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Teknologi Dan Inovasi DalamPendidikan

Kod: KPT5033

WBI/WBL/WBT

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INTRODUCTION

The Internet is perhaps the most transformativetechnology in history, reshaping business, media,

entertainment, education and society in astonishingways.

The good news is that the Internet is bringing uscloser than we ever thought possible to makelearning:

of all kinds, at all levels, any time, any place, any pace A practical reality for every man, woman, and child.

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INTRODUCTION

The bad news is many people still cannot access theInternet and do not understand how to use it to

harness the global web of knowledge. They do not know how to deal with information, the basic

currency of the knowledge economy.

They do not know how to find information, how to handle it,how to trade in it, how to invest it for their futures.

The World Wide Web is a tool that empowers societyto:

bring job training to the unskilled,

knowledge to all students, and

enrich the understanding of the lifelong learning.

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TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

Moving to:

- broadband

- multimodal rich

connectivity

- wireless access

- the technology

adapting to

the user

Moving from:

- Narrowband

- plain, single mode

(e.g., text or speech)

- wired access

- users adapting to

the technology

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DISTANCE LEARNING

Two of the main developments in web based learning havebeen the adaptation of communication technology to support

learning and the changes in distance learning strategiesnecessary for delivering online courses.

The Open University is one of the best known examples ofhow university level education became accessible, througheffective distance learning, to people who had neither thetraditional qualifications nor the time to enter full time highereducation.

The secret of the Open University's success are: clearly identifying students' needs;

providing effective,

local support; and

combining conventionally taught components with the use of upto date multimedia resources, including books, course guides,

videotapes, audiotapes, television, e-conferencing, anddiscussion groups.

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Classifying of Distance Learning

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Types of Distance Learning Activities

Student Research

Online Classroom

Materials

Web-Based Instructional Virtual Courses and

Programs

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Current Distance Learning Issues

Digital Divide

Development and socialization Positive and negative impact on

education reform

Virtual schooling issues

Curriculum alignment Teacher certification

Accreditation

Funding

Possible negative consequences

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Current Distance Learning Research

Distance learning effectiveness

Distance learning course quality Successful distance learners

Effective distance instructors

Cost effectiveness of distance learning

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Web based learning

Web based learning is often called online learning ore-learning because it includes online course content.

Discussion forums via email, videoconferencing, andlive lectures (video streaming) are all possiblethrough the web.

Web based courses may also provide static pagessuch as printed course materials.

One of the values of using the web to access coursematerials is that web pages may contain hyperlinksto other parts of the web, thus enabling access to avast amount of web based information.

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Web based learning

However, the focus of web based courses must

always be on the learner-

technology is not theissue, nor necessarily the answer.

"Newer technologies such as computers and video"Newer technologies such as computers and video

conferencing are not necessarily better (or worse) forconferencing are not necessarily better (or worse) for

teaching or learning than older technologies. they are justteaching or learning than older technologies. they are just

different .. The choice of technology should be driven bydifferent .. The choice of technology should be driven by

the needs of the learners and the context in which we arethe needs of the learners and the context in which we are

working, not by its novelty.working, not by its novelty.Bates AW. Technology, open

learning and distance education. London, 1995

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Models of web based learning

Several approaches can be used to develop

and deliver web based learning. These can be viewed as a continuum.

At one end is "pure" distance learning in

which course material, assessment, and

support is all delivered online, with no face to

face contact between students and teachers.

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Models of web based learning

At the other end is an organizational intranet,

which replicates printed course materialsonline to support what is essentially atraditional face to face course.

However, websites that are just repositoriesof knowledge, without links to learning,communication, and assessment activities,are not learner centred and cannot beconsidered true web based learning courses.

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Features of typical web based Learning

Course information, notice board, timetable

Curriculum map Teaching materials such as slides, handouts, articles

Communication via email and discussion boards

Formative and summative assessments

Student management tools (records, statistics,student tracking)

Links to useful internal and external websites forexample, library, online databases, and journals

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Incorporating web based learning into

conventional method

Web based learning in an institution is often

integrated with conventional, face to face teaching. This is normally done via an intranet, which is

usually "password protected" and accessible only to

registered users.

