1.syamsul bahrin zaibon module

46
7/23/2019 1.Syamsul Bahrin Zaibon Module http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1syamsul-bahrin-zaibon-module 1/46  MOBILE GAMEBAED LEANING (GBL) ENGINEEING MODEL A b Da Aa Ha Sa Gaa Sc A a Scc Dc P U Uaa Maaa b Sa Ba Zab 2011

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    MOBILE GAMEBAED LEANING (GBL)ENGINEEING MODEL

    A b

    Da Aa Ha Sa Gaa Sc A a Scc

    Dc P

    U Uaa Maaa

    bSa Ba Zab

    2011

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    EMIION O E

    I a aa

    U Uaa Maaa, I a a U Lba a a

    aaab c. I a a c

    a a, a, ca a b a b

    () , abc, b Da. I a a c

    bca a aca a a b a

    . I a a c a b

    a U Uaa Maaa a ca c a b a a

    aa .

    R c a aa ,

    a, b a :

    Da Aa Ha Sa Gaa Sc A a Scc

    U Uaa Maaa

    06010 UUM S

    Ka Da Aa

    Maaa

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    DECLAAION

    I ca a a a b b a

    a a a a aca. Ia b a b

    a b ac a a c .

    Sa Ba Zab

    2011

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    ABAC

    Mb aba a (GBL) a a a a a c c a

    b . I a c ac aa b aa a a ac a a, a

    ac, a c a ac b

    . T a GBL, ac a

    a a, c GBL. I a

    , a a a b c

    a a a. T b

    a ac; c a ; cca

    b c; a c cc. A a a

    a b c, a c a a

    a a b a baa .

    T, c a a b a GBL

    E M ba a b a a a ca a

    a a. I aca,

    b c GBL aca c

    c a, c, , a ab. I acc a, a

    cc ac a a, c a; ()

    aa b, () , () , () aa, a ()

    cc. Sb, GBL aa a:

    b, c, cab, b, ca, c, aaab, a

    a. M aa a cc a, a; ,

    c aa, a a . Ga,

    GBL E M a acc b cac

    . T a a b a a ca a

    GBL . H, a a a

    a a . I a a,

    a a ; AaDDIa

    Eaa, IPcO, Ga L Cc, a GBL E M;

    a ca b 70 . T a ca a

    GBL E M c a ab 7.0 ( 10) a

    ca (c a 7.0). T ANOVA

    a a ca c b a c

    c a cab. A c a cab a

    ca , c GBL E M a a

    . A a a a GBL

    E M b ca GBL aca a

    a ca a acca cb . I a,

    ca cb a aa

    aa . F, aac c, c GBL

    a a ca cb.

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    ABAK

    Paa baaa a a (GBL) aa aa a aa

    aa aaa a a a a. Ba aaa baa a a bba aa a aaa aaa aa

    ca aa baa aa aa a aa baaa,

    baa aa aaa aa, a aa baa a

    baaa a aa a a. U aa

    GBL, aa caaa a a a a

    a baa GBL. O , baa baa

    aa a aa a baa aa a a.

    M b caaa baa aa a a, aaaa aa a

    b aa a b baaa, aa a a a, a aa

    a aa aa aa. Waa baa aa, aa

    a baaa aa a aa a b aa aa baa

    aa baaa aa a a aaa aa a.

    O , aa a bcaa aa caaa aa a

    M Kaa GBL a baa aa a aa baa

    aa a baaa. Scaa a, aa ca aa aa

    aa baa GBL a aa, , aa, a aa.

    Ba caa a b, aa a ab aa a

    a a aa a () a a aaa, () caaa, () baa, ()

    aa, a () a. Sa , aa aa GBL aa:

    aa, a, aa, a, aa, baa, a,

    a . Paa aa aa a caa a; aa aa,

    baa a a a , a aa . Ua,

    a caaa a ba aaaa a ba aa aa

    . M a aa ba aa aa a baa

    a GBL. D , a aaa a baaa b ba

    a ba a aa aa aa ba. Daa aa

    aa , a aa aa baaa; AD

    DIE, IO, G L C a

    M Kaa GBL, a a baa 70 . Ha aaa

    a baaa caaa aa b 7.0 (a 10)

    a a baa a a b ( a a 7.0).

