CHAPTER 1: MATTERPART A: GHANI’S FORMAT

SUBTOPIC:

i. WHAT IS MATTERii. STATES OF MATTERiii. CONCEPT OF DENSITY

SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT

MINOR POINT

SUPPORTING POINT 1

SUPPORTING POINT 2

What is Matter?

Defined as anything which has mass and occupies space

Consists of living things and non-living things.

Example of non-living things:

Air Water soil

Example of living things:

Plants Animals Humans

States of Matter

Solid Properties of solid

-Retains a fixed volume and shape-cannot be compressed-Does not flow-Rigid (particles cannot move)

Particles Model for solid

Liquid Properties of liquid

-Occupies the shape of part of container-Not easily compressible-Flows easily-Particles can move

Particles Model for liquid

Gas Properties of gas

- Occupies the shape and volume of container- Compressible- Flows very easily-Particles can move past one another

Particles Model for

gasConcept of Density

Definition of Density

-Physical property of matter that describes the degree of compactness of a substance on how closely packed the particles of a substance are.

-Relationship between mass and volume of a substances:

Density = Mass Volume

Relationship between ability to float and density

-Buoyancy refers to the ability of a material to float on water

-An object will sink in a liquid if the object is denser than the liquid

-Object which is less dense will float in a liquid that is denser.

Sink and float candle

Applications Boat and Ship

-Boat and ships that weigh thousands of tonnes can float on the water because inside of the structure are empty spaces that filled with air.

-This makes the density of boat and ship is less than density of water.

Boat that float on the water

Submarine -A submarine uses ballast (stability) as a means of descending and ascending underwater.

-If submarine rises towards the surface, a valve will opened to release compressed air into tanks (ascending)

-The air pushes out water and causes the submarine to ascend.

Float -A float helps a swimmer to float on the surface of water

-The air in the float makes it less dense than water.

PART B: QUESTIONSObjective questions

1. What determines the state of matter?A. Freezing point and boiling pointB. Densities of matterC. Arrangement of particlesD. Number of particles in matter

2. Water molecules in steam and water molecules in ice differ in term ofA. Size of moleculesB. Densities of moleculesC. Volume of molecules

D. Distance between molecules

Subjective questions

1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of particles in substances P, Q and S.

P Q SFigure 1

a) Based on Figure 1, identify the states of P, Q, and S. [3 marks]

b) States two characteristics each for substances P, Q and S. [6 marks]

c) State two examples of substances that have similar characteristics as P, Q and S.

[3 marks]

PART B: ANSWERObjective questions

1. C –arrangement of particlesMatters exist in three states which is solid, liquid and gas. They are differentiate based on the arrangement of the particles.

2. D –distance between moleculesThe particles in solids are closely packed together, particles in liquids are not arranged in regular pattern and less compact, and particles in gas are far apart and not in fixed pattern.

Subjective questions

1.a) P:Solid Q: Liquid S: Gas

b) 2 Characteristics of P, Q and S

P (solid) Q (liquid) S (gas)

Has a fixed Occupies the Occupies the shape

volume and

shape

shape of part of

container

and volume of

container

Cannot be

compressed

Not easily

compressible Compressible

Rigid (particles

cannot move)

Particles can

move

Particles can move

past one another

CHAPTER 2 : BIODIVERSITYPART A : GHANI’S FORMAT

SUBTOPIC:

i. DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN A HABITATii. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT

MINOR POINT

SUPPORTING POINT 1

SUPPORTING POINT 2

Diversity of living organisms in a habitat

Definition of Biodiversity

defined as different types of animals and plants on Earth

Classification of living organisms

-based on their characteristics-in classification used today, they are classified into five main groups called kingdom

The 5 main groups:

Animals Plants Fungi Bacteria Very simple

organisms

Classification of animals

Vertebrates

-animals with backbone

-classified into 5 smaller group with their own characteristics

Fish Live in water have tails and fins

to help them swim Cold-blooded Breath through

gills Most lay eggs

without shells

o Clown fishes

o Snappero Stingrayso Sea

horseso Carp

Amphibians Live on both land and in water

Adults have 4 limbs to jump on land and swim in water

Cold-blooded Young breath

through gills Adults breathe

through lungs when on land and through skin when in water

Female lay eggs in water

o Frogso Toadso Newts

Reptiles Most of them live on land but some are in water

Have 4 limbs except for snake

Cold-blooded Breath through

lungs Lay eggs on land

and they fertilised inside female’s body

o Lizardso Tortoiseso Snakeso Alligators

Birds Live on land Most them can fly Warm-blooded Breath through

lungs Lay eggs in their

nests and they are fertilised internally and have hard shells

o Owlso Duckso Chickenso Parrotso Penguinso Sparrows

Mammals Most live on land but some in water

Some fly, some move on land

Warm-blooded Breath through

lungs All mammals

except duck-billed platypus and ant-eater, give birth to live young

o Dolphinso Rabbitso Batso Squirrelso Pangolinso Whales

Invertebrates

-animals without backbone

-divided into 2 groups based

With jointed legs

Divided into 3 groups based on number of legs

Three pairs of legs

Butterfly Beetle Grasshopper

Butterfly

on the type of legs

Four pairs of legs Scorpion Spider Mite

SpiderMore than four pair of legs

Shrimp Crab Centipede

Shrimp

Without jointed legs

-divided into 2 groups based on their appearance

Worms-like invertebrates

Leeches Earthworms Clam

EarthwormNon-worm-like invertebrates

Jellyfish Starfish Snails

SnailPART B: QUESTIONSObjective questions

1.

