JILID 24, 2017 ISSN 0128-6048

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PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARA MALAYSIA

KEMENTERIAN PELANCONGAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN MALAYSIA

JURNAL FILOLOGI MELAYU

Jilid 24

KUALA LUMPUR PERPU STAKAAN NEGARA MALAYS IA

2017

SIOANG REOAKSI

PENASIHAT YBhg. Dato ' Nafisah binti Ahmad

Ketua Pengarah Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

EDITOR Dahlan bin Samad

Pengarah Perkhidmatal! Rujukan dan Maklumat

TIMBALAN EDITOR Faizal Hilmie bin Yusof

Timbalan Pengarah Pusat Kebangsaan Malluskrip Melayu

Mastura binti Hussin Penolong Pengarah

Pusat Kebangsaal! Manuskrip Melayu

Norida binti Abas @ Abdullah Pembantu Pustakawall

Pum l Kebangsaan Manuskrip Melayu

EDITOR BERSEKUTU Dr. Zahir bin Ahmad

Universili Malaya (UM)

Dr. Muhammad Mustaqim bin Muhammad Zarif Universiti SaillS Islam Malaysia (USIM)

DITERBITKAN OLEH Pusat Kebangsaan Manuskrip Malayu

Aras II , Menara Perpustakaan Negara Malays ia 232, Jalan Tun Razak 50572 Kuala Lumpur

Harga Jurnal Filologi Malayu JiJid 24, 2017 Malays ia RM20 .00

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-Pencrbi tan

Jurnal Filologi Melayu/Perpustakaan Negara Malays ia, 1992 -Kuala Lumpur: Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia, 1992-.

Jil .: 26 cm Tahunan ISS N 0128-6048

I. Malay philology - Periodi cals. II . Judul : ~u.. ~.,J~j:.,+?- = 899.2305

Hak cipta Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia 2017

I. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Jurnal Filologi Melayu.

* Para penulis makalah bertanggungjawab scpcnuhnya tcrhadap pcndapat-pcndapat yang tcrdapat dalalll Illaka lah masing-masing.

KANDUNGAN

Dari Meja Editor

ARTIKEL

A Document In Malay from TheAru Islands, 1872 Allllabel Teh Gallop

Pemikiran Politik Syeikh Daud al-Fatani dalam Nahj al-Raghibin Wa Sllbltl al-Mltttaqill Mllhammad Mllstaqim Molld Zarij Fai~al Hilmie Yllsoj

Deskripsi dan Anotasi Bahasa dalam Syair Jamad al-Qiamat Nadia tlll Shakillah billti Abdui Rahmall Sallllahjall billti Noor Muhammad Arba'ie bill Sltjlld

Muka Surat

7

9

21

36

Karya KClalancgaraan dalam MSS 3058 (MIIllyatlll Musalli-Tatmimul-Faedah) 48 Syeikh Daud AI -Fatani Hamdall Aziz

Kosmologi Kilab Tibb Melayu: Satu Penghayatan Awal 67 Syed Haashilll Bill Syed Abdlll Rahman Wall Fariza Alyati Wall Zakariya

Pengaruh Pemikiran Imam al-QurtubT dalam Manuskrip Sakarat ai-MauL 84 Sallllah Ahlllad Sllhaila Zai lalli @ Hj. Ahmad Syed Haashim bill Syed Abdlll Rahmall Allisah Ibrahim

Contributing Factors in Jawi Manuscripts Writing Development 95 NorllOsllira billti Ibrahim

Old But Gold: Your Valuable Sources from the Past 108 Ya~id Ibrahim

RESENSI BUKU

Phil ology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humaniti es oleh James Turner 120 Ahmad Hakimi bill Khaimddill Zahir bill Ahmad

DARI MEJA EDITOR

Syukur dipanjatkan kehadrat A llah Taala kerana dengan rahmat, kurnia , serta taufik dan hidayahNya kami dapat menyelesaikan penerbitan .Iumal Fil oloji Melayu, .Iilid 24, 2017 ini dengun j ayanya walaupun masih ban yak kekurangan di dalamnya. Berbanyak terima kasih kepada semua pengkarya makalah yang masih bersama-sama Pusat Kebangsaan Manuskrip Melayu bagi mcmartabatkan wari san bangsa ini. Wari san penuli san Melayu yang terakam dalam manuskrip Melayu mempunyai variasi ilmu seperti sej arah, kesusasteraan, bahasa, agama, ilmu tradisional Melayu, perubatan, sains teknologi dan sebagainya. Segal a vari asi ilmu yang terdapat didalamnya perlu di gali , di kaji dan diteliti dan selanjutnya di sebar agar scgala ilmu dan maklumat yang lerkandung dalam setiap naskhah manuskrip Melayu itu dapal dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat.

