sains tingkatan 3 - 2

8/14/2019 Sains Tingkatan 3 - 2

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THEME: MANAGEMENT AND CONTINUITY OF LIFE

LEARNING AREA: 1. RESPIRATION

LearningObjectives

Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

1.1Analysing the

humanbreathingmechanism.

Observe models or computersoftware to identify the structure of

the human respiratory systemwhich consists of the nasal cavity,trachea, bronchus, lungs, ribs,diaphragm and the intercostalmuscles.

Examine a model of a lung toidentify the bronchus, bronchioleand alveolus.

Build a functional model of thehuman respiratory system to showthe relationship between the airpressure in the thoracic cavity andthe process of inhalation andexhalation.

Discuss the breathing mechanism.

A student is able to:

identify the structure of thehuman respiratory system,

identify the structure of thelung,

describe the process ofinhalation and exhalation,

relate the changes of airpressure in the thoracic cavityto inhalation and exhalation,

describe the breathingmechanism.

The contractionand relaxation ofthe internal andexternal intercostalmuscles are notrequired.

breathing mechanism mekanisme pernafasan

exhalation hembusannafasinhalation tarikan nafasintercostal muscle ototinterkostanasal cavity rongganasalrib tulang rusukthoracic cavity rongga

toraks


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LearningObjectives


1.2Understandingthe transportof oxygen inthe humanbody.

View a video or computer softwarethen gather and interpret data onthe following:a) diffusion of oxygen from the

alveoli into the blood capillariesand from the blood capillariesinto the cells,

b) transport of oxygen by the red

blood cells in the form ofoxyhaemoglobin.


describe the diffusion of oxygenfrom the alveoli into the bloodcapillaries,

describe the transport of oxygenby blood,

describe the diffusion of oxygen

from the blood capillaries intothe cells.

diffusion peresapan

1.3Realising theimportance ofa healthyrespiratorysystem.

Collect and interpret data on thefollowing:a) substances that are harmful to

the respiratory system, i.e.nicotine and tar (from thesmoke of cigarettes), sulphur

dioxide (from factories), andcarbon monoxide (from thesmoke of vehicles) and haze,

b) effects of harmful substancessuch as toxin and carcinogenon the respiratory system,

c) diseases of the respiratorysystem.


list the substances which areharmful to the respiratorysystem,

explain the effects of pollutantson the respiratory system, list the diseases that affect the

respiratory system, practise good habits to improve

the quality of air.

carcinogen karsinogentoxin bahan beracun


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LearningObjectives


Carry out an activity to show theeffects of smoking on the lungs.

Hold or visit an exhibition on theeffects of smoking and diseases ofthe lungs.

Brainstorm ideas on how to

improve air quality and put theseideas into practice.


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LEARNING AREA: 2. BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

LearningObjectives


2.1Understandingthe transportsystem inhumans.

Observe and study models,computer software or videos onthe structureof the heart andtypes of blood vessels ( i.e. artery,vein and capillary) in the bloodcirculatory system.

Examine a live specimen of aheart to identify its structure.

Discuss the following:a) functions of the heart,b) characteristics of the blood

vessels and their functions.

Carry out an activity to compareand contrast oxygenated anddeoxygenated blood.

Simulate the flow of blood in thecirculatory system.

Discuss the role of the bloodcirculatory system in the transportof substances.

Invite a medical officer to give atalk on Taking Care of YourHeart.


describe the circulatory systemas a system of tubes with apump and valves that ensureone-way flow of blood,

state the functions of the heart, identify the structure of the

human heart, compare and contrast the

structure of arteries, veins andcapillaries,

relate the characteristics of theblood vessels to their functions,

compare and contrast

oxygenated and deoxygenatedblood,

illustrate the path of blood flowin the circulatory system,

describe the role of the bloodcirculatory system in thetransport of substances,

explain the importance ofmaintaining a healthy heart.

blood vessel salur darahdeoxygenated blood darah terdeoksigenheart jantungoxygenated blood darahberoksigen

vein venaartery arteri


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LearningObjectives Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

2.2Analysing thehuman blood.

