bab 7 workplace and family[print]-pvl
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
1/53
Disediakan oleh:
Leaw Chui Fen P43002
Mahfuzah Bt Muslim P40585
Yee Pek Yunn P40593
Membantu Klien
Memahami Dan Bertindak
Terhadap Perubahan
Di Tempat Kerja Dan
Dalam Kehidupan Keluarga
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
2/53
Pengenalan
Pada abad ke-21, perkembangan pesat dalamdunia pekerjaan dan keluarga
Perubahan dalam dunia pekerjaan
Perubahan dalam struktur keluarga
Membawa perubahan dalam peraturantradisional
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
3/53
Kajian Allcorn, 1994; Beehr, 1995;
Kurzman & Akabas, 1993; Peterson &Gonzalez, 2000; Statt, 1994 menyatakan klien
yg berjumpa dgn kaunselor kerjaya adalah dgn
masalah-masalah yg diakibatkan olehperubahan-perubahan ini.
Perubahan ini membawa kesan kpd seseorgindividu spt peranan kehidupannya,persekitaran dan peristiwa yg berlaku dlmkehidupan mrk.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
4/53
1. tumpukan perubahan yg berlaku di tempat
kerja dan perubahan dlm kehidupan keluarga
2. bincangkan masalah yg dihdpi klien yg
disebabkan perubahan cabaran dan akibat
3. gunakan pengetahuan yg diperlukan utkpilihan intervensi yg sesuai
4. senarai peranan kaunselor yg diperlukan dlm
menjayakan kaunseling kerjaya.
Bagaimana utk membantu klienbertindakbalas terhadap cabaran danakibat dalam perubahan ini mll kaunselingkerjaya?
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
5/53
Perubahan DiTempat Kerja DanKehidupan Keluarga
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
6/53
Perubahan Di Tempat Kerja
Mengalami penstrukturan semula
dicipta atau diatur semula spy berdaya saing
Penstrukturan semula adalah disebabkan oleh
globalisasi, downsizing, upsizing, outsourcing,
deregulasi dan teknologi.
Boyett & Boyett, 1995 menyatakan bhw
revolusi tempat kerja di AS baru shj bermula.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
7/53
Boyett & Boyett, 1995; Bridges, 1993;
Solmon & Levenson, 1994 memberikanpandangan mrk mengenai akibat wujudnya
tekanan di tempat kerja.
1. Berlakunya globalisasi dan penggabungan,
menyebabkan sebil pekerja hilang pekerjaan.
2. Pekerjaan di AS terus bertambah. Kebykanpekerjaan adalah dlm industri perkhidmatan
jika dibandingkan dgn industri penghasilan.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
8/53
3. Kefleksibelan, kreativiti, kuasa penyesuaian
dan pendidikan/ latihan lebih penting drppangkat yg tinggi.
3. Tiada jaminan dlm kebykan sektor ekonomi.Tekanan dan perasaan ketidakterjaminan pekerja
meningkat.4. Pada abab lepas, pekerja dan kumpulan pekerja
hanya menumpukan penyelesaian masalah danproses pengaturan semula terhdp kualiti,perkhidmatan, kepantasan dan pengawalan kos.Sekarang mrk terpaksa berusaha mengejar kearah inovasi. (Boyett & Boyett, 1995).
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
9/53
6. Outsourcekerja-kerja kpd sykt lain adalah satu
paksaan utama dlm perubahan di tempat kerja.
7. Satu trend utama ialah peralihan ke tempat kerja yg
sementara (Altman & Post, 1996).
8. Penggunaan pekerja sementara utk menguruskansesebuah perniagaan sykt akan meningkatkan guna
tenaga separuh masa (Tilly, 1996)
9. Bentuk pekerjaan bagaimana manusia
menguruskan mrk sendiri dan org lain tlh berubah
secara nyatanya, dan peralihan ini membentuk
pekerjaan. (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996).
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
10/53
Di Amerika isu keluarga berkait rapat dgn remaja,terutamanya remaja lelaki.
melaporkan bhw mrk hanya perlukan pendptan ygsecukunya.
2/3 menyatakan mrk kurang keyakinan bhw mrk bolehbersara scr selesanya.
Lebih drp pekerja menyatakan bhw mrk sgt setia pd
majikan, ttp mrk tidak percaya kesetiaan ini akandibalas.
