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    Disediakan oleh:

    Leaw Chui Fen P43002

    Mahfuzah Bt Muslim P40585

    Yee Pek Yunn P40593

    Membantu Klien

    Memahami Dan Bertindak

    Terhadap Perubahan

    Di Tempat Kerja Dan

    Dalam Kehidupan Keluarga

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    Pengenalan

    Pada abad ke-21, perkembangan pesat dalamdunia pekerjaan dan keluarga

    Perubahan dalam dunia pekerjaan

    Perubahan dalam struktur keluarga

    Membawa perubahan dalam peraturantradisional

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    Kajian Allcorn, 1994; Beehr, 1995;

    Kurzman & Akabas, 1993; Peterson &Gonzalez, 2000; Statt, 1994 menyatakan klien

    yg berjumpa dgn kaunselor kerjaya adalah dgn

    masalah-masalah yg diakibatkan olehperubahan-perubahan ini.

    Perubahan ini membawa kesan kpd seseorgindividu spt peranan kehidupannya,persekitaran dan peristiwa yg berlaku dlmkehidupan mrk.

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    1. tumpukan perubahan yg berlaku di tempat

    kerja dan perubahan dlm kehidupan keluarga

    2. bincangkan masalah yg dihdpi klien yg

    disebabkan perubahan cabaran dan akibat

    3. gunakan pengetahuan yg diperlukan utkpilihan intervensi yg sesuai

    4. senarai peranan kaunselor yg diperlukan dlm

    menjayakan kaunseling kerjaya.

    Bagaimana utk membantu klienbertindakbalas terhadap cabaran danakibat dalam perubahan ini mll kaunselingkerjaya?

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    Perubahan DiTempat Kerja DanKehidupan Keluarga

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    Perubahan Di Tempat Kerja

    Mengalami penstrukturan semula

    dicipta atau diatur semula spy berdaya saing

    Penstrukturan semula adalah disebabkan oleh

    globalisasi, downsizing, upsizing, outsourcing,

    deregulasi dan teknologi.

    Boyett & Boyett, 1995 menyatakan bhw

    revolusi tempat kerja di AS baru shj bermula.

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    Boyett & Boyett, 1995; Bridges, 1993;

    Solmon & Levenson, 1994 memberikanpandangan mrk mengenai akibat wujudnya

    tekanan di tempat kerja.

    1. Berlakunya globalisasi dan penggabungan,

    menyebabkan sebil pekerja hilang pekerjaan.

    2. Pekerjaan di AS terus bertambah. Kebykanpekerjaan adalah dlm industri perkhidmatan

    jika dibandingkan dgn industri penghasilan.

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    3. Kefleksibelan, kreativiti, kuasa penyesuaian

    dan pendidikan/ latihan lebih penting drppangkat yg tinggi.

    3. Tiada jaminan dlm kebykan sektor ekonomi.Tekanan dan perasaan ketidakterjaminan pekerja

    meningkat.4. Pada abab lepas, pekerja dan kumpulan pekerja

    hanya menumpukan penyelesaian masalah danproses pengaturan semula terhdp kualiti,perkhidmatan, kepantasan dan pengawalan kos.Sekarang mrk terpaksa berusaha mengejar kearah inovasi. (Boyett & Boyett, 1995).

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    6. Outsourcekerja-kerja kpd sykt lain adalah satu

    paksaan utama dlm perubahan di tempat kerja.

    7. Satu trend utama ialah peralihan ke tempat kerja yg

    sementara (Altman & Post, 1996).

    8. Penggunaan pekerja sementara utk menguruskansesebuah perniagaan sykt akan meningkatkan guna

    tenaga separuh masa (Tilly, 1996)

    9. Bentuk pekerjaan bagaimana manusia

    menguruskan mrk sendiri dan org lain tlh berubah

    secara nyatanya, dan peralihan ini membentuk

    pekerjaan. (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996).

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    Di Amerika isu keluarga berkait rapat dgn remaja,terutamanya remaja lelaki.

    melaporkan bhw mrk hanya perlukan pendptan ygsecukunya.

    2/3 menyatakan mrk kurang keyakinan bhw mrk bolehbersara scr selesanya.

    Lebih drp pekerja menyatakan bhw mrk sgt setia pd

    majikan, ttp mrk tidak percaya kesetiaan ini akandibalas.

