suamayah-sps kpd3016

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PENGAJARAN TEKNOLOGI DAN PENAKSIRAN 1KPD 3016

NAMA : NOOR SUMAYAH BT ISMAILNO MATRIX : D20091035088PROGRAM : ISMP SAINS (AT16)TAJUK : SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLSNAMA PENSYARAH : DR RAZAK ABD SAMAD B. YAHYATARIKH HANTAR : 22 OCTOBER 2011KUMPULAN : AT 16A (KUMP2)


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TSP 3023 SCIENCE TEACHING METHODS Semester 1 - 2010/2011

TFP 3023 PHYSICS TEACHING METHODS Semester 1 - 2010/2011

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

SPS 1 OBSERVING

Fill up the table below.

No. Sense Observations Qualitative Quantitative

1 Sight Students in

classroom.

Many students in

classroom.

39 students in

classroom.

2 Hearing PCs speakers Sound from thespeakers is very loud.

There are 2 speakers

3 Smell Rose flowers in a

vase.

It has sweet smell. There are 12 roses in

the vase.

4 Taste Lemon juice It has sour taste A glass of lemon

juice

5 Touch Silk It is very soft 1 meter of silk

Sense Observing changes Qualitative Quantitative

6 Sight Clock The clocks moving

slowly.

The seconds needle

needs 60 seconds tocomplete 1 cycle.

7 Hearing Ambulances siren The sounds getting

louder as the ambulancecomes nearer.

123 dB at 30 meter

away.

8 Smell pungent smell Using nose to detect thesource of smell.

European odor units(ouE/M3)

9 Taste Chewing gum It becomes tasteless aswe chew the gum.

-

10 Touch Braille alphabet Touch and feel the

Braille alphabet to read.

-

Complete the table below with the words that best describe how we see, feel, smell, taste and

hear.


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A B

C

D

E

F

G H

I

J K L

M

N

O

U

Theincr

year

Q

R

SPS 2 CLASSIFYING

Study and classify the funny figures in the diagram in the next page according to their

characteristics. State the characteristics.

.


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A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,

N,O,P,Q,R

SHAPE NO

C,E,F,J,P,Q A,B,D,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,

TAIL NO TAILTAILNO TAIL

C,P,Q A,B,D,G,M,N,O,

H I K

E,F,J

EYENO EYE EYEEYEEYE NO NO EYENO EYE

P,Q

BLACK

C

WHITE

F,J E A,B,G,M,N,O,

D H,I,K,

BLACKWHITE BLACKWHITE R BLAWHITEP,

SPOT

P

NO

F,J

SHAPE

J

ROUN

F

H,I,K,LM,N,

SHAPE

B

ROUN

A,G

SHAPE ROUN

M,O N

SPOT NO

M O

1 TAIL 2 TAIL

A G

A,B,

2 EYE 3 EY

H,I,K, L

LEG

I H,K

NO LEG

ROUN

K

RECTA

H


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SPS 3 MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS

You wanted to tile your house. The size of each ceramic tile is ft x ft. The plan to your

house is as shown below. How many ceramic tiles do you need?

Length Width

=18+14+13+17+11 =20+6+19

=73 =45

The whole area of the house is

= 73x45

=3285

Length a length b length (ba)=9+12+16 =13+17+11 = 41-37

=37 =41 =4

The area where tiles are not included at right side of master bed room is

= length (b - a) x 19

= 4x19

=76


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Length (c - d)

=(18+14) 29

=32-29

=3

We assume the length c-dis same as e.

So, length (c - d) x 2 = 3x2 = 6

So, the rectangle area at the left side of living room is

= 25x6

=150

But the only area that we used to place the tiles at the left side of living room is

= (1/4) x 150

=37.5

Area which tiles are not included at the left side living room

=150- 37.5=112.5

The total area which needs tiles= (the whole house area)(area which tiles are not included)

= 3285 (76+112.5)

=3096.5

Area for one tile is (1/2) x (1/2) = (1/4)

Ceramic tiles that we need is

=3096.5 (1/4)=12386 ceramic tiles


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SPS 5 PREDICTING

We listen to the weather forecast everyday on TV.

a. What is a weather forecast?A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather condition.

Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of

the most significant weather variables. The significant weather variables being

forecast differ from place to place. In the Philippines, the weather parameters with

significant variation and therefore of interest to the users of the forecast are

cloudiness, rainfall and wind.

b. Describe how the meteorological department determine the weather forecast.In forecasting the weather, a Meteorologist must at least know something about the

existing weather condition over a large area before he can make a reliable forecast. The

accuracy of his forecast depends largely upon his knowledge of the prevailing weather

conditions over a very wide area. The forecast decision is based on various forecasting

tools. The basic tool of a weather forecaster is the WEATHER MAP. The weather map

depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and humidity

at the different levels of the atmosphere. There are two types of the basic weather map

namely, the surface map and the upper-air maps. There are five standard levels of the

upper-air maps that are constructed twice daily at twelve-hourly interval. The surface

maps are made four times daily at six-hourly intervals. On the surface maps, the

distribution patterns of rain or other forms of precipitation and cloudiness can also be

delineated.

1st Step: Observation Observation of different weather elements are made

simultaneously as follows:

Surface observations are made at least every three hoursover land and sea. Land-based weather stations around


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MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS: Plotted data on the cross-section, rainfall and 24-hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine the movement of wind waves,

rainfall distribution and the behavior of the atmospheric pressure.

Compare the current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72 hour weather maps level by

level to determine the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the

forecast area.

Examine the latest weather satellite picture, noting the cloud formations in relation to the

weather systems on the current weather maps.

Compare the latest weather satellite picture with the previous satellite pictures (up to 48

hours) noting the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the

country.

Examine the latest computer output of the numerical weather prediction model noting the 24-

hour, 48-hour and 72-hour objective forecast of the weather systems that may affect the

forecast area.

Analyze the latest radar reports and other minor forecasting tools.

5th Step: Formulation Of The Forecast

After the analysis of all available meteorological

information/data has been completed, the preparation of forecasts

follows. The first and one of the preliminary steps is the

determination as accurately as the data permit, of the location 24

hours hence of the different weather systems and the existing

weather over a particular region. In many cases a fairly satisfactory estimate of the direction

and rate of movement may be made by simply measuring the movement during the last 12 or

24 hours and then extrapolating, or extending, this movement into the future and hence what

weather will be experienced in different areas in the immediate future.


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SPS 6 COMMUNICATING

Below are ways that scientists use to communicate. For each, give an example.

Graph Table/Data Model Language Concept Map Verbal Chart Figure/Diagram Symbol Number Music Map

What is Graph ???

Two-dimensional drawing showing a relationship (usually between two set ofnumbers) by

means of a line, curve, a series ofbars, or other symbols. Typically, an independent variable

is represented on the horizontal line (X-axis) and an dependent variable on the vertical line

(Y-axis). The perpendicular axis intersect at a point called origin, and are calibrated in the

units of the quantities represented. Though a graph usually has four quadrants representing

the positive and negative values of the variables, usually only the north-east quadrant is

shown when the negative values do not exist or are of no interest. Often used interchangeably

with the term 'chart'.

What isModel???

In a general sense, a model is a representation of a phenomenon, an object, or idea (Gilbert,

2000). In science, a model is the outcome of representing an object, phenomenon or idea (the

target) with a more familiar one (the source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000). For example, one
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.html


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model of the structure of an atom (target) is the arrangement of planets orbiting the Sun

(source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000).

What is Concept Map???

A concept map is a graphical representation of the relationship among terms. Concept maps

provide a unique graphical view of how we can organize, connect, and synthesize

information.


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What is Chart???

A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols,

such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent

tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures.

What is Symbol???

Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention,

especially a material object used to represent something invisible. For instance inmathematics, the science that uses deductive reasoning to study the properties of abstract

entities such as numbers, space and functions and the relations between them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data


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What isMusic???

Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels (Brewer, 1995). It can prompt

memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. One of the benefits of music is that

it can be utilized to teach other subjects like math and science. Music is very effective

especially when one needs to memorize something. Often, when music is used learning a

certain concept or lesson is more easily understood by the student.

