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SMK DATO SYED ESA

BIOLOGY

Paper 2Time :

Class :Marks :

MERGEFIELD ARAHAN

MERGEFIELD ArahanThis question paper consists of two sections: Section A and Section B.

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi dua bahagian: Bahagian A dan Bahagian B.MERGEFIELD ARAHAN

MERGEFIELD Arahan

Section ABahagianA

[60marks][60markah]

Answerallquestions in this section.Jawabsemuasoalan dalam bahagian ini.

1.Th e clouded leopard, Rafflesia sp. and Malayan tiger shown in Diagrambelow are threatened with extinctiondue to a certain human activity which deprives them of their habitat.Harimau akar, Rafflesiasp.dan harimau Malaya yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajahdi bawahdiancam kepupusan disebabkan aktiviti manusia yang mengurangkan habitatnya.

DIAGRAM /RAJAH

(a)

What is the human activity which endangers these species of living things?Apakah aktiviti manusia yang membahayakan spesies-spesies hidupan ini?

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[1 mark/1markah]

(b)

If plants and animals are not saved from extinction and more of them become extinct, what will this lead to?Apakah yang akan berlaku sekiranya tumbuhan dan haiwan tidak diselamatkan daripada mengalami kepupusan?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

(c)

What is the habitat of the clouded leopard, Rafflesia sp. and Malayan tiger?Apakah habitat bagi harimau akar, Rafflesiasp. dan harimau Malaya?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

(d)

Other than causing the extinction of plants and animals, what other eff ects can the activity named in (a) cause? Givefourother eff ects.Selain daripada menyebabkan kepupusan tumbuhan dan haiwan, apakah kesan lain aktiviti yang dinamakan di(a)?Berikanempatkesanlain.

1.

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2.

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3.

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4.

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[4 marks/4markah]

2.Diagrambelow shows a phenomenon.Rajahdi bawahmenunjukkan satu fenomena.

Diagram/Rajah(a)

What is the phenomenon shown above?Apakah fenomena yang ditunjukkan di atas?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1mark/markah]

(b)

Name a gas that causes the above phenomenon.Namakan satu gas yang menyebabkan fenomena di atas.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1mark/markah]

(c)

Explain how the gas named in (b) causes this phenomenon.Terangkan bagaimana gas yang dinamakan dalam (b) menyebabkan fenomena ini.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[2marks/markah]

(d)

Explain the effect of the phenomenon.Terangkan kesan fenomena ini.

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_____________________________________________________________________________________

[2marks/markah]

(e)

Nametwoother gases that cause this phenomenon.Namakanduagas lain yang menyebabkan fenomena ini.1.

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2.

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[2marks/markah]

(f)

Statetwofactors that cause the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.Nyatakanduafaktor yang menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah karbon dioksida di atmosfera.

1.

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2.

__________________________________________________________________________________

[2marks/markah]

(g)

Statetwoways of overcoming this phenomenon.Nyatakanduacara untuk mengatasi fenomena ini.1.

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2.

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[2marks/markah]

3.Diagrambelow shows a photograph of an activity carried out in an industrial area.Rajahdi bawahmenunjukkan aktiviti yang dijalankan dikawasan perindustrian.

Diagram/Rajah

(a)

What is the type of pollution shown by the above photograph?Apakah jenis pencemaran yang ditunjukkan didalam gambar diatas?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(b)

State the main source of the pollution named in (a).Nyatakan sumber utama pencemaran daripada(a).

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(c)

Namethreepollutants emitted by factories.Namakantigabahan pencemar yang dihasilkan dari kilang.

1.

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2.

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3.

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[3 marks/markah]

(d)

Give the effect of each pollutant named in (c).Nyatakan kesan-kesan daripada setiap bahan pencemar daripada(c).

________________________________________________________________________________________[3 marks/markah]

(e)

Givetwosolutions to overcome this type of pollution.Berikanduapenyelesaian kepada pencemaran jenis ini.

1.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2.

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[2 marks/markah]

4.Diagrambelow shows a environment-threatening activity.Rajahdi bawahmenunjukkan satu aktiviti yang mengancam alam sekitar.

DIAGRAM/RAJAH

(a)

Based on Diagram above, name the activity and explain several environmental problems caused by the activity.Berdasarkan Rajah di atas, namakan aktiviti ini dan terangkan beberapa masalah alam sekitar yang diakibatkan oleh aktiviti tersebut.

