l4 luluhawa dan b mendak

7/30/2019 L4 Luluhawa Dan b Mendak

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Luluhawa batuan mendak


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Learning objectives

luluhawa

1 Apa itu

2 Bagaimana

terjadi

3 Jenis2 luluhawa4 Faktor2 yg mempengaruhi

luluhawa

5 Impak/kesan

6 hasil

7 kepentingan


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Luluhawa suatu proses yang

berlaku di permukaan bumi untukmemecah dan menguraikan

batuan (break and decompose

rocks)Enviromen: terhad kepada sejauh

mana air tanah (groundwater)boleh menusuk masuk (penetrate)

ke dalam permukaan bumi


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luluhawa

Boleh dilihat sebagai destructive forces

- yang memecah, mengurai, mengubah

bentuk dan keadaan fizikal dan kimia batuan Boleh dilihat sebagai constructive forces

yang menghasilkan sedimen, membentuk

batuan mendak, mineral, mendapanmineral, landform baru


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Jenis2 luluhawa

1. Luluhawa fizikal

2. Luluhawa kimia

3. Luluhawa biologi


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1. Luluhawa fizikal

Memecahkan batuan yang bersaiz besar kepadabahagian yang lebih kecil

contoh: wedging (pembajian), exfoliation(pengelupasan), thermal expansion (kembanghaba), lelasan (abrasion), (wetting and drying (espin shales), pressure release by erosion ofoverburden


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Luluhawa fizikal

1 Frost wedging (pembajian ibun) water

expands when it freezes, breaking rocks

into angular fragments; lazim berlaku

dalam iklim temperat (ada ais)

Nota: apabila air menjadi ais, isipadu

meningkat sebanyak 10% => mebungkah

(pries) batuan


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talus terdapat di kaki bukit


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Luluhawa fizikal

2 Exfoliation (pengelupasan) bedrocks

(batuan hampar) breaks into flat sheets

along joints (kekar) which parallel the

ground surface. This phenomenon is

caused by expansion of rock when the

pressure of overlying rock is removed by

erosion => sometimes called unloading

Apa itu kekar?


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Exfoliation Stone Mt


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exfoliation


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exfoliation


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Active exfoliation Stone Mt


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goblin


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Mt Kinabalu


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Mt Kinabalu


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Mt Kinabalu


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4 Lelasan (abrasion)

Batuan menjadi lebih kecil hasi drpd

pergeseran dan pelanggaran semasa

terangkut, contohnya di dasar sungai

Glasial, ombak dan angin juga boleh

menjadi agen lelasan


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Kelebihan kimia fizikal

Luluhawa fizikal memecahkan batuan ke

saiz yg lebih kecil => menyediakan lebih

banyak luas permukaan batuan bersaiz

kecil untuk tindakbalas kimia berlaku


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2. Luluhawa kimia

Memecahkan batuan secara kimia dgn

menambah atau menanggalkan (removing)

unsur2 kimia, mengubah unsur2 tersebut

menjadi bahan2 baru

contoh: dissolution (pelarutan), hydrolysis

(hidrolisis), oxidation (pengoksidaan)


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Luluhawa kimia

1 Dissollution (pelarutan) alters rocks by

removing soluble minerals => soluble ions

and insoluble ions => precipitate and

crystallize (dalam tasik atau laut)

Ex: pembentukan garam, batu kapur,

travertine

Batuan => ion larut/ tak larut => pemendakan


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Luluhawa fizikal

3 Thermal expansion (kembang haba) heat

causes action; cooling causes contraction

=> expand and contract at different rate

causes stresses along mineral boundaries.

Repeated heating and cooling => batuan

pecah


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Luluhawa kimia

2 Hydrolisis proses di mana feldspar are

weathered to form clay

Note: clay make up half of sedimentaryrocks on Earth

(Berapa jenis feldspar kita ada? Apakahkomposisinya?)


