DIGIT AL VIDEO

HAJIJAH BT. JENAWI

Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan

Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Telekomunikasi) 2001

I

Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan

Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Telekomunikasi) 2001

They light up my life; Apak, Mak, Abang Wandi, Tiyah, Lan & Dicky

So much in heart;Dedeng

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, Alhamdulillah to Allah S.W.t for giving me such strength and patience.

My supervisor, Mr. Ng Liang Yew. Thanks for guiding me to finish my thesis.

Thanks for all your support and only God can give it back to you.

To my beloved family, nothing much 1 cant do without your pray and hope. For all

support, physically and mentally, thanks for eternity.

My greatest love and friend, Oedeng who always and forever remains in my heart.

Thanks for everything.

Last ever after, my dearest and gentle ciassmate.fhis will be the greatest moment

ever alive in my heart. Thanks so much.

" LOOKBEFORE YOU LEAP"

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ABSTRACT

Recently, the widespread use of digital electronic signal processing

techniques has allowed video system to move more into the digital era. Digital video

performance are very much dependent upon the various features and parameters.

Major features of concerned include the digital storage system such as Compact Disc

(CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD). Some parameters of importance in digital

video are the interface, which include Firewire, Small Computer Systems Interface

(SCSI) and Universal Serial Bus (USB). The advantages of having video in digital

form allow various types of applications, which include the nonlinear editing that

deal with such program as Adobe After Effect, Adobe Premiere, Edit DV Unplugged

and Photo DV. Hence, digital video plays important roles in future for such

application in Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), High Definition Television (HDTV),

video via Internet, video conferencing and desktop conferencing. This research is to

study and develop knowledge of various features and technologies advancement

towards digital video. This research also includes the basic fundamental concept of

digital signal.

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ABSTRAK

Kepesatan penggunaan alatan digital elektronik telah membawa kepada

sistem video ke era digital. Pengaplikasian video digital bergantung kepada pelbagai

faktor dan ciri tertentu. Antara ciri-ciri utama dalam video digital ialah sistem

penyimpanan yang terbahagi kepada dua iaitu CD (compact disc) dan DVD (digital

versatile disc). Antara parameter terpenting dalam video digital ialah an tara muka

termasuk Firewire, Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) dan Universal Serial

Bus (USB). Kelebihan penggunaan video dalam bentuk digital juga turut

menyumbang kepada pelbagai aplikasi lain. Antaranya ialah penyuntingan tidak

linear yang pada masa yang sama melibatkan perisian-perisian seperti Adobe After

Effect, Adobe Premiere, Edit DV Unplugged dan Photo DV. Selain itu, video digital

juga turut memainkan peranan yang penting pada masa yang akan datang. Contoh

aplikasi video digital ialah Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), High Definition Television

(HDTV), video melalui Internet, video conferencing dan desktop conjerencing.

Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mempelajari selia mengembangkan pengetahuan

terhadap peJbagai ciri dan kemajuan teknologi dalam video digital. Kajian ini turut

merangkumi konsep asas isyarat digital.

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CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK VII

LIST OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Digital Video

1.2 Project overview 4

1.3 Scope of work 4

1.4 Objective project 5

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Digital video 7

2.1.1 Digital signal 8

2.1.2 Digital video formats 12

2.2 Digital audio 13

2.3 Digital video vs. analog video 14

v

2.4 Digital Video camcorder

2.4.1 Digital camcorder formats

Chapter 3 DIGITAL VIDEO STORAGE SYSTEM

3.1 CD Format

3.1.1 Single Vs Multisession

3.1.2 Book specification

3.1.3 CD Drive

3.2 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 DVD category

Chapter 4 DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACE

4.1 Firewire

4.1.1 Firewire features

4.1.2 Firewire advantages

4.2 Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)