Dimaklumkan juga bahawu pada tahun 2017 ini , 5 naskhah manuskrip Melayu koleksi Pusat Kcbangsaan Manuskrip Melayu, PNM di bawahjudul Kitab Pan)i bersama kitab-kitab panji dari empal (4) buah negara yang lain iaitu Indonesia, Belanda, Briti sh dan Kemboj a telah mendapat pengiktirafan dari pada Memory of the World International Register. Pengiktirafan ini merupakan suatu lambang prestij kebijaksanaan bangsa Melayu yang perlu dipelihara sebagai wari san negara dan dunia.

Kcl uaran .Iurnal Filologi Melayu pada kali ini memuatkan sebanyak 8 buah artikel dan scbuah rescnsi buku hasil garapan dan kajian para intelek dan pakar dalam bidang manuskrip Mclayu. Arlikel -arlikel yang dimuatkan ke dalam Jurnal Filologi Melayu ini meran gkumi pclbagai bidang perkara dalam kajian ilmu persuratan Melayu iaitu A Document in Malay frolll the Am Islands. 1872, Pemikiran Politik Syeikh Daud al-Fatani dalam Nail) al-Raghibin wa SlIblll al-Mllttaqin , Deskripsi dan Anotasi Bahasa dalam Syair Jamad al­Qialllat . Karya Kctatanegaraan dalam M SS 3058 (Mllllyatlll Musalli Tatmimul Faedah ), Kosmologi Kitab T ibb Melayu: Satu Penghayatan Awal , Pengaruh Pemikiran Imam al­Qurtubi dalam Manuskrip Sakarat al-Mallt . Contribllting Factors in Jawi Manllskcripts Writing Development . Old Bill Gold: Your Valuable SOllrces from the Past dan resensi buku Philologhy: the Forgotten Origins of the Modern Hllmallities oleh .lames Turner.

Harapan kami , makalah ini dapat dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya dalam rangka menambah pengclahuan serta minal ki la lerhadap impak yang diwujudkan daripada hasil kajian pcnyclidik manuskrip Melayu kepada segenap lapi san masyarakat.

A Document in Malay from the Aru Islands, 1872

Annabel Teh Gallop

Introduction

One of the most tangible manifestations of the role of Malay as the lingua/ranca of maritime Southeast Asia is the existence of manuscripts written in the Malay language from localities scattered throughout the arch ipelago. Probably the greatest numbers of surviving Malay manuscripts originate from Sumatra, the Malay peninsula including the northern region of Patani, Java, and the coastal fringes of Borneo, from Brunei in the north to Banjarmasin in the south. Malay texts and letters are also found, albeit to a lesser extent numerically, in Bali , Lombok, Sumbawa, Sulawesi and the islands of Maluku including Ambon, Ternate and Tidore, and further north in Mindanao and Sull!. Relatively few Malay manuscripts are known, however, from the far east of the archipelago, although a chronicle in Malay has been documented in the Kei islands (Kaaltinen 20 I 0), and a recent catalogue of Arabic and Malay manuscripts from the vicinity of Sorong and Fakfak in Papua (Pudjiastuti 20 IS) confirms the presence of the Malay writing tradition in that part of the island of New Guinea, which traditionally came under the influence of the kingdom of Tid ore.

The scarcity of Malay manuscripts in the eastern islands bestows particular significance upon a Malay document from the Ani Islands, Icurrently the easternmost regency (kabupaten) in the Indonesian province of Maluku, located to the south of Papua. The document was written in 1872 and is addressed to the natural ist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), author of The Malay Archipelago, first published in 1869, whose contribution to the theory of evolution was as significant as that of Charles Darwin, and who had visited Aru in 1857. The document is of interest not so much for its contents as for its remote place of origin, its di stinguished recipient, and the strenuous recorded efforts to try to decipher it, including by two well-known scholars of Malay: Walter William Skeat2( 1866-1953) and Charles Otto BlagdenJ( 1864-1949). The original documents are all presented in the Appendix.

I . This le ller was firsl brought to my allemion in 201 3 by the Wallace Leners Online project al the Natural History Museu m <h I t p: Ilwww.nhm .ac .u k/research-cu ral i onlsc ien t i fi c-resourcesl co Ilect ions/ l i brary -collect io ns/w all ace­lellers-onlinelindex.html>. I would like to thank Henri Chambert -Loir for help wilh aspects of the Malay lext , and George Beccaloni for the reference to Cockerel l's journal published in Th e Queenslonder.

2. Skcat joined the Selangor Civil Service in 189 1, and subsequelllly served as District Ofllcer of Kelang, Hulu Langat and Kuala Langat. and later as District Magistrate of Larut , Perak . In 1899 he led the Cambridge University Expedition to the northeastern states of the Malay peninsula, but the toll on his health forced him to return to England . He is best known as author of Malay //logic (1900) and , with e.0. Blagden. Pagwl races of fh e Malay peninsula ( 1906).

