comparative study between old and modern jawi spelling case study on kitab hidayah al-salikin

7/29/2019 Comparative Study Between Old and Modern Jawi Spelling Case Study on Kitab Hidayah Al-Salikin

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COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN OLD AND MODERN JAWI SPELLING:

CASE STUDY ON KITABHI DAYAH AL-SALIKIN

1Che Wan Shamsul Bahri bin Che Wan Ahmad2Khairuddin bin Omar

3Mohammad Faidzul bin Nasrudin4Mohd Zamri bin Murah

5Khirulnizam Abd Rahman

Pusat Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan

Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, [email protected], {

2ko,

3mfn,

4zamri} @ftsm.ukm.my

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The paper aims to do a comparative analysis between old and modern Jawi spelling used in

the Kitab Hidayah al-Salikin by Shaykh 'Abd al-Samad al-Falimbani written in 1192AH.

This Kitab is the first Malay Kitab printed in Mecca. The major elements of this Kitab are

Sufism, Aqidah and Fiqh. This study examines the comparison of the printed Kitab in

Penang byMaktabah Matba`ah wa Dar al-Ma`arifusing the old Jawi spelling system and the

new version transliterated using modern Jawi by Abdul Ghani Jabal Maraqy published by the

Jabal Maraqy Enterprise in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Among the aspects considered in this

study are related to differences in old and new Jawi, the use of letters of vowel, Arabic loan

words, homographic spelling, method of writing and word arrangement in the Malay

language.

Keyword :Kitab Hidayah al-Salikin, Jawi, homographic spelling

INTRODUCTION

TheKitab Hidayah al-Salikin was authored by Shaykh 'Abd al-Samad al-Falimbani, written

in Malay language using the Jawi transcript. The content of this Kitab are based on scripture

translationBidayat Hidayatal-Imam al-Ghazali's work and commentary made personally by

al-Falimbani (Mohad Fauzi and Mohd Hasrul, 2012). The Kitab was completed on Tuesday,

equivalent to 5 Muharam 1192H/1778M in Mecca. Among the advantages of this Kitab, it is
mailto:cwshamsul@mailto:cwshamsul@mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:zamri%[email protected]:zamri%[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:zamri%[email protected]:[email protected]:cwshamsul@


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aKitab written in Malay using Jawi, first reviewed by Shaykh Ahmad bin Muhammad Zain

al-Fatani at Matba'at al-Miriyyah, Mecca. This Kitab continues to be printed to meet the

demand of Muslims in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore (Shohana Hussin, 2010).

ADVANTAGES OF OLD JAWI

According to Mahmud Haji Ashari et al. (1991), old Jawi writing consists several benefits,

among them are:

assist in the teaching and learning of the Quran

economy by capitalization

meets the sound / intonation

privilege of letters (aleef), (wau) and (ya)

having a systematic method

encourage readers to think

It was obvious that the old Jawi spelling was economical due to the less vowel usage. If we

write ' ' (aku which means I) compared with new Jawi spelling of ' '. Word to be written

as in ' ' against new Jawi spelling using the addition of the letter ' ' (wau), which becomes

' ' (supaya which means so that).

In old Jawi spelling there are too many possible combinations of words with a reason to

shorten or speed-up writing. Among word that is often combined is (yang). For example,

the word (barang yang) and (yang amat).

ADVANTAGES OF NEW JAWI

New Jawi spelling system introduced in (1986) with the name of the Enhanced Guidelines of

Jawi Spelling (Pedoman Ejaan Jawi Yang Disempurnakan (PEJYD)) is intended to meet the

present the needs of the future. This system is the result of a formula written in Jawi National

Convention held in 1984 in Kuala Terengganu. Jawi spelling system makes Za'ba (1949) as

its basis. According to Ismail Dahaman (1991), the system involves five processes, which

are:

maintaining confirmed words


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perfecting the imperfect

creating the non-existence

clarifying the vague

tidying up the loose

After that, the new Jawi spelling system was tuned from time to time by the convention held

in 1991, 1993 and through the Technical Committee for Jawi Spelling consist of Islamic

Center and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP). Now, PEJYD has been updated to be the

General Guidelines for Malay Jawi Spelling (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Jawi Bahasa Melayu

(PUEJBM)) which is included in the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (Malay Glossary)

(Dahaman Ismail et al. 2008).