Invite a physician to give a talk onthe following:a) the constituents of blood, i.e.

plasma, red blood cells, whiteblood cells, platelets and theirfunctions,

b) the blood groups, i.e. A, B, ABand O,

c) the compatibility between theblood group of the donor andthat of the recipient,

d) the importance of blooddonation,

e) the storage and handling ofdonated blood.


state the constituents of bloodand their functions,

state the blood groups, match the blood group of the

donor to that of the recipient, justify the importance of blood

donation, describe how donated blood is

stored and handled..

Universal donorand universalrecipient should beincluded.

blood donation dermadarahblood group kumpulandarahphysician doktoruniversal donor

penderma universaluniversal recipient-penerima universal


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LearningObjectives


2.3Analysing thetransportsystem inplants.

Observe a wilted plant and discusshow it occurred.

Examine the epidermis of a leafunder a microscope to identify thestomata and discuss its functions.

Carry out experiments to study the

factors affecting the rate oftranspiration.

Carry out activities to study thefollowing:a) transport of synthesised food

substances via the phloem,b) transport of water from roots to

the leaves via the xylem.

Examine cross-sections of root,stem and leaf to identify thelocation of xylem and phloem.

Discuss the roles of transpirationin the transport of water andminerals.


describe how wilting occurs, describe what transpiration is, describe the functions of

stomata, identify the factors affecting the

rate of transpiration, describe how the factors affect

the rate of transpiration, describe the roles of

transpiration, investigate the pathway of

water in a cut stem using asuitable stains,

identify the locations of xylemand phloem,

describe the functions of xylemand phloem.

The transport ofwater and mineralsin transpirationshould beemphasized.

transport pengangkutantranspiration - transpirasi


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LEARNING AREA: 3. EXCRETION

LearningObjectives


3.1Understandinghumanexcretion.

Discuss what excretion is.

Examine models, charts or viewcomputer software to identify theexcretory organs, i.e. skin, lungsand kidneys.

Discuss the excretory products ofeach excretory organ, i.e. water,carbon dioxide, minerals, salt andurea.

Discuss the importance ofexcretion.


explain what excretion is, identify the excretory organs in

humans, state the excretory products of

each excretory organ, explain the importance of

excretion.

excretion perkumuhan

3.2Analysing theurinary systemin human.

Examine models, charts or viewcomputer software of the urinarysystem to identify the locations ofkidneys, ureters, urinary bladderand urethra.


identify the locations of kidneysand other parts of the urinarysystem,

describe the shape of thekidney,

identify the structures of the

kidney,

The structure andthe function of thenephron is notrequired.

kidney ginjalurinary bladder pundikencing


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LearningObjectives


Collect and interpret data on thefunctions of the kidney.

Examine a live specimen of akidney to:a) describe the shape of the

kidney,b) identify the components of the

kidney, i.e. the cortex, medullaand pelvis.

Discuss the following:a) the importance of the kidneys,b) living with kidney failure.

describe the functions of thekidney,

explain the importance ofmaintaining healthy kidneys.

Describe brieflyhow a dialysismachine works.

3.3

Analysingexcretion inplants.

Collect and interpret data on thefollowing:a) the ways plants eliminate their

excretory products,b) the excretory products of

plants, i.e. carbon dioxide,water and complex wasteproducts.


describe the ways plantseliminate their excretoryproducts,

identify the excretory productsof plants.


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LEARNING AREA: 4. REPRODUCTION

LearningObjectives


4.1Understandingsexual andasexual

reproduction.

Discuss the following;a) the importance and types of

reproduction,b) the similarities and differences

between sexual and asexualreproduction.

Using charts, diagrams, videos orcomputer software to study thefollowing:a) fertilisation,b) internal and external

fertilisation,

c) the various ways of asexualreproduction, i.e. binaryfission, budding, sporeformation, vegetativereproduction and regeneration.

