bahan binaan 2.5

8/10/2019 Bahan Binaan 2.5

1/17

2.5.1 Timber pile foundation:

a) Treated timber

Purpose of Treatment

Timber is treated with a preservative to improve the timber's resistance to attack

by wood destroying fungi and wood destroying insects.

In other words, the timber's durability is enhanced to a level which is suitable for

the intended use.

However, such "treatment" does not afford the timber protection against

weathering.Both untreated timber and treated timber used externally should be

protected from the affects of weathering by application of a coating or oil.


2/17
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sturdi-built.com/images/greenhouse_foundation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sturdi-built.com/greenhouse-faqs/greenhouse-foundation.php&usg=__5w--1Lteivo65HwqlmTPJVz6wzM=&h=330&w=440&sz=43&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LenFTjNe27IBSM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=treated+timber+of+foundation&hl=en&rlz=1T4ACAW_enMY341MY341&sa=G&um=1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kurowski.com/dreamhomes/construction/Sashas/images/2009-06-11/049%20-%20Treated%20timber%20strand%20plates%20are%20installed%20over%20foam.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.kurowski.com/dreamhomes/construction/Sashas/default.htm&usg=__noRnH5Eng88VXCTkF_iUWhXxZJg=&h=481&w=640&sz=248&hl=en&start=5&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FGCMyG13AWb1uM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images?q=treated+timber+of+foundation&hl=en&rlz=1T4ACAW_enMY341MY341&sa=G&um=1


3/17


4/17

Are all Treatments the same?

There is a variety of treatments available.

Some treatments protect the timber against borers and/or termites; others protect the

timber against insects, borers and decay.

Different preservatives are used for different protection requirements or Hazard

Levels. There are 6 Hazard Levels (see table below) which are based on thehazardousness of the exposure.

Different Hazard Levels have different preservatives, different preservative

penetration patterns and different preservative retention requirements.

Hardwoods treated to H1 level will have all the sapwood penetrated. There is no needto penetrate the heartwood because lyctids do not attack the heartwood. For the rest of

the levels, H2 to H6 inclusive, the penetration from the surface by the preservative

increases and the amount of preservative in the treated envelope increases as the

hazardousness of the exposure level i


5/17

Oil-borne preservatives (e.g. creosote, PEC) which can themselves be oils and

which are carried into the wood as an oil or mixed in an oil.

Water-borne preservatives (e.g. ACQ, Copper Azole) which are carried into the

wood mixed in water

Light organic solvent-borne preservatives - commonly called LOSPs (e.g.

permethrin) - which are carried into the wood mixed in a light organic solvent.


6/17

Pile that be produced by batang pokok bakau

Generally most use in malay house a long long time age.

Works especially in the soft marine clay areas.

Advantages

a) Cheaper than other pile

b) Easy to find.

c) Use in watering area

d) Oldest pile foundation method and has been used for many centuries


7/17

Disadvantages

a) Variable quality

b) Pile head will be damage if install with drop hammer.

c) The driving process can crush and separate the fibers at the head of the pile

d) Use for light weight only to gives buoyancy to the foundation


8/17
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://jka.psis.edu.my/images/Modul%202_clip_image008.jpg&imgrefurl=http://jka.psis.edu.my/Modul%202.html&usg=__ZxTlPagsQtKwjki_r27qFxcaCa8=&h=193&w=258&sz=14&hl=ms&start=10&um=1&tbnid=do2T5Cku7Z8g2M:&tbnh=84&tbnw=112&prev=/images?q=bakau+piles&hl=ms&sa=X&um=1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3283/2914644897_c2a13d1f65_o.jpg&imgrefurl=http://jamesmkc.blogspot.com/2008/10/bakau-piling-gabions.html&usg=___DGUnHTx9_oGCkYWGw5GG_f6NWA=&h=300&w=400&sz=78&hl=ms&start=4&um=1&tbnid=0cULVkWMJou4lM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=bakau+piles&hl=ms&sa=X&um=1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3122/2915489744_6babf7396c_o.jpg&imgrefurl=http://jamesmkc.blogspot.com/2008/10/bakau-piling-gabions.html&usg=__efCp8xidFNJ7fAheSR6lx6JVzPs=&h=300&w=400&sz=77&hl=ms&start=3&um=1&tbnid=xbYaNmIb3IdgHM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=bakau+piles&hl=ms&sa=X&um=1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pile-driving.com/wp-content/uploads/BakauPilingMachine.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pile-driving.com/type-of-piling-machines/&usg=__ofA4rrdKCx9AEnFscYxrxVotqMA=&h=385&w=289&sz=75&hl=ms&start=2&um=1&tbnid=S1fvUTYbI62wsM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=92&prev=/images?q=bakau+piles&hl=ms&sa=X&um=1