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Weathering of feldspar


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Beberapa contoh t/b kimia

A. Solution of carbon dioxide in water to form

acid

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H

+

+ HCO3-

B. Solution of calcite

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3

-

C. CaCO3 + H+ HCO3

- Ca2+ + 2HCO3-


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D. Chemical weathering of feldspar to form

clay mineral

2KAlSi3O8 + 2H

+

+ 2HCO3-

+ H2OK feldspar

Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 2HCO3

- + 4SiO2

clay mineral Silica in solutionor as fine solid

particles


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2KAlSi3O8

Al2Si

2O

5(OH)

4

K2O

Al2O36SiO2

Al2O3

2SiO22H2O

Cara jurutera bahan mengungkap formula

untuk memudahkan kefahaman


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Luluhawa kimia

3 oxidation the process by which iron-

bearing minerals (pyroxene, amphibole,

biotite) weather to produce iron oxides

Di kawasan tropik iron bearing

aluminosilicate => lateritic soils, red clayey

soils


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Oxidation reaction

4FeSiO3 + O2 +10H2O 4FeO.OH +

4H4SiO4

2Fe2SiO4 + 2O2 + 4H2O 4FeO.OH +

2H4

SiO4

Fe pyroxene

Fe olivine

Goetite


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3. Luluhawa biologi

Pemecahan batuan disebabkan oleh

tindakan organisma hidup spt tumbuh2an,

haiwan dalam tanah dan lichen (kulat? yang

hidup di atas batuan dan kayu)

Pengaruh => minimum


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Hasil luluhawa


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Weathering products


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Average daily temperatures range from aminimum of 25o C to a maximum of 33o C.

has an average annual rainfall of morethan 2500 mm

Malaysia


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Hujan dan suhu

driest

wettest


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Mineral stability in the weathering

environment

Mineral didapati tak stabil dalam enviromentertentu

Minerals which formed at high temperatureand pressures are least stable in theweathering environment and weather mostquickly

Minerals which formed at lower temperaturesand pressures are most stable underweathering conditions


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Rates of weathering


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Soil profile

D horizon

Fresh rocks


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Soil profile

Eluviation

illuviation

leaching


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Leaching/larutlesap: proses kimia yangmenghasilkan unsur larut dan tak larut.

Yang larut akan lesap ke bawah dalamprofil tanah sementara yang tak larut akanterkumpul di bahagian atas profil tanah =>warna membezakan lapisan tanah

Eluviation: removal of materials dissolvedor suspended in water

Illuviation: horizon of maximum

accumulation of suspended material orclay

Chelation: pembentukan kompleks kimia


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Laterite profile


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Acid run-off at gold mine


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bryce


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Oxidation effect


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Oxidation effects


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Staglatite-staglamite


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sinkholes


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Sinkholes (tanah benam)

Bagaimana terjadi?

Enviromental problem?


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Jenis2 tanah

Residual soil - laterit, iklim tropik

Transported soil till, loess, iklim temperat

Tanih - pelbagai jenis tanah

contoh: laterit, pedalfer, latosol,

paleosol


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Wentworth scale - grain size scale Particle name Particle diameter Gravel

Boulders > 256 mm

Cobbles 64 - 256 mm

Pebbles 2 - 64 mm

Granules 2 - 4 mm

Sand

Very coarse sand 1 - 2 mm Coarse sand 0.5 - 1 mm

Medium sand 0.25 - 0.5 mm

Fine sand 0.125 - 0.25 mm

Very fine sand 0.0625 - 0.125 mm Silt 1/256 - 1/16 mm

(or 0.004 - 0.0625 mm)

Clay < 1/256 mm(or < 0.004 mm) sesetengah

buku guna takrif


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Kitar batuan (Rock cycle)


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Hakisan (erosion)

The movement of weathered material from

the site of weathering. Primary agent is

gravity, but gravity acts in concert with

running water

pergerakan bahan terluluhawa dari tempat

luluhawa berlaku ke tempat ia ditemui


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Sedimentary cycle


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Malaysia bagaimana?