Discuss and classify animals andplants according to how theyreproduce.


state the importance ofreproduction,

state the types ofreproduction,

state what fertilisation is, describe internal and

external fertilisation, compare and contrast

sexual and asexualreproduction,

classify animals and plants

according to their ways ofreproduction.

asexual reproduction pembiakan aseksbinary fission belahandedua

budding pertunasanexternal fertilisation persenyawaan luarinternal fertilisation persenyawaan dalamsexual reproduction pembiakan seksspore formation pembentukan spora

vegetative reproduction pembiakan vegetatifregeneration penjanaan semula

Reproduction

sexual asexual

sporeformation

binaryfission

budding

vegetative

regeneration


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Learning

ObjectivesSuggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

4.2Analysing themalereproductivesystem.

Identify the following parts of themale reproductive system with thehelp of charts, models, videos orcomputer software:a) the sexual organs, i.e. testes

and penis,b) the other related parts, i.e. the

scrotum, urethra, sperm ductsand prostate gland.

Discuss the following:a) the functions of the different

parts of the male reproductivesystem,

b) the role of sperm inreproduction,

c) the physical, physiological andemotional changes in maleduring puberty.


identify the parts of the malereproductive system,

describe the functions of thedifferent parts of the malereproductive system,

state the role of sperm inreproduction,

describe the changes in maleduring puberty.

emotional changes perubahan emosipenis zakarpuberty balighsperm spermasperm duct duktussperma


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LearningObjectives


4.3Analysing thefemalereproductivesystem.

Identify the following parts of thefemale reproductive system withthe help of diagrams, models,videos or computer software:a) the sexual organs, i.e. ovaries

and uterus,b) the other related parts, i.e. the

fallopian tube, vagina and

cervix.

Discuss the following:a) the functions of the different

parts of the femalereproductive system,

b) the role of an ovum inreproduction,

c) the physical, physiological and

emotional changes in femaleduring puberty.

Simulate the differences betweenmale and female gametes in termsof size, numbers and mobility.


identify the parts of the femalereproductive system,

describe the functions of thedifferent parts of the femalereproductive system,

state the role of an ovum in

reproduction, describe the changes in female

during puberty, compare and contrast male and

female gametes in terms ofsize, numbers and mobility.

cervix - servikvagina faraj


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LearningObjectives


4.4Analysing themenstrualcycle.

Discuss the following:a) menstruation and the

menstrual cycle,b) the changes in the uterus wall

during menstrual cycle,c) the relationship between the

fertile phase of the menstrualcycle and fertilisation,

d) the importance of personalhygiene during menstruation.


describe the meaning ofmenstruation,

describe the menstrual cycle, describe the changes in the

uterus wall during menstrualcycle,

relate the fertile phase of themenstrual cycle to fertilisation,

explain the importance ofpersonal hygiene duringmenstruation.

The description ofthe menstrual cycleshould not includehormones.

fertile phase fasa suburmenstrual cycle kitarhaidpersonal hygiene kebersihan diri

4.5Analysingfertilisation andpregnancy.

Discuss the following with the helpof diagrams, charts, models,videos or computer software:a) the location of implantation of

embryo,b) the development of a zygote

into an embryo andsubsequently into a foetus untilbirth.


describe fertilisation in human, identify the location of

implantation of embryo, describe the development of a

zygote into an embryo andsubsequently into a foetus untilbirth.

The concept offertilisation inhuman shouldinclude tracing thepathways of spermand ovum until theymeet and fuse.

fertilisation persenyawaanimplantation penempelan


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LearningObjectives


4.6Understandingthe importanceof pre-natalcare.

Organise an exhibition or amultimedia presentation on thefollowing:a) the importance of taking

nutritious food duringpregnancy,

b) the effects of smoking and thetaking of certain substancessuch as drugs and alcohol onthe embryo and foetus.


relate the importance of takingnutritious food to the health ofboth mother and foetus duringpregnancy,

explain the importance ofavoiding the intake ofsubstances that are harmful tothe foetus.

deformity kecacatannutritious food makananberkhasiat


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Learning


4.7Evaluating theimportance ofresearch inhumanreproduction.

Collect and interpret data on thefollowing:a) the meaning of sterility,b) ways to overcome sterility, i.e.

nutrition, hormone treatment,surgery and in vitro fertilisation(IVF),

c) birth control, i.e. rhythmmethod, the use of condom,contraceptive pills, intra-uterine contraceptivedevice (IUCD), spermicides,vasectomy and ligation.