3. Served in the Straits Selllcmcllls Civil Service 1888- 1897, and as lecturer and then reader in Malay at the School of Oriental and Afri can Studies , Uni versity of London, 19 17-1 935 ; for his joint publication with Skeat , see the previolls foo tnote .

10 I Jurnal Filologi Mclayu

The Malay Document from Aru

Among the correspondence of Alfred Russel Wallace now held in the British Library is a small sheet of blue paper with writing in Malay in Jawi (Arab ic) script (Add. MS. 46442 , f. 93; Appendix A) . According to a note on the reverse by one J. T. Cockere ll (Appendix B), the document was given to him in 1872 in the Aru Islands. Cockere ll expla ins that the letter was to be forwarded to Wallace from its author, who had pil oted Wallace up the Wanumbai Creek in Aru in 1857. Cockerell passed the letter on to Wallace, who eventua ll y received it in 1874.4

There is no sign that Wallace took any action over the letter until 1904, when he sent it to an Indian scholar, Syed Ali Bilgrami (1853- 1911) , in Cambridge. s Bi lgrami knew Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian, and , by his own account, a 'smattering ' of Malay, but despite consulting ' native Malays' about the letter, ended up returning it to Wallace in 1905 having been totally

unsuccessful in deciphering it (Appendix C, D). Wallace next sent the letter to W. W. Skeat in 1909. Skeat conferred with hi s frie nd and

collaborator e.O. Blagden, who sent back to Skeat a typed transli teration of the letter with some comments on the orthography (Appendi x G). Skeat sent this sheet to Wa llace with a letter in which he conveyed Blagden's provisional trans lat ion of the letter, w ith some comments of hi s own (A ppendix F).

The document is of interest as the on ly known written Malay source from Aru. It was written with care, but evidently by someone who was barely lite rate in Jaw i. It is therefore extremely hard to decipher and to interpret, as reflected in the comments of those charged with reading it. Bilgrami expla ined hi s lack of success: 'Jt is quite illegible and the letters are not properly formed and they are not j oined as in the ordinGlY rlrabic '(Appendix C). Blagden wrote to Skeat that the lette r was 'an extreme specimen of bad writing in the Arabic character and bad spelling of Malay .. . [ have read Malay MSS a lIIany, & bad ones not a few, but as bad a one as this [never saw before, & [ think it ought to be set at the next exam for the Malay bonus in the F MS. " referring to the financial premium for Malay-language skills fo r civil servants in the Federated Malay States. Skeat, howevel~ look a more nuanced view, and noted thaI it looked 'as ij' the writer were Il y ing unsuccessjidly to reproduce some peculiarities in the local pronouncialion, ('p 'jar 'b ',jar instance) because they are evidently not all accidental ' (Appendix F) .

The problem is that although most of the indi vidua l words in th is short docum ent can be read, the overall meaning of the text is unclear, as both the be leagured trans lators noted. Bilgrami pl aintive ly wrote to Sharpe, 'If Mr Wallace remembers the writer and can give some hint as to what he might mean, [ might try it again some other time' (Appendix C),

4. Information from Carol in.: CatChpole, Natural History Museum (pcrs. comm ., Mar 20 13).

5. Bilgrami was educated at Canning College Lucknow. and studicd at th.: Royal College of Mine;, in England . H.: entered the service of the Nizam of Hydcrabad in 1879. and was Exami ner in Sanskrit to the ni v.: r 'ity of Madras from 1890-2. In 190 1 Bilgrami rctired to sC llle in England . ami in 1902 was appolnt.:d Lectun:r in Marathi at th.: Uni vcrsity of Cambridgc. and to cataloguc thc Delh i Collection of ArabiC and Persian manuscript · at the India Officc (Rao 19 16).

JlIrnal Fi lologi Melayll / II

while Blagden commented 'the only person really competent to explain it (completely) is the yvriteJ; , but feared that he was doubtless long dead by that time (Appendix F) . With all these provisos and qualifications, Blagden and Skeat presented a tentative translation of the document, which they interpreted as a letter sent to Wallace from the people of Aru, inviting him to become their chief.

However, some crucial contextual information about the author of the document, and his intention in writ ing to Wallace, can be pieced together from information in Wallace 's book and Cockerell 's journal, leading to a very different reading.