New Jawi spelling system is said to be much easier for the younger generations to learn Jawi

because it is easy to read and referred to. This is due to the usage of more vowels in new Jawi

spelling system. It is also similar to the Roman orthography today.

The new Jawi spelling system also solved many problems in homographs found in classical

Jawi spelling system caused by the lack of vowels in the spelling.

OLD EDITION OF KITAB HIDAYAH AL-SALIKIN

In this study, theKitabHidayah al-Salikin essays Shaykh 'Abd al-Samad al-Falimbani (1935)

published byMaktabah wa Matba`ah Dar al-Ma`arif, Penang, which uses old Jawi spelling.

The written format is different between the old and the new edition. The older edition was

bounded by the writing styles at that time. Most of the writing styles of the Kitab at the time

of use each sheet as a whole and no specific format is used. This can save space. However,

there is still a clear indication for different headings.

Sentence structure

According to Mokhtar Taleb (2007), most of the old spelling or old manuscripts do not use

punctuations. The beginning of a new sentence usually starts with the word bahawasanya

(whereas), maka (therefore) and lagi (more) as the sentence delimiter signal. Sometimes thewords maka (then) and lagi (more) act as conjunctions. The word dan (and) also used at the


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beginning of the sentence. In addition, there is a hadith or Quranic verses that used as the

sentence delimiter. Examples can be found in Appendix A, the contents of topic 1 of the

printedKitabs of Penang.

Homograph

Homograph is referring to two or more words that have the same spelling but different

meanings. Homograph can also coincided with a homonymous (same sound), for example,

the word mereka (to create) with mereka (they) which is similar in terms of raw sound. In

Jawi script, most of which occurred due to homograph Jawi writing system itself is only

using four vowels( ) compared with six letters (a,e (e-pepet), e (e-taling), i, o, u) in

Roman (Adi Yasran and Hashim, 2008). Table 1 shows several old Jawi words homograph in

topic 1, from theKitabHidayah al-Salikin printed in Penang.

Table 1: Examples of the old Jawi words with homograph

Jawi Roman

IlmuAlam

Alim

SebutSabtu

Sebat

Kamu

Kami

TujuhTujah

TahunTahan

HampirHampar

Orthography

Most of the older Jawi spelling does not use dots on the letter (ya) if in the end of the word.

According to Mokhtar Taleb (2007), this is because many of the old Kitabs printed in the

Arab continent. In Arabic, the letter (ya) does not use a point when at the end of a word.

Unlike other Malay letters, for example (ca), (nga), (nya) with three dots and (ga)

which is used in real-dotted one. Although there are some occurrences whereby there are ga

with the dots beneath.


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Arabic Loan Words

There are uses of foreign words that the word Arabic absorption since theKitab was written

in the Arabic Land of Mecca. This word is synonymous with Islamic culture. The author

faces difficulties in finding a corresponding meaning in Malay vocabulary. Even though there

is match, the meaning does not indicate the original meaning of the Arabic word. Therefore,

the scholar who wrote theKitab was using the Arabic loanwords, which convey the accurate

message.

nabi quran fasalsyafaat hadith fadhilat

nubuwwah ulamak manfaatalim afdal ilmu

NEW EDITION OF KITAB HI DAYAH AL-SALI KIN

The initiative to translate the Kitab Hidayah al-Salikin from the older to the modern edition

was pioneered by several modern scholars; among them are Haji Wan Mohd Shaghir

Abdullah, Abdul Ghani Jabal Maraqy, Ahmad Fahmi Zamzam and others. In this study,researchers focusing on theKitab which was originally written by Shaykh 'Abd al-Samad al-

Falimbani. The new edition was translated by Abdul Ghani Jabal Maraqy on 2009 and

published by the Syarikat Jabal Maraqy Kelantan.

Format and Content

In accordance with current practices, the new edition ofKitab Hidayah Al-Salikin is available

to make full use of computer technology in its production. Scripture contains indent,

numbering, titles and sub-titles and various other printing formats. It is easy to read because

of the arrangement which is neat and orderly. It also helps the reader to distinguish between

topics and sub-topics. Continuity between a topic and the other topic is clearly indicated from

next to each other.