Pekerja melihat teknologi sbg satu rahmat dan jugasumpah: Ia mempermudahkan keintegrasian atr kerja
dan keluarga, ttp ia boleh juga menjadikan kehidupanpenuh dgn tekanan
(Laporan dari The Radcliffe Public Policy Center, 2000).
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
11/53
Implikasinya pekerja datang dan pergi;
kerja tetap berada. Scr konsepnya. kerja menjadi dasar kpd dunia
ekonomi kita. (Bridges, 1993)
Tekanan kerja mengubah keadaan semulajadi dan
struktur tempat kerja, menyebabkan pekerja ygbekerja di sana juga berubah.
Contohnya:
@ Di AS tenaga buruh berubah mengikut etnik.@ Bil tenaga buruh wanita dan pemuda
kian bertambah.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
12/53
Perubahan dalam Kehidupan
Keluarga Dunia pekerjaan dan keluarga adalah saling berkait.
Pekerjaan dan keluarga memainkan peranan
utama bg kebykan pekerja dewasa (Burke, 1996).
Boyett & Boyett, 1995 menyatakan bhw sekiranya
majikan sendiri tidak dpt mengasingkan kerja dan
keluarga, kerjaya dan kehidupan, jadi scrrealistiknya majikan tidak boleh mengharapkan
pekerja berbuat demikian. Bebanan keluarga,
samada suka atau tidak, ia tetap berada di sana.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
13/53
Ramai pengulas keluarga di AS bersependapat
bhw struktur keluarga di AS sudah berubah.
1) Perubahan tenaga buruh
@ Semakin ramai wanita yg memasuki pasaranpekerja
@ Tenaga buruh semakin menuju ke arahpekerja yg lebih muda dan campuran pelbagai
etnik dan bangsa.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
14/53
2. Perubahan pekerjaan semulajadi
@ Kemahiran dan pelaksanaan menjadi lebih
bernilai drp kesetiaan dan pemegangan
jawatan yg tinggi.
3. Peranan keluarga dan jantina
@ Peranan utama dlm keluarga dan
pengagihan tanggungjawab atr jantina dlm
sesebuah keluarga itu masih kekal tradisioanal.
(Fredriksen-Goldsen & Scharlach, 2000).$
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
15/53
Sandwich Generation
Dikemukakan oleh Boyett & Boyett, 1995;
Fredriksen-Goldsen & Scharlach, 2000
bermakna keluarga yang perlu menanggung
perbelanjaan pendidikan anak dan perbelanjaanbagi penjagaan kejururawatan ibubapa yg tua.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
16/53
PERUBAHANTEMPAT KERJA DAN
KELUARGA:CABARAN DAN
KESAN
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
17/53
PERUBAHAN SENTIASA BERLAKUDALAM PERSEKITARAN KERJA DAN
KEHIDUPAN BERKELUARGA.
SEJAUH MANA IA MEMBERI KESAN
PADA INDIVIDU DALAM KERJAYA DAN
PERANAN MEREKA DALAM KELUARGA.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
18/53
SENARIO KEHILANGANKERJA
Layoff, plant closures, company mergers will continue
to be a fact of economics life. Two out of three
Americans will lose their job at some time during their
working life. For some the effects will be minimal,
particularly if they possess marketable skills or live in
areas where there are plentiful work opportunities. For
others, such as those with s trong emot ional
investments in thei r wo rk o r l imi ted f inancia lresou rces, employm ent m ay have a major impact
on act iv i t ies, relationsh ip and physicals and
emo tional well -being(Kates, Greiff & Hagen, 1993).
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
19/53
KEHILANGAN KERJA
KEHILANGAN KERJA ASET PENTING DALAMKEHIDUPAN, HILANG IDENTITI, TIMBUL RASA TIDAKBERGUNA (DEVALUED). INI AKAN MEMBERI KESANPADA SETIAP ASPEK KEHIDUPAN TERMASUKPERANAN DALAM KELUARGA.
HILANG PENDAPATAN TETAP, RAKAN DANSOKONGAN-MENIMBULKAN STRESS
ELIZABETH KUBLER-ROSSS 1996- MENYATAKAN 5TAHAP KESEDIHAN APABILA KEHILANGAN KERJA :
PENOLAKAN DENIAL MARAH ANGER
PENAWARAN BARGAINING PUTUS ASA DESPAIRPENERIMAAN ACCEPTANCE
ANGER MEMBERI KESAN PALING PENTING KERANAIA AKAN MEMBERI KESAN PADA RAKAN SEKERJADAN AHLI KELUARGA.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
20/53
SAMBUNGAN
PEKERJA/PENGURUSAN MENGHADAPI KEKECEWAAN COWORKER, KESUKARAN DALAM ORGANISASI,PERTENTANGAN PERSONALITI, PROBLEMATICSRELATION WITH CLIENTS AND PUBLICS -
MENCETUSKAN KONFLIK APABILA TIDAK DITANGANISECARA BERKESAN.
