HUBUNGAN STRATEGI RANTAIAN BEKALAN DENGAN PRESTASI RANTAIAN BEKALAN DI DALAM INDUSTRI

AUTOMOTIF DI MALAYSIA

ABDUL AZIZ OTHMAN

DOKTOR FALSAFAH \ ! I

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA November 2012

HUBUNGAN STRATEGI RANTAIAN BEKALAN DENGAN PKESTASI KANTAIAN BEKALAN Dl DALAM INDUSTRI AUTOMOTIF DI

MALAYSIA

Oleh

ARIIUL AZlZ OTHMAN

Tesis Diserahkan kepada Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business

Universiti Utara Malaysia, Bagi Memenuhi Keperluan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah

O T H M A N YEOP A B D U L L A H G R A D U A T E S C H O O L O F BUSINESS U n i v e r s i t i Utara M a l a y s i a

P E R A K U A N K E R J A TESIS I DISERTASI (Cerfif ication o f thes is / disserfat ion)

Kami, yang bertandatangan, memperakukan bahawa (We, the undersigned, certify that)

ABDUL AZlZ BIN OTHMAN

calon untuk ljazah DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (candidate for the degree of)

telah mengemukakan tesis I disertasi yang bertajuk: (has presented hisher thesis /dissertation of the following title):

HUBUNGAN STRATEGI RANTAIAN BEKALAN DENGAN PRESTASI RANTAIAN BEKALAN Dl DALAM INDUS'TRI AUTOMOTIF Dl MALAYSIA

seperti yang tercatat di muka surat tajuk dan kulit tesis I disertasi. (as it appears on the title page and front cover of the thesis /dissertation).

Bahawa tesisldisertasi tersebut boleh diterima dari segi bentuk serta kandungan dan meliputi bidang ilmu dengan memuaskan, sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan oleh calon dalam ujian lisan yang diadakan pada : 2 Oktober 201 2. That the said thesis/dissertation is acceptable in form and content and displays a satisfactory of study as demonstrated by the candidate through an oral examination held on: 2 October 201 2.

Pengerusi Viva Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shahimi bin Mohtar Tandatangan ,d ''

(Chairman for Viva) (Signature) ,(' / I

Pemeriksa Luar a Prof. Dr. Abu Bakar bin Sade

Tandatanga (External Examiner) (Signature)

Pemeriksa Luar : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairul Anuar bin Mohd Ali Tandatangan (External Examiner) (Signature)

Tarikh: 2 October 2012 (Date)

s

Nama Pelajar : Abdul Aziz bin Othman (Name of Student)

Tajuk TesislDissertation Hubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dengan Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan I

(Title of the Thesis/ Dissertation) : di dalam lndustri Automotif di Malaysia

Program Pengajian (Programme of Study)

: Doctor of Philosophy

Nama PenyelialPenyelia-penyelia : Prof. Dr. Rushami Zien bin Yusoff (Name of SupervisorlSupervisors)

Tandatangan (Signature)

KEBENARAN MERUJUK

Tesis ini dikemukakan sebagai memenuhi keperluan pengurniaan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah daripada Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). Saya dengan ini bersetuju membenarkan pihak perpustakaan {Jniversiti Utara Malaysia mempamerkannya sebagai bahan rujukan umum. Saya juga bersetuju bahawa sebarang bentuk salinan sama ada secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian daripada tesis ini untuk tujuan akademik perlulah mendapat kebenaran daripada Penyelia Tesis atau Dekan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate of Business terlebih dahulu. Sebarang bentuk salinan dan cetakan bagi tujuan komersial adalah dilarang sama sekali tanpa kebenaran bertulis daripada penyelidik. Pernyataan rujukan kepada penyelidik dan Universiti Utara Malaysia perlulah dinyatakan jika rujukan terhadap tesis ini dilakukan.

Kcbenaran untuk menyalin aiau n~enggunakan tesis ini salna ada secara sebahagian atau sepenuhnya hendaklah dipohon melalui:

Dekan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business

IJniversi ti Utara Malaysia 0601 0 UllM Sintok Kedah Darul Aman

Malaysia

ABSTRAK

Pengurusan rantaian bekalan adalah salah satu pendekatan alternatif yang boleh digunakan dalam industri automotif, untuk mencapai tahap persaingan kompetitif yang lebih tinggi. Pelbagai cabaran dan permasalahan dapat ditangani secara kornpetitif melalui pengurusan rantaian bekalan yang efisien dan efektif. Bagi menjelaskan atau mengkaji isu keselarasan di dalam pengurusan rantaian bekalan, satu kerangka kajian telah dibangunkan melalui kajian ini. Kerangka kaJian ini menghuraikan hubung kait antara strategi rantaian bekalan dengan prestasi rantaian bekalan melalui peranan mediasi amalan rantaian bekalan. Selain itu, kerangka ini juga menghuraikan peranan moderasi amalan pengurusan kualiti terhadap peningkatan prestasi rantaian bekalan. Untuk mengu-ji kerangka kajian tersebut, pendekatan kuantitatif yang menggunakan kaedah soalselidik telah digunakan. Sebanyak 275 borang soalselidik telah diedarkan kepada organisasi pembckal dalam industri automotif di Malaysia. Daripada jumlah itu, hanya 65 borang soalselidik dipulangkan dan dapat digunakan untuk fasa penganalisaan data. Data tersebut dianalisa rnenggunakan pendekatan statistik diskriptif dan statistik inferensi. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa strategi rantaian bekalan adalah peramal yang lemah kepada prestasi rantaian bekalan tetapi merupakan peramal yang kuat kepada amalan rantaian bekalan. Ini menunjukkan perlunya amalan rantaian bekalan dalam menjadikan strategi rantaian bekalan yang dibangunkan dapat menjumbang kepada peningkatan prestasi. Ujian pengaruh mediasi yang telah dijalankan membuktikan bahawa amalan rantaian bekalan bertindak sebagai mediasi selnpurna terhadap hubungan stratcgi dengan prestasi rantaian bekalan. Selain itu, dapatan kajian ini juga rnembuktikan amalan pengurusan kualiti bertindak sebagai pembolehubah moderasi terhadap hubungan strategi dengan prestasi rantaian bekalan. Lebih penting, kajian ini rnendapati bahawa amalan pengurusan kualiti yang diarnalkan pada tahap tinggi bolch bertindak sebagai strategi yang dapat meningkatkan prestasi rantaian bekalan. I3asil kajian ini diharapkan dapat menyumbang ke arah percambahan ilmu pengetahuan berkaitan bidang pengurusan rantaian bekalan, bukan sahaja untuk penggunaan dalam dunia akademik, tetapi juga membantu penlain industri dalain pelaksanaan pcngurusan rantaian bekalan yang lebih efisien dan efektif.

Katakunci: Strategi Rantaian Rekalan, Amalan Rantaian Rekalan. Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti, Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan, Industri Automotif

ABSTRACT

Suppl? chain management is an altemati~re approach used i l l the automoti\e industrj to acliiecc higher le\cls of competiti\encss. Many challenges ancl problenis can be resol \ ed competitive1 j through efficient and ef'kcti\ e supplj chain. 111 examining the issues of consistency i l l supplj chain management. a conceptual iramc\\ork has been deleloped. This fiame\vork elaborates the rclationship between supply chain strategy and supply chain perfomiaiicc tlirough thc mediation role of supplj. chain practices. In addition. this fi-anie\\ork also describes the moderating role of quality management practices in enhancing supply chain performance. For the purpose of testing the research framcc\ork. a quantitative approach using s ~ n - ~ q method \\ac eniploycd. A total of 275 cluestionnaire sets \\ere distributed to automoti\e component suppliers located in hqalajsia. Out of that number. 65 questionnaire sets \\ere returned aiid usable for the data analysis. 'l'lie collected data \\ere analysed using descripti\ c statistics and inferential statistics approaches. fhc results slio\\cd that supplj cliain strategy is a poor predictor of supp l~ chain perli)rniance but it can be a strong PI-edictor of' supplj chain psacticc5. This illustrates the need of practices in ensuring the dc~reloped strateg!, can contribute touard inipro~ ed supplj chain perfor~nance. '1-he conducted test of mediatioli cffcct slio\\ed that tlic supply chain practice acts as a f i l l1 mediator to\\l.ards relationship betneen supply chain strategy and pt.rfi)rniance. I his study has also pro! cn that qualit) management practices can plajr the role as a moderating ~ar iab le in the relationship betneen supply cliain strategy and perfol-mance. hlore impni-tantlj, this study rcbcalcd that if quality management practices had hcen applied at a high le\.cl. it could act as a st]-ategl to enhance supply chain performance. I t is hoped that the lindings can contribute t o ~ a r d the enrichment of kno~vledge in the supply chain management area and also help the industr~. players in managing supply chain more cfficicntlj~ and cffcctii e l l .

Keywords: Supply Chain Strategy, Supply Chain Practices, Quality Management Practices, Supply Chain Performance, Automotive Industry

PENGHARGAAN

Dengan Nama Allah Yang Maha Pemurah Lagi Maha Mengasihani

Assalamualaikun~ 1% Salam Sejahtera

Pertamanya dipanjatkan kesyukuran kepada Allah SWT dengan limpah dan izin

kurnialVya dapat saya menyiapkan tesis ini. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha

Pengampun dan Maha Mendengar.

Ucapan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga ditujukan kepada Prof Dr Rushami Zien

Yusoff yang tanpa jemu membimbing dan menyumbangkan ilmu dalam

lnelengkapkan pengajian saya. Ucapan lerima kasih ini juga ditujukan kepada

pihak penilai dalaman dan luaran atas kesanggupan meluangkan masa untuk

inenyemak tesis ini dan mcmberikan sumbangan buah fikiran bagi

penan~bahbaikan tesis ini. Penghargaan ini turut ditujukan kepada senlua sahabat-

sahabat di atas pengorbanan dan pertolongan yang diberikan sepanjang liku-liku

perjuangan pengajian saya. Tidak lupa juga ucapan terima kasih kepada pihak

Kerajaan Malaysia, Universiti Utara Malaysia, senlua yang lerlibat secara langsung

atau tidak langsung dalam pembikinan tesis ini.

Akhir sekali, ucapan terima kasih tidak terhingga kepada seluruh ahli keluarga

saya yang dikasihi terutamanya ibubapa saya Hanisah Hanafi dan Othman Ahmad,

isteri dan anak-anak saya yang tercinta Rohana Husin, Muhammad Aliff Aiman.

Nur Irdina lman dan Muhammad Haniff' Hussainy. Hanya Allah jua yang dapal

membalas pengorbanan, sokongan dan irigan doa yang diberikan.

Sekali lagi, saya mengucapkan ucapan terima kasih kepada selnua yang terlibat

secara langsung dan tidak langsung dalam menyiapkan tesis ini dan hanya Allah

jua yang dapat membalas jasa baik kalian semua.