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Faktor yang mempengaruhi


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Faktor yang mempengaruhi

pembentukan tanah

1. Iklim (climate)

2. Batuan induk (parent material)

3. Relief (keadaan permukaan bumi)

4. Vegetation (tumbuhan)

5. Masa (time)


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Sambung => batuan mendak

(lihat beberapa transparensimengenai luluhawa)

Apa kesudahannya?


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Batuanmendak

apa

Bagaimanaterjadi

Perubahan sebelum, semasa dan

selepas pembentukan

jenis2

kepentingan

Apa kesudahannya?

Ciri2 utama Di mana


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Sediment = loose particulate material (clay,

sand, silt, gravel, etc.)

Sediment becomes sedimentary rock

through lithification, which involves:

Compaction

Cementation

Recrystallization (of carbonate sediment)

Hasil drpd luluhawa ialah sedimen

W t th l i i l


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Wentworth scale - grain size scale Particle name Particle diameter Gravel

Boulders > 256 mm Cobbles 64 - 256 mm

Pebbles 2 - 64 mm

Granules 2 - 4 mm

Sand

Very coarse sand 1 - 2 mm Coarse sand 0.5 - 1 mm

Medium sand 0.25 - 0.5 mm

Fine sand 0.125 - 0.25 mm

Very fine sand 0.0625 - 0.125 mm Silt 1/256 - 1/16 mm

(or 0.004 - 0.0625 mm)

Clay < 1/256 mm(or < 0.004 mm) sesetengah

buku guna takrif


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Ternary diagram Sand-Silt-Clay


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Kitar batuan (Rock cycle)


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Classification of sedimentary rocks

Hjulstrom Curve


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Hjulstrom Curve

Menghubungkait vel-size dgn proses (1939)

A Terrigenous (also called detrital or clastic)


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A. Terrigenous (also called detrital or clastic)

Terrigenous sedimentary rocks are derived fromthe weathering of pre-existing rocks, which havebeen transported to the depositional basin. Theyhave a clastic (broken or fragmental) textureconsisting of:

1.Clasts (larger pieces, such as sand or gravel)

2.Matrix (mud or fine-grained sedimentsurrounding the clasts)

3.Cement (the glue that holds it all together), suchas:

1.calcite2.iron oxide

3.silica


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Clasts and

matr ix

(labelled),and i ron oxide

cement

(redd ish brownco lor)


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Sand: Grain size 1/16 to 2 mm

Sandstone

If dominated by quartz grains = quartz

sandstone (also called quartz arenite)

If dominated by feldspar grains = arkose

If dominated by sand-sized rock fragmentgrains = lithic sandstone (also called

litharenite orgraywacke)

l t


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conglomerate

b i


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breccia

Q t d t


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Quartz sandstone

Arkose (mengandungi banyak feldspar)


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Arkose (mengandungi banyak feldspar)

Greywacke (sand-sized rock


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Greywacke (sand sized rock

fragments)

S G / / ( )


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Silt: Grain size 1/256 to 1/16 mm (gritty)

Siltstone


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Clay: Grain size less than 1/256 mm

(smooth) (< 2 micron)

Shale (if fissile)

Claystone (if massive)

Note: Mud is technically a mixture of silt and

clay. It forms a rock called mudstone (or

mudshale if fissile).

h l


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shale

k li


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kaolin


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B. Chemical/biochemical Sedimentary

Rocks

This group includes the evaporites, the

carbonates (limestones and dolostone),and the siliceous rocks. These rocks form

within the depositional basin from chemical

components dissolved in the seawater


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Evaporites - The evaporites form from theevaporation of water (usually seawater).

Rock salt - composed of halite (NaCl).

