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Pemuliaan Tanaman Secara In Vitro Melalui

Metode Embryo Rescue dan Hibridisasi Somatik

PemuliaanTanaman

Perbaikan SIfatTanaman

Konvensional

Menyerbuksilang

Menyerbuksendiri

vegetatif

Inkonvensional –In Vitro

Embryo Culture –Embryo Rescue

HibridisasiSomatik

TanamanHaploid / Diploid

PROSES PEMULIAAN TANAMAN

SECARA IN VITRO

• Penentuan tujuan pemuliaan tanaman

• Ketersediaan materi pemuliaan atau plasma nutfah :

• Penentuan metode yang sesuai / tepat

• Seleksi melalui penilaian genotip atau populasi untuk

memenuhi varietas harapan

• Pengujian genotip atau varietas harapan

• Pelepasan varietas harapan menjadi varietas baru

TUJUAN PEMULIAAN

• Jangka panjang : mengantisipasi perubahan iklim (global

warming) – varietas toleran

• Jangka pendek:

a) memenuhi keinginan konsumen:

- perbaikan kualitas produk: ukuran, warna, kandungan bahan,

ketahanan simpan, keindahan, dll.

b) memenuhi kebutuhan petani/produsen:

- peningkatan hasil panen (kuantitas)

- umur genjah, tahan hama penyakit dll.

c) memenuhi kebutuhan industri:

- meningkatkan kandungan bahan

- pembuangan sifat-sifat yang tidak disukai

Ketersediaan Materi Pemuliaan / Plasma Nutfah

Jenis liar

Jenis lokal

Galurharapan

Varietasyang sudah

ada

Hasilpersilangan

mutan

Sumbangan Pemuliaan Tanaman

terhadap Kemajuan Pertanian

• Menghasilkan sifat baru dengan kualitas unggul

hasil tinggi

- tahan hama/penyakit

- rasa enak

- umur pendek

- estetika tinggi

- kandungan nutrisi tertentu

- dll.

• Pelestarian plasma nutfah sebagai koleksi

Embryo culture

Mature Embryo Culture

Immature Embryo Culture

(Embryo Rescue)

Obtaining

Viable Plants

Embryo rescue – embryo culture:

• The number of in vitro technique to promote

the development of a weak, immature of

hybrid embryos into a viable plants

• Embryo abortion due to endosperm fails to

develop properly

• In interspesific or intergeneric crosses, crosses

between diploid and tetraploid the

endosperm often develops poorly or not at all

Plant A Plant B

Wild

hybridization

Genetic

barriers

Abnormal development

of zygote or seed

Hybrid endosperm

fails to develop or

produce toxin

Abortion

of hybrid embryo

Abortion

of hybrid embryo

RESCUE:

Isolating and

culturing immature

hybrid embryos

RESCUE:

Isolating and

culturing immature

hybrid embryos

Advantage:

possible to

initiate embryo

development

from different

species

Disadvantage:

pre-mature

embryo could

initiate fully

developed plants,

but sterile

Culture medium factors:

• Mineral salts: K, Ca, N most important

• Carbohydrate and osmotic pressure : 2% for

mature embryo, 8-12% for immature embryo, transfer to

progressively low levels as embryo grows, altern. to high

sucrose – auxin and cytokinin

• amino acids:

reduce N, many amino acids can be added to replace N salts

• natural plant extracts:

coconut milk (liquid endosperm of coconut) undefined

hormonal factors, and/or organic compounds

others : extract of dates, bananas, tomato juice, etc.

Culture medium factors:

• PGRs

globular embryos : low concen. of auxin and cytokinin

heart stage and later : none required

germination : GA (promotes) and ABA (suppreses)

SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION

• Development of hybrid plants

• Through the fusion of somatic protoplasts of two different

plant species/varieties

• Subsequent development of the product (heterokaryon)

produce a hybrid plant

SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION

TECHNIQUEIsolation of protoplasts

Fusion of the protoplasts of desired species/varieties

Identification and selection of somatic hybrid cells

Culture of the hybrids cells

Regeneration of hybrid cells

SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION

TECHNIQUE

SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION

TECHNIQUE

IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION

IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF SOMATIC

HYBRID CELLS

Culturing them on selective medium

Complimentary selection of somatic hybrids on specific culture medium

Mechanical isolation – visual means

Morphology of the plant after regeneration