Thus it is possible to protect the intellectual property

of online material and to support confidential

exchange of communication between students.

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Incorporating web based learning into

conventional method

As students are usually in large groups for

basic science teaching, web based learningcan be used to provide learning materials tocomplement conventional programmes andto enable self assessment.

Web based learning can be useful to supportteaching when learners are geographicallydispersed for example, to learn the specificskills through video demonstrations.

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Assessment

With all types of learning, including web basedlearning; it is useful for students to receiveconstructive, timely, and relevant feedback on theirprogress.

Online assessment is sometimes constrained by themedium in which it is operating.

Computer marked assessments alone are notappropriate for marking or giving feedback onassignments such as essays or projects that requiremore than the mere reproduction of knowledge.

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Assessment

When planning online assessment it is important todetermine what is to be assessed.

If knowledge reproduction is being tested, objectivequestions such as multiple choice or "true or false"questions with instant or model answers can provideexcellent feedback.

Assessment of higher cognitive functions, such asanalysis and synthesis, will require more complextests.

Automated marking may be difficult for such assessments,& the teacher is likely to have to do a substantial amount ofwork before can add his or her comments to the student's

record.

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Advantages online assessment

Students can receive quick feedback on their

performance Useful for self assessments for example,

multiple choice questions

A convenient way for students to submit

assessment from remote sites Computer marking is an efficient use of staff

time

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Disadvantages online assessment

Most online assessment is limited to

objective questions Security can be an issue

Difficult to authenticate students' work

Computer marked assessments tend to be

knowledge based and measure surface

learning

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Advantages of web based learning

Ability to link resources in many different formats

Can be an efficient way of delivering coursematerials

Resources can be made available from any locationand at any time

Potential for widening access- for example, to parttime, mature, or work based students

Can encourage more independent and activelearning

Can provide a useful source of supplementarymaterials to conventional programmes

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Disadvantages of web based learning

Access to appropriate computer equipment can be aproblem for students

Learners find it frustrating if they cannot accessgraphics, images, and video clips because of poorequipment

The necessary infrastructure must be available and

affordable Information can vary in quality and accuracy, so

guidance and signposting is needed

Students can feel isolated

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Effective web teaching and learning

The teacher or Course designers need to

remember that younger students are morelikely to be familiar with using the internet

than older learners, who may feel less

comfortable with a web based course.

To get the best out of their learningexperience, learners need basic computer

skills, support, and guidance.

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Effective web teaching and learning

Teachers must design their courses to encourageeffective web based learning rather than aimless

"surfing."

Teachers should be encouraged, through trainingand support, to use the web and other informationtechnology systems in their teaching.

They need examples and awareness of goodpractice, and standards should be set in relation tohow teachers present information and manage thelearning environment.

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Conclusion

Web based learning offers huge opportunities forlearning and access to a vast amount of knowledgeand information.

The role of teachers is to ensure that the learningenvironment provided takes account of learners' needs &ensures that they are effectively prepared & supported.

Online learning has advantages, but web basedlearning should not always be viewed as themethod of choice because barriers such asinadequate equipment can easily detract fromstudent learning.

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Conclusion

The technology must therefore be

applied appropriately and not usedsimply because:

it is available & new or

students & teachers have particularexpectations of this means of coursedelivery.

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Bacaan Tambahan

Web-Based Education Commission (2000), LEARNING FOR

THEPOWER THE OF INTERNET, Report of the Web-Based

Education Commission to the President and the Congress ofthe United States.

Kevin Kruse (2004), Web-based Learning: Advantages and

Disadvantages, newsletter from http://www.e-

learningguru.com.

Badrul H Khan (2001), Web-Based Training, EducationalTechnology Publications.

Judy McKimm, Carol Jollie, Peter Cantillon (2003), ABC of

learning and teaching: Web based learning, BMJ Publishing

Group Ltd.