    Ka ANOVA a aa baa a aaa a

    aa ca a a aa. Waa a a

    aa a bba caa a, caaa b

    . Ka a baaa caaa b b

    aaa aa baa GBL a a baa caa a

    aa aa aa . Sa , baa a aa aa aa

    a a a a. Aa a aa, a aa

    a GBL a aa a a baa a.

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    ACKNOLEDGEMEN

    Aaa, a a a a a b Aa ..

    c . I c a P.

    D. Naa Sa, , , ac, a

    c. N Maaa a

    U Uaa Maaa .

    I a a ca a a Ia Tc a

    Ma a, U Uaa Maaa ca a

    .

    Sca a Aa , ac a aca a

    GBL .

    Fa a a, I a a H. Zab & H. A,

    a a, Haa, a a Sa, a a a

    a ac a a a.

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    ABLE OF CONEN

    PERMISSION TO USE ...........................................................................................................

    DECLARATION.....................................................................................................................

    ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................

    ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................................

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................

    LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................

    LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................

    LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................

    LIST OF PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................................... LIST OF AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS ..........................................................................

    CHAE 1: BACKGOND OF D .............................................................................. 1

    1.1 Ic .............................................................................................................. 1

    1.2 Rac Ma ............................................................................................... 1

    1.2.1 C Sa Mb P Sbc Maaa ................................ 1

    1.2.2 G S a Ia ................................................................ 4

    1.2.3 Aac Mb La ............................................................................. 5

    1.2.4 Sa Rac Ma .................................................................... 8

    1.3 Pa S ..................................................................................................... 9

    1.3.1 A S S Pc Ma .............................................. 9

    1.4 Pb Sa ................................................................................................ 14

    1.4.1 Rac Ga .................................................................................................. 17

    1.5 Rac Obc ............................................................................................... 18

    1.6 Rac Q ................................................................................................ 18

    1.7 Rac Sc a La ............................................................................. 19

    1.8 Cb S ..................................................................................... 19

    1.8.1 GBL E M ................................................................................ 19

    1.8.2 A P GBL Aca .................................................................... 20

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    1.8.3 I Eaa GBL E M .......................................... 20

    1.8.4 Aa Hc Eaa GBL Aca ..................................... 20

    1.8.5 Caa Aa D M ............................................. 21

    1.9 Scac S ....................................................................................... 211.10 Rac a Tca Fa .................................................................. 22

    1.11 Oaa D T ........................................................................... 23

    1.12 T Sc ..................................................................................................... 26

    CHAE 2: LIEAE EIE .................................................................................... 29

    2.1 Ic ............................................................................................................ 29

    2.2 Ga D ...................................................................................................... 29

    2.3 GaBa La (GBL) ................................................................................... 30

    2.3.1 T Wa U a T GBL ......................................................... 31

    2.3.2 Ca GBL .............................................................................................. 31

    2.3.3 Caacc GBL ....................................................................................... 33

    2.4 GBL ....................................................................................................................... 36

    2.4.1 Caacc Mb Ga ....................................................................... 38

    2.4.2 Caacc GBL .................................................................................... 40

    2.5 La T GBL ...................................................................................... 42

    2.5.1 Ba ................................................................................................... 43

    2.5.2 C ....................................................................................................... 44

    2.5.3 Cc ................................................................................................. 45

    2.5.4 Ica La T S ................................................ 47

    2.5.5 Ea La T ............................................................................ 48

    2.6 La Aac .............................................................................................. 52

    2.6.1 M Ic ...................................................................................... 52

    2.6.2 N E Ic .............................................................................. 54

    2.6.3 PbBa La .................................................................................. 55

    2.7 Aca I T ................................................................................... 57

    2.7.1 Dc ............................................................................................................ 58

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    2.7.2 Da ............................................................................................................... 58

    2.7.3 D ............................................................................................................... 58