"Ya Allah, Jadiklnlah uku insun yung berguna kepada uguma, bangsa dun

negura "

IS1 KANDUNGAN

Muka Surat

TAJUK MUKA SURAT YERAKUAN KERJA TESIS KEBENARAN MERU-JUK ABSTRAK ABSTRACT PENGHARGAAN IS1 KANDIJNGAN SENARAl DAFTAR JADUAL SENARAl DAFTAR RAJAH SENARAl SINGKATAIV TATANAMA

BAR SATU - PENGENALAN KAJlAN 1.0 PENGENALAN 1.1 LA'T'ARBELAKANG KAJIAN 1.2 PENYATAAN MASALAW 1.3 PERSOALAN KAJIAN 1.4 OBJEKTIF KASIAN 1.5 KEPENTINGAN KAJIAN 1.6 SKOP DAN LIMITASI KAJTAN 1.7 DEFINISI OPERA I'IONAL 1.8 SUSIJNATIIR TESIS

BAB D1JA - KAJIAN LITERATUR 2.0 PENGENALAN 2.1 PENGURUSAN RAN'I'AIAN BEKALAN

2.1 .1 Definisi Pengurusan Rantaian Bekalan 2.1.2 Matlamat dan Kepentingan Pengurusan Rantaian Bekalan 2.1.3 Keperluan Rantaian Bekalan di dalam lndustri Automotif

2.2 PRESTASI KANTAIAN BEKALAN 2.2.1 Lead-Time 2.2.2 Kos 2.2.3 Inovasi 2.2.4 Masa ke Pasaran. 2.2.5 Fleksibiliti

2.3 STRATEGI RANTAIAN BEKALAN 2.3.1 Rantaian Bekalan Lean 2.3.2 Rantaian Bekalan Agile 2.3.3 Rantaian Bekalan Hybrid 2.3.4 Perbezaan Antara Jenis Strategi Rantaian Bekalan 2.3.5 Kajian-kajian Lepas

2.4 AMALAN RANTAIAN BEKALAN 2.4.1 Perkongsian Maklumat 2.4.2 Kualiti Maklumat 2.4.3 Perkongsian Strategik Pembekal

I . . 11

iv v vi vii ... V l l l ... X l l l

xv xvi

Muka Surat

2.4.4 Hubungan Pelanggan 68 2.4.5 Kajian-kajian Lepas 6 9

2.5 AMALAN PENGUKUSAN KUAL,ITl 7 1 2.5.1 Definisi Kualiti 7 1 2.5.2 Pembangunan Konsep Pengurusan Kualiti 74 2.5.3 Pengukuran Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti 7 7 2.5.4 Dimensi Pengukuran Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti 8 1

2.5.4.1 Sokongan Pengurusan Atasan 8 1 2.5.4.2 Penambahbaikan Berterusan 8 3 2.5.4.3 Penandaarasan 8 4 2.5.4.4 Penglibatan Pekerja 8 6 2.5.4.5 Ganjaran dan Pengiktirafan 88 2.5.4.6 Pendidikan dan Latihan 89 2.5.4.7 FokusPelanggan 9 1

2.5.5 Kajian-kajian Lepas 9 3 2.6 kIUBUNGAN ANTARA PEMBOLEHUBAH-PEMBOLEHUBAH

KAJ I AN 96 2.7 I'EORI ASAS KERAlVGKA KAJIAN 9 8

2.7.1 T'coriSistem 9 9 2.7.2 'I'eori Kontingensi 101

2.8 JURANG ILMU KAJIAN 1 04 2.9 RUMUSAN BAB 105

BAB TIGA - REKARENTUK DAN METODOLOGI KAJIAN 3.0 PENGENALAN 3.1 PENGENALAN KAJIAN 3.2 JENIS KAJlAN 3.3 REKABENTUK KAJIAN 3.4 I IIPOTESIS KAJIAN 3.5 KERANGKA KAJIAN. 3.6 INSTRUMEN KAJIAN

3.6.1 Pembolehubah Bersandar 3.6.1.1 Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan

3.6.2 Pembolehubah Tidak Bersandar 3.6.2.1 Rantaian Bekalan Lean 3.6.2.2 Rantaian Bekalan Agile 3.6.2.3 Rantaian Bekalan Hyhl-id

3.6.3 Pembolehubah Mediasi 3.6.3.1 Amalan Rantaian Bekalan

3.6.4 Pembolehubah Moderasi 3.6.4.1 Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti

3.7 SKALA PENGUKURAN 3.8 UJIAN VALIDITl DAN RELIABILITI INSTRUMEN

3.8.1 Ujian Validiti 3.8.2 Ujian Reliabiliti

3.9 POPLT1,ASI KAJIAN 3.1 0 KAEDAH PERSAMPELAN

3.10.1 Saiz Sampel 3.1 1 STRATEGI DAN KAEDAI-4 KUTlPAN DATA 3.1 2 ANALISIS DATA 3.13 UJIAN PILOT FASA 1 : Q-SORT VA1,TDITT

3.13.1 Q-Sort: I'enibangunan Skala 1.13.3 Q-Sort: Proscdur I'eriyusunan dan Kcbolehpercayaan ilntara

l'en~beri Tiatinp (h7icr Rr~icr.) 3.13.3 Dapatan Analisis Q-Sort

3.1 3.3.1 Dapatan Penyusunan Pusingan Pertalna 3.13 2 . 2 Dapatan Penyusunan Pusingan Kedua 3.13.3.3 Dapatan Penyusunan Pusingan Ketiga

3.14 RUMIJSAN HAB

Muka Surat

136 136 137 143 144 145

RAB EMPAT - ANALISIS DAN DAPATAN KAJIAN 154-219 4.0 PJ*,h'GI3NAI.AN 154 4.1 1.A lAKI3L:I .AK/ING PI.,NGI i MI'UI A% IlA'[ ' iZ 154

4.1.1 Kadar h4aklu1nbalas 154 4.2 IiESI'ONUENK/\.IIAN 156

4.2.1 Proi'ail Kcsponclen 156 4.2.2 I'rofail Orga~lisasi 158 4.2.3 t l.jian Rc.y~orz.,cj Bio, 160

4.3 S A R I N C ~ A ~ ~ AN I'F;MI~I-~I~SJ I IAN [)A 1-,I 161 -1.3.1 Validiti 163

4.;. 1 . 1 I'cnlbolehubah Stratcgi liantaian Bekalan 166 4.3.1.1.1 Analisis Faktnr Rantaian Rckalan L c t r ~ ~ 166 4.3.1.1.3 Analisis 1:ahtor Rantaian I3ekalan .-lgilt. 167 4.3. I . 1.3 Analicis Faktor liantaian Hchalan IIj .h~id 168

4 . . 1.2 I'embolcliubah Amalan Rantaian Bekalan 170 4.3.1.2.1 Analisis FaLtor Kakan I'embekal Strategik 170 4.3.1 2 .2 Analisis Faktor Pcrhubungan Pclanzgan 171 4.3.1.2.3 j2nalisis 1;aktor '17ahap I'crkongsian

Maklumat 173 4.3.1.2.4 Analisis Faktor Kualiti hilaklumat 1 74

4.3.1.3 Penibolehubah Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti 175 4.3.1.3.1 Analisis Faktor Kolnit~nen Pcngurusan

'fertinggi 175 4.3.1.3.2. ilnalisis Fahtor Fokus Pelanggan 176 4.3.1.3.3 Analisis Faktor Penglibatan Pekerja 178 4.3.1.3.4 Analisis Faktor Pcndidikan dan I_atihan 179 4.3.1 2 . 5 Analisis Faktor Penambahbailian

De~lerusan 180 4.3.1 2 . 6 Analisis Fahtor Ganjaran clan Pengiktirafi~n 182 4.3.1.3.7 Analisis Faktor Pcnandaarasan 183

4.3.1.4 Pe~nbolehubah Prestasi Rantaia~i Hekalan 184 4.3.1.4.1 Analisis Faktor 1,ead Tir77tp 184 4.3.1.4.2 Analisis Faktor Kos Efehtif 185 4.3. I .4.3 Analisis Faktor lnovasi 186

Muka Surat 4.3.1.4.4 Analisis Faktor Masa ke Pasaran 187 4.3.1.4.5 rlnalisis Faktor 1;lcksibiliti 188

4.3.2 I1 jian KebolcIiperca\aan (Rc~~lihili t) . I i ~ s l ) 189 4.4 I'EKr\hlB~lI IBAlK.;r\K KERANGKA K.ZJ IAN Sk,I,EPAS AN:\LISIS

I-AK I OK 191 4.5 ANA1,ISIS 1)ISKKII' 1'11: '1 EKI IA[)iZP PI<MI301.I111l!B/ZIi 192 4.6 P1:KSYARATAN 1JS1AN 194

4.6.1 Ujian Nonnaliti 194 4.6.7 Ll.jian l,i~icariti 195 4.6.3 Oullier Multivuriute 1 96 4.6.4 I!iian hlultil\olineariti 196

4.7 PEh'GUJlhN IHJPOTESIS 197 4.7.1 11 jian Kolerasi Pe(~r.\.orz 199 4.7.2 l [jian Analisis Kcgresi Rcrganda (/Ll~il/iplc Kcgre.o.oioi) 20 1

4.7.2.1 IIubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dengan Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan 201

4.7.2.2 Hubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dengan Anialan Kantaian Behalan 203

4.7.3 lJjian Kesan Mediasi Amalan Rantaian Bekalan Terhadap Hubungan Stratcgi Rantaian Bekalan Dan Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan 206

4.7.4 Kcsan Moderasi Anialan Pengurusan Kualiti Terhadap I3ubungan Antara Strategi Rantaian Bekalan Dengan Prestasi Kantaian Rekal an 213

4.8 RlJMUSANBAB 218

BAB LIMA - YERBINCANGAN DAN KESlMPULAN 5.0 PENGENAIAN 1 KINGKASAN KAJIAN 5.2 PERBINCANGAN DAPATAN KAJIAN

5.2.1 Pengukuran Tahap Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan 5.2.2 I-lubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan Leun. Agile dan Hybrid

terhadap Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan 5.2.3 Pengukuran Tahap Pengaruh Strategi Rantaian Bekalan Lecrn,

Agile dan Hybrid terhadap Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan 5.2.4 I iubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan Leun, Agile dan IIybrid

terhadap Amalan Rantaian Bekalan 5.2.5 Pengukuran Tahap Pengaruh Strategi Rantaian Bekalan Leun,

Agile dan Hybrid terhadap Amalan Rantaian Bekalan 5.2.6 Pengukuran Kesan Mediasi Amalan Rantaian Bekalan terhadap

Hubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dengan Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan

5.2.7 Pengukuran Kesan Moderasi Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti terhadap Hubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dengan Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan

5.3 SUMBANGAN KAJIAN 5.3.1 Sumbangan Teoritikal 5.3.2 Sumbangan Praktikal

5.4 BATASAIU KAJIAN 5.5 CADANCAN KAJIAN DI MASA I-{ADAPAN 5.6 RUMUSAN KAJJAN

KUJUKAN

Muka Surat

24 9 25 1 252

SENARAI DAFTAR JADUAL,

,Jadual

Jadual 2.1 Jadual 2.2

Jadual 2.3 Jadua12.4 Jadual 2.5 Jadual 2.6

Jadual 2.7

Jadual 2.8 Sadual 2.9 .ladual 7.1

Jadual 3.2 Sadual 3.3 Jadual 3.4 .ladual 3.5

Jadual 3.6

Sadual 3.7

Jadual 3.8 Jadual 3.9 Jadual 3.10 Jadual 3.1 1 .Iadual 3.12 Jadual 3.13 Jadual 3.14 Jadual 3.1 5 Jadual 3.16 Jadual 4.1 Jadual 4.2 Sadual 4.3 Jadual 4.4 Jadual 4.5 Jadual 4.6 Sadual 4.7 Jadual 4.8 Jadual 4.9