Debate on birth control and itseffects on society.

Discuss the importance of researchon human reproduction.


state the meaning of sterility, describe ways to overcome

sterility, describe the methods of birth

control,

debate on the abuse of birthcontrol and its effects on thecommunity,

explain the importance ofresearch on humanreproduction.

Birth controlmethods to beincluded:Natural, chemical,mechanical,hormonal andsurgical.

ligation ligasisterility kemandulanvasectomy vasektomi


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LearningObjectives


4.8Analysing thesexualreproductivesystem offloweringplants.

Examine flowers to identify thefollowing parts:a) petal and sepal,b) the male part, i.e. the stamen

which consists of the filament,anther and pollen grains,

c) the female part, i.e. the pistilwhich consists of the stigma,

style, ovary and ovules.

Use a microscope or hand lens toobserve the following:a) the cross-section and

longitudinal section of an ovaryto identify the ovules,

b) pollen grains.

Discuss the functions of thefollowing;a) flowers in reproduction,b) male reproductive parts of the

flower,c) female reproductive parts of

the flower.


identify the different parts of aflower,

identify the male and femalereproductive parts of a flower,

identify the male and femalegametes,

describe the functions of themale and female reproductiveparts of a flower in sexualreproduction.

petal ranggipollen grain butirdebunga


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Learning

Objectives Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

4.9Analysingpollination.

Discuss the following with thehelp of models, charts, videos orcomputer software:a) pollination,b) types of pollination,c) similarities and differences

of self-pollination and cross-

pollination,d) advantages of cross-

pollination,e) uses of cross-pollination in

agriculture.

Carry out an activity to study thevarious types of flowers toidentify their pollinating agents.


describe what pollination is, relate the characteristics of

flowers to their agents ofpollination,

state the types of pollination, compare and contrast self-

pollination and cross-pollination, explain the advantages of

cross-pollination, explain with examples the uses

of cross-pollination inagriculture.

agriculture pertaniancross-pollination pendebungaan kacukself-pollination pendebungaan sendiri

4.10Understandingthe developmentof fruits andseeds in plants.

Use amicroscope to observethe development of pollen tubesin different percentage ofsucrose solution (5% - 10%).


identify the location wherefertilisation occurs in flower,

describe fertilisation in plants, desribe the formation of fruits

and seeds.

germination percambahansucrose solution larutansukrosa


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Learning

Objectives


Draw annotated diagrams of thefollowing:a) the fertilisation process in

plants,b) the formation of fruits and

seeds.

Discuss the following:a) the location where fertilisation

occurs in flower,b) fertilisation in plants,c) formation of fruits and seeds.


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Learning

Objectives Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

4.11Synthesisingthe concept ofgermination ofseeds.

Dissect a seed longitudinally andidentify its structure using handlens or microscope.

Collect and interpret data on thefollowing:a) functions of the different parts

of a seed, i.e. the embryo(radicle, plumule andcotyledons) and testa,protected by the pericarp (fruitwall),

b) physical changes of seedlingsin terms of the developmentof radicle, plumule andcotyledon.

Carry out small group discussionsto:a) identify the variables related to

the germination of seeds,b) formulate hypotheses about

the conditions required for thegermination of seeds.

Design and carry out experimentsto determine the conditionsrequired for the germination ofseeds.


identify the structure of a seed, explain the functions of the

different parts of a seed, describe the physical changes

of seedlings during germination, make hypotheses on the

conditions required for thegermination of seeds,

design an experiment to studythe conditions required for thegermination of seeds,

carry out the experiment tostudy the conditions required forthe germination of seeds,

draw conclusions on theconditions required forgermination of seeds.

cotyledon kotiledonplumule plumulradicle radikelseedling anak benihgermination -percambahan


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LearningObjectives


4.12Application ofvegetativereproduction inflowering plants.

Carry out a study of thevegetative reproduction ofvarious plants in a nursery toidentify the types of vegetativereproduction.

Discuss what vegetative

reproduction is.