[10marks/10 markah]

(b)

Air pollution is another bad effect caused by human activities. By referring to suitable examples of air pollutants, state the harmful effects of air pollution on human health.Pencemaranudara merupakan satu lagi kesan buruk yang diakibatkan oleh aktiviti manusia. Dengan merujuk kepada contoh-contoh bahan pencemar udara yang sesuai, nyatakan kesan-kesan buruk pencemaran udara terhadap kesihatan manusia.[10marks/10 markah]

5.Diagrambelow shows the Earth which is surrounded by two layers of atmosphere.Rajahdi bawahmenunjukkan dua lapisan atmosfera yang mengelilingi Bumi.

DIAGRAM /RAJAH

The stratosphere contains a layer of substance X which absorbs much of a particular type of radiation from the Sun. This type of radiation has damaging eff ects on humans and other organisms.Lapisan stratosfera mengandungi satu lapisan bahanXyang menyerap sebahagian besar daripada sejenis sinaran dari Matahari. Jenis sinaran ini mempunyai kesan buruk terhadap manusia dan organisma lain.(a)

What is substance X mentioned above?Apakah bahanXyang dimaksudkan dalam pernyataan di atas?

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[1 mark/1markah]

(b)

What type of radiation from the Sun does it absorb?Apakah jenis sinaran dari Matahari yang diserap oleh bahanX?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

(c)

Statetwodamaging eff ects of this type of radiation on humans and other organisms.Nyatakanduakesan buruk jenis sinaran ini terhadap manusia dan organisma lain.

1.

__________________________________________________________________________________

2.

__________________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2markah]

(d)

How is the substance named in (a) formed naturally in the stratosphere?Bagaimanakah bahan yang dinamakan di(a)terbentuk secara semula jadi dalam stratosfera?

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_____________________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2markah]

(e)

A group of commercially important compounds is responsible for destroying substance X named in (a). What is this compound known as?Satu sebatian yang digunakan secara komersial bertanggung jawab memusnahkan bahanXyang dinamakan di(a).Apakah sebatian ini?

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[1 mark/1markah]

(f)

How does the thinning of the layer of the substance named in (a) in the stratosphere aff ect organismsliving on Earth?Bagaimanakah penipisan lapisan bahanXdalam lapisan stratosfera mempengaruhi organisma yang hidup di Bumi?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

6.Diagrambelow shows a human activity.Rajahdi bawahmenunjukkan satu aktiviti manusia.

DIAGRAM /RAJAH

(a)

What activity is it?Apakah aktiviti ini?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

(b)

How does this activity affect animals living in that area?Bagaimanakah aktiviti ini mempengaruhi haiwan yang hidup di kawasan ini?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

(c)

How does this activity affect the soil in that area?Bagaimanakah aktiviti ini mempengaruhi tanah di kawasan ini?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

(d)

Statetwoother effects of this activity which are related to the eff ect stated in your answer in (c).Nyatakanduakesan lain aktiviti ini yang berkaitan dengan kesan yang dinyatakan dalam jawapan anda di(c).

1.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2markah]

(e)

What can be done to remedy the ill eff ects of this activity?Apakah yang boleh dilakukan untuk memulihkan kesan buruk aktiviti ini?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1markah]

(f)

Statetwoother human activities which have undesirable eff ects on the environment.Nyatakanduaaktiviti manusia yang lain yang menyebabkan kesan buruk terhadap alam sekitar.

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_____________________________________________________________________________________

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[2 marks/2markah]

7.Diagrambelow shows a photograph of the effects of eutrophication in a lake.Rajah di bawahmenunjukkan kesan eutrofikasi keatas sebuah tasik.

Diagram/Rajah

(a)

What is meant by eutrophication?Nyatakan maksud eutrofikasi?

________________________________________________________________________________________[2 marks/markah]

(b)

Statethreecauses of eutrophication.Nyatakantigapunca eutrofikasi?

1.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2.

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3.

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[3 marks/markah]

(c)

What is the term used to describe the population explosion of algae in a lake.Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan ledakan populasi alga didalam tasik?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(d)

What is the result of the condition named in (c)?Apakah akibat daripada kejadian yang berlaku pada(c)?

________________________________________________________________________________________[2 marks/markah]

(e)

What is the method used to measure water pollution?Namakan kaedah untuk mengukur kadar pencemaran air?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(f)

State the relationship between the BOD value and the degree of pollution.Kaitkan hubungan diantara nilai BOD dengan kadar pencemaran?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

8.Diagrambelow shows a satellite image of the ozone hole over the Antarctica.Rajahdi bawahmenunjukkan imej satelit lapisan ozon di Antartika.

Diagram/Rajah

(a)

Where is the ozone layer located?Dimanakah lapisan ozon terletak?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(b)

State the function of the ozone layer.Apakah fungsi lapisan ozon?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(c)

Nameoneozone-depleting substance.Namakansatubahan penghakis ozon?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(d)

State the main cause of ozone depletion.Nyatakan punca utama penipisan ozon?