Muka Surat

Ilefinisi Pengurusan Rantaian Rekalan 28 Antara Kelebihan Pengurusan Rantaian Rekalan berdasarhan Kajian 1,iteratur 3 1 .Tenis Strategi Rantaian Bekalan Berdasarkan Kajian Literatur 4 1 Deiinisi Strategi Rantaian Bekalan 44 Perbezaan antara Rantaian Bekalan Lenn, Agile dan flybrid 53 Senarai Dimensi Amalan Rantaian Bekalan berdasarkan Kajian Literatur 5 8 Dimensi Pengukuran Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti berdasarkan Literatur 80 Ilubungan Antara Pembolehubah-Pembolehubah Utama Kajian 97 Jurang llmu Yang Diisi Oleh Kajian Ini 104 Flubungan Hipotesis-Ilipotesis dengan Persoalan dan Objektif Kaj ian 114 Ringkasan Instrumen mengikut Seksyen 117 Dimensi dan Item-item bagi Prestasi Kantaian Bckalan 119 Dimensi dan Item bagi Strategi Rantaian Rekalan 123 Dimensi dan Item bagi Pembolehubah Amalan Rantaian Uekalan 126 Dimensi dan ltem bagi Pembolehubah Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti 129 Ringkasan Analisis Statistik berdasarkan 0b.jektif dan Hipotesis Kajian 142 Item )'ang ciiuii di dalam iZnalisis (>-Sort 144 Jntepretasi Pekali Kappa 147 Jnter-Judge Raw Agreement (Pusingan Pertama) 147 Iten? Placen?ent Rutio (Pusingan Pertama) 148 Jnter-Judge Raw Agreement (Pusingan Kedua) 149 Itenz Placement Ratio (Pusingan Kedua) 150 Inter-Judge Raw Agreement (Pusingan Ketiga) 15 1 Item Plucenzent Rntio (Pusingan Ketiga) 151 Ringkasan Keseluruhan Pusingan Q-Sort 152 Ciri-Ciri Responden 157 Ciri-Ciri Organisasi 159 U.jian non-response bias untuk Pembolehubah lltama 161 IJjian Skewness dan Kurtosis 163 Analisis Faktor untuk Rantaian Bekalan Lean 166 Analisis Faktor untuk Rantaian Bekalan Agile 167 Analisis Faktor untuk Rantaian Bekalan Hvhrid 169 Analisis Faktor untuk Rakan Pembekal Strategik 170 Analisis Faktor untuk Perhubungan Pelanggan 1 72

... X l l l

Jadual

Jadual 4. I 0 Jadual 4.1 1 Jadual 4.12 Jadual 4.13 Jadual 4.14 Jadual 4.15 Jadual 4.16 Jadua14.17 Jadual 4.18 Jadual 4.19 Jadual 4.20 Jadual 4.21 Jadual 4.22 Jadual 4.23 Jadual 4.24 Jadua14.25 Jadual 4.26 Jadual 4.27 Sadual 4.28

Jadual 4.30 Jadual 4.3 1

Jadual 4.32

Jadual 4.33

Jadual 4.34 Jadual4.35 Jadual 4.36

Jadua14.37 Jadual 4.38 Jadual 5.1

Muka Surat

Analisis Faktor untuk Tahap Perkongsian Maklunlat 173 Analisis Faktor untuk Kualiti Maklumat 1 74 Analisis Faktor untuk Komitmen Pengurusan Tertinggi 176 Analisis Faktor untuk Fokus Pelanggan 177 Analisis Faktor untuk Penglibatan J'ekerja 178 Analisis Faktor untuk Pendidikan dan Latihan 180 Analisis Faktor untuk Penam bahbaikan Rerterusan 181 Analisis Faktor untuk Ganjaran dan Pengiktirafan 182 Analisis Faktor untuk Penandaarasan 183 Analisis Faktor untuk Leud Time 184 Analisis Faktor untuk Kos Efektif 185 Analisis Faktor untuk Inovasi 186 Analisis Faktor untuk Masa ke Pasaran 187 Analisis Faktor untuk Fleksibiliti 189 1Jjian Kebolehpercayaan (Reliuhilily Tesf) 1 90 Analisis Diskriptif untuk Pembolehubah Utama 193 Statistik Residual 196 Ujian Kolerasi Peurson 200 lJjian Mulliple Reg~*e.ssion (Hubungan Langsung Strategi Kantaian Bekalan dengan Prestasi Rantaian Bekalan) 202 lJjian Mulliple Kcgression (Hubungan 1,angsung Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dengan Alnalan Rantaian Bekalan) 204 Hasil LJjian ke atas Jiipotesis 1 . 2. 3 dan 4 206 I lasil lJjian Analisis Rcgresi Berhirarki (Hubungan SRB dengan ARB) 209 IHasil Ujian Analisis Regresi Berhirarki (Hubungan SRB dengan PRB) 210 tlasil Ujian Analisis Regresi Rerhirarki (Ilubungan SRB dcngail PRR dimediasi oleh ARB) 21 1 Ringkasan Sebelunl dan Selepas Mcdiasi 212 Hasil Ujian ke atas Hipotesis 5 21 3 Ujian Moderasi Amalan Pengurusan Kualiti 7'erhadap Hubungan Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dcngan Prestasi Rantaian Bekalail 214 Hasil Ujian ke atas Hipotesis 6 216 Ringkasan Keputusan UJian Hipotesis-Hipotesis Ka.jian 218 Perhubungan Antara Hipotesis Kajian Dengan Persoalan Dan Objektif Kajian 225

xiv

SENARAl DAFTAR RAJAH

Rajah Rajah 2.1 Rajah 3.1 R?jah 3.2 Rajah 3.3 Rajah 4.1 Rajah 4.2

Rajah 4.3 Rajah 4.4 Rajah 4.5 Rajah 5.1

Muka Surat 'I~axonoini untuk h,lemilih Strategi Rantaian Hckalan. 55 Asas Kerangka K ajian 112 Keseluruhan Kerangka Kajian 116 Skala Pengukuran daiam Borang Soalselidik Kajian 132 Penarnbahbaikan Kerangka Kajian 192 Graf Plol Residuul antara Strategi Rantaian Bekalan dengan Prestasi Rantaian Behalan 195 Gralik Ujian Mul~iple IIiararki Regresi (Kesan Mediasi) 208 Ringkasan Grafik ITasil lJjian A4ulliple I-Iiararki Regresi 213 Grai' Kesan Moderasi 21 7 Model Keefektifan Pengurusan Rantaian Bekalan 247

SENARAI SINGKATAN TATANAMA

AIVOVA:

APK:

ARB:

CSCMP:

EFA :

KDNK:

KMO:

MIA:

NAP:

OEM :

PRR:

Sl'SS:

SKU:

VIF:

./lnrrly.sis of Vuriunce

AnlaIan Pengurusan Kualiti

Amalan Rantaian Bekalan

Counc.il of Supply ('hain Munagement 1'rofi.rsionul

Esploru/ory Fcrctor Ana1ysi.v

Keluaran Dalam Kasar Negara

Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin 's Measure of',Sumnj~Iing iltkeqzlacy

Muluysia Automolive Instilute

Nu/ior?al Aulon~otive Policy

Original Equil71nent Manz4jirc/urer

Prestasi Rantaian Hekalan

S/u/is/ical Ptrckuge,fi,r S(>.sial Science

Stratcgi Rantaian Bckalan

I;~rr-iance Ivflution Factor

BAB l

PENGENALAN KA,JIAN

1.0 PENCENALAN

Bab ini mcmbincangkan pengenalan kepada kajian ini dan mengandungi lapan

seksycn. Seksyen pertama ialah latarbelakang kajian diikuti oleh pcrbincangan

tentang penyataan masalah pada seksyen kedua. Seterusnya, seksyen ketiga

niembincangkan tentang persoalan kajian yang telah dibangunkan. Jni diikuti

dengan pcrbincangan objektif kajian yang perlu dicapai. Kepentingan kajian

diterangkan pada seksyen kelinla dan skop dan lin~itasi kajian pada seksyen

keenam. Seterusnya diterangkan definisi operational bagi terma-terma penting

yang terlibat di dalam kajian ini dan diakhiri oleh penerangan tentang susunatur

tesis.

1 .I LATARBELAKANG KAJIAN

Industri automotif merupakan industri penting kepada ekonomi Malaysia. Jndustri

ini memberikan sumbangan yang besar kepada ekonomi negara, serta berkait rapat

dengan industri pembuatan dan perkhidmatan. Industri automotif bermula dengan

pengimportan kenderaan yang kemudiannya berkembang kepada operasi

penlasangan serta pembangunan industri komponen automotif. Sumbangan industri

automotif kepada iiilai Keluaran Dalam Kasar Negara (KDNK) Malaysia akan

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

Attaran, M. (2004). Nurturing the supply chain. Industrial Management, 46(5), 16-2 1.

Aziz, %. A., Chan, J. F. T,. & Metcalfe, A. V. (2000). Quality practice in the manufacturing industry in the IIK and Malaysia. Ilotal Quality Management, 11(8), 1053-1064.

Babbie, E. (2004). The practice of social research ( lo th cd.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Ballou, K. H., Gillbert, S. M., & Mukhcrjec, A. (2000). Ncw managerial challenge from supply chain opportunities. Industrial Marketing Management, 29, 7- 18.

Halsmeicr, P. W., & Voisin, W. (1 996). Supply chain management: A time-based stratcgy. Indzrslrial M~magemenl, 38(5), 24-27.

Ranfield, E. (1 999). Harnessing Value in the Supply Chain. New York: Wiley. Baron, K. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1 986). Modcrator-mediator variables distinction in

social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal qf Personality und Social Psychology, .51(6), 1 173- 11 82.

BBC (2007). Globalizing the car industry. Akses terakhir 1 8 Jun 201 I ,daripada http://news.bbc.co.1~k/2/hi/business/6346325.stm

Heamon, H. M. ( 1 998). Supply chain design and analysis: Models and methods. Iniernalional .Jour-nal yf I'roduction Economics, 55 (R), 28 1-294.

Beamon, R. M. (1999). Measuring supply chain performancc. International .Jour.nal of Operations andProduction Munugement, 19 (3), 275.- 292.

Bechlel, C. & Jayaram, J. (1997). Supply chain managemcnt: A strategic perspective. Internutionul .Journal cfLogislics Mc~nagement, 8(1), 15-34.

lUerita IIarian (2012). NAI' 2012 hukul lingkut sumhangun uutomotit Akses terakhir 23 Mei 20 12, daripada 11ttp://www.bharian.co1n.my/bhariadarticles/NAP2O 12bakaltingkatsumbanga nautornotiflArticle

l3erry, D., ?'owill, D. R., & Wadsley, N. (1 994). Supply chain rnanagc~nent in the electronics product industry. Interncrtional .Journal of Physical 1Ii.strihution cY- Logistics Managemenl, 23(1 O), 20-32.

Bessant, J., Caffyn, S., Gilbert, J., Harding, R., & Webb, S. (1994). Rediscovering continuous improvement. I'echnovution, I -/(I), 17-29.

13iimey7 G. (1992). Making quality work: Lessons from Europc's leading companies. The Economist Intelligence Unil, London, Special Report No. P.655.

Boaden, R. J. (1997). What is total quality management ... and does it matter? Il'otal Quality Managen~ent, 5(4), 1 53- 1 7 1.

Boddy, D., Macbeth, D., & Wagner, B. (2000). I~r~plerne~ltir~g collaboration between organizations: An empirical study of supply chain partnering. 7'he .Journal ofManagement ,Studie.s, 3 7(7), 1003- 10 1 7.

Bommer, M., 07Neil, B., & Treat, S. (2001). Strategic assessment of the supply chain interface: A beverage industry casc study. International Journal o j IZhysical Dislrihution and Logistics Munugement, 31(1), 1 1-25.

Roulding, W. & Christen, M. (2003). Sustainable pioneering advantage? Profit implications of market entry order. Manugen~enl Science, 22(3), 37 1-92.

