kuliah 1 mineralogi pendahuluan

8/11/2019 Kuliah 1 Mineralogi Pendahuluan

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Lecture 1 (9/6/2006)

Introduction to Mineralogy


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Mineralogy/Mineral Science

The study of the chemistry,

atomic structure, physicalproperties, and genesis of

minerals


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Subfields of Mineralogy

Descriptive Mineralogydocumenting physicaland optical properties

Crystal Chemistryrelationship of chemicalcomposition to atomic structure

Crystallographyrelationship of crystalsymmetry and form to atomic structure

Mineral Genesisinterpreting the geologic

setting in which a mineral forms from itsphysical, chemical, and structural attributes andits associated minerals


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Fundamental Position of Mineralogy

to all other Earth Science Disciplines Petrologythe study of the origin of rocks is largely

determined by evaluating the structure, texture,and chemistry of the minerals they contain.

Geochemistrystudy of the chemistry of earth materialswhich reflects the collective chemistry of theminerals they contain

Structural Geology and TectonicsDeformation of rocksis controlled by the orientation and crystal structureof its constituent minerals

Environmental Geology/Hydrogeologythe study of howthe biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphereinteracts with rock and minerals (the lithosphere).

Economic Geologystudy of the origin and beneficiationof mineral deposits


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Definition

A mineralis a naturally occurring

solid with a highly ordered atomicarrangement and a definite (butnot fixed) chemical composition.

It is usually formed by inorganicprocesses


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History of Mineralogy Mineral arts dates back to early human

civilization

Mineral science begins withRenaissance/ Age of Reason (Agricola,1556; Steno 1669)

1700s measurements of crystalgeometry and symmetry

Early 1800s precise measurements ofcrystal symmetry heralds the field ofcrystallography; analytical chemistryleads to chemical classification ofminerals

Late 1800s creation of polarizingmicroscope opens field of petrographyand the study of optical properties ofminerals


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History of Mineralogy (cont.)

Early 1900s - X-ray diffraction measurements allows forprecise measurement of internal symmetry and structureof minerals

1960development of the electron microprobe allowsfor accurate in situ analysis of mineral chemistry 1970development of transmission electron microscope

allow for visualization of atomic structure and symmetry 1980ion microprobe allow for study of isotopic

composition of minerals


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Economic

Importance of

Minerals


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Classification & Naming of Minerals

classified by major anionic components (oxides,silicates, sulfides, halides, ...)

new mineralsmust be accepted by theCNMNMNIMA after careful description of atomicstructure and chemical composition

namesfew rules (appearance, major chemical

attribute, location of discovery, discoverer...) some local notablespigeonite, grunerite,

hibbingite


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Next Lecture

Crystal Chemistry I

Composition of the Earth

Structure of Atoms

Elements and the Periodic Table

Ions, Cations, Anions and Valence States Read p. 38-56

kuliah 1 mineralogi pendahuluan

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