This new edition is interesting because it provides the source of hadith, the status of hadith

and also the narrators. Similarly, the source of the Quran described with the name of thesurah, the verses number and the translation.


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Style of language

Modern Malay Kitabs use modern Malay language. Therefore, there is no use of classical

Malay word as sayugia, syahdan, hatta and etc. Grammar and usage of the terms are

therefore are appropriate in the context of todays modern Malay language.

Each sentence in modern Jawi ends with a period. Compared to the old, there were no

punctuation such as commas or periods used. Please refer to Appendix B to see the sample

excerpt from topic 1 of the modern edition of theKitab.

Homograph

In a new Jawi spelling system, various methods have been used to prevent homograph occur

in old Jawi especially by adding the letteraleef( ) on the sound [a]. Most homographs occur

in certain words called intrinsic homograph. Intrinsic homograph cannot be resolved in the

new Jawi spelling system due to lack of vowels as compared to the Roman orthography. For

example, burung(birds) and borong(wholesale), gulungan (rolls) and golongan (category),

bila (when) and bela (to defence) (see Table 2) as well as some other word again (Ahmad et

al. 2012). The homograph word is not much in the new Jawi spelling system compared to the

old Jawi. Since the modern Kitabs have implemented the new Jawi spelling system,

homograph is not a major problem anymore.

Table 2: Examples of intrinsic homograph

Jawi Roman

burung

boronggulung

golongbela

bila


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The table is an example of some of the homograph in the modern Jawi spelling system but do

not exist in theKitab reviewed.

COMPARISON

This is the part where we will discuss in details the comparison between the Kitab which has

two versions; the older and the new Jawi.

Vowel Capitalization

The researchers found that the old Jawi spelling used in the old Kitab use vowels in open

syllables in the beginning and middle of words but vowels are not used on the final open

syllable. This finding also supports the idea by Hashim Musa (2006). Here are some of the

words quoted from topic 1, theKitab Hidayah al-Salikin printed at Penang.

kamu ini ilmu

lima itu bermula

percaya mereka suatu

dua kata beberapa

Similarly, the closed final syllables are not use vowel letters as below.

alim takut tujuh

mukmin terlebih tersebut

hampir tahun ratus

Shifting Method

Shifting method widely used in old Jawi spelling. When there is a particle or suffix to the root

word, the vowel aleef is transferred back from the previous syllable. For example, the

following words:


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Table 3: Examples of using the word Jawi shifting method

Roman Jawi Root wordperjalanan

mempusakai

mengkayakan

menyatakan

In modern Jawi spelling system, the root word is maintained and added a nuun ( ) in the back

if the suffixan, as mentioned in theexample in Table 4.

Table 4: Comparison of old and new Jawi base on the Shifting method

Roman New Jawi Old Jawi Root wordperjalanan

jabatan

mengkayakan

menyatakan

Vowel-Materialised Rule

In Malay, the rule is called huruf saksi terwujud. According to Mokhtar Taleb (2007), this

method is used in the new Jawi spelling. Vowel will be added if there is particle or suffix at

the end of the root word; it does not have a vowel as in several categories; Tradition Spelling,

Ka-Ga rule and the Out of Deranglu rule. Examples are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Examples of new Jawi words using the vowel-materialized rule

Roman Jawi Roman Root word Categoryinilah ini

Tradition

Spellingkatakan kata

Out of

Deranglu rulebanggakan bangga Ka-Ga rule


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Similarities are found in the use of vowel-materialized for both scripture, as in the Table 6.