Bowersox, D. J., Closs, D. J., & Stank, T. P. (1999). 21'' Century Logistics: Making Supply Chain Integration a Reulify. Oak Brook, IL: Council of Logistics Management.

Brah, S . A., & Lim, H. Y. (2006). The effect of technology and 'I'QM on the pcrfonnancc of logistics companies. International .Journul of I'hysicul Dis~rihulion & Logistics Munugemenf, 36(3), 192-209.

Brah, S. A., Wong, J. I,., & Rao, H. M. (2000). 'TQM and business performance in the service sector: A Singapore study. International Journal ufOperulions & Prodz42rction Munugenzent, 20(1 1).

British Standard Institute. (2000). Quality Managemeni Sysfem. London: BSI. Brown, M. G., I-litchcock, D. E., & Willard, M. I,. (1994). Fails und Whut to Do

nhouf It Irwin: 13urr Ridge, 11,. Burgess, K., Singh, P. J., & Koroglu, R. (2006). Supply chain management: A

structured literature revicw and implications for future research. International .Journal of(lyemfion.s & Production Managernenf, 26(7), 703-729.

Burt, I). N . & Soukup, W. R. (1985). Purchasing's role in new product developn~ent. Hcirvard Business Review, 63, 90 -97.

Calantone, K. J., & Di Benedetto, C. A. (2000). Performance and time to market: Accelerating cycle time with overlapping stages. IEEE 7'ransacfions on Engineering Munngemenf, 4 7(2), 23 2-244.

Camel, G. (1995). CycIe time in packaged software firms. .Journal ofProduction und Innovufion A4anagemenl, 12 (2), 1 10 123.

Cavana, R. Y ., Ilelahayc, 13. 1,. & Sekaran, U. (200 1). Applied hu.siness reseurch. <lualitulive and quuntitc~tivc. methodLs. Milton, Quecnsland: John Wiley & Sons AustraIia, Ltd.

Chadwick, L3., Bahr, IT., & Albrccht, S. (1984). Sociul Science Research Methods. Englewood CliSfs, NJ: Prenticc-IIall.

Chapman, R. L., & Iiyland, P. W. (1997). Continuous improvement strategies across selectcd Australian manufacturing scctors. Benchmarking: An Internuiionnl .Journul, 4(3), 175-1 88.

Chen, I. J. & Paulraj, A. (2004). Towards a thcory of supply chain n~anagcn~cnt: The constructs and measurements. .JozlrnuI of Operations Munugemenf, 22(2), 1 19-50.

Chcn, I . .I., Paulraj, A., & Lado, A. (2004). Strategic purchasing, supply managell~cnt and performance. Journal of 0peration.s blunugernent, 22(5), 505-523.

Chenhall, R. 11. (2003). Management control systems design within its organizational context: Findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future. Accounting, Orgunizuiion,~ and Sociery, 28, 127-1 68

Childhouse, P., & Towill, TI. R. (2003). Silnplitied material flow holds the key to supply chain integration. Omega, 31(1), 17-27.

Chizzo, S. A. (1998). Supply chain strategies: Solutions for the customer driven enterprise. Sufiware Magazine, Supply Chain Management Directions Supplement, 4-9.

Chopra, S., & Meindl, P. (2004). Supply Chuin Manugement Sir~rregy, Planning, and Operutions (2"* ed.). New Jersey: Prentice IIall.

Chopra, S., & Meindl, P. (2007). Supply Chain Munugenzent: Strategy, Planning, and Operation (3'd ed.). Ncw Jersey: Pearson Hall.

Chow, W. S., & Lui, K. $1. (2001). iliscriminating factors of information systems function performance in Hong Kong firms practising TQM. lniernational Journal of Operations & l'roducf ion Management, 21 (5/6), 749-77 1.

Chow, W. S., Madu, C. N., Kuei. C., l,u, M. IT., I,in, C., & Tseng, H. (2008). Supply chain management in the US and Taiwan: An empirical study. Omegu, 36(5), 565-579.

Christopher, M., & Towill, D. R. (2000). Supply chain migration from lean and functio~lal to agile and customized. Supply ("hain Management: An Internutional .Joui-nal, 5(4), 206-2 1 3.

Christopher, M. (1998). Logistics and Supply-Chain Management: Strategies for Reducing Cost and Improving Service. L,ondon: I'rentice-Hall.

Christopher, M. (2000). 'l'he agilc supply chain: Competing in volatile markets. Indl~striul Marketing Management, 29 (1), 37-44.

Christopher, M., bZ Ryals, L. (1999). Supply chain strategy: Its impact on sharcholder value. Infernufionul .Journul of Logistics Manugement, 10(1), 1 - 10.

Churchill, (3. A. Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. .Journal qf'Murketing Reseurch, 16, 64-73.

Cianfrani, C. A., & West, .I. E. (2009). Cracking The Case Of JSO 9001:2008 I+I.'or Service. A Simple Guide To Jmplemenfing Quality Munugemenf To Service Orgunizafions. Milwaukee: American Society for Quality.

Cigolini, li., Cozzi, M , & Perona, M. (2004). A ncw framework for supply chain management: Conceptual rnodel and cmpirical test. Internutional .Jorrrnul of Operations und Prodz~ction Munugemenf, 24( 1 ), 7-1 4.

Clark, K. I'J., Rr I:ujin~oto, 1'. (1 901). Product Development Perfi~rrnance. Boston, M A : I-Iarvard University I'ress.

Claver, E., Tari, J. J., & Molina, J. F. (2003). Critical factors and results of quality management: An empirical study. Il'utul Qualify Munagement, I4(1), 91-1 18.

Clikcman, P. M. (1999). Improving information quality. The Internal Auditor, 56(3), 32-33.

Clogg, C. C., Pctkova E., & Shihadeh E. S. (1992). Statistical methods for analyzing collapsibility in regression models. .Journal of' Educutional Stufistics, 1 7( 1 ), 5 1-74.

Closs, D. J., Goldsby, '1'. .I., & Clinton, S. R. (1997). Information technology influences on world class logistics capability. Internutionul Journal (fl I'hysical L)istrihution & Logisfics Munugement, 27(1), 4-1 7.

Coakes, S.J., & Steed, L.G. (2003). SI'SS unalysi,~ withouf anguish: John Wiley & Sons.

C:ohcn M., & Mallik S. (1 997). Global supply chains: Research and applications. Production and Operutions Managemenf, 6(3), 193- 2 1 0.

Cohen, J. (1 960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educnfionul crnd Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46.

Cohen, 1. (1 988). Stati~tical power unaly.sufiw the behavioral sciences. (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: L,awrencc Erlbaum Associates.

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., Wcst, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regressiodcorrelution analysis j'br the hehuvioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cohen, S. & Roussel, J . (2005). Strategic supply chain rnunugernent. The Jive discipline for top pe~formance: McGraw-Hill.

Cooper, D. K., & Schindler, P. S. (2006). Markefing Heseurch. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Cooper, M. C., & Ellram, I,. M. (1993). Cliaracteristics of supply chain management and the implications Tor purchasing and logistics strategy. international ,Journal of Logistics Manugement, 4, 13-24.

Cooper, M. C., Lambert, D. M., & I'agh, J. D. ( I 997). Supply chain management: More than a ncw name for logistics. The lnternutionul .Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1), 1 - 14.

Cooper, 11. ( i . & Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1990). Nt.141 Products: The Key 17~1ctors in Success. Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.

Corrigan, J. ( 1 9 8 ) Performance measurement: Knowing the dynamics. Australian (,'/'A, 68(9), 3 0-3 1 .

Council of Supply Chain Managcment Professionals, Akses terakhir 15 Jun 2009, daripada http://www.cscmp.org

Crawford, C. M. (1992). The hidden costs of accelerated product devclopment. Journal of'Prod1rc.t Innovulion Management, 9(3), 188-99.

Cronbach, 1,. (1957). The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 12, 67 1 -684.

Croom, S., Romano, P., & Giannakis M. (2000). Supply chain management: An a~lalytical framework for Critical Literature Review. European Journul of I'urch~rsing a n d Supply Munugeinenf, 6(1), 67-43.

Crosby, P. B. (1979). Quality is Free: The Art of Making Quulity Certain. New York: Mcgraw Hill.

Croxton, K. I,., Garcia-Dastugue, S . I., I,ambert, D. M., & Rogers, D. S. (2001). 'The supply chain managerncnt processes. 7'he Interncrtional ,Journal of Logi.stics Marzugement, I2(2), 1 3-36.

Cuttancc, P. (1995). A Question about Quality. The ACEA International (lonjerei~ce, Sydney.

Llale, U. G. (1999). Managing Quality. Oxford, UK: Blackwell-Business. Dale, B. (i., Lascclles, 11. M., & I,loyd, A. (1994). Supply chain management and

development. In: Dalc, R.G. (Ed.), Manuging Quality. 1,ondon: Prentice-I-Iall, 292-3 15.

Ilas, A., Paul, II., & Swierczek, F. W. (2008). Developing and validating total quality management ('JQM) coilstructs in the context of 'Thailand's manufacturing industry. Rrnchn?arking: An Internulional Jozrrnul, I5(1), 52- 72.

Daugllerty, P. J., Richey, R. G., Cienchev, S. E. & Chen, H. (2005). Reverse logistics: superior perlomance through focused resource commitments to information technology. Transportation Research Part E, rCI, 77-92.

Davenport, T. H., Harris, J. Ci., Ilc Long, D. W., & Jacobson, A. I,. (2001). Data to knowledge to rcsults: Building an analytic capability. California Munugemrnt Review, 43(2), 1 17-1 39.

De Groote, X. (1994). The flexibility of production processes: A general iiamework. Management Science, 40(7), 933-945.

De Toni, A. & Nassimbeni, G. (1999). Buycr-supplier operational practices, sourcing policies and plant performance: Result of an empirical research. Jnternalional Journal of'l'roduction Research, 3 7, 5 9 7 4 19.

Deming, W. E. (1 982). Quality, Productivity und Competitive Position. Cainbridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Donaldson, I,. (2001). Thc contingency theory of orgunizutions. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications.

Donlon, J . P. (1996). Maximizing value in the supply chain. ChiefExeculive, 117, 54-63.

Dowlatshahi, S. (1998). lnlplementing carly supplier involvement: A conceptual framework. inlernafionctl .Journul o j Operations and Produclion Manr~gement, I X , 143 167.

Dowlatshahi, S. (2000). Designer-Buycr-Supplier interface: Theory versus practice. inlernational Journal of'Produclion Economics, 63, 1 1 1- 130.

D'Souza, D. E. (2002). Toward an understanding of how organizations create manufacturing flexibility. Journal ofMunageriu1 Issues, 14(4), 470-486.

Iluclos, L,. K.., Vokurka, R. J., & Lummus, R. R. (2003). A conceptual model of supply chain flexibility. indu.sfria1 Munugement & llula LS'ystems, 103(6), 446-456.

Dwyer, I;. R., Schurr, P , & Sejo, 0. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationships. ./ournu1 of Marketing, 51 (2), 1 1-27.

Ellram, I,. M., & Cooper M. C. (1990). Supply chain management, partnerships, and the shipper-third-party relationship. The Internationul Journal of Logistics Munrrgemenf, 1 (2), 1 - 1 0.

English, I,. 1'. (1 999). Improving Dalu Wurehouse and Business lnjormation Quality. New York, NY: Wiley

lkik, S. & Jan, 0. (2007). Linking products with supply chains: Testing Fisher's n~odel. Supply Chnin Munagemen/. An international Journal, 12(1), 42-5 1.