9/17
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://ramungan.com/gallery/DSCN0367.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ramungan.com/products.htm&usg=__YfM4Ae7bTGBCwNzVzaqG4lIwDdQ=&h=225&w=300&sz=44&hl=ms&start=6&um=1&tbnid=9_Irk7tFBjNgFM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=bakau+piles&hl=ms&sa=X&um=1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.escpile.com/html/images/page/pqbk002b.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.escpile.com/html/choachukangoutlet.asp&usg=__uz1LU5lx5xIN2dvG_RgYGAUtIPk=&h=1034&w=1473&sz=247&hl=ms&start=11&um=1&tbnid=eUhQvYVjOEKV1M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=bakau+piles&hl=ms&sa=X&um=1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://cms.simpleweb.com.my/upload/company/29/images/PCPiles-01a_72.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.oka.com.my/index.asp?LanguagesID=1&TitleReferenceID=997&CompanyID=29&usg=__2-4fzMVY6IHQZ_zlEIuGECpyGCU=&h=425&w=182&sz=18&hl=ms&start=7&um=1&tbnid=AR2LozRr1BRrwM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=54&prev=/images?q=bakau+piles&hl=ms&sa=X&um=1


10/17

Three methods of handling concrete piles are illustrated in figure 2-6.

Depending on the method used, the size and number of longitudinal reinforcement

bars are determined from design charts in figure 2-7.

These charts are based upon an allowable stress of 1,400 psi in the concrete and

20,000 psi in the steel, without allowance for impact.

Minimum reinforcement cages are assembled as shown in figure 2-4. Adequate

spiral reinforcing at the pile head and tip is necessary to reduce the tendency of the

pile to split or span during driving.
https://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htm


11/17


12/17


13/17

Placement

When concrete is placed in the forms by hand, it should be of plastic consistency with a 3-inchto 4-inch slump. Use a concrete mix having a 1-inch to 2-inch slump with concrete vibrators.Reinforcement should be properly positioned and secured while the concrete is placed andvibrated. Details concerning the design of concrete mixes are contained inTM 5-742.

Curing

Forms should not be removed for at least 24 hours after concrete is placed. Following theremoval of the forms, the piles must be kept wet for at least seven days when regular

portland cement is used, and three days when high-early strength cement is used. Curing

methods are discussed in TM 5-742. Ponding and saturated straw, sand, or burlap givegood results. The piles should not be moved or driven until they have acquired sufficientstrength to prevent damage. Each pile should be marked with a reference number and thedate of casting.
https://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ref.HTM


14/17

Strength.

Precast concrete piles can be driven to high resistance without damage. They are assigned

greater allowable loads than timber piles. As with other pile types, allowable loads are based

on the pile size, soil conditions, and other factors. Customary allowable loads range from 20 to

60 tons for a 10-inch diameter precast concrete pile and 70 to 200 tons for an 18-inch square

precast concrete pile.

Durability

Under ordinary conditions, concrete piles are not subject to deterioration. They can be used

above the water table. Refer to chapter 8for additional information on durability.

Availability

Precast piles are available only when the casting facility is nearby. See paragraph 2-

20
https://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch8.HTMhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch8.HTM


15/17

Shipping and handling

Piles should be handled in accordance with the procedure selected for design (figure 2-6). For

placement, piles may be lifted by cables and hooks looped around the pile at the desired point.To prevent wear to the cable, use short lengths of wood or other cushioning material. Piles

designed for two-point support (figure 2-6, 3) and lifted by cables require the following

arrangement.

A sheave is required at point A so that the cable will be continuous from point B over the

sheave at A to point C. This cable is an equalizer cable since the tension in AB must be thesame as that of AC. Unless an equalizer is used, care must be taken in lifting the pile so that

tension in the cables is equal; otherwise, the entire load may rest on one end

When the pile is raised to a vertical position, another line, CD, is attached. When drawn up, the

sheave at A shifts toward C.

An additional line is needed with this cable arrangement to prevent the pile from getting out of

control when it is raised to a vertical position.
https://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htm


16/17

Shipping and storage

If piles are to be stacked for storage or shipment, the blocking between the tiers must be

in vertical lines so that a pile in a lower tier will not be subject to bending by the weight

of the piles above. An example of improper stacking is shown in figure 2-8. A forklift or

specially equipped front-end loader can be used to move piles from the storage area to the

work area. Whenever possible, locate the casting site as close as possible to the job site.

Transportation by barge is the best method, if feasible.
https://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htmhttps://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/9575-1/fm/5-134/Ch2.htm


17/17

bahan binaan 2.5

Documents