Rock gypsum - composed of gypsum

(CaSO4.2H20) Travertine - composed of calcium

carbonate (CaCO3), and therefore, also

technically a carbonate rock; travertineforms in caves and around hot springs.

Bonneville Salt Flats of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. The lake

bed is covered with rock salt which gives it the white color


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bed is covered with rock salt which gives it the white color.

The salt is mined by the Morton Salt Company.

gypsum


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gypsum

Gypsum crystals, Marion lake,


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yp y , ,

Australia


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Carbonate rock names:


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Micrite (microcrystalline limestone) - very fine-grained; may be light gray or tan to nearly black in

color. Made of lime mud, which is also calledcalcilutite.

Oolitic limestone (look for the sand-sized oolites)

Fossiliferous limestone (look for various types offossils in a limestone matrix)

Coquina (fossil hash cemented together; mayresemble granola)

Chalk (made of microscopic planktonic organismssuch as coccolithophores; fizzes readily in acid)

Crystalline limestone

Travertine (see evaporites)

Others - intraclastic limestone, pelleted limestone

Stromatolitic limestone


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Stromatolitic limestone

Batuan karbonat di Mexico


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Batuan karbonat di Mexico

Siliceous rocks - The siliceous rocks are thosewhich are dominated by silica (SiO2) They


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which are dominated by silica (SiO2). Theycommonly form from silica-secreting organisms

such as diatoms, radiolarians, or some types ofsponges. Chert is formed through chemicalreactions of silica in solution replacinglimestones.

Diatomite - looks like chalk, but does not fizz inacid. Made of microscopic planktonic organismscalled diatoms. May also resemble kaolinite, butis much lower in density and more porous).

Also referred to as Diatomaceous Earth. Chert - Massive and hard, microcrystalline

quartz. May be dark or light in color. Oftenreplaces limestone. Does not fizz in acid.

. Organic Sedimentary Rocks (Coals)

This group consists of rocks composed of organic


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This group consists of rocks composed of organicmatter (mainlyplant fragments). Because of this, theylack minerals (which must be inorganic, be definition).

These are the coals. In order of increasing depth ofburial (temperature and pressure):

Peat (porous mass of brownish plant fragmentsresembling peat moss)

Lignite (crumbly and black) Bituminous coal (dull to shiny and black; sooty;

layers may be visible)

Anthracite coal (extremely shiny and black, may

have a slight golden shine; low density; not sooty;technically a metamorphic rock due to hightemperatures and pressures to which it has beensubjected)

others


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others

There are several other interesting

sedimentary rock types: Ironstones -Oolitic hematite, banded iron formations

Abundance of sedimentary rocks


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Abundance of sedimentary rocks

Soalan


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Soalan

Maklumat apakah yang boleh dicerap dari

pemerhatian batuan mendak?

Senaraikan

Sedimentary Structures


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Sedimentary structures form in the basin of

deposition, as a result of the action ofnatural processes such as waves, currents,drying events, etc.

Beds or strata

Cross-bedding Graded beds

Ripple marks

-Current ripple marks (asymmetrical ripples)Oscillation or wave ripple marks(symmetrical ripples)

Mud cracks

Sedimentary Structures

Structures formed during deposition


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1-4, after deposition 5,6

1 2 3

4 5 6

Ripple marks


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Ripple marks

Graded bedding, Jurassic of New


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Jersey

Graded bedding


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Graded bedding

kasar

halus

kasar

halus

mudcracks bagaimana terjadi?


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mudcracks bagaimana terjadi?