Discuss the application ofresearch carried out in vegetativereproduction in agriculture.


explain with examples themeaning of vegetativereproduction,

state the parts of the plants thatcan reproduce vegetatively,

classify flowering plantsaccording to the parts that canreproduce vegetatively,

describe the application ofresearch carried out onvegetative reproduction inagriculture.

Biotechnology canbe introduced.

Example ofvegetativereproduction is

plant tissue culture.

Details of planttissue culture arenot required.


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LEARNING AREA: 5. GROWTHLearning


5.1Analysing thepattern ofhuman growth.

Discuss the following:a) characteristics used to

measure growth rate such asheight and weight,

b) meaning of growth,c) growth pattern in male and

female,d) effects of nutrition on the

development of physical andmental well-being of children.

Carry out activities to interpret thegrowth curve for male and femalefrom infancy to adulthood.


describe what growth is, identify the characteristics used

to measure growth rate, analyse the growth curve for

male and female, compare and contrast the

growth rate in male and female, describe the effects of nutrition

on the growth in children.

growth - pertumbuhan


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THEME: MATTER IN NATURE

LEARNING AREA: 1. LAND AND ITS RESOURCES

LearningObjectives


1.1

Analysing thevariousminerals foundin the Earthscrust.

Discuss what a mineral is.

Collect and interpret data on thevarious types of minerals that existin the Earths crust:a) natural elements, i.e. gold and

silver,b) natural compounds, i.e.

oxides, carbonates, sulphidesand silicates.

Discuss and identify the elementsin a few natural compounds.

Carry out activities to study thefollowing:a) hardness of minerals,b) solubility of minerals in water,c) the effect of heat on some

metal carbonates, oxides andsulphides.


describe what a mineral is, explain through examples that

mineralsexist in the form ofnatural elements or naturalcompounds,

identify the elements in naturalcompounds,

describe the properties of

minerals, write equations in words to

show the effect of heat on theminerals.

compound sebatian

earth crust kerak bumielement unsurgold emashardness kekerasansilver (argentum) perak


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Learning

Objectives


1.2Understandingthe reactionsbetweenmetals andnon-metals.

Brainstorm and discuss thefollowing:a) examples of metals,b) examples of non-metals.

Carry out activities to study thereactions of some metals, i.e

magnesium, aluminium, zinc andiron with the following non-metals:a) oxygen,b) sulphur.


state examples of metals andnon-metals,

describe the reactions betweenmetals and non-metals,

write equations in words for the

reaction between metals andnon-metals, state that metals react with non-

metals at different rate.The reactivityseries need not beintroduced.

non-metal bukan logammetal logam

1.3Understanding

siliconcompounds.

Collect and interpret data onsilicon compounds that exist in the

form of silica and silicate.

Carry out activities to study theproperties of silica and silicate asfollows:a) solubility in water,b) reaction with hydrochloric acid,c) effects of heat.

Visit factories to learn about theprocess of making glass, ceramic,electronic chips and fibre optics.

Discuss the uses of siliconcompounds in our daily life.


state the different forms ofsilicon compounds, state examples of silica, state examples of silicate, relate the properties of silicon

compounds to their stability, explain through examples the

uses of silicon compounds inour daily life.

silicon compound sebatian silikon


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LearningObjectives


1.4Analysingcalciumcompounds.

Collect and interpret data oncalcium carbonate.

Carry out activities to study thefollowing:a) the properties of calcium

carbonate in terms of itsreaction with acid, solubility in

water and the effects of heat,b) the formation of calcium oxide

(quicklime) and calciumhydroxide (slaked lime).

Discuss the following:a) uses of calcium compounds,

i.e. calcium carbonate, calciumoxide and calcium hydroxide,

b) properties of calciumcompounds with reference totheir uses.


state the elements in calciumcarbonate,

identify the various forms ofcalcium carbonate,

describe the properties ofcalcium carbonate,

write equations in words for thereactions of calcium carbonate,

describe the formation ofcalcium oxide and calciumhydroxide,

relate the properties of calciumcompounds to their uses.

calcium carbonate kalsium karbonatslaked lime - kapur matiquicklime kapur tohorsolubility kelarutan


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Learning

Objectives


1.5Analysingnatural fuelresources andtheirimportance.