KEMARAHAN/KEKECEWAAN - TIDAK NAIK PANGKAT
CTH: TEKNIK MENGATASI KEMARAHAN
1. BIARKAN KLIEN MENYATAKAN KEMARAHAN
2. KENALPASTI PUNCA KEMARAHAN (ADAKAH IA AKIBATDARI FAKTOR LAIN ATAU SPT. TIADA KUASA/ LEMAH
3. FOKUS PADA PENYELESAIAN
4. BANTU KLIEN UBAH DAN KENALPASTI KEMARAHAN(ADAKAH IA REALITI ATAU HANYA FANTASI)
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
21/53
PELUANG KERJA
PELUANG PEKERJAAN MEMBERI KESAN PADA
PEKERJA APABILA BIDANG YANG DITAWARKAN ITU
TIDAK SEIRING DENGAN PERMINTAAN PELUANG
PEKERJAAN PADA KETIKA ITU.
MENURUT LAPORAN BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
(U.S DEPT. OF LABOR, 2000) PELUANG PEKERJAAN
DALAM PERKHIDMATAN(SERVICE PRODUCING)
AKAN MENINGKAT TETAPI AKAN BERLAKU
PENURUNAN DALAM SEKTOR PENGELUARAN(GOODS PRODUCING). PERUBAHAN INI AKANMEMBERI KESAN KEPADA SEKTOR PEKERJAAN
DALAM ASPEK JENIS PEKERJAAN YANG ADA DAN
GAJI PADA PEKERJA.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
22/53
SAMBUNGAN
PEKERJA YANG AKAN MEMASUKI SEMULA
DALAM SEKTOR PEKERJAAN PERLU
MEMAHAMI PERUBAHAN INI KERANAMEMBERI KESAN PADA JENIS PEKERJAAN
YANG ADA DAN UPAH DAN TARAF HIDUP
INDIVIDU.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
23/53
DINAMIKA DUNIAPEKERJAAN DAN KELUARGA 5 CARA MEMAHAMI PERHUBUNGAN ANTARA PEKERJAAN
DAN KELUARGA (ZEDECK DAN MOSIER 1990)
1. SPILL-OVER THEORY
TIADA BATASAN ANTARA KELUARGA DAN KERJAYA
KERANA APA YG. BERLAKU DI ALAM PEKERJAAN AKAN
MEMBERI KESAN KEHIDUPAN BERKELUARGA.
KETIDAKPUASAN DALAM PEKERJAAN AKAN MEMBERI
KESAN PADA PERANAN INDIVIDU DALAM KELUARGANYA.
2. COMPENSATION THEORY
( ) INVERSELY RELATED
APA YG. TIDAK DIPENUHI AKAN DIPENUHI DALAM
PERKARA LAIN.
CTH.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
24/53
SAMBUNGAN
3. SEGMENTATION THEORY
KELUARGA DAN KERJAYA WUJUD SEIRINGAN
TANPA MEMPENGARUHI ANTARA SATU SAMA
LAIN. MENURUT ZEDECK DAN MOSIER (1990) -
THE FAMILY IS SEEN AS THE REALM OF
EFFECTIVITY, INTIMACY AND SIGNIFICANT
ASCRIBED RELATIONS, WHEREAS THE WORKWORLD IS VIEWED AS IMPERSONAL,
COMPETITIVE AND INSTRUMENTAL RATHER
THAN EXPRESSIVE.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
25/53
SAMBUNGAN
4. INSTRUMENTAL THEORY
MENJADIKAN SATU KEADAAN UNTUK MENCAPAI
SESUATU YG. LAIN. CTH MENJADIKAN BIDANG
PEKERJAAN BAGI MENCAPAI KEPERLUAN DAN
KEMEWAHAN DALAM KEHIDUPAN BERKELUARGA.5. CONFLICT THEORY
KEJAYAAN INDIVIDU DALAM SATU BIDANG
MEMERLUKAN INDIVIDU BERKORBAN DALAM SATU
BIDANG YG. LAIN CTH. PERHATIAN SESEORANG ITU KEPADA
KELUARGA MENYEBABKAN IA AKAN MENGABAIKAN
TANGGUNGJAWAB BELIAU SEBAGAI PEKERJA.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
26/53
SAMBUNGAN
MEMAHAMI DINAMIKA PEKERJAAN DAN KELUARGA
(MORRISON DAN DEACON 1993)
KAJIAN BANYAK FOKUS PADA KESAN PEKERJAAN
PADA KELUARGA BUKAN SEBALIKNYA.