    Pekerja melihat teknologi sbg satu rahmat dan jugasumpah: Ia mempermudahkan keintegrasian atr kerja

    dan keluarga, ttp ia boleh juga menjadikan kehidupanpenuh dgn tekanan

    (Laporan dari The Radcliffe Public Policy Center, 2000).

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    Implikasinya pekerja datang dan pergi;

    kerja tetap berada. Scr konsepnya. kerja menjadi dasar kpd dunia

    ekonomi kita. (Bridges, 1993)

    Tekanan kerja mengubah keadaan semulajadi dan

    struktur tempat kerja, menyebabkan pekerja ygbekerja di sana juga berubah.

    Contohnya:

    @ Di AS tenaga buruh berubah mengikut etnik.@ Bil tenaga buruh wanita dan pemuda

    kian bertambah.

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    Perubahan dalam Kehidupan

    Keluarga Dunia pekerjaan dan keluarga adalah saling berkait.

    Pekerjaan dan keluarga memainkan peranan

    utama bg kebykan pekerja dewasa (Burke, 1996).

    Boyett & Boyett, 1995 menyatakan bhw sekiranya

    majikan sendiri tidak dpt mengasingkan kerja dan

    keluarga, kerjaya dan kehidupan, jadi scrrealistiknya majikan tidak boleh mengharapkan

    pekerja berbuat demikian. Bebanan keluarga,

    samada suka atau tidak, ia tetap berada di sana.

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    Ramai pengulas keluarga di AS bersependapat

    bhw struktur keluarga di AS sudah berubah.

    1) Perubahan tenaga buruh

    @ Semakin ramai wanita yg memasuki pasaranpekerja

    @ Tenaga buruh semakin menuju ke arahpekerja yg lebih muda dan campuran pelbagai

    etnik dan bangsa.

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    2. Perubahan pekerjaan semulajadi

    @ Kemahiran dan pelaksanaan menjadi lebih

    bernilai drp kesetiaan dan pemegangan

    jawatan yg tinggi.

    3. Peranan keluarga dan jantina

    @ Peranan utama dlm keluarga dan

    pengagihan tanggungjawab atr jantina dlm

    sesebuah keluarga itu masih kekal tradisioanal.

    (Fredriksen-Goldsen & Scharlach, 2000).$

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    Sandwich Generation

    Dikemukakan oleh Boyett & Boyett, 1995;

    Fredriksen-Goldsen & Scharlach, 2000

    bermakna keluarga yang perlu menanggung

    perbelanjaan pendidikan anak dan perbelanjaanbagi penjagaan kejururawatan ibubapa yg tua.

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    PERUBAHANTEMPAT KERJA DAN

    KELUARGA:CABARAN DAN

    KESAN

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    PERUBAHAN SENTIASA BERLAKUDALAM PERSEKITARAN KERJA DAN

    KEHIDUPAN BERKELUARGA.

    SEJAUH MANA IA MEMBERI KESAN

    PADA INDIVIDU DALAM KERJAYA DAN

    PERANAN MEREKA DALAM KELUARGA.

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    SENARIO KEHILANGANKERJA

    Layoff, plant closures, company mergers will continue

    to be a fact of economics life. Two out of three

    Americans will lose their job at some time during their

    working life. For some the effects will be minimal,

    particularly if they possess marketable skills or live in

    areas where there are plentiful work opportunities. For

    others, such as those with s trong emot ional

    investments in thei r wo rk o r l imi ted f inancia lresou rces, employm ent m ay have a major impact

    on act iv i t ies, relationsh ip and physicals and

    emo tional well -being(Kates, Greiff & Hagen, 1993).

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    KEHILANGAN KERJA

    KEHILANGAN KERJA ASET PENTING DALAMKEHIDUPAN, HILANG IDENTITI, TIMBUL RASA TIDAKBERGUNA (DEVALUED). INI AKAN MEMBERI KESANPADA SETIAP ASPEK KEHIDUPAN TERMASUKPERANAN DALAM KELUARGA.

    HILANG PENDAPATAN TETAP, RAKAN DANSOKONGAN-MENIMBULKAN STRESS

    ELIZABETH KUBLER-ROSSS 1996- MENYATAKAN 5TAHAP KESEDIHAN APABILA KEHILANGAN KERJA :

    PENOLAKAN DENIAL MARAH ANGER

    PENAWARAN BARGAINING PUTUS ASA DESPAIRPENERIMAAN ACCEPTANCE

    ANGER MEMBERI KESAN PALING PENTING KERANAIA AKAN MEMBERI KESAN PADA RAKAN SEKERJADAN AHLI KELUARGA.