Access websites or visitPETROSAINS, National ScienceCentre or an oil refinery to collectinformation on the formation ofnatural fuel resources found inMalaysia.

Carry out an activity to studyfractional distillation of petroleum.

Discuss the following:a) characteristics and uses of the

various fractions of petroleum,b) contributions of petroleum and

natural gas industry to theeconomic development of our

country,c) efficient ways of usingpetroleum and other naturalfuel resources.


list the natural fuel resources, explain the formation of natural

fuel resources, describe the fractional

distillation of petroleum, describe the characteristics of

the various fractions from thefractional distillation ofpetroleum,

describe the uses of the variousfractions of petroleum,

explain the contributions ofpetroleum and natural gasindustry to the economicdevelopment of our country,

generate ideas on how to usenatural fuel resourcesefficiently.

fraction pecahanfractional distillation penyulingan berperingkatnatural fuel resource sumber bahan apisemulajadipetroleum minyak

mentah


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THEME: ENERGY IN LIFE

LEARNING AREA: 1. ELECTRICITY

LearningObjectives


1.1Understandingelectrostatics.

Carry out the following activities:a) producing static electrical charges

in materialsthrough friction,b) detecting static electrical charges

using an electroscope,c) observing what happens when two

objects with the same or oppositecharges are brought near to eachother and making conclusionsabout static electrical charges.

Discuss the following:a) what electrostatics is,b) types of static electrical charges,

c) properties of static electricalcharges,

d) examples of material that areeasily charged, i.e. acetate andpolythene,

e) everyday phenomena related tostatic electrical charges, e.g.lightning,

f) safety measures to be taken when

dealing with electrical charges,e.g. the use of lightning conductor.


describe what electrostatics is, state the types of static

electrical charges, state the properties of static

electrical charges, describe how static electrical

charges can be produced insome materials,

describe ways to detect staticelectrical charges,

explain everyday phenomena

caused by static electricalcharges, state the safety measures to

be taken when dealing withstatic electricity.

polythene politenacharge - cas


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Learning

Objectives


1.2Understandingelectricity.

Collect and interpret data on thesources of electrical energy used ineveryday life.

Carry out an activity to observe theflow of electric current using a Van deGraff generator and a galvanometer.

Discuss the following:a) electricity,b) current,c) voltage,d) resistance,e) directions of current andelectron

flow in an electric circuit.


give examples of sources ofelectrical energy used ineveryday life,

state whatelectricity is, state what voltage is,

state what resistance is, describe the directions of

current and electron flow in anelectric circuit.

current arusresistance rintanganvoltage voltan

1.3Applying theunderstandingof measuringelectricity.

Collect information and carry out amultimedia presentationon thediscovery of the unit for:a) current, i.e. ampere,b) voltage, i.e. volt,c) resistance, i.e. ohm.

Examine the instruments and discussits use for measuring:a) current,b) voltage.

Assemble an electric circuit andmeasure its current and voltage.


identify the instrument formeasuring current,

identify the instrument formeasuring voltage,

state the unit for current, state the unit for voltage, state the unit for resistance, measure current in an electric

circuit, measure voltage in an electric

circuit.


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Learning

Objectives


1.4Synthesisingtherelationshipbetweencurrent,voltage and

resistance.

Design and carry out anexperiment to study the following:a) effects of the change in

resistance on current,b) effects of the change in

voltage on current,

Discuss the following:a) relationship between voltage,current and resistance,

b) Ohms Law.


design an experiment to studythe relationship betweenresistance and current,

carry out the experiment tostudy the relationship between

resistance and current, describe the effects of the

change in resistance on current, design an experiment to study

the relationship betweenvoltage and current,

carry out the experiment tostudy the relationship betweenvoltage and current,

describe the effect of thechange in voltage on current, state Ohms Law.

Interpretation ofgraphs should beemphasised.


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Learning

Objectives


1.5Synthesisingthe concept ofparallel andseries circuit.

Match the components found inan electric circuit to their symbols.