Table 6: Vowel-materialised rule in both versions of theKitab

Roman Jawi Root worddaripadanya

kepadanya

adalah

Vowel Insertion Rule

In the new Jawi spelling system, the root word is maintained when there are affixes or

particles. Unlike the old Jawi spelling, the root word will change if accompanied by a particle

or some form of affixes either insertion or shift of vowel. Examples are provided in Table 7

below:

Table 7: Old Jawi words applying the insertions ofaleef( )

Roman New Jawi Old Jawi Root word

Lawatan

Kesudahan

Pelayaran

TRANSLITERATION OF OLD AND NEW JAWI TO ROMAN

In the context of Malaysia nowadays, there are needs for Jawi-Roman transliteration as the

applications are prevalent. Therefore, many old Kitabs have been transliterated from the old

to the new Jawi and then to Roman. This process is also called as Romanization of Jawi

Kitabs. This also involved theKitabHidayah al-Salikin. Figure 1 below shows several of the

words quoted from topic 1 ofKitabHidayah al-Salikin using old Jawi spelling transliterated

into Romanized spelling.


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Figure 1: Transliteration of old and new Jawi to Roman

In the context of automation process, machine transliteration of new Jawi to Roman is

simpler than transliteration directly from old Jawi spelling to Roman. This is due to the lack

of vowels or hidden vowels in old Jawi scripture makes it difficult for the machine to decide.

Machine should be trained to read some words in Jawi pattern prior of doing transliteration of

a word.

CONCLUSIONS

From the above discussions, we can see a form of transition from old Jawi spelling to modern

Jawi spelling system. Among the major changes is the use of vowels so apparent in the new

Jawi system helps a lot in solving the issues of homograph.

However, not all the words of the old Jawi converted to the new addition of the vowel. There

are several words that still maintain the tradition spelling. The Vowel Insertion rule and

Shifting Methodare no longer used in modern Jawi. However the vowel-materialisedrule is


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still applicable. This is because the nature of modern Jawi itself trying to maintain the root

word even though there are affixes. Among the rules that are still relevant in the new Jawi are

Ka-Ga and Deranglu rules. If the new generation understand the aforementioned rules, the

Jawi learning process will become easier.

LIST OF REFERENCES

Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz, dan Hashim Musa. 2008. Isu homograf dan cabarannya dalam usaha

pelestarian tulisan Jawi.Jurnal ASWARA 3 (1):109-126.

Ahmad, Che Wan Shamsul Bahri C.W., Khairuddin Omar, Mohammad Faidzul Nasrudin, et

al. 2012. Isu-Isu Dalam Transliterasi Mesin Manuskrip Melayu Ejaan Jawi LamaKepada Jawi Baru. Paper read at Seminar Penyelidikan Jawi dan Manuskrip Melayu,

19-20 Jun 2012, at Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam:169-184.

Hashim Musa. 2006. Epigrafi Melayu : Sejarah Sistem Tulisan Tangan dalam Bahasa

Melayu. 2 ed. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Ismail Dahaman. 1991. Pedoman ejaan jawi yang disempurnakan (1986). In Konvensyen

Tulisan Jawi. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Hal Ehwal Islam, Jabatan Perdana Menteri.

Ismail Dahaman, Syeikh Othman Sheikh Salim, Manshoor Ahmad, et al. 2008. Daftar Kata

Bahasa Melayu InRumi-Sebutan-Jawi, edited by Rusli Abdul Ghani, Ibrahim Ahmad,

Azman Ahmad and Siti Suhana Mohd Amir. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan

Pustaka.

Mahmud Haji Ashari, Ahmad Haji Hasbullah, dan Faridah Haji Majid. 1991. Antara Jawi

lama dan baru serta masalah pelaksanaannya. In Konvensyen Tulisan Jawi. Kuala

Lumpur: Bahagian Hal Ehwal Islam, Jabatan Perdana Menteri.

Mokhtar Talib (MATLOB). 2007. Pandai Jawi. 3 ed. Shah Alam: Cerdik Publications Sdn.

Bhd.

Syeikh Abdus Shamad al-Falimbani. 1935. Hidayat al-Salikin. Penang: Maktabah wa

Matba'ah dar al Maarif.

Syeikh Abdus Shamad al-Falimbani. 2009. Hidayah al-Salikin. Translated by Abdul Ghani

Jabal Maraqy. Kota Bharu: Jabal Maraqy Enterprise.


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Appendix A


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Appendix B


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Appendix C - CoverKitab Hidayah al-Salikin published by the Jabal Maraqy Enterprise in

Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

comparative study between old and modern jawi spelling case study on kitab hidayah al-salikin

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