________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(e)

Givethreesources of ozone-depleting substance.Berikantigasumber bahan penipisan ozon.

1.

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2.

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3.

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[3 marks/markah]

(f)

Giveoneeffect of ozone depletion on...Berikansatukesan penipisan ozon keatas...i.

humans.Manusia.

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[1 mark/markah]

ii.

plants.Tumbuhan

_____________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

iii.

the environment.Alam sekitar

_____________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark/markah]

(g)

Statetwoways to reduce ozone depletion.Berikanduakaedah untuk mengurangkan kesan penipisan ozon.

1.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]

SMK DATO' SYED ESAJawapan

SPM Biology Tingkatan 4,5 - ENDANGEREDP2 Kertas 2

1.

(a) Deforestation/Penyahhutanan

(b) Loss of biodiversity/Kehilangan biodiversiti

(c) Tropical rainforest/Hutan hujan tropika

(d) 1. Landslides/Tanah runtuh 2. Flash floods/Banjir kilat 3. Soil erosion/Hakisan tanah 4. Changes in the weather and climatePerubahan cuaca dan iklim2.

(a) The greenhouse effectKesan rumah hijau(b) Carbon dioxideKarbon dioksida(c) The high carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere acts as an insulator which prevents heat from beingreflected back to space.Kandungan karbon dioksida yang tinggi di atmosfera bertindak sebagai penebat yang menghalang habadaripada terpancar semula ke angkasa.(d) The greenhouse effect causes the temperature of the Earths atmosphere to rise, and this is known as globalwarming.Kesan rumah hijau menyebabkan suhu Bumi meningkat, dan ini dikenal sebagai pemanasan global.(e) Methane and nitrogen oxideMetana dan nitrogen oksida(f) 1. The increase in the use of fossil fuelPeningkatan dalam penggunaan bahan api fosil 2. Forest firesKebakaran hutan(g) 1. Reduce the use of fossil fuelsKurangkan penggunaan bahan api fosil 2. Ban open burningLarangan ke atas pembakaran terbuka3.

(a) Air pollutionPencemaran udara(b) Burning of fossil fuelsPembakaran bahan api fosil(c) 1. Carbon monoxideKarbon monoksida 2. Sulphur dioxideSulfur dioksida 3. Oxides of nitrogenNitrogen oksida(d) Carbon monoxide Combines with haemoglobin and affects the transport of oxygen to the body cellsKarbon monoksida - bergabung dengan hemoglobin dan menjejaskan pengangkutan oksigen ke sel-sel badan Sulphur dioxide Combines with rainwater to form acid rainSulfur dioksida - bergabung dengan air hujan dan membentuk hujan asid Oxides of nitrogen Cause respiratory infectionsNitrogen oksida - menyebabkan jangkitan respiratori(e) 1. Use scrubbers in chimneysMenggunakan scrubbers pada cerobong 2. Reduce the use of fossil fuelsMengurangkan penggunaan bahan api fosil4.

(a) The activity shown is deforestation, an activity of cutting down and clearing the trees or forests for many purposes. [1 m] Deforestation results in soil erosion when the soil layer is removed physically by climatic processes. [1 m] The cutting down of trees makes the soil structure unstable due to lack of support system of soil from plant roots. [1 m] Heavy rains cause the soil to break up and lead to landslides on hillsides. [1 m] A lack of forests causes the depletion of water catchment areas, thus leading to flash floods. [1 m] Prolonged soil erosion causes loss of minerals and natural resources from the soil and sterilizes the soil. [1 m] Deforestation causes climatic changes, making the weather drier and warmer than usual. [1 m] Forests absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. [1 m] Cutting down of trees increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to a reduced rate of photosynthesis. [1 m] A high level of carbon dioxide prevents heat from escaping from the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. [1 m] An increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere as a result of excessheat from the greenhouse effect causes global warming. [1 m]____________ Deforestation also causes loss of habitats and extinction of flora and fauna. [1 m]maximum: 10 m

(b) Fine particulate matter such as smoke particles are carcinogenic causing cancers of respiratory organs. [1 m] Prolonged exposure to the dust of silicon dioxide and coal may lead to anthracosis (black lung) and silicosis. [1 m] Haze may irritate the eyes, nose and lungs, causing conjunctivitis, asthma, bronchitis and other diseases. [1 m] Carcinogenic hydrocarbon may cause gene mutation, leading to stunted growth and cancer. [1 m] Sulphur dioxide irritates the eyes and disturbs the breathing process. [1 m] Sulphur dioxide may cause acid rain which destroys skin tissues. [1 m] Too much carbon dioxide trapped in the alveoli may lead to emphysema. [1 m] Lead may cause stunted growth of the brain in children and may also prevent the body from producing blood cells. [1 m] Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen to combine with haemoglobin, resulting in inefficient gaseous exchange. [1 m] Nitrogen oxides may cause bronchitis and pneumonia. [1 m]

5.