What is Table/Data???

The Data Table tool provides an easy way for you to query the database and save your

results. A data table will ensure that we are consistent in recording our data and will make it

easier to analyze your results once you have finished your experiment.

What isLanguage???

In particular we will be looking at the changing use of certain words within science since it is

our hypothesis that a change in the use of the word is indicative of a change in theory. Some

of these words will include: reality, order, space, movement, process, field, reason, thought,

knowledge, universal, random, discontinuous theory, insight and creativity

What is Verbal?

The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one

way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal

communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.
http://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue5/music#brewerhttp://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue5/music#brewer


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ANSWER:

1) Space-time relationship is used to study motion of an object for a short time interval.

2) A ticker tape is inserted through a ticker timer and is attached to the trolley.

3) The ticker timer which is connected to a.c power supply is switched on and the trolley is

pulled down the plane.

4) As the object moves, the ticker tape timer works by making dots on paper tape at equal

time intervals.

5) The rate at which the ticker timer makes the dots is the frequency, f, which is frequency ofthe a.c. voltage connected to it.

The distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that

time interval.

- A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that timeinterval.

- A small distance between dots means the object was moving slow during that timeinterval.

- A constant distance between dots represents a constant velocity and therefore noacceleration.

- A changing distance between dots indicates a changing velocity and thus

an acceleration.

-Describe the motion represented by the ticker tapes below and determine their average speed

CALCULATION:

STEP 1: indicate time between any two dots, (T)T= 1/frequancy(f)

STEP 2: indicate total time on a ticker tape, (T)

T= (number of dots interval on the tape) x (time between two dots)

STEP 3: now calculate the average speed(V)

V= distance occupied by the spaces (s) divided by the total time (T)

TICKER TAPE A

Object was accelerating- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz

- Distances(s) = 20cm

- Number of dots interval on the tape = 12 dots


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STEP 1: T = 1/f

= 1/50 Hz=0.02 s

STEP2: T = 12 dots x 0.02 s

= 0.24 s

STEP 3: V = (0.2 m)/ (0.24 s)= 0.83 ms-1

TICKER TAPE BObject was decelerating

- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz

- Distances(s) = 41cm

- Number of dots interval on the tape = 14 dots

STEP 1: T = 1/f

= 1/50 Hz

=0.02 s

STEP2: T = 14 dots x 0.02 s= 0.28 s

STEP 3: V = (0.41 m)/ (0.28 s)= 1.46 ms-1

SPS 8 INTERPRETING DATA

The graph below is recorded at an airport in Montana in 1992. From the graph, describethe weather in Montana.


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1. On august Montana has the highest temperature which is 780C.2. The lowest maximum temperature is on December which is 280C.The highest

minimum temperature in Montana is on June which is 500C

3. The lowest minimum temperature is on December which is 90C.4. For the maximum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from January to

June at range 440C-76

0C .Then the temperature decrease from August to December at

range 780C-280C.

5. For the minimum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from February toJune at range 24

0C-50

0C and the temperature decrease from August to December at

range 480C-90C

SPS 9 CONTROLLING VARIABLES

You wanted to do an experiment using ticker timer. The purpose is to find the relationship

between velocity and mass and to determine the effect of mass towards acceleration (Referthe diagram of SPS 7).

ANSWER:

(a) Identify the variables in the systemMass of trolley

Frequency of ticker timer

Angle of inclination of the runwayInitial forces exerted to the trolley

Average speed of the trolley

Mass of the weight

(b)Decide the manipulated, responding and fixed variables.Fixed : Mass of trolley

Frequency of ticker timer

Angle of inclination of the runway

Initial forces exerted to the trolleyManipulated : Weight of hanging mass

Responding : Average speed of the trolley


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SPS 10 DEFINING OPERATIONALLY

Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities.

(1) solubility(2) growth(3)

diffraction index

ANSWER:

Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities

1) SolubilitySolubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to

dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in

the solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the used solvent as wellas on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific

solvent is measured as the saturation concentration where adding more solute does not

increase the concentration of the solution.