4.2. I SCSI Features

4.2.2 SCSI advantages

4.3 Ultra Wide (UW) SCSI

4.4 Universal Serial Bus (USB)

4.4.1 USB introduction

4.4.2 USB Basics

4.4.3 USB power

4.4.4 USB speed

VI

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25

29

30

34

34

38

38

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41

42

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45

46

47

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4.4.5 Application of USB 47

Chapter 5 DIGITAL VIDEO EDITING

5.1 Introduction 50

5.2 Digital editing requirement 52

5.2.1 PC requirement 53

5.3 Nonlinear editing 53

5.3.1 Digital editing advantages 55

Chapter 6 EDITING SOFTWARE

6.1 Introduction 57

6.2 Adobe After Effect 58

6.3 Adobe Premiere 60

6.4 PhotoDV 61

6.5 Edit DV Unplugged 61

Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF l)IGITAL VIDEO

7.1 Development of digital video 63

7.2 Future of digital video 64

7.2.1 HDTV 65

Video via Internet 67

7.2.3 Video conferencing 67

7.2.4 Desktop conferencing 68

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VII

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Chapter 8 CONCLUSION

8.1 Conclusion 72

REFERENCES 74

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TABLE LIST

Page

3.1.3 (i) Modes produces by CD-I Audio drive 26

-. 1 .. ( .. )j. .j II Summary of CD-I video modes 27

4 -. .j Specification of UW Ultra Wide SCSI host adapter 43

4.4.5 General interface connectivity methods 49

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FIGURES LIST

Page

1.1 Flow of editing picture using digital

Technology 3

2.1.1(i) Digital video signals are recorded on the

evaporated-metal layer, a hard-carbon

layer fights abrasion, and other layers

add stability and durability. 8

2.1.1(ii) Digital Signal path and signal flow of

analog video. 10

2.4.1 Panasonic's DVC-J 000 has an IC input

to let user dub a second audio track onto

previously recorded tape. 17

3.1 CD Interface 20

3.1.1(i) CD R Interface 21

3.1.1 (ii) CD RW Interface 22

3.2.1 DVD Layer Interface 30

3.2.2(i) CD and DVD pits comparison 32

3.2.2(ii) CD and DVD optical reading comparison 11 .).)

4.1.1(i) The Firewire cables and connector 35

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4.1. J(ii) The Firewire protocol stack and serial bus 36

management controller

4.1.1(iii) The Firewire terminates in a "Gameboy"

Iike connector 37

4.1.1(iv) Topology of typical PC based Firewire bus

system for digital video application 37

4.2.I(i) The 16 pin SCSI card 39

4.2.1 (ii) A SCSI Bus 40

4.4.10) Logo of USB 44

4.4.10i) USB port at behind computer view 44

4.4.5 USB Topology 48

5.1 Flow in digital editing process 51

5.3(i) Nonlinear editing setup 53

5.30i) A simplified depiction of audio and video

timelines in a computer-based of nonlinear

editing system 54

6.2 (i) Infinity effects using Adobe After Effect 58

6.2 (ii) Expo scale effect using Adobe After Effect 59

7.2.1(1) Oversampling between HDTV cameras,

down converter HDTV camera and normal

TV camera 65

7.2.I.(ii) Application of high definition in business

and industrial facilities. 66

7.2.3 VC applied by satellite 68

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XI

7.2.4(i) Flow of desktop conferencing 69

7.2.4(ii) Flow of desktop conferencing and server 70

xii

ADPCM

Bps

CD ROMXA

CD

CD-DA

CD-I

CDRTOS

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

CPU

DCT

DMA

DV

DVD AR/DVD SR

DVDR

DVDRAM

DVDROM

DVDRW

ABBREVIATION LIST

Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation

bit per second

Compact Disc Read Only Memory Extended

Architecture

Compact disc

compact disc digital audio

Compact disc Interactive

Compact Disc Real Time Operating System

Compact disc recordable

Compact Disc Read Only Memory

Compact disc rewriteable

Central processing Unit

Discrete Cosine Transform

Direct Multiple Access

Digital video

A specification

Digital Versatile Disc Recordable

Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory

Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory

Digital Versatile Disc Rewriteable

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p

DVD

ECC

EDC

fps

GB

HDD

HDTV

110

IC

IEEE 1394

ISO 9660

KB

MB

M-1PEG

MPEG

NTSC

PAL

PC

PCA

PCI

Digital Versatile Disc

Error Correction Code

Error Detection Code

frame per second

Giga bytes

physical mechanism

High Definition Television

Input! Output

Integrated Circuit

Standard used by Institute of Electrical & Electronic

Engineering of interfacing between computers and

electronic products such as camcorders, VCRs, TVs

and digital camera with no age degradation

format standard by International Standard organization

in 1984

Kilo by1es

Mega bytes

Motion Joint Picture Expert Group

Moving Picture Expert Group

National Television System Committee (video format)

Phase Alternation Line

Personal Computer

Power Calibration Area

Personal Computer Interface

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PCM

PMA

PnP

pxl

SACD

SCSI

SDI

SPI

USB

UW

VC

VCR

VHS

VTR

---_.._ ...• _._-------­

Pulse Code Modulation

Program Memory Area

Plug and Play

pixel

Super Audio CD

Small Computer System Interface

Serial Digital Interface

SCSI programming interface

Universal Serial Bus

Ultra wide

Video conferencing

Video cassette recorder

Video High Solution

Video Tape Recorder

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.] Introduction of Digital Video

In this whole new world, everything about digital has one main benefit ­

lower cost. Digital circuitry costs less to manufacturer. Regarding to this reason,

there are so many devices that basically using digital principal. Digital electronics

signal processing techniques have allowed any systems to move into digital era. In

other hand. digital process can handle more functionality on one chip. Digital

procedural was standardized components outlines and easier to assembly on

automated equipment. One of the most interesting devices that now produce by using

the digital concept is video - digital video.

Digital video has been a commonly in use among people and environment

nowadays. Digital video can be explained as video signal that exists as a set of

numbers representing analog voltage values. Digital video also refers to any system

where the information for images is represented by a collection at digital bits.

Digital video was conceptually made possible by invention of pulse code

modulation (PCM). Experiment was made with digital video since lately 1950s. On

1950s time being, cost remained prohibitive for commercial applications until there

was invention widely in microelectronics and high-density recording being made.

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F

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Digital equipment simply falls short of the idea by a smaller distance that

I does analog and at lower cost, can have same performance as analog. It also

indicating in pure processes binary.