    2.7.4 D/ D ............................................................................................... 59

    2.8 Ga T .......................................................................................................... 602.9 T Pa ......................................................................................................... 61

    2.10 Ga D a Ica D ................................................................ 64

    2.11 Ica D M ................................................................................. 66

    2.11.1 ADDIE M ................................................................................................... 67

    2.11.2 Dc a Ca Ica D M ................................................... 68

    2.11.3 K' ARCS M Ma ................................................................ 70

    2.11.4 ASSURE M ............................................................................................... 72

    2.11.5 M, R a K M ................................................................... 74

    2.11.6 Ica ID M S ......................................................... 75

    2.12 Ga D M a D M ....................................... 76

    2.12.1 IPcOc Ga M ............................................................ 77

    2.12.2 Ea Ga M ........................................................................... 79

    2.12.3 Ia M Ecaa Ga D ........................................... 80

    2.12.4 T FFIDGE M .......................................................................................... 81

    2.12.5 F Da Fa ....................................................................... 83

    2.12.6 Aa Da GBL Fa ................................................................... 84

    2.12.7 Ga Aca Tac Ea ................................................ 85

    2.12.8 T Da Ga I M ............................................................ 86

    2.12.9 Fa D GBL C .................................................... 88

    2.12.10 Da GBL M H Ecaa Ga D .......................... 89

    2.12.11 Caa Aa GBL D M .............................................. 91

    2.13 Mb Ga D M ........................................................ 95

    2.13.1 B Pacc Mb Ga D ............................................... 95

    2.13.2 Sc M ...................................................................................... 97

    2.13.3 Ga D M ................................................................. 98

    2.13.4 Ga L Cc............................................................................................... 99

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    2.13.5 DPcBTMaS ........................................................ 101

    2.13.6 Caa Aa Mb Ga D M . 102

    2.13.7 Ica Caa Aa S ...................................... 104

    2.14 Sa .............................................................................................................. 104

    CHAE 3: MEHODOLOG.......................................................................................... 106

    3.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 106

    3.2 D Rac .................................................................................................... 106

    3.3 Raa U D Rac ............................................................... 109

    3.4 Pa M ......................................................................................... 109

    3.5 Pa 1: Aa Pb ........................................................................... 111

    3.5.1 La R a C Aa ......................................................... 111

    3.5.2 Caa S ...................................................................................... 111

    3.5.3 Pa S a S ........................................................................... 113

    3.6 Pa 2 & 3: S a D ......................................................... 113

    3.6.1 S F a Cc GBL D ................................. 113

    3.6.2 E Ca ........................................................................................ 114

    3.6.3 Cb GBL La M P M .......................... 115

    3.6.4 GBL E M D ....................................................... 115

    3.7 Pa 4: Eaa ............................................................................................... 115

    3.7.1 P Eaa a E R ................................................................ 118

    3.7.2 P D a Hc Eaa ...................................... 118

    3.7.3 PSc S P M GBL D ........ 119

    3.7.4 Ea S ........................................................................................ 119

    3.7.5 I D S ............................................................ 120

    3.7.5.1 I E Ca ......................................................... 121

    3.7.5.2 I PEaa R ..................................................... 121

    3.7.5.3 I PSc S ........................................................ 122

    3.7.5.4 I E R a Ea S .......................... 122

    3.7.5.5 I Hc Eaa Sa ......................................... 128

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    3.8 Pa 5: Cc & Aa F ........................................................... 131

    3.9 Sa a U Aa ................................................................................ 131

    3.10 Sa .............................................................................................................. 133

    CHAE 4: HE OOED MODEL: GBL ENGINEEING MODEL ........................... 134

    4.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 134

    4.1.1 T E Ca ................................................................................. 135

    4.2 T P GBL E M .............................................................. 138

    4.2.1 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 140

    4.2.2 R a SO A PPc Pa .......................................... 149

    4.2.3 Pc Pa ........................................................................................... 150

    4.2.4 R A Pc Pa ..................................................................... 155

    4.2.5 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 155

    4.2.6 F Dc a Dab ............................................................. 159

    4.3 Sa ............................................................................................................... 160