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    SAMBUNGAN

    PEKERJA/PENGURUSAN MENGHADAPI KEKECEWAAN COWORKER, KESUKARAN DALAM ORGANISASI,PERTENTANGAN PERSONALITI, PROBLEMATICSRELATION WITH CLIENTS AND PUBLICS -

    MENCETUSKAN KONFLIK APABILA TIDAK DITANGANISECARA BERKESAN.

    KEMARAHAN/KEKECEWAAN - TIDAK NAIK PANGKAT

    CTH: TEKNIK MENGATASI KEMARAHAN

    1. BIARKAN KLIEN MENYATAKAN KEMARAHAN

    2. KENALPASTI PUNCA KEMARAHAN (ADAKAH IA AKIBATDARI FAKTOR LAIN ATAU SPT. TIADA KUASA/ LEMAH

    3. FOKUS PADA PENYELESAIAN

    4. BANTU KLIEN UBAH DAN KENALPASTI KEMARAHAN(ADAKAH IA REALITI ATAU HANYA FANTASI)

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    PELUANG KERJA

    PELUANG PEKERJAAN MEMBERI KESAN PADA

    PEKERJA APABILA BIDANG YANG DITAWARKAN ITU

    TIDAK SEIRING DENGAN PERMINTAAN PELUANG

    PEKERJAAN PADA KETIKA ITU.

    MENURUT LAPORAN BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

    (U.S DEPT. OF LABOR, 2000) PELUANG PEKERJAAN

    DALAM PERKHIDMATAN(SERVICE PRODUCING)

    AKAN MENINGKAT TETAPI AKAN BERLAKU

    PENURUNAN DALAM SEKTOR PENGELUARAN(GOODS PRODUCING). PERUBAHAN INI AKANMEMBERI KESAN KEPADA SEKTOR PEKERJAAN

    DALAM ASPEK JENIS PEKERJAAN YANG ADA DAN

    GAJI PADA PEKERJA.

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    SAMBUNGAN

    PEKERJA YANG AKAN MEMASUKI SEMULA

    DALAM SEKTOR PEKERJAAN PERLU

    MEMAHAMI PERUBAHAN INI KERANAMEMBERI KESAN PADA JENIS PEKERJAAN

    YANG ADA DAN UPAH DAN TARAF HIDUP

    INDIVIDU.

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    DINAMIKA DUNIAPEKERJAAN DAN KELUARGA 5 CARA MEMAHAMI PERHUBUNGAN ANTARA PEKERJAAN

    DAN KELUARGA (ZEDECK DAN MOSIER 1990)

    1. SPILL-OVER THEORY

    TIADA BATASAN ANTARA KELUARGA DAN KERJAYA

    KERANA APA YG. BERLAKU DI ALAM PEKERJAAN AKAN

    MEMBERI KESAN KEHIDUPAN BERKELUARGA.

    KETIDAKPUASAN DALAM PEKERJAAN AKAN MEMBERI

    KESAN PADA PERANAN INDIVIDU DALAM KELUARGANYA.

    2. COMPENSATION THEORY

    ( ) INVERSELY RELATED

    APA YG. TIDAK DIPENUHI AKAN DIPENUHI DALAM

    PERKARA LAIN.

    CTH.

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    SAMBUNGAN

    3. SEGMENTATION THEORY

    KELUARGA DAN KERJAYA WUJUD SEIRINGAN

    TANPA MEMPENGARUHI ANTARA SATU SAMA

    LAIN. MENURUT ZEDECK DAN MOSIER (1990) -

    THE FAMILY IS SEEN AS THE REALM OF

    EFFECTIVITY, INTIMACY AND SIGNIFICANT

    ASCRIBED RELATIONS, WHEREAS THE WORKWORLD IS VIEWED AS IMPERSONAL,

    COMPETITIVE AND INSTRUMENTAL RATHER

    THAN EXPRESSIVE.

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    SAMBUNGAN

    4. INSTRUMENTAL THEORY

    MENJADIKAN SATU KEADAAN UNTUK MENCAPAI

    SESUATU YG. LAIN. CTH MENJADIKAN BIDANG

    PEKERJAAN BAGI MENCAPAI KEPERLUAN DAN

    KEMEWAHAN DALAM KEHIDUPAN BERKELUARGA.5. CONFLICT THEORY

    KEJAYAAN INDIVIDU DALAM SATU BIDANG

    MEMERLUKAN INDIVIDU BERKORBAN DALAM SATU

    BIDANG YG. LAIN CTH. PERHATIAN SESEORANG ITU KEPADA

    KELUARGA MENYEBABKAN IA AKAN MENGABAIKAN

    TANGGUNGJAWAB BELIAU SEBAGAI PEKERJA.