Feigenbau~n, A. V. (1991). Totul Quulily (Tonlrol (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill.

Feldmann, M. & Muller, S. (2003). An incentive schcnle for true information providing in supply chains. On~egu, 31(2), 63-73.

Ferdows, K., Lewis, M. A., & Machuca, J. A. D. (2004). Rapid-firc fulfillment. ITurvard Rusine.s.s Review, 82(1 1), 104- 1 10.

Finch, R. J. (2006). O~~erat ions Now Prc?filabili/y, Proce.sses, Perfirmance. Miami, United States: McCjraw-Ilill/ Irwin.

Fine, C. H. (2000). The clock speed chronicles. Supply Chain Munugernent Review, 4(2) , 60-64.

Fisher, M. 1,. (1997). What is the right supply chain lor your product? Efarvard Ui~.vinc-..s.s Kevrel.11, 75 (2), 1 05- 1 1 6.

Flynn, 13. B., Sakakibara, S., Schocder, R. G., Bates, K. A., & I;lyim, E. J. (1 990). Empirical rcscarch methods in operations management. Journal of Ol'era/ions Management, 9(2), 250-284.

Flyizn, R. B., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R. G., & Flynn, J. (1995). Emperical research method in operations management. .Journal qf Operations Management, 9(2), 250-284.

Flynn, U. 13., Schroeder, K. Ci., & l:lynn, 17. J. (1999). World class manufacturing: An investigation of IIaycs and Wheelwright's Foundation. Journal of Operutions Managemenl, 17(2), 249-269.

Ford, D. (1 990). IJnderstanding bu.sine,ss mnrkcts: Inleraction, relationships and networks. (1 cd.), London: Academic I'rcss.

Ford, I<. C., Amandi, B. R., & IIcaton, C. 1'. (1988). Organizutional theory: An inlegrative approach. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.

Fra~ier, P. A,, Rarron, K. E., & Tix, A. P. (2004). Testing lnodcrator and mediator effects in counseling research. ,Journul qfC'ounseling Psychology, 51(1), 115- 134.

l:ulconis, F., & Pache, G. (2005). Exploiting SCM as source of competitive advantage: 'The importance ol' cooperative goals revisited Competitiveness Review: An Internu/ionul Business Journul, 15(2), 92-100.

Fynes, B., & Ile BUI-ca, S. (2005). Supply chain relationship quality, the competitive environment and perfomlance. International .Journal of l'roduction Research. 43 (16), 3303--3320.

Fyncs, B., & Voss, C. (2001). A path analytic model of quality practices, quality performance and business performance. Production and Operation Management, 10(4), 494-5 13.

Galbraith, J. ( I 973). llesigning Complex Orgunzzarions. Reading, M A : Addison- Weslcy Publisliing Co.

Garvin, (1984). What does "product quality" really mean'? LS'loune Management Review, Fall 1984.

Ghozali, 1. (2006). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program SPSS (4"' ed.): Badan Pei~erbit U~iivcrsitas Diponegoro.

Croctsch, 1). & Ilavis, S. (2003). Overview oS total quality tools. In I-lelba, S. (Ed.), Quali/y Ahnugement: In/roduc/ion /o Total Quality Managertien/ for Production, Processing and Services. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Grcen, K. W., Whittcn. D. W., & Inman, R. A, (2008). The impact of logistics performance on organizational performance in a supply chain context. Supply Chcrin Munugemen/. An In/ernutional .Journal, 13(4), 3 1 7--327.

Griffin, A. (2002). Product developincnt cycle time f i ~ r business to business products. Industl-ial Adarke/ing Mnnugenzent, 3 1 (4), 29 1 304.

Gripsrud G., .lahrc M., & Persson, G. (2006). Supply chain rnanagcmcnt - back to the future'? In/ernational .Journal o f Physical Di,strihution & 1,ogistics Munugem~.nc, 36 (8), 643-659.

Grover, S., Agrawal, V. I)., & Khan, I . A. (2006). Role of human factors in TQM: A graph theoretic approach. Benchnzurking: An International .Journal, 13(4), 447-468.

Guangshu, C. (2009). 'Total quality lnanagcinent in supply chain. Intcrnutional Bu.siness Reseurch, 2(2), 82-85.

Gunasekaran, A., & McGaughey, K. E. (2003). 1'QM is suppy chain management. Tho TQM Moguzinc, /5(6), 3 6 1 -3 63.

Gunasekaran, A., I,ai, K., & Cheng, I:. (2008). l\esponsivc supply chain: A competitive strategy in a networked economy. Omega, 36(4), 549-564.

Gunasekaran, A., I'alel, C. & McGaughey, R. (2004). A rramework for supply chain performance measurement. Internutionul .Journal of Production Economics, 87(3), 333-347.

Gunasekaran, A., Patel, C., & Tirtiroglu, E. (2001). Performance measures and melrics in a supply chain environmcnt. Infcrnationul .lournu1 of' Operations and Production Management, 2 1(1/2), 7 1 -87.

Hackman, J. R., & Wagcman, K. (1995). 'Total quality, management: empirical, conceptual, and practical issucs. Administrutive Science Quarterly, June, 309- 334.

EIair, J. I:., Black, W. C., 13abin, B. .I., Anderson, R . E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Analysis (6"' ed.): Pearson.

FIakanssoii, 1-1. & Jjriksson, A. K. (1993). Getting innovations out of supplier networks. ,Journal of Business to Business Murketing, 1, 3-34.

Iiayes, R. H., 6;: Wheelwright, S. C. (1984). Restoring our competitive edge: Competing through manufacturing. New York: Wiley.

Helper, S. R. (1991). Ilow much has really changed between IJS automakers and their suppliers. Sloan Munugcrnent Review, Summer, 1 5-28.

I-Iendricks, K. R., & Singhal, V. R. (2000). Firm characteristics, total quality management and financial performance. .Journal cf0perafion.s Munugement, 238, 1 - 17.

Henke, J. W., Krachenberg, A. U., & I,yons, T. F. (1993). Perspective: Cross- functional tcarns: Good concept, poor in~plementation. .Jozrrnal of Product Innovation Manugernont, I0(3), 2 16-229.

11, S., & Wilkinson, A. (1995). In search of TQM. Employee Relutions, 17(3), 8-25.

130, R. (2006). lfandbook of ~Inivuric~te und Multivariute Dufu Analysis und Interpreturion with SPSS. New York: Taylor & Francis.

liolmberg, S. (2000). A systems perspective on supply chain measurements. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 30(10). 847-868.

I-lornby, A. S. (200 1 ). (Ixjord h'ujnr Adv~rnced Lerrrner '.v English-Mnlay Dictionury. Kuala Lu~npur: Fajar Uakti.

IIuang, S. H., IJppal, M., & Shi, J. (2002). A product driven approach to manufacturing supply cllain selection. Supply C,'hain Management: An Internutioncrl .Joirrnul, 7(2), 189-1 99.

Hussain, F., & van Wavcren, C. C:. (2009). The implementation of TQM in the component supply chain: A case study in the South African Motor Industry. Mcrnage~nent of Engineering & 7echnology, PICML7' 2009. Portlund Intcn~ntionul Confirence, 1 659- 1 965.

Igbaria, M., Livari, J., 8t Maragahh, H. ( 1 995). Why do individuals usc coniputer technology? A Finnish casc study. Infortlzufion and Munugernetit, 29(5), 227- 238.

Im, J. E l . Kr Lm, S. M. (1989). Implementation of J1T systems in US manufacturing iinns. International J o u r n ~ l of Operutions unci Production Munugernenf, 9(1), 5 14.

Ishikawa, K. (1985). Whal is Totcrl ()uulit~i Control? Ti~e .Jupane.se Way. I'nglcwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Igall.

Ismail S., & Maling E., (2003). Examination and comparison of the critical factors of total quality management (TQM) across countries. International .Journal of Production Reseurch, 4/(2), 235-268.

Jabatan Perdana Mcntcri (2005). Hungka Dasur Automotif Nusional. Akses terakhir 20 Ogos 201 1, daripada http://www3.pmo.gov.n-1y/l2ancanganWeb/Rancangan 1 .nsf/3 I 146b8c28fb53f 0482567320029n44/656 1049cbe900ab4482570a0002d87a2'?Open~cu1nent

James, W. D., & David, E. B. (1994). Managing theory and total quality: Improving rcscarch and practicc through theory developrncnt. Academy of Mtrnagemcnt Review, 19(3), 3 9 2 4 1 8.

Jarrell, J. I,. (1 998). Supply chain economics, World Trade, 1 1(1 l), 58-61. Jerry, W., & Arvind, R. (2001). Customerization: The next revolution in mass

customization. ,Journal of Inter~rctive Marketing, 15( 1 ), 1 3 -32. Jones, C. (1998). Moving beyond I'IIP: Making the missing link. Logistics I;bcus,

6(7), 2--7. Jones, T., & Daniel, W. R. (1985). Using inventory Tor competitive advantage

through supply chain management. Internutionul .Journal of Physical Distribution and Muteriuls Munugement, 15(5), 16-26.

Jonker, J., & Pennick, B. (2010). 7'he e.sse1.tc.e cd rescrrrch n~eihociolog-y. Berlin: Springer.

Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in trcatment evaluations. Evuluatior? Review, 5(5), 602-619.

Juergensen, T. (2000). Continuous Improvement: Mind.sets, Capubility, !)roce.s.s, 7001s und Kesulls. Indianapolis, IN: The Juergensen Consulting Group, Inc.

Juran, J. M. (1988). Jurun's Quulity ('ontrol I-fundbook. Ncw York: Mcgraw I-Iill. Juran, .I. M., & Gryna, F. M. (1993). Quality Planning and Analysis: Zi'rom

Product 1)eveloprneni through Use. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Kalwani, M., & Narayandas, N. (1995). Long-term manufacturing-supplier

relationships: Do they pay-off for supplier firrns'? ,lournu1 of Marketing, 59(1), 1-16,

Kanji, G. K.. & Asher, M. (1993). Total quality management process: A systematic approach. Advances in 7'otal Quality Munugement Series, Carfax, A bingdon.

Kartha, C. P. (2004). A co~nparisoil of I S 0 9000:2000 quality system standards, QS9000, ISOITS 16949 and Baldrige critcria. 7'he 1'QM Mugazine, l6(5), 33 1-340.

Kast, F., & Rosen~wcig, J. (1973). Contingency vie~ls of orgunisofion und mrmagemcnt. Chicago: Science Rcsearch Associates, Jnc.

Kaynak, 1-1. (2003). The relationship between TQM practices and their effects on firill performance. .Joul-nu1 c!f'O~~erution,s Manugement, 21(4), 405-435.

Kenneth W. G. Jr., McGaughcy, R., & Cascy, K. M. (2006). Does supply chain rnanagelnent strategy mediate the association between rnarket oricritatioii and organizational pcrformance?, Stpply Chain M~rnugcnlel~I An Internatio~~ul .Journal, 11 (5), 4 0 7 4 14.

Kicfer, A. W., & Novack, R. A. (1999). An empirical analysis of warehouse measurement systems in the context of supply chain implementation. fiansporfution .Jo~rrnul, 38(3), 1 8-27.

Kim. I)., Cavusgil, 'T. S., & Calantonc, R. J. (2006). InSonnation systems innovations and supply chain management: Channel relationships and firm performance. .Journal of Acudemy of Marketing Science, 31(1), 40-54.

Koh, S. C., Dernirbag, M., Bayraktar, E.: Tatoglu, E., & %aim, S. (2007). The impact or supply chain marlagenlent practices on perfornmance of SMEs. Industrial Management und Data S~)stem.s, 107(1), 103- 124.