Draw the following circuitdiagrams and assemble thecircuits:a) a complete circuit,

b) a series circuit,c) a parallel circuit.

Discuss the similarities anddifferences between a seriescircuit and a parallel circuit withthe help of illustrations.


identify the components of anelectric circuit and their symbols,

draw a diagram of a completecircuit,

build a complete electric circuit,

build a series circuit, build a parallel circuit, compare and contrast the

arrangement of components in aseries circuit and a parallelcircuit.

complete circuit litarlengkapparallel circuit litar selariseries circuit litar bersiri

1.6Analysingcurrent,voltage andresistance in aseries circuit.

Carry out activities to studycurrent, voltage and resistance ina series circuit.

Discuss the advantage anddisadvantage of a series circuit.

A student is able to: describe the current flowing

through the components in aseries circuit,

describe the voltages across thecomponents in a series circuit,

describe the resistance in aseries circuit,

explain the advantage and the

disadvantage of a series circuit.

Simple calculationscan beintroduced.


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LearningObjectives


1.7Analysingcurrent,voltage andresistance in aparallel circuit.

Carry out activities to study thecurrent, voltage and resistance ina parallel circuit.

Discuss the following:a) advantage and disadvantage

of a parallel circuit,b) similarities and differences

between series and parallelcircuits in terms of current,voltage and resistance.


describe the current flowingthrough the components in aparallel circuit,

describe the voltage across thecomponents in a parallel circuit,

describe the resistance in a

parallel circuit, explain the advantage and the

disadvantage of a parallel circuit, compare and contrast a series

circuit and a parallel circuit interms of current, voltage andresistance.

Simple calculationscan beintroduced.

The differencesbetween a seriescircuit and aparallel circuitshould bedemonstrated using

meters andbrightness of bulbs.


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LearningObjectives


1.8Understandingmagnetism.

Carry out the following activities:a) use iron fillings to study the

magnetic field of a barmagnet,

b) use compass to plot thedirections of the magneticfield.

Discuss the following:a) magnetic field,b) relationship between magnetic

field lines and strength ofmagnetic field.

Study and discuss the use of amagnet in a compass.


describe what a magnetic field is, draw the magnetic field of a bar

magnet, draw the directions of the

magnetic field,

relate magnetic field lines andstrength to magnetic field, explain the use of a magnet in a

compass.

magnetic field medanmagnetmagnetism kemagnetan

1.9Understandingelectro-magnetism.

Carry out an activity to study themagnetic field produced by astraight wire carrying electriccurrent.

Discuss the meaning ofa) electromagnetism,

b) electromagnet.


relate the current flow through aconductor to magnetism,

describe what an electromagnetis.

electromagnetism keelektromagnetan


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LEARNING AREA: 2. GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

LearningObjectives


2.1Understandingthe generationof electricalenergy.

Explore websites or visit a powerstation to collect and interpretdata on the following:a) various types of generators, i.e.

thermal, hydroelectric, diesel,nuclear and gas turbine,

b) generation of electrical energyin various types of powerstations,

c) alternative sources of energy,e.g. solar energy and biomass.

Discuss the similarities and

differences in the generation ofelectrical energy in various typesof power stations.

Carry out an activity on theutilisation ofsolar energy usingdevices such as solar box or solarcell (photovoltaic cell).


list the various types ofgenerators,

describe the generation ofelectrical energy in various typesof power stations,

compare and contrast thegeneration of electrical energy invarious types of power stations,

give examples of alternativesources of energy.

biomass biojisimphotovoltaic fotovolta


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LearningObjectives


2.2Understandingtransformer.

Build a simple transformer andstudy its physical structure.

Carry out an activity to show thefunction of` the simpletransformer.

Collect and interpret data on the

working principle of a step-uptransformer and a step-downtransformer.

Discuss step-up and step-downtransformers in terms of:a) similarities and differences,b) their uses in thetransmission

and distribution of electricity.


identify the different parts of atransformer,

describe how a transformerworks,

compare and contrast a step-uptransformer and a step-down

transformer, describe the roles of transformer

in the transmission anddistribution of electricity.

step-down transformer transformer injak turunstep-up transformer transformer injak naikdistribution - pengagihantransmission -penghantaran

2.3Analysing theelectricitytransmissionand distributionsystem.

