxdpj edejcjaj dg{je ioxocjmrd zmgn edgnntgmamg dgdpnj bmlmzm yjrj`cd tgxta

edejrmlamg jamxmg hjedp xjejg'

† Vmhm vdp`mjamg xmgvm bmlmzm ,hmpa pdvmjp* vmhm edhjm vdgte`tlmg GMM%4 hmg GMM%9'

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vdgzdndcmg ,rdmcjgn* ocdl dg{je HGM cjnmrd'



@M@ Y

VDGTXTV

M' Rjevtcmg

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vdpxte`tlmg `maxdpj'

@' Rmpmg@mnj emlmrjr~m zmgn mamg edcmatamg vpmaxjate etxmrj `maxdpj lmptr cd`jl

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ndcoe`mgn hmg cmem vdgzjgmpmg zmgn cd`jl ympjmxji'



HMIXMP VTRXMAM

Dghmgn' Vdgtgxtg vpmaxjate Ndgdxjam Etxmrj @maxdpj' @JOCONJ TGDRM RTPM@MZM

Rblcdndc' Lmgr N' =::8' Ejapo`joconj Tete' Zonzmampxm; Nmhkml Emhm Tgjydprjxz VpdrrRtpzo' NDGDXJAM' Zonzmampxm; Nmhkml Emhm Tgjydprjxz Vpdrr

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