Download - Altruism
Altruism
Teaching, developing, cultivating altruism & pro social behavior is an important attitudinal goal, one of the most important
Definisi Altruism
“Segala tindakan yang menguntungkan orang lain dengan tanpa mengharap adanya imbalan”
- A. Marcoen (1999)
“Hasrat untuk menolong orang lain tanpa memikirkan kepentingan sendiri”
- Myers ( 1996) Empati kepada orang lain Memberikan bantuan Menghindari kritik untuk menerima balasan
Autonomous & Normative Altruism
Autonomous altruism
Motive utama perilaku pro-sosial ini (menolong) adalah kesejahteraan orang lain
Normative altruism
Perilaku baik (menolong) untuk mendapatkan keuntungan personal dan menghindari untuk dikatakan orang yang tidak baik
Dimana/Bagaimana kita menjadi “altruistic” Teori Biologis – bahawa kita mempunyai gen
keturunan untuk bertindak altruistic.
Teori Psikoanalisa – altruism dalam diri values of society – we consciously behave altruistically
Social learning: children LEARN pro social behavior. Adults have LEARNED that helping other people and being friendly pays off. There are lots of pluses for acting altruistically
How do children learn altruism?
1. Conditioning: children learn that empathetic responses, and helping others makes them feel good.
2. Operant conditioning: positive feelings combined with praise by significant others
3. Observational learning: research is very clear that observation by children of altruistic models behavior results in similar behavior by the child
Cognitive Development:
As children go through those cognitive phases, altruistic behavior will appear given the right situation, experiences etc.
Development of Pro-social (altruistic) Behavior Needs to start early, is generally not
spontaneous
Sibling conflicts over possessions
Parents explaining relationships between one child’s behavior and another child’s distress
Modeling
Pro-social behavior in children does not automatically increase with age
American children often become less cooperative and more competitive between ages 4-12.
All kinds of reasons NOT to act altruistically lack of competence “hold back” Not obligated because its an adults role or job Disapproval from peers or person your trying to
help (may embarrass them or make them feel incompetent
Altruism increases as…
1. Children in primary years develop their social & emotional role-taking skills
2. Their pro-social moral reasoning goes up.
3. Their self concept as an altruistic person is emerging