Ksp = [A] [B]

Ksp = Solubility product

A = Anion

B = Cation

2) Growth(human growth)

From infancy to adulthood, human growth and development is a fascinating process. Studies

regarding the various stages of physical and mental growth have led to important scientific

discoveries. Understanding the stages of growth plays a helpful role in parenting, medical

treatment in everyday lifeThe graph shows that the height of a human

increase with time. From the day of born until 4

years old, the human height grows rapidly. From 4to 10 years, the growth kept increasing but slower

than the stage mentioned before. Then kept

increasing in slower mode for the next stage (10-14

years). During teenage years, the growth increase

rapidly again (14-16 years). The increase in height

increase from 16 to 18 years old but less rapid. In

average, the human growth barely increase after 18

years


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3) Diffraction IndexIn optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of

the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum

relative to that in the considered medium. This can be written mathematically as:

n = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in medium.

For example, the refractive index ofwater is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times faster

in vacuum than it does in water. (See typical values of materials here).

As light moves from a medium, such as air, water, or glass, into another it may change its

propagation direction in proportion to the change in refractive index. This refraction is

governed by Snell's law, and is illustrated in the figure to the right. Refractive index of

materials varies with the wavelength of light. This is called dispersion and results in a

slightly different refractive index for each color.

SPS 11 CONSTRUCTING HYPOTHESES

A boy goes to school by bicycle and has to travel down a steep road every time. The boy

realises that the speed of the bicycle down the steep road will depends on:

(a) the steepness of the road(b)the mass of bicycle and himself

Draw two hypotheses and then describe a way to test both hypotheses

ANSWER:

1) The steepness of the road- as the steepness increase, the speed of the bicycle also increase

Way to describe hypothesis :

Manipulative variable: height of the rampControlling variable: time takenFixed variable: mass of the trolley

Procedures:1) Set up the ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table.

2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley.

3) Switch on the power supply and release the trolley.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_medium


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4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape.

5) Calculate the speed of the trolley.

6) Repeat the experiment with different height of the ramp.

2) The mass of bicycle and himself- as the mass increase, the speed of the bicycle decrease

Manipulative variable: mass of the trolley

Controlling variable: time takenFixed variable: height of the ramp

Procedures:

1) set up the ramp with a height of 0.1m above thetable.2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley.

3) Switch on the power supply and release the trolley.

4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape.5) Calculate the speed of the trolley.

6) Repeat the experiment with different mass of trolley by placing the mass on the

trolley.

SPS 12 EXPERIMENTING

Refer to SPS7 and design an experiment to determine the acceleration of a trolley movingdown the inclined plane.

ANSWER:

TICKER-TIMER EXPERIMENT

Hypothesis:The larger the angle of incline, the higher the velocity just before reaching the end of the

runway

Aim:to determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down different angle of inclined plane.

Variables:

Manipulated: Angle of incline

Responding: Average acceleration

Constant: Length of runway


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Apparatus/Materials:

Trolley, protractor, wooden blocks, cellophane tape, ticker-timer, ticker tape, power supply,

friction-compensated runwayProcedures:

1. The apparatus is set up as per the diagram, and inclined angle of the plane is measured

using a protaractor. An initial angle of 5o is used.

2. The ticker-timer is started up and at the same time the trolley is released to slide down theplane.

3. Label and cut every 10th dot on the tape and indicate the distances.

4. Draw a horizontal line, as a time axis and a vertical axis as a velocity axis on a piece of

paper. Glue your tapes, vertically so the bottom of each tape touches this axis. Every 10dots represents 0.2 second.

4. Calculate the average velocity for the first 10th dot and for the last 10th dot.

5. Calculate the average acceleration.

6. The procedure is repeated by changing the angle of incline to 10o, 15

o, 20

o, 25

o.

Results:

Angle of incline (o) Average velocity

first 10th dot (ms-1)Average velocity last

10th dot (ms-1)Average accleration

(ms-2)

5

10

15

20

25

Analysis:

Plot the graph of acceleration of the trolley against the angle of incline.

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