Kopczak, L. K. (1 997). I ,ogistics partnerships and supply chain restructuring: Survey results from the 11s computer industry. I'roduction ope rut ion,^ Munugen?ent, 6,226--247.

Koufteros, X. A., Vonderembse, M. A. & Lhll, W. J. (1998). Developing measures of time based manufacturing. .Journnl oJ Operutions Mllnugern~nt, Z6(1), 2 1 4 1 .

Krejcie, K. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Edttcutionul und P.sycholo~iccr1 Meu.surernenl, 30,607-610.

Kurnar K. (1 996). Research Merhodolo&: A Step-By-Step Guide For Beginners. Melbourne: Longinan.

Kumar, S., & Gupta, Y. ( I 991). Cross functional tcarns improve manuficturing at Motorola's Austin plant. Inhtstrial Engineering, 23(5), 32-36.

Kurnar, V., Fantazy, K., Kumar, U., & Boyle, T. A. (2006). Implementation and management framework for supply chain flexibility. Journul of Enterprise Injbrmulion Munugernent, 19(3), 303-3 19.

],a 1,onde. 13. J. (1 998). Supply chain evolution by the numbers. Supply Chain Munugen~ent Review, 2(1), 7-8.

I,ambart, D. M., & Harrington, '1'. C. ( 1 990). Meast~ring non response bias in consumer service mail surveys. . JOZLI 'ML~~ of 'Bu.sine~~ Logi~tics, 11(2), 5-25.

Larnbcrt, L). M., Cooper, M. C.. & Pagh. J. 1, (1998). Supply chain management: implementation issues and research opportunities. Internutionul .Journal c$ Logislics Munagemen!, 9(2), 1-20.

Lambell, L). M., James K. S., & 1,isa M. E. (1998). Fundamentals of Logistics Managcment, Boston, MA: IrwinIMcGraw-Ilill, Chaptcr 14.

Lambert, D. M., & Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in supply chain management. lndu.s!riul Marketing Manugement, 29, 64- 83.

L,amming, R. (I 993). Rej~ncr' /'nr!nership. Strufegies .for Innovution und Leun Supply. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall.

Lancioni, K. A., Smith, M. I;., & Oliva, T. A. (2000). The role of the internet in supply chain management. Incr'ustriul Murketing Munagemen!, 29, 45-56.

Landeros, K. & Monczka, R. M. (1989). Cooperative buyerlseller relationships and a firm's competitive posturc. .Jozrrnul of Purchusing ond Materials Munngemenr, Fall, 9- 18.

Landis, .I. K., 8r. Koch, G. G. (1 977). 7'he measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biomelrics. 33, I 59 - 174.

Lau, 11. C. W., & Lee, W. I3. (2000). On a responsive supply chain information system. Internutionol ,Journal of Phy,vicul Distribution & Logi~tics Mal~ccgcment, 30(7/8), 598-6 1 1 .

Lawrence, P. R., & I,orsch, J. W. (1967). Organizution and cnvi/.onmcnt: Munu~ing dijirentiution and integra/ion. Boston, MA: Iiarvard Ilniversity.

L,ee. H. I.., & Ng, S. M. (1997). introduction to Lhe special issue on global supply chain managemenl. Producl~on Oper-ations Munugenre~i~, 6(3), 191-192.

Lee, H. 1,. (2002). Aligning sllpply chain stratcgics with product uncertainties. C'aliforniu Management Review, 44(3), 105-1 19.

Lec, 11. 1,. (2004). l'hc triple-a supply chain. tlarvtrrd Business Revi~w, H2(1 O), 102-113.

Lee, 11.. 81. Whang, S. (2001). E-Uu.sine.s.s and Supply C'huin In/egra!ion. Stanford Global Supply Chain Management Forum, Stunfird Univel-sily Report, Stanford, CA.

Lee, I?. L., & Corey, B. (1992). Managing supply chain inventory: I'itfalls and opportunities. Sloun Munugement Review, Spring, 65-73.

Leech, N. L., Ranet. K . C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). Sf'SS ,for interrnediute stutistic.~. IJse and intelpretalion (2[Id ed.). New Jersey: 1,awrence Erlbaum Associates.

l,eedy, 1'. & Orlnrod, .I. (2005). A IIandbook,fOr 'Ikacher Research From Design To Implrmen!ation. New Jersey: Pearson Education.

Leedy, 1'. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical Resecrrch: Planning and Design (81h ed.). llppcr Saddlc Rivcr, NJ: Prentice Hall.

L.eonard, I,. N. K. & Cronan, T. P. (2002). A study of the value and impact of elcetronic comrnercc: Electronic versus traditional replenishment in supply chains. .Journal of Orgunizatiunul Conrputing und Electronic Commerce, 12(4), 307-328.

I,i, S., & T_,in, 13. (2006). Accessing information sharing and inlormation quality in supply chain management. Decision Support LSy.stems, 42(3), 1641 - 1 656.

Li, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Kagu-Nathan, T. S., & Iiao, S. S. (2006). The impact of supply chain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational perfor~nancc. Otnega, 33(2), 1 07- 124.

Li, S., Kao, S. S., Kagu-Nathan, T. S., & Ragu-Nathan, B. (2005). Development and validation of a ~neasurement instrument for studying supply chain management practices. .Journal of I1perrrtion.s Management, 23(6), 61 8-64 1.

lJin, C., Chiu, H., & C:liu, I-'. (2006). Agility index in thc supply chain. Inlernutionul Jourrwl c?J'l'roduc.tion E C O ~ U ~ T I ~ C Y , 100(2), 285-299.

Lin, C., Chow, W. S., Madu, C. N., Kuei, C., & Yu, P. 1'. (2005). A structural equation model oC supply chain quality management and organizational performance. Inlernafion~rl .Jozirnal of Production Econornicr, 96, 3 5 5-365.

Iindau, R., & I,umsden, K. (1 993). J)i.stiirhance Ahsorplion Actions (Jsed in Mutericrl If'loiv Systems - A Pilot Sfz~~i'y. Ilepartrnent oT 'Transportation and I.,ogistics, Chalrncrs IJnivcrsity of Technology, Goteborg.

Liu, E. R., & Kuinal, A. (2003). Lcveragi~~g il~fori~latioi~ sharing to increase supply chain configurability. Twenty Fourth International Conferences on lnJi,rmation Sy.slen~.s, 523 -537.

12uckahy, A., & McC'ormack, K. (2004). Linking SCOK planning practices to supply chain performance. Intel-nutional .Journcrl of' Operrrtions and Ptdotlz~clion Manugemrtzt, 24(12), 1 1 92-1 2 18.

Idockamy, A. (1998). Quality-focused pcrfi)rmance n~easuren~ent systems: A nom~ativc model. Inter17ufionul Journc~l of Operations & Prorluctio17 Munugement, 18(8), 740-766.

Lummus, R. R . & Vokurka, K. .I. (1999). Ilcfining supply chain management: A historical perspective and practical guidelines. Indtwlrial Munugemcnt Q Data ,Sy.slen?.s, YY(l), 1 I - 17,

Mabert, V. A., & Venkataramanan, M. A,, (1998). Spccial research focus on supply chain linkages: Challenges for design and management in the 21st century. Deci.rlon ,Scic>nce.s, 29(3), 537 552.

MacKilmon, I>. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mcdiation analysis. Annual Review oJ I'.s~~chology, 58, 593-6 14.

Magee, J.F., Copacino, W .C., & Koscnfield. D.H. (1 985). Modern logislics management: Integroling mnrk~ting, monufuctur.ing and physical distrihutiorz. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Magretta, 1. (1098). 'l'hc powcr oS virtual intcgration: An interview with Dell computers' Michael Dell, Huwurd Business Review, 76(2), 72--84.

Mahadevappa, B., & Kotreshwar, G. (2004). Quality management practices in Indian 1SO 9000 ccrtiiied companies: An empirical evaluation. Tofu1 Quulity Manugement, 15(3), 295-305.

Mandara, E. (2008). Sysrevl theory und its relevunce to organizurion.s. Akses terakhir 8 Julai 2010, daripada http://www.articlcbasc.com/organizational- articles.

Martin, J . H. & Cirbac, B. (2003). Using supply chain management to leverage a firm's market oricntation. Indztsfrial Murkeling Management, 32(1), 25-38.

Martinez-Lorente, A. R., l~cwhurst, F., & Dale, B. G. (1995). Total quality management: Origins and evolution of the term. The TQM Magazine, 10(5), 378- 356.

Mason-Jones, R., Kr. Towill, I>. R. (1997). Information enrichment: Designing the supply chain for competitive advantagc. Supl7ly Chain Management, 2(4), 137-148.

Mason-Jones, K., Naylor, B., & 'i'owill, D. R. (2000). Idcan, agile, or leagile? Matching your supply chain to thc marketplace. International Journal of Producfion Reseurch, 38(17), 406 1-4070.

Matthews, C. li. (2006). idinking the supply chain to 'I'QM. Qutrlily ProgreLs,s, Americun Socie/y.Jor Qzrulily, 39( 1 1 ), 29-35.

McConnack, K. (1998). Whal S~q?pl,v ('hain Munugement I'ruc/ices Relare to Superior PerJi,rmanceY Doston, MA: 1lKK Research 'ream.

McMullan, A. (1996). Supply chain management practices in Asia Pacific today. International Journal of l'hysical Distribution & I,ogistics Munugement, 26(10), 79-95.

Mellat-Parast, M., 8( Digman, L. A. (2007). A framework for quality management practices in strategic alliances. Munugernenl llecision, 35(4), 802-8 1 8.

Mendelson, H., & Pillai, R., (1998). Clockspecd and infornmtional rcsponse: cvidencc from the information tcchnology industry. Inforrnution Sl,.r.lems Research, 9(4), 4 1 5 4 3 3 .

Mcntzcr, J. T. (2001). Supply Chain Munagemenl. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mentzer, J. T., Foggin, J. H. & Golicic, S. I,. (2000). Collaboration: 'Thc enablers,

impcdimcnts, and benefits. S21pply C'huin Mnnugemenl Review, 4(4), 52-58. Metz, P. J. (1998). Ilernystifying supply chain management. Supply C'huin

Munugernenf Review, Winter, 46-55. Meyers, I,. S., Gan~st, G., & Guarinv, A. .I. (2006). Applied n~ul/ivuriufe reseurch:

Design und in/elpreiu/ion. 'l'housand Oaks, CA: Sage. Min, S. & Mentzer, .I. 7'. (2004). lleveloping and measuring supply chain

concepts. .Journnl of I3usines.s Logi~/ics, 25(1), 63-99. Min, S., & Mcntzcr, J. 7'. (2004). Ilcveloping and measuring supply chain

management conccpts. .Journal of13zc.sint~.sLs Logislics, 25(1), 63-09. Moberg, C:. K., Cutler, B. D., Gross, A., & Spch, T. W. (2002). Identifying

antcccdcnts of information exchange within supply chains. International ,Jozcrnul qf Phj~sicul nistrihulion und Logistics Munugement, 32(9), 755 -770.

Mohamed, 7., Parry, I,. E. & Wharton, R. (2008). 1;nsuring Qucrlity in he Szipply (,'hain. ('oordinn~ing Mz~lli-tier Supplier l<elution.r.hip.s. White paper, Gordon Ford College of Business, Western Kentucky IJnivcrsity, USA.

Mohnnan, S. A., l'enkasi, R., I,awlcr, E. E., & I,edford, G. E. J . (1995). Total quality management: Practice and outcu~ne in the largest US firms. Employee Relations, 1 7(3) , 26-4 1.