4 ISU KELUARGA YANG MEMBERI KESAN
PEKERJAAN IAITU:
i. HILANG SOKONGAN KELUARGA
MENYEBABKAN INDIVIDU TIDAK BERSEMANGAT,
MENUNJUKKAN KEMARAHAN DGN. BERTINDAK
AGRESIF, MASALAH MENJALIN HUBUNGAN
DENGAN RAKAN SEKERJA, MURUNG DAN
TERPINGGIR.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
27/53
SAMBUNGAN
ii. TUNTUTAN KELUARGA MENGGANGGU
PEKERJAAN- PEKERJA TIDAK MUNGKIN
MENUNJUKKAN POTENSI TERBAIK DALAM
MELAKUKAN TUGASAN DI TEMPAT KERJA, TIDAK
BERKEYAKINAN DAN TIDAK KOMITED. TUNTUTANPADA KELUARGA MELEBEHI KOMITMEN BEKERJA.
iii. PEKERJA MENGGUNAKAN PEKERJAAN BAGI
MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN KELUARGA YANG TIDAK
LENGKAP.iv. MOTIVASI BEKERJA BERPUNCA DARI RUMAH
KEKUATAN/MOTIVASI UNTUK BEKERJA ADALAH
PERKARA SEKUNDER.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
28/53
Responding toWorkplace and
Family Life ProblemsThrough Career
Counseling
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
29/53
A Life Career Development
Perspective1
Problems come directly or indirectly by
one or more changes from workplace or
family life.
Complex problems personal, emotional,
family, work issues.
Holistic perspective is beneficial
problems can be seen collectively as well
as individually. (Chapter 1)
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
30/53
A Life Career Development
Perspective2
Share language life roles, life setting, lifeevents to identify, analyze, understand
cls work and family problems. Use of share language co learn and
understand cls problems so that
interventions can be chosen and used tohelp cl resolve problems.
Career counseling becomes Unitaryaction co and cl work together.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
31/53
Major Areas of RequiredKnowledge
Co needs the selection and use of
appropriate interventions to help cl.
It depends on cos hypotheses, major areasof knowledge.
Hotchkiss and Borow (1996)labor markets,
combating gender stereotyping and reducing
racial and ethnic barriers.
Norman added combating barriers for
disabled, dealing with work-family / family-
work problems.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
32/53
Learning about Labor Markets1
Work world is dynamic and ever-changing.
Difficult to grasp.
Career counseling connected to work but
related to race, culture, religion, gender,
age, family.
Finding job, often related to work roles, but
can spill over into other life roles.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
33/53
Learning about Labor Markets2
Cl gender, ethnic, racial, sexual orientation,
age, religion, socioeconomic status
experience of discrimination effect jobsearch.
Co providing cl with concept of labor
market, cl can describe, label, negotiatethe work world - starting point to connect
to the workplace.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
34/53
Learning about Labor Markets3
Labor market bring together buyers and
sellers seeking to exchange one thing of
value for another. Sellers are individualsseeking work, buyers are employees
offering wages and other benefits in
exchange for work.(p164) (Ettinger, 1991) Labor market dynamic and constantly
changing.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
35/53
Learning about Labor Markets4
Occupational opportunity structure where cllive, how far cl is willing and able to travel towork, and cls willingness to move to a new
location. Understanding labor market and job
opportunities begins with an awareness of theirbasic relationship between where people live
and where they work. For this reason anydiscussion of a labor market has geographicalimplications. (National OccupationalInformation Coordinating Committee, 1991)
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
36/53
Learning about Labor Markets5
Internal labor market characterized byorganizational rules, how employees arehired and promoted & how job arestructured.
New employees are hired for lower-leveljobs. Movement is mostly vertical, on-the-
job training is featured. Cl may have skills for higher level, entry
point is where they must begin.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
37/53
Learning about Labor Markets6
Movement is largely vertical within families ofjobs.