    CHAE 5: EE EIE AND OOING OF GBL ENGINEEING MODEL... 162

    5.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 162

    5.2 PEaa R .......................................................................................... 162

    5.3 E R ....................................................................................................... 164

    5.3.1 M a I ............................................................................. 164

    5.3.2 E R F ................................................................................... 164

    5.4 GBL P D a D ........................................................... 166

    5.4.1 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 166

    5.4.2 R a S O A PPc Pa .......................................... 175

    5.4.3 Pc Pa ........................................................................................... 175

    5.4.4 R A Pc Pa ..................................................................... 178

    5.4.5 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 178

    5.5 Sc S 1Ma GBL ............................................................................... 180

    5.6 Hc Eaa GBL ............................................................................ 185

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    5.6.1 Eaa S ........................................................................................ 186

    5.6.2 F .......................................................................................................... 188

    5.7 Sa ............................................................................................................... 191

    CHAE 6: EEIMENAL D OF GBL ENGINEEING MODEL ........................ 192

    6.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 192

    6.2 PSc S P Cc M GBL D

    ..................................................................................................................................... 192

    6.3 Ea S ............................................................................................... 195

    6.4 F Ea S ............................................................................ 196

    6.4.1 R OWa ANOVA T ........................................................ 197

    6.4.2 R P Hc T: M Ca ....................................... 199

    6.5 H T ................................................................................................ 203

    6.6 Sa ............................................................................................................... 204

    CHAE 7: CONCLION ............................................................................................. 205

    7.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 205

    7.2 Rac Q 1: H a GBL a ac a? ................ 205

    7.3 Rac Q 2: Wa a a c ?

    ..................................................................................................................................... 206

    7.4 Rac Q 3: Wc ID b c

    ? ......................................................................................................................... 208

    7.5 Rac Q 4: I GBL acab? ..... 210

    7.6 Obc S R ....................................................................... 211

    7.7 La S a Rca F W ........................... 212

    7.8 Cc ............................................................................................................ 214

    Rc ...................................................................................................................... 216

    A A: I E Ca ........................................................... 237

    A B: I PEaa R ...................................................... 240

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    A C: I PSc S ........................................................... 243

    A D: I E R a Ea S ............................. 245

    A E: I Hc Eaa ( ) ........................... 248

    A F: L E (Acaca) ................................................................... 250A G: L E (Ga I) .............................................................. 251

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    LI OF FIGE

    F 1.1: Pa a b bc Maaa 1998

    2010 (MCMC, 2011) ............................................................................................ 4

    F 1.2: Rac a Tca Fa ............................................................ 24

    F 1.3: Ra b , , a

    ............................................................................................ 26

    F 1.4: T c ba ac bc ............................................... 27

    F 2.1: Ea a a (Kb, 1984) ........................................................ 49

    F 2.2: La GBL a a (Kb, 1984)

    .......................................................................................................................... 51

    F 2.3: GBL a PBL caacc.......................................... 56

    F 2.4: Aca a 4D (C a., 2003) ............. 57

    F 2.5: AI a a GBL a .................................... 59

    F 2.6: ADDIE ................................................................................................... 68

    F 2.7: Dc a Ca D M (Dc & Ca, 1996) ....................................... 70

    F 2.8: ARCS Ga' c (K, 1993) ...................... 71

    F 2.9: ASSURE (Hc & Ma, 1993) .................................................... 72

    F 2.10: M, R a K M (M, R & K, 2004) ........ 75

    F 2.11: Pa a Ica D a Ga D ............ 76

    F 2.12: IPcOc Ga M (Ga a., 2002) .......................... 78

    F 2.13: Ia Ea Ga M (K, 2005) ..................................... 80

    F 2.14: Ia M Ecaa Ga D (Paa & Bcc, 2005) . 81

    F 2.15: T F Ica D D Ga E

    (FIDGE) M (A & Caa, 2006) ............................................................ 82

    F 2.16: F Da Fa ( Fa & O, 2006) ........................... 83

    F 2.17: T Da Ga I M (Caa, 2007) .................................. 87

    F 2.18: Fa D GBL C (N A a., 2008) ............. 89

    F 2.19: P c DGBL M H caa a

    (N Aa a., 2009) ...................................................................................... 90