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    SAMBUNGAN

    MEMAHAMI DINAMIKA PEKERJAAN DAN KELUARGA

    (MORRISON DAN DEACON 1993)

    KAJIAN BANYAK FOKUS PADA KESAN PEKERJAAN

    PADA KELUARGA BUKAN SEBALIKNYA.

    4 ISU KELUARGA YANG MEMBERI KESAN

    PEKERJAAN IAITU:

    i. HILANG SOKONGAN KELUARGA

    MENYEBABKAN INDIVIDU TIDAK BERSEMANGAT,

    MENUNJUKKAN KEMARAHAN DGN. BERTINDAK

    AGRESIF, MASALAH MENJALIN HUBUNGAN

    DENGAN RAKAN SEKERJA, MURUNG DAN

    TERPINGGIR.

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    SAMBUNGAN

    ii. TUNTUTAN KELUARGA MENGGANGGU

    PEKERJAAN- PEKERJA TIDAK MUNGKIN

    MENUNJUKKAN POTENSI TERBAIK DALAM

    MELAKUKAN TUGASAN DI TEMPAT KERJA, TIDAK

    BERKEYAKINAN DAN TIDAK KOMITED. TUNTUTANPADA KELUARGA MELEBEHI KOMITMEN BEKERJA.

    iii. PEKERJA MENGGUNAKAN PEKERJAAN BAGI

    MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN KELUARGA YANG TIDAK

    LENGKAP.iv. MOTIVASI BEKERJA BERPUNCA DARI RUMAH

    KEKUATAN/MOTIVASI UNTUK BEKERJA ADALAH

    PERKARA SEKUNDER.

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    Responding toWorkplace and

    Family Life ProblemsThrough Career

    Counseling

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    A Life Career Development

    Perspective1

    Problems come directly or indirectly by

    one or more changes from workplace or

    family life.

    Complex problems personal, emotional,

    family, work issues.

    Holistic perspective is beneficial

    problems can be seen collectively as well

    as individually. (Chapter 1)

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    A Life Career Development

    Perspective2

    Share language life roles, life setting, lifeevents to identify, analyze, understand

    cls work and family problems. Use of share language co learn and

    understand cls problems so that

    interventions can be chosen and used tohelp cl resolve problems.

    Career counseling becomes Unitaryaction co and cl work together.

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    Major Areas of RequiredKnowledge

    Co needs the selection and use of

    appropriate interventions to help cl.

    It depends on cos hypotheses, major areasof knowledge.

    Hotchkiss and Borow (1996)labor markets,

    combating gender stereotyping and reducing

    racial and ethnic barriers.

    Norman added combating barriers for

    disabled, dealing with work-family / family-

    work problems.

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    Learning about Labor Markets1

    Work world is dynamic and ever-changing.

    Difficult to grasp.

    Career counseling connected to work but

    related to race, culture, religion, gender,

    age, family.

    Finding job, often related to work roles, but

    can spill over into other life roles.

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    Learning about Labor Markets2

    Cl gender, ethnic, racial, sexual orientation,

    age, religion, socioeconomic status

    experience of discrimination effect jobsearch.

    Co providing cl with concept of labor

    market, cl can describe, label, negotiatethe work world - starting point to connect

    to the workplace.

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    Learning about Labor Markets3

    Labor market bring together buyers and

    sellers seeking to exchange one thing of

    value for another. Sellers are individualsseeking work, buyers are employees

    offering wages and other benefits in

    exchange for work.(p164) (Ettinger, 1991) Labor market dynamic and constantly

    changing.

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    Learning about Labor Markets4

    Occupational opportunity structure where cllive, how far cl is willing and able to travel towork, and cls willingness to move to a new

    location. Understanding labor market and job

    opportunities begins with an awareness of theirbasic relationship between where people live

    and where they work. For this reason anydiscussion of a labor market has geographicalimplications. (National OccupationalInformation Coordinating Committee, 1991)

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    Learning about Labor Markets5

    Internal labor market characterized byorganizational rules, how employees arehired and promoted & how job arestructured.

    New employees are hired for lower-leveljobs. Movement is mostly vertical, on-the-

    job training is featured. Cl may have skills for higher level, entry

    point is where they must begin.