Monczka, R. M. (1996). Supplier integration: A ncw level o r supply chain management. Purchu.sing, 120(1), 1 1 0- 1 14.

Montoya, W., M i t ~ i , M. 8r. ('alantone, K. (1994). Ileterminants or' new product performance: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Product Innovation Munagement, 11(5), 397-4 17.

Moore, G. C. & Bcnbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to mcasure the perceptions of adopting an infonnatio; technology innovation. Irzfbrmution Systems Research, 2(3), 1 73- 19 1.

Morgan, K. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journczl of Mf~rketing, 58(3), 20-38.

Narasimhan, R. (1997). Strategic supply management: A total quality management imperative. Advunces in lhe Munugemenl c!f' Organizutional Quality, 2, 39-86.

Narasimhan K., 'l'alluri. S. & Mallapatra, S. K. (2006). Multiproduct, multicriteria model for supplier selection will1 product lil'e-cycle considerations. Decisior~ Sciences, 3 7(4), 577-603.

Naylor, H . J., Nainl, M. M. Rr. Rerry, D. (1999). Leagility: Iritegrati~lg the lean & agile n~ailufacturing paradigms in thc total supply chain. /tztertzu/ional Journal qf Prou'uction Economic.~, 62(1/2), 107- 1 18.

Neumann, S. & Scgcv, 1;. (1979). A case study of user evaluation of infomation characteristics for systems iinproveinent. lnjOrn?~fion ~ n d Monugen?enf, 2(6), 271-278.

New, S. J . & Payne, P. (1995). Research frarr~ework in logistics: 'I'llree models, sevcn dinners and a survey. International .Journal c!f'Physical Di.vfribution and Logisiics Munugenzcnt, 25(1 O), 60-77.

Noble, D. (1997). Purchasing and supplier management as a futurc competitive cdgc. Logisfics b'ocus, 5(5), 23-27.

Noori, I-I. (2004). Collaborative continuous iinprovcmcnt programs in supply chain. Problems and Per,spectivc..s in Munugemen/, 2, 228-245.

Norani, N. (201 1). Lean n~anuCacturing implementation in Malaysian automotivc industry: An exploratory study. Opel-u/ions und Supply Chuin Management, 4(1), 21 -30.

Norusis, M. .I. (I 997). SPSSprqfe.s.~ionul .sfatisfics 7.5. Chicago: McGraw ITill. Pallant, .I. (2005). SPSS Survival Manual (3 ed.). New South Wales: Allen &

Ilnwin. Perry, .I. 11. (1991). Eincrging economic and technological futurcs: linplications

for design and management of logistics systcins in thc 1990s. ,/ournu1 of J3usinc.s.s I,ogisfic.r, 12(2), 1 -6.

Peterscn, K. (1999). 7'he eifecl q j injormufion qualify on sz~pply chain performance An infer-organiznfic~nul injormation sysfrm perspective. Ilisscrtation, Michigan State Ilniversity, MI.

Portcr, M E. (1990). 7'he ('onzpefifive Advunfa,qe of'Nufions. New York, NY: The Free Press.

Powcr, D. J., Sohal, A., & Rahman, S. U. (2001). Critical success factors in agile supply chain management: An cmpirical study. Infernational Journal of Physical L)i.strihufion and Logisfics M~magt.rnenf, 31(4), 247-265.

Prajogo. I. D. & Sohal, S. A. (2004). 'Transitioning from total quality management to total innovation management: An Australian case. International <Journul (,f Quulily t% Reliubility Mlinagernenl, 21(8), 86 1 -875.

Psomas, E., Fotopoulos, C., & Kafetzopoulos, I>. (2009). Assessing the critical factors and their impact on the ef'fcctive implementation of a food safety management system. Infernafionul ./ournu1 of QuuIity & ReIiabilr~y Mrmagement, 26(9), 894-910.

Qayoumi, M. (2000). Renchnzurking and Organizational Change. 'I'he Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers (APPA), Alexandria, VA.

Qi, Boyer, & Zhao (2009). Supply chain strategy, product characteristics, and performance impact: Evidencc from Chinese manufacturers, Decision Sciences, 40(4), 667- 695.

Quek, E. E. & Sha'ri, M. Y. (2003). A survey of ?'OM in the Malaysian electrical and electronic industry. Tofu1 Qualily Management, 14(1), 63-77.

Quinn, F. J. (1997). Team up for supply chain success. Logislies Munugement, 36, 39-41.

Ragatz. G. L., I-landfield, R. H. Xr Scannell, T. V. (1907). Success hctors for integrating suppliers into new product dcveloprnent. .Journcrl of' I'r-oduct lnnovntion Manugen~ent, I4(3), 100-202.

Rajagopal, 1'. (2006). Deferrninunf~ o f ejiicrive ~upp1.y chuin parfnering in 1J7e context ofelectrical and e1ectronicsfirm.s in A4ulaysiu, Doctoral Dissertation. Univcrsiti Sains Malaysia, Pcnang.

Ramudhin, A., Alznman, C., & Bulgak, A. A. (2008). Incorporating the cost of quality in supply chain design. .Jozar.nul of Quality in Maintenanct. Engineering, / - # ( I ) , 7 1-86.

Randall, 'I'., & Ulrich, K. (2001). l'roduct variety, supply chain structure, and finn perforniancc: Analysis or the U.S. bicycle industry. Management Science, 47(12), 1588- 1604.

Reeves, C. A. & Rednnr, D. A. (1994). Dcfining quality: Alternativcs and implications. Academy o j Management Review, 19(3), 41 9-446.

Kich, N., & Mines, P. (1997). Supply chain management and time based competition: The role ol' the supplier association. Internutionul .Journul of Physicul f>i.sirihution (e 1,ogi.stic.s Munugement, 2 7(3/4), 2 1 0-225.

Roniano, P. & Vinelli, A. (2001). Quality management in a supply chain perspcctivc: Strategic and operative choiccs ill a textile apparel nctwork. 1~ter.nutional Journal qf' O~~erution,~ und Production Mar7ugemcnt7 21(4), 446-460.

Kudberg, M, & Olhager, J. (2003). Manufacturing networks and supply chains: An operations strategy perspcctivc. Onzegu, 31(1). 29-39.

Salllieh, I,. & Singh, N. (2003). A systen~ dynaniics framework for bcnchmarking policy analysis for university system. Benchmarking: An 1~7ternutionul Journul, 10(5), 490-498.

Salkind, N. J. (2003). Exploring Research. New Jcrsey: Pearson Education. Samat, N.. Ramayah, l'., 61r. Saad, N. M. (2006). 'I'QM practices, service cluality,

and market orientation. Munugement Reseurch Nei~~.s, 29(1 I) , 71 3-728. Sainson, D. & Terziovski, M. (1999). 'l'he relationship bctwcen total quality

managcinent practices aiid ope1 alional perfc)m~ance. Jourrlul uf Operations Managenzent, 17(5), 393409.

Sanchcz, A. & Perez, M. (2005). Supply chain flexibility and firm performancc: a conceptual model and empirical study in the automotive industry. international .Journal of Opcrutions and Produc~ion Management, 25(7), 681-700.

Saraph, J. V., Benson, I'. (;., & Scrocdcr, R. G . (1989). An instrument for measuring thc critical factors of quality management. Decision Science, 20(4), 8 10-820.

Sari, K. N., Ainuddin, R. A. & 'Tengku Abdullah, '1'. A. (2006). Kesan padanan antara perakaunan pengurusan strategik dengan strategi pemiagaan terhadap prestasi iirma. Jurnal Pengurusan, 25, 87- 109.

SayIor, J . 11. (1992). TQM. Field Munuul. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Scanlon, R. (2009). Aligning Product und Supply Chuin Strutegies in the Mobile

Phone Indusfry. Published Master Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Schoonhoven, (1. ( 1 981). Problem with contingency theory: Testing assumptions hidden within language of contingency theory. Administvative Science Ouuvterly, 26(1), 349-377. u

Scott, W. Ii. (1 987). Organizulions, Rution~rl. Natul-al U I I ~ Open ,Sy.stenzs (2nd ed.). London: Prentice-Ilall International.

Sckaran, U. (2003). Research Methods,fbr Business (4Ih ed.). Hobokcn, NJ: .fohn Wiley & Sons.

Sekarau, U. (2005). Keseur~.h. Methods .fir Business: '4 Skill-Building Approach (41h ed.). NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Shah, I<., & Ward, I-'. 'I'. (2003). I.ean manufacturing: Context, practice bundles, and performance. .lournu1 (?j'OIperations Munugunent, 2/(2), 129-49.

Sharma, S., Durand, li. M., Gur-Arie, 0. (1981), Identification and analysis of moderator variables. ./ourno1 of Murketing Rrseur(:h, 18, 291 -300.

Sheridan, J. 11. (1 999). Managing the chain. 1n~1u.st1~ Week, 248, 50-66. Sheth, J. N., & Sharma, A. (1997). Relationship marketing: An agenda for

inquiry. Industriul Murketing Munagen.tcn/, 26(2), 9 1 - 1 00. Sheth, J. N. (1996). Organisational buying behavior: Past pcrforrnancc and future

expectations. .Jozrrnal c!fBu.sine.ss and I~idustriul Mul~keting, 11 (3/4), 7-24. Shin, H., Collicr, D. A., & Wilson, 1). I.). (2000). Supply manageincnt orientation

and supplierlbuycr perforniance. Journal of Operalions Munugement, I8(3), 3 17--333.

Simatupang, 'J'. M. & Sridharan, R. (2002). The collaborative supply chain. ~nternurional ,Journnl c!f'Logi.vfic.s hfanu,qerner7/, 13(1), I 5-30.

Simatupang, T. M. &: Sridharan, R. (2005). An inlegrativc liarnework for supply chain collaboration. ~ n ~ e r ~ ~ l i o ~ ~ u ~ Journal ~j ' l ,o ,gis f ic~ Munugement, /6(2), 257- 274.

Simchi-I,evi, D., Kaminsky, I-'., & Simchi-l,evi, E. (2000). Des~gning and Munuging the Supply Chtrin,(lS' cd.). Ncw York, NY: Irwin McGraw-I-Till.

Singh, I-'. J., & Smith, A. (2006). An empirically validated quality management measurement instrument. Benchrnurking: An Internationnl .Joumul, 13(4), 493-522.

Skyttner, L. (2005). Systeins theory and the scicncc OF military colninand and control. Cybevne~e~s, 34(7/8), 1240- 1260.

Smykay, E. W., Bowcrsox, D. J. & Mossman, F. H. (1961). I'hysicul Jisfrihl~tion manc1gernent. New York, N Y : Macmi llan.

Sobry, A., liushami, Z.Y., Zulkif'li, M.17., Shahimi, M., Azhar, A., Aziz, O., (201 1). Supply chain management in Mulaysiun construclion industry. Published Research Report. Universiti Utara Malaysia.

Song, X. M., & Parry, M. E. (1997). A cross-national conlparative study of new product development processcs: Japan and the United States. ,Journal of Marketing, GI, 1 - 18.

Spckman, K. E., Ka~nauff Jr, J . W., & Myhr, N. (1998). An empirical investigation into supply chain management: A perspective on partnerships. Supply Chain A4anugentent, 3(2), 53 -67.

Spekman, R. E. (1988). Strategic supplicr selection: understanding long-term buyer relationships. Business Ilorizons, 3 I (4), 75-8 1.

Sproull, N. D. (1995). Hundhook oJ'Kesearch Mefhods: A Guide for Practitioners clnd ,Studenls in the Sociul Sciences (2"d ed.). New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press.