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    F 2.20: B Pacc Mb Ga D (Daaa, 2005) .............. 96

    F 2.21: Sc (McG, 2006) .......................................................... 97

    F 2.22: Ga (Dac V, Ic., 2007) ............. 99

    F 2.23: Ga cc (Ja, 2007) ......................................... 100F 2.24: O a ................................................................. 105

    F 3.1: Rac Pa ............................................................................................ 110

    F 3.2: Pa 1 Aa Pb ................................................................... 112

    F 3.3: Pa 2 & 3 S a D ................................................ 114

    F 3.4: Pa 4 & 5 Eaa & Cc ........................................................ 117

    F 3.5: 10 ac ca ................................................................................ 124

    F 4.1: GBL E M.............................................................................. 139

    F 4.2: Pa 1, PPc ................................................................................ 140

    F 4.3: C 1 R Aa & Pa......................................... 141

    F 4.4: C 2 Mb Iac & Tcca Aa .............................. 142

    F 4.5: C 3 La C D ....................................................... 144

    F 4.6: GBL La aa Kb a a ... 148

    F 4.7: C 4 Ga Fa D .......................................................... 149

    F 4.8: Pa 2, Pc ...................................................................................... 150

    F 4.9: C 5 La C D ........................................... 152

    F 4.10: C 6 Ga A D ................................................. 153

    F 4.11: C 7 C & C Mcac D ............................ 153

    F 4.12: C 8 Ga Fa Ia ................................................. 154

    F 4.13: Pa 3, PPc ............................................................................ 155

    F 4.14: C 9 Ga P & D ............................................. 157

    F 4.15: C 10 Paab, Uab & Mb T ........................... 157

    F 4.16: C 11 Ecaa T ........................................................... 159

    F 4.17: C 12 Db ....................................................................... 159

    F 4.18: F Dc & Dab ............................................................. 161

    F 5.1: Raa a aa c ........................................................... 165

    F 5.2: 1Ma a a ........................................................... 170

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    F 5.3: M 1 H .......................................................................................... 170

    F 5.4: M 2 Taa C ..................................................................... 171

    F 5.5: M & Mac Ga Taa C ............................................... 171

    F 5.6: M 3 Ma Rc O .............................................................. 172F 5.7: M 4 A Sc ......................................................................................... 172

    F 5.8: Pc & R Ga Sc R ................................................................. 173

    F 5.9: M 5 Accac ..................................................................................... 173

    F 5.10: M 6 R Pac ............................................................................ 174

    F 5.11: M & Mac Ga R Pac ...................................................... 174

    F 5.12: T aa a 1Maaa cc ............................................... 176

    F 5.13: Ma Caac ........................................................................................... 177

    F 5.14: Ma 1Ma ...................................................................... 181

    F 5.15: Sa a a 1Ma ...................................................................... 182

    F 5.16: H .................................................................................... 182

    F 5.17: Taa c ........................................................................... 183

    F 5.18: Maac a .................................................................................. 183

    F 5.19: Cc a ............................................................................................ 184

    F 5.20: Sc a ....................................................................................... 184

    F 5.21: Fa c ................................................................................................... 185

    F 5.22: V a 1Ma GBL ...................................................................... 187

    F 5.23: V a 1Ma GBL ...................................................................... 187

    F 5.24: Cc aa .......................................................................... 187

    F 5.25: Ga ab c ....................................................................... 189

    F 5.26: Mb c .................................................................................. 189

    F 5.27: Paab c ............................................................................... 190

    F 5.28: La c c .................................................................... 191

    F 6.1: Ca a c b aab........ 197

    F 6.2: Sc Vb b GBL a .................................. 201

    F 6.3: Sc Cab b GBL a .......................... 201

    F 6.4: Sc C b GBL a ............................. 201

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    F 6.5: Sc Fb b GBL a ................................ 201

