2014 seu228 ekonomi malaysia sektor perindustrian

SEU 228 EKONOMIMALAYSIA

Sektor Perindustrian di Malaysia (Oleh: Dr. Radziah Adam, PPPJJ)

Introduction: Malaya Tin & Rubber industry in 1956

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http://hasnulyakin.blogspot.com/2011/11/rubber-estate-in-malaysia-nikon-af-s.html

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Sumbangan Sektor Perindustrian

Contribution of the Industrial Sector

http://penangmonthly.com/penang-economic-outlook-2013-penang-updates/

http://penangmonthly.com/penang-economic-outlook-2013-penang-updates/

http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Economics/files/DATA_SERIES/2013/pdf/01Akaun_Negara.pdf

Manufacturing Growth in Selected East Asian Countries

Structural changes in labor market: migration of the rural workforce to the urban-based industries, agriculture (and mining & quarrying) sector had contracted considerably, manufacturing (as well as services) sector increased significantly .

http://irep.iium.edu.my/30533/5/Wage_rate_and_employment_in_manufacturing_industry_of_Malaysia__BEIJING_CONFERENCE_2013__REVISED%255B1%255D_(2).pdf

1. Latar belakang sektor perindustrian di Malaysia (fasa perindustrian sejak selepas merdeka; jenis industri)

2. Sumbangan sektor perindustrian (contribution of GDP, employment, foreign investment, trade etc.)

3. Cabaran perindustrian (Challenges faced by industrial sector as a whole, e.g. labour, competition, technology, etc. or specific challenges faced by particular sub-sectors, e.g. in the case of emerging industries)

4. Dasar-dasar perindustrian

Objektif pelajaran:

A. late 1950s-1960s: Perindustrian Gantian Import (Import Substituting Industrialization, ISI)

B. 1970s: Perindustrian Berasaskan Eksport (Export- Oriented Industrialization, EOI)

C. 1980s: Penggalakan Industri Berat (Heavy & Resource-Based Industrial Development), 2nd round of ISI

D. 1986 onwards: Further liberalization & continued promotion of EOI

1988 onwards: Industrial upgrading through enhanced technological development

Fasa Perindustrian di Malaysia

Toh Kin Woon, Malaysia’s Industrial Policy: Some Lessons

★ ISI was promoted through tax exemption under the Pioneer Industries Ordinance (1958); tariff protection; provision of infrastructural facilities; setting up of industrial zones & the provision of cheap credit

★ Intervention by the state at this juncture was largely functional (education, health, infrastructure, legal system & macro- economic stability)

★ A few institutions, like the Malayan Industrial Estates Ltd & the Malayan Industrial Development Finance (MIDF) were set up to promote ISI

A. Dasar Perindustrian:Fasa Pertama ISI (1960-1970)


A. Fasa Pertama ISI (1960-1970)

http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/205682/7%20Dato%20Kaziah%20-%20Session%207%20Plenary%20Incentives.pdf


A. Fasa Pertama ISI (1960-1970)

❏ High import content of intermediate & capital goods leading to limited linkage effects, little technology transfer as well as low value-added

❏ High effective rate of protection giving rise to rent-seeking

❏ A weakness of policy intervention was the lack of coercion on protected industries to export after a certain period of time; thus no pressure to reduce costs, improve product quality & enhance efficiency

❏ Protected industries were largely foreign-owned, leading to huge leakages

❏ Regional concentration, leading to regional imbalances

A. Kekangan (Limitations of) ISI


❏ Towards the end of the 1960s, when ISI reached the limits of the small domestic market, the state switched to EOI

❏ A national body called the Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) was set up to spur industrial development

❏ An Investment Incentives Act (1968), the Free Trade Zone Act (1971) & Licensed Manufacturing Warehouse Act (1973) were promulgated to promote both domestic & foreign direct investment (FDI)

❏ These offered an array of investment credits, tariff exemption for inputs, tax concessions & exemption for exports, the granting of import licenses, development of social infrastructure & full foreign ownership for firms producing for export

❏ Export Processing Zones (EPZs) were established to attract export-oriented multinational companies (MNCs) to invest in Malaysia

B. Dasar Perindustrian: Fasa EOI (1970-an)


B. Fasa EOI (1970-an)

❏ During the period of the 70s, 80s and up till the middle of the 90s, Malaysia’s industrial sector underwent rapid expansion.

❏ Malaysia, in particular Penang, became a major investment centre for foreign direct investments (FDI).

❏ The major product manufactured was the assembly & testing of electrical & electronic (E&E) components like semi-conductors, hard disk drives & telecommunications equipment. Other products are textiles and garments, wood & wood-products, oleo-chemicals and food.

B. Kejayaan (Success of) EOI


❏ Substantial employment generation which successfully brought down the rate of unemployment

❏ FDI helped spawn the growth and development of indigenous ancillary industries

❏ Some transfer of technology via intra-firm diffusion from the HQs to Malaysian subsidiaries

B. Kejayaan (Success of) EOI (samb.)


➔ Success in drawing-in FDI as the launch into EOI coincided with the international re-division of labor

➔ Initial favorable factor endowments, in particular the availability of competitively-priced & relatively well-educated labor, for the labor intensive electronics & textile industries

➔ State support by way of designing a fiscal strategy that grants generous tax concessions to foreign capital; a free trade regime that allows of mobility of finance capital; a relatively stable foreign exchange rate and the provision of subsidized social capital

➔ Favorable global economic conditions

B. Faktor Kejayaan EOI:


➔ Heavy reliance on a few manufactured products, in particular E&E goods, with a significant foreign component makes Malaysia highly vulnerable to the vicissitudes of global demand

➔ Low local content leads to limited linkages with domestic manufacturing firms

➔ EO industries are largely insulated from the rest of the domestic economy, giving rise to a dualistic industrial structure, that lacks integration

➔ MNCs perform few high value-added & technologically demanding tasks. Technology transfer was hence limited to basic operational technological skills.