Wallace and Cockerell in Aru

Wallace spent s ix months in Aru from January to June 1857, as described in chapters 30-33 of Tlfe Malay Archipelago. His main base was Dobbo (Dobo ),6 the chief settlement of the Aru islands, but he also spent six weeks in Wanumbai (Manumbai), a village in the interior of the island of Kobroor. When Wallace set out from Dobbo, his original pilot was the Orang Kaya (headman) of Wamma (Wamar) , the island on which Dobbo was situated. They first stopped for two weeks in a communal house inhabited by two or three families comprising ' about a dozen men, women and children ', situated on the banks of one of the rivers on the island of Wokam, probably located at the place labelled ' Nousei' on Wallace's map of Aru (Wallace 1893: 337-33 8) . During their visit, the Orang Kaya fe ll ill with a fever and asked to return home, and arranged for ' a man of the house' to replace him as pilot for Wallace 's onward journey to Wanumbai (Wallace 1893: 345).

Little is known of J.T. Cockerell other than that he was a professional naturalist from Australia, who was active in the period 1865 -1 891 in collecting specimens from the field. Accompanied by his son and crew, he was in Aru with his schooner 'Naturalist' on an expedition from 4 March to IS December 1872. 7 In hi s journal for 1872, he recounts how he came into possess ion of the document:

" May 3.- Got under way 10 a.m. , but wind dropping, we came to anchor again. The pi lot now gave us to understand that he knew Mr. Wallace well, and had gone with him to Wannumbai: al so that he had great respect for ' the Englishman,' in consequence of which he and his eldest son had taken the name of Wallace. He showed us a heavy s ilver-headed cane he had received from that gentleman, and which he seemed greatly to prize. When my son told him that he also knew Mr. Wallace, and had seen him lately, the pilot and his son kissed us all round three times on the forehead, and the old man said that he would write a letter in the Aru language stating the time of visit of Mr. Wallace, and where he went and what he did. The pilot performed his promise, and gave me one copy and asked me to forward the other to Mr. Wallace out of respect for ' the Eng li shm an.' His notes were taken from a well-written and well-cared for manuscript book. He seemed to be a man of a good education, and took notes of everything new that he saw, or that interested him in our conversations."g

6 The conl.:mporary forms of loponyms are given in brackels . 7 Cock.:r.: 11 I 87-1a . 8 Cockerell 1874b .

12 / Jurnal Filologi Mclayu

This journal entry, with its statement of the writer 's intent, is of critical value in helping to nudge the constituent elements of the Jawi document into a semblence of meaning.

The Manuscript

The document consists of one sheet of blue paper, measuring 20.5 x 18 cm. There is no watermark visible in the paper (now covered by a thin layer of tissue laminate) but it appears to be of European manufacture. There are 10 lines of Malay in Jawi script written in pencil. The writing is very careful but poor and unsteady, and the writer had a very shaky grasp of the conventions for writing Jawi, and in particular of the rules for joining letters from the right and to the left; for example the writer only knew the medial form of the letter nga, and not its final form. The text is fully vocalised. There are a number of crossings-out, and words inselted above the line.

Presented below are Blagden 's transliteration and translation. Blagden's typed transliteration is diplomatic, following exactly the peculiariti es of the original Malay letter, while his hand-written annotations (placed in curvy brackets { } below) offer a critical rendering of certain words. This is followed by some notes on the text, and then my own critical transliteration and translation.

Diplomatic and critical transliteration by Blagden (Appendix G)

bahuwa alamal ini sural deri ingalang {=ingalan} 1 dahulll kala deripada orang malayl y u nene muawayang {=nenek moyang} dapal lana ar(a?) (=Ianah anl(?)} sampi lana {=sampai lanah} wasir(?) 1 kompaniya {=kwl1pani} inkaris {=lnggris} dabal {=dapal} 1 sama kila orang malayy u walas {=Wa/lace} 1 yadi {=jadi} luwan kombamj,a {=kumpani} ingkaris {=lnggris} 1 kasi {=kasih} kant {=ka-A ru} sama (mana?) nene(k?) muwa {=mahu} diya 1 bunya {=dia punya} anaak susu muwa {=anak chuchu mahu?} anak 1 susu {=anak chuchu} muwa (writer 's mark) ? kabongwalaitJ) 1 amall7a aj ar marad ada-nya.

Translation bv Blagden and Skeat (Appendi x F)

'This is a letter of reminder of former times from the Malay(s) whose forefathers have possessed the land of Anl(?) as far as the land ofWasir(?). That the English Government may annex us Malays, & that Wallace may become the {Tuwan or Tuan} [local civil officer] given to AnI by the English Government. All alike the grandparents wish it & their children & grandchildren wish it [this last clause is repeated]. Kampong Walai ; the Imam teaches [me as his] scholar. '

My modernised critical transliteration is much indebted to Blagden, with certain modifications, and yet with a few crucial differences. Thus muwa which occurs three tim es in lines 7, 8 and 9, should be interpreted as [.s-ejll7ua, rather than Blagden's suggesti on of l170hll or mall.

More significant for the meaning of the document is the reading of the first four words in line 7. Blagden read kasi ka ru as kasi ka-Art!, 'give to AnI ', in the sense that Wallace