    F 6.6: Sc Ca b GBL a ..................................... 202

    F 6.7: Sc Ec b GBL a .......................... 202

    F 6.8: Sc Maaab b GBL a ........................ 202F 6.9: Sc Ea b GBL a ........................... 202

    F 6.10: Ma Maa GBL ..................................................................................... 203

    F 6.11: H M GBL .................................................................................. 203

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    LI OF ABLE

    Tab 1.1: Mb bc Maaa (MCMC, 2011) ................................... 2

    Tab 1.2: Ea Ma S ......................................................................... 6

    Tab 1.3: Pa GaBa Cc (ba Sa & S, 2008) ........... 8

    Tab 1.4: Dac (a a ac) .................................. 10

    Tab 1.5: Ha acc Mb P ....................................................................... 11

    Tab 1.6: Pa Mb Ga ........................................................................................... 11

    Tab 1.7: P Pa Ga (a a) .............................................. 12

    Tab 1.8: Wa a a a? .......................................................... 12

    Tab 1.9: P Dc La .......................................................................... 13

    Tab 2.1: Caacc GBL (G, 2005) ................................................................... 34

    Tab 2.2: E a GBL a cb b P (2001) ......................... 35

    Tab 2.3: Ea GBL Pc ............................................................................... 37

    Tab 2.4: Sa La T ........................................................................ 47

    Tab 2.5: La GBL caacc ..................................................... 48

    Tab 2.6: T Pa (Va, 2003) ................................................................. 63

    Tab 2.7: Caa Aa GBL D M ................................................... 91

    Tab 2.8: Ea S A R M ...................................... 93

    Tab 2.9: Ca b a 102

    Tab 2.10: Ca Mb Ga D M ..................... 103

    Tab 3.1: D cc ac (H a., 2004) .............................. 108

    Tab 3.2: D aa a c (H a., 2004) ................ 116

    Tab 3.3: Ca aa 10 ................................ 123

    Tab 3.4: Cc Dc GBL E M ................................... 124

    Tab 3.5: Ca Pc Sa .............................................................................. 125

    Tab 3.6: Rab T ................................................................................................ 125

    Tab 3.7: Fac Aa a La Eac I ................................................... 126

    Tab 3.8: Ga ab c (K & K, 2006) ............................ 128

    Tab 3.9: Mb c (K & K, 2006) ...................................... 129

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    Tab 3.10: Paab c (K & K, 2006) ................................. 130

    Tab 3.11: La C (LC) C ............................................................. 131

    Tab 4.1: Ac ....................................... 135

    Tab 4.2: R ........................................................................... 136Tab 4.3: Ac a a Ga ........................... 137

    Tab 4.4: La GBL a c .................................... 144

    Tab 4.5: M Ic cc GBL a c ............................ 145

    Tab 4.6: Ga N E Ic aca GBL .......................... 146

    Tab 4.7: PBL caacc a GBL ............................................................ 147

    Tab 5.1: C a S ........................................................................... 163

    Tab 5.2: Ma c GBL ............................................... 164

    Tab 5.3: 1Ma GBL Caacc .......................................................................... 169

    Tab 5.4: Dac ................................................................................... 188

    Tab 6.1: Dac ............................................................ 193

    Tab 6.2: P Ra b a ............... 193

    Tab 6.3: P Ra ID .................................................................... 194

    Tab 6.4: P Ra GBL ................................................................. 194

    Tab 6.5: Ea a c ................................................................... 195

    Tab 6.6: Ma a Saa Da F M a E Vaab ......... 196

    Tab 6.7: O Wa Aa Vaac F M E Vaab ............. 198

    Tab 6.8: P Hc T M Ca ............................................................ 200

    Tab 6.9: O Wa Aa Vaac F M Acab .................. 204

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    LI OF ABBEIAION

    ADDIE Aa, D, D, Ia a Eaa

    AI Aca I

    ANOA Aa Vaac

    AC A, Rac, Cc, a Saac

    CB C Ba Ta

    CD Cac D

    GBL GaBa La

    GD Ga D

    GLC Ga L Cc

    G Gba P S

    IC Ia a Cca Tc

    ID Ica D

    IGDA Iaa Ga D Aca

    IO IPcO

    I Iaa Tcca U

    MCMC Maaa Cca a Ma C

    MMOG Ma O RPa Ga

    G Mb Ga

    GBL Mb GaBa La

    MM Ma Ma Sc

    BL Pb Ba La

    DA Pa Da Aa

    M S Ma S

    M U Uaa Maaa

    CD V Cac D

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    LI OF BLICAION

    Ja:

    Naa Sa & B . (2010). Mb Ga Ba

    La (GBL) Lca C a Aa Caac, I. J

    M L O, 4(1), . 5582. USA.