(a) Ozone/Ozon

(b) Ultraviolet radiation/Sinaran ultraungu

(c) 1. It can cause skin cancer in humans.Sinaran ini boleh mengakibatkan kanser kulit pada manusia. 2. It can damage the DNA of organisms and cause mutations.Sinaran ini boleh merosakkanDNAorganisma dan menyebabkan mutasi.

(d) Ozone can be formed by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen molecules. Ultraviolet radiation splits an oxygen molecule into two separate oxygen atoms. An ozone molecule is formed when an oxygen molecule combines with an oxygen atom.Ozon boleh terbentuk oleh tindakan sinaran ultraungu ke atas molekul oksigen. Sinaran ultraungu memecahkan satu molekul oksigen kepada dua atom oksigen yang berasingan. Satu molekul ozon terbentuk apabila satu molekul oksigen bergabung dengan satu atom oksigen.

(e) Chlorofluorocarbons/Klorofluorokarbon

(f) The thinning of the ozone layer allows ultraviolet radiation to penetrate the atmosphere more easily and reach the surface of the Earth. Ultraviolet radiation is harmful to organisms as it can damage their DNA and cause mutations.Penipisan lapisan ozon membenarkan sinaran ultraungu menembusi atmosfera dengan lebih mudah dan sampai ke permukaan Bumi. Sinaran ultraungu adalah berbahaya kepada organisma kerana boleh merosakkanDNAorganisma ini dan menyebabkan mutasi.6.

(a) Logging/Pembalakan

(b) The animals lose their habitatHaiwan ini kehilangan habitatnya

(c) It causes soil erosion/Menyebabkan hakisan tanah

(d) 1. Landslides/Tanah runtuh 2. Flash floods/Banjir kilat

(e) Replanting trees (reforestation)Penanaman semula pokok (penghutanan semula)

(f) 1. Burning of fossil fuels/Pembakaran bahan api fosil 2. Dumping of domestic and industrial wastePembuangan bahan buangan domestik dan industri7.

(a) Eutrophication is a condition whereby aquatic ecosystems such as lakes and rivers receive organic or inorganic nutrients that cause an excessive growth of aquatic plants.Eutrofikasi adalah keadaan di mana ekosistem akuatik seperti tasik dan sungai menerima nutrien organik dan bukan organik yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan tumbuhan akuatik yang berlebihan.(b) 1. The leaching of inorganic fertilisersLarut resap baja tak organik2. Untreated sewage from homes and industriesKumbahan yang tidak dirawat dari rumah dan industri3. Run-offs containing animal wastes from farmsAir larian mengandungi sisa buangan binatang dari ladang(c) Algal bloomAlgal bloom(d) The algae prevent the sunlight from penetrating into the water, causing the death of aquatic plants and organisms.Alga menghalang cahaya matahari daripada menembusi air dan menyebabkan kematian tumbuhan akuatik dan organisma.(e) By measuring the BOD valueDengan mengukur nilai BOD(f) The higher the BOD value, the higher the degree of pollution.Semakin tinggi nilai BOD, semakin tinggi darjah pencemaran8.

(a) It is located between 20 to 30 km above the Earths surface.Ia terletak di antara 20 hingga 30 km atas permukaan Bumi.(b) It absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and prevents it from reaching the Earth.Ia menyerap radiasi ultraviolet dari matahari dan menghalang daripada sampai ke Bumi.(c) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)Klorofluorokarbon(CFC)(d) The increasing levels of chlorofl uorocarbon (CFC) in the atmosphere.Peningkatan nilai klorofluorokarbon(CFC)dalam atmosfera.(e) 1. Propellants in aerosol cansAgen pengerak dalam tin aerosol2. Coolants in air conditionersPenyejuk dalam penghawa dingin3. Foaming agents in the making of styrofoamAgen pembuih dalam pembuatan stirofom(f) i. Skin cancerKanser kulitii. Destruction of chlorophyll and mesophyll cellsPemusnahan sel-sel klorofil dan mesofiliii. Climatic changePerubahan iklim(g) 1. Stop the use of chlorofluoro carbon (CFC).Hentikan penggunaan klorofluorokarbon(CFC).2. Replace the ozonedepleting substances with environment friendly substances.Menggantikan bahan-bahan yang menipiskan lapisan ozon dengan bahan-bahan mesra alam.

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