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    Learning about Labor Markets6

    Movement is largely vertical within families ofjobs.

    Lateral mobility among jobs of similar status

    is restricted. Skills are required.

    Occupational position and wage rate is more

    likely to be determined by seniority than byproductivity.

    Explicit rules govern seniority and pension

    benefits.

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    Combating GenderStereotypes

    Deeply rooted socialization processes

    perpetuate rigid sex role perceptions that

    limit career options (Hotchkiss & Borow,1996)

    Gender stereotype limitation: initial

    occupational selection, earnings, rank andjob responsibilities.

    [Has been covered in Chapters 4 & 5]

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    Reducing Racial & Ethnic

    Barriers We must appreciate and respond to the

    variety of racial, ethnic backgrounds as wellas experiences of discrimination that cl bringto career counseling.

    Understanding their personal and grouphistories, world view, identity status, level of

    acculturation foundation for the workingalliance and appropriate action interventionstrategies.

    [Has been covered in Chapter 3]

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    Combating Barriers

    for the Disabled Including federal mandate.

    Understand disabled cls unique issues,work toward their inclusion, independence

    and empowerment.

    Co helping foster greater skill developmentand exploration for disabled cl.

    [Has been covered in Chapter 6]

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    Dealing with Work-Family /

    Family-Work Problems1

    One of the common refrains desire to

    balance work and other commitmentsmore successfully.

    Family involvement often becomes morecomplex, with marital, parental,

    grandparental and filial roles competingwith work for energy.

    (Sterns & Huyck, 2001)

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    Dealing with Work-Family /

    Family-Work Problems2

    Life roles, life settings and life events

    interacting over the life span, a useful way

    of dealing with w-f / f-w problems.

    Shared language to break apart, identify

    and label the issues and contexts

    surrounding work and family problems.

    Beginning point:- to translate cls work and

    family problems into shared language.

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    Dealing with Work-Family /

    Family-Work Problems3

    Worker roles, family roles, the workplace,home, work-related events, family-relatedevents vocabulary used to analyze,specify and understand cl w-f / f-wproblems.

    The specifying and labeling processdescribed helps co-cl to sort out, explain,understand the complexities and dynamicsof w-f relationships.

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    Dealing with Work-Family /

    Family-Work Problems4

    Does what happens at work spill over into

    family life? Does what happens at work as a result of

    spillover cause conflict in family life?

    Does compartmentalization occur where cltries to separate these two worlds?

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    A Checklist ofCounselor Roles

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    Focus attention on presenting

    goals or problems.

    These may expand into other goals or

    problems.

    With boundaries, gathering

    information phase is underway.

    Using intervention based onhypotheses to help cl achieve goals

    or resolve problems.

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    Closure when goals achieved or

    problems resolved.

    When process are unfolding, working

    alliance is being further developedand strengthened.

    Creates a joining together, creating

    the foundation for developing bondsof mutual trust and respect.

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    Beginning Lists1

    Helping cl to understand and respond tochanges.

    1.Help cl view themselves and theirsituations and problems holistically, seeconnections and relationships in their lives,

    their families and their work.2.Help cl understand and deal with the

    intertwined issues of psychologicaladjustments and career adjustments.

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    3.Help cl appreciate diversity of all kinds

    including care, ethnicity, gender and

    sexual orientation in the workplace.4.Help cl appreciate changing gender roles

    in the workplace.

    5.Empower cl with disabilities.6.Help cl understand and work through the

    stages of life transitions.

    Beginning Lists2

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    7.Help cl separate their successes and

    failures at work and at home from who

    they are as people.8.Help cl develop support systems to buffer

    workplace and family stresses and strains.

    9.Help cl recognize that grief and loss andnatural reactions to change.

    Beginning Lists3

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    10. Help cl deal with resistance to change.

    11. Help cl turn workplace and family

    frustration and anger energy toward

    positive solutions.

    Beginning Lists4

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    Rumusan

    Dlm memberi bantuan kpd klien memahami dan

    bertindakbalas terhdp perubahan di tempat kerja

    dan kehidupan keluarga mll kaunseling kerjaya,

    kaunselor perlukan pengetahuan, kefahaman dan

    kemahiran yg berkenaan.

    Kaunselor dicadangkan melihat masalah klien dr

    segi pandangan holistik bg perkembangan manusiayg dikenali sbg perkembangan hayat kerjaya.

    Sikap kaunselor mengambil berat terhdp klien

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