    B & Naa Sa. (2010). Mb Ga Ba

    La (GBL): Aca D a Hc Eaa Sa,

    M J L I, 7(1), . 3773.

    Cc Pc:

    B & Naa Sa. (2010). A L

    M GB L D. T IEEE Iaa

    Cc Da Ga a I T Eac La, 2010

    (D2010), Taa. .124128. DOI: 10.1109/DIGITEL.2010.37

    B & Naa Sa. (2010). H E

    M GB L. 6 IEEE Iaa Cc

    W, Mb, a Ub Tc Eca, 2010

    (WMUTE2010). Taa. .127131. DOI: 10.1109/WMUTE.2010.27

    B & Naa Sa. (2010). M GB

    L (GBL) E M D A. I

    Z. Aba a. (E.), Pc Gba La Aa Pacc 2010. . 1862

    1871. AACE.

    B & Naa Sa. (2010).A C

    D M M GB L (GBL). I Z.

    Aba a. (E.), Pc Gba La Aa Pacc 2010.. 18531861.

    AACE.

    B & Naa Sa. (2010). E C

    M GB L E M. 5

    Sca Ecc a

    Ia Tc. U Uaa Maaa.

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    B & Naa Sa. (2009).

    . Pc 2009 WRI W

    C C Scc a Ia E (CSIE2009), L

    A. V. 7, .649653. DOI: 10.1109/CSIE.2009.896 Naa Sa & B . (2009). L :

    . I Sa ac, ac.

    26 Aa ASCILITE Iaa Cc, Aca, 69 Dcb 2009.

    B & Naa Sa (2009). A

    . Pc Sa Kbaaa

    T a Ia PaaaPbaaa 2009 (SKTIP09). UPM.

    B & Naa Sa. (2008). M

    : . P a

    Aa2008, Kaa L.

    B & Naa Sa. (2008). M

    : . P a

    Aa2008, Kaa L.

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    LI OF AAD AND ECOGNIION

    Aa: G M a S Iaa I Fa 2009 (SIIF2009),

    Ka.

    o Pc T: 1M' M G.

    o Pc Mb: Naa Sa & B .

    Aa:G M a Iaa E Rac a I

    I H La 2009 (PECIPTA2009), Kaa L.

    o Pc T: 1M L C.

    o Pc Mb: Naa Sa & B .

    Aa:B Ma Maaa Tc E 2009 (MTE2009), Kaa

    L.

    o Pc T: M G.

    o Pc Mb: Naa Sa, B &

    Aa S.

    I

    C 2010: 1Maaa Mb GaBa La (GBL)

    o A: Naa Sa & B .

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    1

    Chapter 1

    CHAE 1

    B

    1.1

    I

    T c ca ba a ac ;

    aac b a (a), a b; bc

    a cac ; a a, a a

    .

    1.2 M

    A ac a b b a .

    T, c a ac c a b

    cc.

    1.2.1C M M

    T b a ca a a .

    T Iaa Tcca U (ITU) Tcca/ Ia

    Tc a Cca (ICT) Ica R (ITU, 2008) ca

    a ICT, baba, a b a aac a

    Aa Pacc . T ac a b c aa

    ab, b a, b cc a a

    c a ab cca (S a., 1999; Na a.,

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    The contents ofthe thesis is for

    internal user

    only

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    .). Iaa, IN: N

    R Pb.

    Aaa, Z. (2008). . R Ma 3, 2010,

    ://.aa.c/_a.

    A, G. K., & Caa, K. (2006). A ca /

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