Altruism

Teaching, developing, cultivating altruism & pro social behavior is an important attitudinal goal, one of the most important

Definisi Altruism

“Segala tindakan yang menguntungkan orang lain dengan tanpa mengharap adanya imbalan”

- A. Marcoen (1999)

“Hasrat untuk menolong orang lain tanpa memikirkan kepentingan sendiri”

- Myers ( 1996) Empati kepada orang lain Memberikan bantuan Menghindari kritik untuk menerima balasan

Autonomous & Normative Altruism

Autonomous altruism

Motive utama perilaku pro-sosial ini (menolong) adalah kesejahteraan orang lain

Normative altruism

Perilaku baik (menolong) untuk mendapatkan keuntungan personal dan menghindari untuk dikatakan orang yang tidak baik

Dimana/Bagaimana kita menjadi “altruistic” Teori Biologis – bahawa kita mempunyai gen

keturunan untuk bertindak altruistic.

Teori Psikoanalisa – altruism dalam diri values of society – we consciously behave altruistically

Social learning: children LEARN pro social behavior. Adults have LEARNED that helping other people and being friendly pays off. There are lots of pluses for acting altruistically

How do children learn altruism?

1. Conditioning: children learn that empathetic responses, and helping others makes them feel good.

2. Operant conditioning: positive feelings combined with praise by significant others

3. Observational learning: research is very clear that observation by children of altruistic models behavior results in similar behavior by the child

Cognitive Development:

As children go through those cognitive phases, altruistic behavior will appear given the right situation, experiences etc.

Development of Pro-social (altruistic) Behavior Needs to start early, is generally not

spontaneous

Sibling conflicts over possessions

Parents explaining relationships between one child’s behavior and another child’s distress

Modeling

Pro-social behavior in children does not automatically increase with age

American children often become less cooperative and more competitive between ages 4-12.

All kinds of reasons NOT to act altruistically lack of competence “hold back” Not obligated because its an adults role or job Disapproval from peers or person your trying to

help (may embarrass them or make them feel incompetent

Altruism increases as…

1. Children in primary years develop their social & emotional role-taking skills

2. Their pro-social moral reasoning goes up.

3. Their self concept as an altruistic person is emerging