Which of the following animals has the above characteristics?

A. StingrayB. PlatypusC. WhaleD. Shark

2. Which of the following plants is a non-flowering plant?

A. MaizeB. Sugar cane

Warm-blooded Lives in the sea Give birth to young Skin covered with hair

C. Coconut treeD. Pine tree

3. Which of the following is not correct about the similarities between reptiles and amphibians?

A. Both have moist skinB. Both are cold-bloodedC. Both breath through lungsD. Both lay eggs

Subjective question

1. J, K, L and M in Figure 1 are four different types of animals.

J K L M

a) Give three characteristics that can be used to classify animals J, K, L and M.

[3 marks]

b) Classify animals J, K, L and M according to their common characteristics by

completing the flow chart below. [10 marks]

PART B: ANSWERObjective questions

1. B –PlatypusAll mammals are Warm-blooded and breathe through lungs. Except for duck-billed platypus and ant-eater, they give birth to live young.

2. D –Pine treeFlowering plants are plants with flowers. So, here all the three (maize, sugar cane and coconut tree) do have flowers.

3. A –Both have moist skinReptiles have dry and scaly skin, while amphibians have loose and moist skin.

Subjective question

1.

Animals

a) Three characteristics to classify animals J, K, L and M vertebrates and invertebrates with and without joined legs Cold-blooded or warm-blooded.

b) .

Common characteristics

CHAPTER 3 : BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORTPART A : GHANI’S FORMAT

SUBTOPIC:i. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANii. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANT

SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT

MINOR POINT

SUPPORTING POINT 1

SUPPORTING POINT 2

Transport system in human

-called human circulatory system

Heart Made up of cardiac muscles, connective tissues, and blood vessels

Functions of

Heart is divided into 4 chamber

Right atrium is connected to the vena cava

Left atrium is connected to the

Invertebrates Vertebrates

Joined –legs Without joined –legs

Cold-blooded

Warm –blooded

Scorpions Jelly –fish Fish Cat

Animals

-consists of 3 parts

the right side heart is to collect deoxygenated blood from body and pump it to lungs

The left side of heart collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body

pulmonary vein Right ventricle is

connected to the pulmonary artery

Left ventricle is connected to the aorta

Structure of human heart

Blood vessels

connect the heart to each part of the body

consists of three types-Arteries-Veins-Capillaries

Arteries carry blood away

from the heart have thick,

muscular and elastic walls

have small lumens and do not have valves

Veins carry blood back to

the heart has larger lumen contain valves that

prevent blood from flowing back

Capillaries connects arteries

and veins does not have

valves

Blood about 45%of blood is made up of solids called blood cells of corpuscles

3 kinds of blood cells-red blood cells-white blood cellsplatelets

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) They are

biconcave, disc-shaped cells without nucleus.

Contain haemoglobin which give the blood its red colour

White blood cells (leucocytes) Play an important

part in the body immune system to defend the body against diseases

Platelets (thrombocytes) They are produced

from bone marrow, nucleus and does not have definite shape

Their main job is to heal wounds

erythrocytes

thrombocytes

Transport system in plants

Vascular tissues

Xylem Carries water

containing dissolved mineral salts from the roots to the leaves through osmosis

Phloem Carries

dissolved

food in the form of sugar to all parts of plants

Cross section of the stem

Transpir-ation

Process where water is loss by evaporation from the leaves of a plant

Water escapes from the spaces inside the leaves in form of water vapour and passes through the pores called stoma.

Stoma Is a single hole or

pole, through which gases can enter or leave a plant leaf

Surrounded by a pair of cells known as guard cells

Stoma structure

PART B: QUESTIONSObjective questions

1. The human circulatory system consists of

I. The heart II. Blood vessels

III. Lungs

A. I and II onlyB. I and III onlyC. II and III only

D. I, II, and III.

2. The pulmonary artery differs from the pulmonary vein because itA. Has seminular valvesB. Has thin muscular wallsC. Carris blood under low pressureD. Carries deoxygenated blood

3. Which of the following is the characteristic of arteries?A. Have thick muscular wallsB. Have thin muscular wallsC. Have very thin muscular wallsD. Have walls which is only one cells thick

Subjective Questions

1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant.

Figure 1

a) Wjich part of the balsam plant is the cross section taken? [1 mark]b) Name the parts labelled P and Q. [1 mark]c) What is the function of the part labelled P in a plant? [1 mark]d) What is the function of the labelled Q in a plant? [1 mark]

PART B: ANSWERSObjective questions

1. A –I and II onlyHuman circulatory system consists of heart, blood and blood vessels.

2. D –carries deoxygenated blood.All arteries deliverosygenated blood to body cells, except for the pulmonary artery which deliver deoxygenated blood to lungs.

3. A –have thick muscular walls.The arteries are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. They have thick, muscular and elastic walls.

Subjective Questions

1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant .

a) Root

b) P : Phloem Q : Xylem

c) i) the P in the figure shows the Phloem which is function to transport water in the

plant

ii) the Q in figure shows the Xylem which is function to transport food in the plant