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rounding


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rounding

sorting


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sorting

High energy enviroment Low energy enviroment

varves


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varves

Cross stratification (berlaku semasa

t i i i l t)


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transgression-regression air laut)

Important note


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Important note

Descriptive properties => interpretiveproperties

Geology => engineering

Objective: to aid planning, design,

construction, mitigation, conservation,

preservation

Sedimentary Environments


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Sedimentary environments are places where

sediments accumulate and sedimentary rocksform. They can be grouped into:

Terrestrial environments (non-marine)

Rivers (fluvial environment)/sungai)

Alluvial fans (kipas lanar)

Lakes (lacustrine environment)/tasik

- Swamps/paya

- Deserts (aeolian environment)

- Glacial environments


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Transitional environments (at the

transition between the marine and non-marine environments)

Beach and barrier islands

Delta Lagoons

Estuaries

M i i t


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Marine environments

Continental shelf Continental slope and rise (deep sea fans)

Abyssal plain

Reefs (karang)

Alluvial fan


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Alluvial fan


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Enviroment of sedimentary rx

SEDIMENTARY ENVIROMENTS


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AGENTS &


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AGENTS &

ENERGYSOURCES

ALLUVIAL


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ALLUVIAL

WIND ACTION (Eolian)


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WIND ACTION (Eolian)

Continental enviroment: fluvial


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Continental enviroment: fluvial


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layering


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beach


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Marine environment


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Depositional environments


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Model for landform development


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Fossils


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Fossils are the remains or traces of

prehistoric life.


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Facies - the characteristics of a unit ofsediments, which can be used to interpret

the depositional environment.

Batuan mendak


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Batuan hos kepada petroleum dan gas asli

Mendapan mineral spt Cu, Pb, Zn, Tungsten

dll


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a bit about Si

14Si

www.webelements.com


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28.0855(3)The essentials

Name: silicon

Symbol: Si Atomic number: 14

Atomic weight: 28.0855 (3) r

CAS Registry ID: 7440-21-3

Group number: 14

Group name: (none) Period number: 3

Block: p-block

Description

Here is a briefdescription of silicon.

Standard state: solid at 298 K Colour: dark grey with a bluish tinge

Classification: Semi-metallic
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Important facts


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Hydrolysis and condensation of substitutedchlorosilanes can be used to produce a verygreat number of polymeric products, orsilicones. These range from liquids to hard,

glasslike solids with many useful properties. Elemental silicon transmits more than 95%

of all wavelengths of infrared and and hasbeen used in lasers to produce coherent

light at 456 nm.

Isolation

Here is a brief summary of the isolation of silicon.

There is normally no need to make silicon in the
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/isolation.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/isolation.html


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There is normally no need to make silicon in thelaboratory as it is readily available commercially. Silicon

is readily available through the treatment of silica, SiO2,with pure graphite (as coke) in an electric furnace.

SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO

Under these conditions, silicon carbide, SiC, can form.However, provided the amount of SiO2 is kept high,

silicon carbide may be eliminated. 2SiC + SiO2 3Si + 2CO

Very pure silicon can be made by the reaction of SiCl4with hydrogen, followed by zone refining of the resultantsilicon.

SiCl4 + 2H2 Si + 4HCl


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Fakta penting mengenai Malaysia


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Most cities and large towns in the

Peninsula are located on a thin

surface alluvium over limestoneand granite.


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Malaysia is generally formed by highland,floodplain, and coastal zones (Figure 1.2 ).

In the Peninsula, the Banjaran Titiwangsa

from north to south divides the West Coastand East Coast states, while in Sarawak the

Banjaran Kapuas Hula and Banjaran Iran

border Indonesia. All of these ranges aregoverned by virgin forest


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Malaysia is warm and humid throughout theyear, as characterised by the equatorial

climate, and has an average annual rainfall

of more than 2500 mm with spatial variationshown in Figure 1 . 3 .


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In the Peninsula wettest area is Taiping in Perakwhilst the driest is Kuala Pilah in Negeri Sembilan

(Figure 1 . 5 ).

Average daily temperatures range from a

minimum of 25o C to a maximum of 33o C.

Relative humidity is high, sometimes exceeding

80%. Daytime cloudy hours are also high while

haze lately is a frequent occurrence that willcontribute to acid rains.


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Next lecture

on metamorphic rocks

l4 luluhawa dan b mendak

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