Stalk, G., & I-Iout, T. M. (1990). Competing Aguinst Time: /-low l'ime-based (.,'ompetition is Reshaping Global Murkets. Ncw York, NY: The Frce Press.

Stank, T., Crum, M. & Arongo, M. ( 1 999). Benefits of interfirm coordination in food industry supply chains. Journal of Bu.sine.ss I,ogistic.s., 20(2), 2 1 -4 1.

Stock, .I. I t . , & L,ambei-t, 11. M. (2001). Strategic 1ogislic.r munclgenwnt, (4"' ed.). MA Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.

Stuart, J'. 1. (1993). Supplier partnerships: Influencing factors and strategic benefits. Inlernalional .Journal of I'trrchusing und Maleriu1.r Munugement, Fall, 22-28.

Sufian, M. Q., Susita, A., Sawsan, A. & Calicgh, C. (201 1). 'lactical supply chain management: lnipacts on supply chain pcrfor~nancc and firm performance. POMS 22nd;lnnual C'o?$ercnce. Reno, Nevada, IJ.S.A. 1 -2 1 .

Sufian, M. Q. (2010). Alignmenl c$ Informofion Syslems with Supply Chains. Impacts on Supply Chain Peyjbrn7unce und Orgunizutior?ul Performance. l'ublishcd doctoral dissertation. Ilnivcrsity of Toledo.

Susita, A. (2010). Challenges in lhe (;'loha1 Stq~ply Charn: I<xplolta/ion versus Explorution Slrufew. Published doctoral dissertation. University of 'Toledo.

Susita, A., Mohamcd, Z., & Mohd, R. R. (2010). Influence of leadership competency and organizational culture on rcsponsivcncss and performance of firms. Internationul ./ournu1 of C'ontemporury tIospitulity Management, 22(4), 500- -5 1 6.

Swink, M. (1999). Threats to new product manufacturability and the cffects 01' dcvelopmcnt tea111 intcgration processes. .lournu1 of Opcrution,~ Manrrgcment, 17(6), 691-709.

Swink, M.. Narasimhan, R., & Kim, S. W. (2005). Manufacturing practices and strategy intcgration: Effects on cost efficiency, flexibility, and market-based performance. Decision science.^, 36(3). 427-457.

Szu-Yuan, S., Mcng-Hsiang, 11. & Wen-Jin, 11. (2009). Thc impact of alignment betweell supply chain stratcgy and enviro~~mental uncertainty on SCM performance. Supply Chuin hfunugement: An Internationctl ,Journal. f 4 ( 3 ) , 201-212.

'Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, I,. S. (2007). ILsing Mztltivnrictle Slatislrcs (5'h ed.): Pearson.

'I'an, K. C:., Kannan, V. I<., & Handficld, R. R. (1998). Supply chain management: Supplier performance and firm perfornia~ice. Inter.nutionul .Journal of' Purchasing and Materials Munugcntent, 34(3), 2 9.

Tan, K. li., Lyman, S. B., & Wisner, J . 13. (2002). Supply chain management: a strategic perspcctivc. fn/crna/ioncrl Jounral of 0perulion.s & Production Munagement, 22(6), 61 4-63 1.

'rang, It., Shaw, W. M., Jr., 61( Vcvca, J. L,. (1999). Towards the identification of the optimal number of relevance categories. .Jovrnal oj'the Americnn Society ,for. Informalion Science, 50(3). 254-264.

'rari, J , J. (2005). Components or successful total quality management. The TQM Muguzine, 17(2), 182-94.

'I'hi, L. S. (2006). Eleclronic commerce udoption ctmong rnanufucturing SMEs in Malaysia, doctoral dissertation. [Jniversiti Utara Malaysia.

Thomas, K., Victor I)., & Leon, A. K. (1999). Cautions on the use of the SEIiQIJAL measure to assess the quality of information systems services. Decision Sciences, 30(3), 877--89 1 .

'Tonlkins, C. (2001). Inter-dependencies, trust and information in relationships, alliances and nctworks. Accounting Organizations und Society, 26(2), 161 - 191.

Tosi, I]., & Slocum, J. (1984). Contingency theory: Some suggested directions. Journcrl of Munugement, 10, 9-26.

Towill, D. R. (1996). Time compression and supply chain management - A guided tour. Supply Chuin Manugenwnt, /(I) , 15-27.

Towill, D., & Christopher, M. (2002). The supply chain strategy conundrum: To be lean or agile or to be lean & agile? Internutioncrl Journal qf logistics: Research & Applications, 5(3), 299-309.

Tukamuhabwa, B., Sarah, E., & Friday, 11. (201 1) . Mediating variables in the relationship betwcen market orientation and supply chain perfbnnance: A theoretical approach. lnternrctional .Journal of Business und ,S'ociul Science, 2(22), 99- 107.

Turner, J. Ii. (1 993). Integrated supply chain management: What's wrong with this picture? Ind~r.slriu1 Engineering, 25(12), 52-55.

'I'ushman, M. L., O'Rcilly, HI., & Charles, A. (1996). Ambidextrous Orgru~izatioi~s: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. Culifurnia Management Review, 35(4), 8-30.

'I'yndall, G R. (2000). The global supply chain challcnge. Sul~ply <,'hain Munagcment Review, 3(4), 13- 15.

IJlusoy, G. (2003). An assessment of supply chain and innovation management practices in the manufacturing industries in Turkey. Infernutionul .Journal of I'roduction I;:cononzics, 86(3), 25 1-270.

van dcr Vorst, J . G. A., & I3culens, A. .l. M. (1999). A research model for the redesign of food supply chains. Irlfernufion~~I .Journal Logi.stics: Research and Applicution.r, 2(2), 1 6 1 - 1 80.

Van Hock, R. I. (1998). Measuring the unmeasurable - Mcasuring and improving performance in the supply chain. Sz~pply Chnil~ Manugenwnt, 3(4), 187-1 92.

Van IIoek, R. I., I-larrison, A., & Christopher, M. (2001). Measuring agile capabilities in the supply chain. lnter-natior~ul Journal of Operations & Production Management, 21(1-2), 126-1 48.

Vanichchinchai, A, , & Igcl, R. (2009). Total quality nianagenient arid supply chain management: Similaritics and differences. Thc TQM Magazine, 21(3), 249-260.

Venkatranian, N. (1989). 'L'he cvncept of lit in stratcgy rcsearch: Toward verbal and statistical correspondence. Academy ofMunagement Hevicw, 14(3), 423- 444.

Vcra, D., & Crossan, M. (2004). Theatrical improvisation: Lessons for organization. Organizution Studies, 25(5), 722-749.

Vickery, S., Calantone, R., & Droge, C. (1999). Supply chain flexibility: An einpirical study. ./ournu1 of Supply C'huin Munugernent, 35(3), 16-24.

Vitasek, K.. Manrodt, K. D., & Abbott, J , (2005).What makes a lean supply chaii~? Supply Chuin Management Review, 9(7), 39-45.

Vokurka, R. J., & Lummus, R. I<. (2000). Thc role orjust-in-time in supply chain management. Internutionul Journal ($Logistics Management, 11 (1 ), 89-98.

Vondcrembse, M. A. & 'Tracey, M. (1999). 'l'he i~npact of supplier selection critcria and supplier involverncnt on manufacturing performance. The .Journal of Supply Chain Munugement, 35(3), 33-39.

Vonderembse, M. A., Uppal, M., Huang, S. H., & Dismukes, J. 1). (2006). Designing supply chains: I'owards theory devcloprnent. Internutional .Journal of Production Econotnics, 100(2), 223-238.

Wang, G., Huang, S. H., & Dismukes, J . P. (2004). I'roduct-driven supply chain selection using integrated multi-criteria dccision-making mcthodology. Internutionul Journal o{Produc/ion Economics, 91(1). 1-1 5.

Ward, P., & Zhou, t-I. (2006). Impact of information technology integration and lcan/just-in-timc practices on lead-time performance. Decision Sciences, 3 7(2), 177-203.

Watts, C. A., Kiln, K. Y., & IIahn, C. K. (1995). I,inking purchasing to corporale competitive strategy. Inlornational .Jozrrnul of Pzrrchasing und Muterials Managemenl, 3/(2), 2-8.

Westcott & Russell T. (2003). Slepping Ilp 7i) IS0 9001. 2000: A I'ructicul Guide For Creuling A World-c1a.v.s Organization. Paton Press.

White, R. E., Pearson, J. N., & Wilson, S. R. (1999). SIT Manufacturing: A survey of implementation in small and large US nlanufacturers. h4anagernent Science, 45(1), 1-1 5.

Wieters, C. D. (1979). Managing supplier lead-tirne. .Jozrrnal ~fl'urcha~sirzg and h!aterials Manugemen/, 15(2). 2-7.

Wilkinson, I., & Young, L. (1995). nusincss dancing: the nature and role of inter- firm relations i n business strategy. Asiu-Ausfrcrlirr Mnrkefing Jozrrnal, 2(1), 67-79.

Wing S. C., Christian N. M., Chu-Mua K., Min H. I,., Chinho I,., & llojung T. (2008). Supply chain management in the IJS and 'Taiwan: An empirical study. On~ega, 36(5), 665-679.

Wisncr, J. D. (2003). A structural equation model of supply chain management strategies and i i r~n perl'ormance. .Journul ofBusine~s Lo~isl ic .~, 24(1), 1-26.

Xiao, %., Sangster, A. & Dodgson, J. FI. (1997). The relationship between infornmation technology and corporate financial reporting. [!formation Technology und People, 10(1), 1 1 -30.

Ying, I,. (2006). Szrpply chuin jlexibilify: Anlecedent.~, driving force inzpucfs on /~etji)rrnance, Doctoral Dissertation. llniversity of Toledo, Toledo, 011.

Yoshino, M., & Rangan, S. (1995). Slrutegic Alliunces: An Entrepreneurial Approach ro (;lobalization. Rostori, MA: Harvard Busincss School I'ress.

Young, L., & Wilkinson, 1. (1 989). 'I'he role of trust and cooperation in marketing channels: A preliminary study. European Journul of'Murke/ing, 23(2), 109- 122.

Yu, L. X., Yan, Il., Kr. Cheng, ' I ' . C:. 1:. (2001). Benefits of information sharing with supply chain partnerships. lnciz~lrstrrol Managerncnt und Du/u LSystems, 101(3), 114 - 119.

Zairi, M. (1996). Esfeclive Benchrnurking - Leurn~ngfrom the Hesl. London: Chapman & I4nll.

Zhang, C., C'hang, (;., & Yu, El. (2006). Supply chain quality control decision under different product structurcs. Procec!ding.s of the 2006 Asia-PuciJic Service Computing Confirence, tiuangzhou. C'hinu, 1 89- 1 93.

Zhang, Z., Waszink, A., & Wijngaard, J . (2000). An instrument for measuring TQM Implementation for Chinese manufacturing companies. The Int ernat ional .Journal of Quality & Reliability Manugernenl, 1 7(7), 730-75 5.

Zhou, H., & Benton, W. C. (2007). Supply chain practice and information sharing. .Journal of Operations Munugement, 25(6), 1348-1365.

Zikmund, W. G. (2000). Busine,ss Hescavch Methods (6Ih cd.). Fort Worth: The Dryden Press.

Zikrnund, W. G. (2003). Rusine.rs Re.seai-ch Methods (7Ih cd.). South-Westem, Ohio.

Zirger, R. J. & Hartley, J. I>. (1996). The effect of acceleration tcchniques on product development time. IE1;E Trans. Bng. Munugcment, 43(2), 143-1 52.