Lateral mobility among jobs of similar status
is restricted. Skills are required.
Occupational position and wage rate is more
likely to be determined by seniority than byproductivity.
Explicit rules govern seniority and pension
benefits.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
38/53
Combating GenderStereotypes
Deeply rooted socialization processes
perpetuate rigid sex role perceptions that
limit career options (Hotchkiss & Borow,1996)
Gender stereotype limitation: initial
occupational selection, earnings, rank andjob responsibilities.
[Has been covered in Chapters 4 & 5]
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
39/53
Reducing Racial & Ethnic
Barriers We must appreciate and respond to the
variety of racial, ethnic backgrounds as wellas experiences of discrimination that cl bringto career counseling.
Understanding their personal and grouphistories, world view, identity status, level of
acculturation foundation for the workingalliance and appropriate action interventionstrategies.
[Has been covered in Chapter 3]
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
40/53
Combating Barriers
for the Disabled Including federal mandate.
Understand disabled cls unique issues,work toward their inclusion, independence
and empowerment.
Co helping foster greater skill developmentand exploration for disabled cl.
[Has been covered in Chapter 6]
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
41/53
Dealing with Work-Family /
Family-Work Problems1
One of the common refrains desire to
balance work and other commitmentsmore successfully.
Family involvement often becomes morecomplex, with marital, parental,
grandparental and filial roles competingwith work for energy.
(Sterns & Huyck, 2001)
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
42/53
Dealing with Work-Family /
Family-Work Problems2
Life roles, life settings and life events
interacting over the life span, a useful way
of dealing with w-f / f-w problems.
Shared language to break apart, identify
and label the issues and contexts
surrounding work and family problems.
Beginning point:- to translate cls work and
family problems into shared language.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
43/53
Dealing with Work-Family /
Family-Work Problems3
Worker roles, family roles, the workplace,home, work-related events, family-relatedevents vocabulary used to analyze,specify and understand cl w-f / f-wproblems.
The specifying and labeling processdescribed helps co-cl to sort out, explain,understand the complexities and dynamicsof w-f relationships.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
44/53
Dealing with Work-Family /
Family-Work Problems4
Does what happens at work spill over into
family life? Does what happens at work as a result of
spillover cause conflict in family life?
Does compartmentalization occur where cltries to separate these two worlds?
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
45/53
A Checklist ofCounselor Roles
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
46/53
Focus attention on presenting
goals or problems.
These may expand into other goals or
problems.
With boundaries, gathering
information phase is underway.
Using intervention based onhypotheses to help cl achieve goals
or resolve problems.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
47/53
Closure when goals achieved or
problems resolved.
When process are unfolding, working
alliance is being further developedand strengthened.
Creates a joining together, creating
the foundation for developing bondsof mutual trust and respect.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
48/53
Beginning Lists1
Helping cl to understand and respond tochanges.
1.Help cl view themselves and theirsituations and problems holistically, seeconnections and relationships in their lives,
their families and their work.2.Help cl understand and deal with the
intertwined issues of psychologicaladjustments and career adjustments.
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
49/53
3.Help cl appreciate diversity of all kinds
including care, ethnicity, gender and
sexual orientation in the workplace.4.Help cl appreciate changing gender roles
in the workplace.
5.Empower cl with disabilities.6.Help cl understand and work through the
stages of life transitions.
Beginning Lists2
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
50/53
7.Help cl separate their successes and
failures at work and at home from who
they are as people.8.Help cl develop support systems to buffer
workplace and family stresses and strains.
9.Help cl recognize that grief and loss andnatural reactions to change.
Beginning Lists3
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
51/53
10. Help cl deal with resistance to change.
11. Help cl turn workplace and family
frustration and anger energy toward
positive solutions.
Beginning Lists4
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
52/53
Rumusan
Dlm memberi bantuan kpd klien memahami dan
bertindakbalas terhdp perubahan di tempat kerja
dan kehidupan keluarga mll kaunseling kerjaya,
kaunselor perlukan pengetahuan, kefahaman dan
kemahiran yg berkenaan.
Kaunselor dicadangkan melihat masalah klien dr
segi pandangan holistik bg perkembangan manusiayg dikenali sbg perkembangan hayat kerjaya.
Sikap kaunselor mengambil berat terhdp klien
-
7/27/2019 Bab 7 Workplace and Family[Print]-PVL
53/53