One of the vital concepts to grasp is that digital video is simply an alternative

means of carrying a video waveform. An ideal digital video system has the same

characteristic as an ideal analog system where both reproduce the original applied

waveform without error. Digital video equipments use techniques that have no

parallel in analog video and it really needs new skills and knowledge.

One most common challenge for digital video has been the massive number

of analog video devices that already in use. The video medium has been primarily

based on a signal composed of waves captured through electronic cameras and stored

in analog form on electro-magnetic tape.

Digital Video has become more economical. Several tools of digital video

have come onto the market aimed at both consumers and professionals. Even though

there are differences in production features and handling of the picture data in digital

video format, all digital video formats are based on encoding video images onto

digital videotape.

Video camcorder is commonly application of digital video. Camcorder itself

involving in higher resolution. It applied all the digital process in order to give the

best picture output. Sony and Panasonic produce the higher quality of camcorder.

Camcorder device that produce by Sony and Panasonic records images using a

precise stream of binary bits - a computer language based on I 's and O's. From this

camcorder or other digital video devices, it possibly can edit picture that being

captured (by both device). easily can be edited lIsing software in personal computer.

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Acquisition Processing Output

Figure 1.1 Flow afedit ing picture using digital technology

For a most year before, video production depended on nonlinear (computer

based) editing. With the term nonlinear itself means the editing process mainly lIsing

software personal computer (PC). Linear editing doesn't allow cutting and pasting.

To make the editing process, it include editing piece by piece, shot by shot - one by

one process. In nonlinear editing, editing by cutting and pasting process can be done

anyway without having to start over. Its all depend on our choice using which

software is good and special hardware.

To make a connection between a digital video and a PC, for editing process

being possible, its need an interface. All digital interfaces required to be standardize

to fit consumer needs. As digital video of any type is only data, its follows that the

same physical and electrical standards can be lIsed for a variety of protocols. Both

paraliel and series interfaces llses common connectors. pinouts, and e[ectrical level in

component and composite versions. Type of video being transferred is taken care of

in protocol differences.

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1.2 Project overview.

This project is made to carry out information on how the editing picture

captured by digital video can possible done with personal computer using software

application. This project gains information about digital video area and the

application of software being used in editing process. Choosing the best interface that

connect the digital video to personal computer for editing also indicate in this

project. This project contains all the description of interfaces, software and other

features to edit picture that being recommended. As a conclusion, this project bring a

widely enhance of digital video area into computer environment together with

Information Technology growth.

1.3 Scope of works.

During the process in finishing this project, some works have to be done to

dig up all the important information. This project is to study the mechanism of the

connection and process that involved in giving the best output when the picture

display in computer. It allowed user to make the picture more creative by using

appl ication that offered by the software itself. One also gain information process to

search how computer deal with input from digital video by using interface. The

interface must give high quality in order to give higher performance for both digital

video and PC. At the end, we will find how far this digital video area can go and the

future itself. In other hand, J also looked out which higher level it can achieve.

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1.4 Objective project.

Objective of this project are;

l, To understand the fundamental of using digital video,

o Using the digital video is actually same as analog video but digital video more

complex and easy to be used, In meantime, digital video gives us advantages by

processing the signal in binary,

2, To understand fully mechanism of connection from a digital video to

computer using interface module,

o To edit a picture from a digital video to computer, this needs linking such as

using an interface to make the nonlinear editing success. This project also covers

connection between digital video and computer using whether the parallel and

series as a connection by choosing the best one.

3. To study the architecture of the interface module,

o Interface module for editing digital video picture using software nowadays being

marketed widely in any kind of brand and special feature. This project exposed

which characteristic of these interfaces that give high performance, This project

also carries out which ways it makes the connection of both are ideal and

efficient.

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4. To understand how software applications can give such a great picture after

editing.

o Adobe After Effect is most widely software that being used to edited the picture

from digital video. It contains much more techniques to present the picture in

different style. This project also makes a comparison with the other editing

picture software and deeply focuses on Adobe After Effect.

5. To look into the possibi I ity of enhance certain of its future.

o Each material that used digitally, have more enhance future compare to analog.

In a world towards digitally, this project looked how far can this digital video

come over through the year. This project provides information about digital video

growth, before and towards years.

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p $!

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Digital video

Digital video is a time-based media, typically running anywhere from Sfps to

30fps, which is normally viewed in a linear sequence and consists of a series of

frames or images timed with audio. Digital video apply the Pulse Code Modulation

(PCM) digital recording one 16 bits I 48 kHz stereo channel or two 12 bits I 32 kHz

channel. Usually digital video has been created from an analog master or analog

source tape, although this is changing due to new digital cameras and digital audio

capture devices.

Digital video is an approximation of analog video. Each works with the

same basic principle to create motion, but each has a distinct set of characteristics.

As there digital technology in video, the previous technology has to be referred to

as analog.

The reason why digital being used in video field are;

I. Quality of reproduction of a well engineered digital video system is independent

of the medium and depends only on the quality of the conversion process.

2. Conversion of video to the digital domain allows tremendous

opportunities that were denied to analog signals.

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