➔ Malaysian exporters have not developed independent marketing capabilities

➔ The result was a shallow industrial structure that is unreliable for industrialization and progressive structural change

B. Kelemahan (Weaknesses of) EOI:

Source: USAINs E&E CoE, 2013

● Heavy industrialization was launched in the early 1980s.

● The objectives are: (a) to develop a capital goods sector in a bid to deepen Malaysia’s industrial development; (b) nurture greater linkages with local small and medium-scale industries (SMIs) and (c) promote greater technological development through R&D.

● Heavy Industries Corporation (HICOM) was set-up in 1980 to promote the development of heavy industries .

● In 1986, the first Industrial Master Plan (IMP) (1986-1995) was launched to guide industrial development.

● The industries targeted include iron & steel, cement, the national car, motorcycle engine, petroleum refining & petrochemicals, pulp & paper mill and aluminium smelting.

C. Fasa ke-2 ISI: Pengembangan Perindustrian Berat (Heavy Industry)


● A lot of the capital goods sector involved direct state participation (the national car, steel, motorcycle engine), with some foreign participation, especially from Japan & the Republic of Korea

● Selective protection of certain heavy industries like the national car and steel through tariff protection, mandatory import licensing, the granting of tax incentives & direct grants to promote R&D capacity like the Industry R&D Grant Scheme

● The government also introduced the Industrial Linkage Program & the Vendor Development Program to nurture the growth of local suppliers of parts and components.

C. Dasar Perindustrian: Promote Heavy Industry


C. Fasa ke-2 ISI: Heavy Industry


● Poor financial performance (many suffered losses) due to the limited domestic market

● Such losses require the state to resort to financial rescues, thus causing considerable drain on the fiscal coffers

● Underutilization of production capacity and an inability to achieve economies of large-scale meant high costs and hence an inability to compete in international markets

● Considerable loss of consumers’ welfare as a result of the high costs of protection

● The heavy industry program was poorly conceived and launched without considering Malaysia’s pre-existing base of industrial experience, skills and technological expertise and feasibility of infant industry learning in specific sub-sectors

C. Kelemahan (Weaknesses of Heavy Industrialization)

❏ From around the mid-80s, the state adopted measures to deregulate and liberalize the general macro-economy and industrial sector, without completely abandoning the state’s direct involvement

❏ Privatization of many state-owned enterprises was undertaken

❏ Greater reliance on FDI again from the mid-eighties

❏ All these were motivated by the state’s desire to transform the economy into a more modern, industrialized & developed nation by 2020

❏ Investment incentives continued to be granted but targeted at high value-added, low volume & high technology industries, particularly in the E&E sub-sector

D. Greater deregulation, liberalization &

targeting of investment incentives


D. Deregulasi & Liberalisasi


Policies on Industrialisation

1. Menjadikan sektor perkilangan sebagai catalyst pertumbuhan

perindustrian negara.

2. Menggalakkan penggunaan sepenuhnya sumber asli negara &

3. Meninggikan tahap penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D)

teknologi tempatan sebagai asas bagi Malaysia menjadi sebuah

negara perindustrian.

Objektif Pelan Induk Perindustrian (PIP) 1986

Cabaran Masa Hadapan (E&E)

Future Challenges faced by the Industrial

Sector

Figure 3.1b ETP Report - E&E industry analysis

EPU, 2011. Moving Up the Value Chain: A Study of Malaysia’s Solar & Medical Device Industries

RujukanRToh Kin Woon, Malaysia’s Industrial Policy: Some Lessons,

http://www.em.gov.lv/images/modules/items/Kin%20Woon%20Tohs%20Presentation.pdf

Yeow Teck Chai & Ooi Chooi Im, 2009. The Development of Free Industrial Zones–The Malaysian Experience. World Bank. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/251665/

Sri Wulandari. Malaysia’s Free Industrial Zones: Reconfiguration of the Electronics Production Space. Asia Monitor Resource Centre (AMRC). http://www.amrc.org.hk/system/files/Malaysia%20Free%20Industrial%20Zone.pdf

Kaziah Abdul Kadir, 2005. Investment Incentives: Malaysia’s Perspective. Workshop on Improving the Investment Climate in Indonesia. November 16-17,http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/205682/7%20Dato%20Kaziah%20-%20Session%207%20Plenary%20Incentives.pdf

Dan banyak lagi….

http://www.em.gov.lv/images/modules/items/Kin%20Woon%20Tohs%20Presentation.pdf

http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/251665/Yeow%20Teck%20Chai%20and%20Ooi%20Chooi%20Im%20-%20The%20Development%20of%20Free%20Industrial%20Zones%96The%20Malaysian%20Experience.pdf

http://www.amrc.org.hk/system/files/Malaysia%20Free%20Industrial%20Zone.pdf



Contoh soalan: Explain briefly the phases of industrialisation and state clearly the policies that have significant influence on the process of industrialisation in Malaysia.

Boleh cuba!

2014 seu228 ekonomi malaysia sektor perindustrian

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