Observe a model or a chart anddiscuss the electrical transmissionand distribution system whichincludes the National GridNetwork, transformer stations,switch zone, main sub-station andits branches.

Collect and interpret data on theNational Grid Network inMalaysia.


arrange in order the componentsin the electricity transmission anddistribution system,

describe the functions of thecomponents in the electricity

transmission and distributionsystem,

describe how electricity istransmitted and distributed frompower stations to consumers.

national grid network rangkaian grid nasionalswitch zone lapangansuis


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LearningObjectives


2.4Understandingthe electricalsupply andwiring systemat home.

Collect and interpret data onelectrical energy supply at home.

Study and discuss the following:a) electrical wiring system at

home including fuse box,mains switch, circuit breaker,

live wire, neutral wire, earthwire and electric meter,b) international colour code.

Carry out an activity to:a) study the structure and design

of a 3-pin plug,b) complete the wiring of a 3-pin

plug.


state the value of the mainvoltage,

state the types of current, identify the type of electric current

supplied to homes,

state the types of electrical wiring, identify the parts in an electrical

wiring system, describe the functions of the parts

of an electrical wiring system, describe the wiring in a 3-pin

plug.

Types of wiring

include single-phase and three-phase wiring.

Explain brieflywhen three-phasewiring is required.

circuit breaker pemutuslitarearth wire dawai bumimains switch suissesalur


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LearningObjectives


2.5Analysing thecost ofelectricalenergy usage.

Examine various homeappliances to collect and interpretdata on the power, voltage andcurrent ratings.

Calculate the amount of currentflowing through home electricalappliances.

Discuss the relationship betweenelectrical energy usage, powerand time.

Carry out a home electricalenergy usage audit to determinethe cost of electrical energy useper month.


state the power and voltagerating of homeelectricalappliances,

calculate the amount of currentflowing through an electricalappliance,

recall the relationship betweenelectrical energy usage, powerand time,

solve problem by calculating thecost of electricity used.

Introduce thefollowing formulae:

Power =Voltage x Current

P = V x I

Energy (kWh) =

Power (kW) xTime (h)

appliance peralatanpower kuasa

2.6Understandingthe functions offuse and earthwire.

Discuss the following:a) types of fuses,b) ratings of fuses,c) function of fuse in electrical

wiring system,d) the role of earth wire in

electrical wiring system.

Carry out an activity to study the

occurrence of a short circuit.

Carry out activities to determinethe suitable ratings of fuses fordifferent electrical appliances.


identify the types of fuses, state the ratings of fuses, describe the function of fuse in

electrical wiring system, determine the suitablerating of a

fuse for an electrical appliance, describe the role of earth wire in

electrical wiring system.

short circuit litar pintas


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LearningObjectives


2.7Evaluating theimportance ofsafetyprecautions inthe use ofelectricity.

Collect and interpret data on thefollowing:a) causes of electrical accidents,b) steps to be taken if electrical

accidents occur,c) safety features at home to

prevent electrical accidents.

Discuss the need to take safetyprecautions when usingelectricity.


state the safety measures to betaken when using electricity,

describe the steps to be takenwhen accidents involvingelectricity occur,

justify the need for having safetyprecautions and safety featuresat home to prevent electricalaccidents.

Mention thefollowing safetyfeatures:i. Miniature Circuit

Breaker (MCB),ii. Earth Leakage

Circuit Breaker(ELCB).

safety precautions langkah-langkahkeselamatan


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LearningObjectives


2.8Evaluating theimportance ofconservingelectricity.

Collect and interpret data aboutactivities that cause electricitywastage.

Discuss the ways to conserveelectricity.

Carry out a project on energy

efficiency.

Discuss and justify the needs forconserving electricity.

Brainstorm the problems faced bythe country if there is a shortageof electricity.


identify the activities that causeelectricity wastage,

describe ways to conserveelectricity,

justify the needs for conservingelectricity,

predict problems our countrywould face if there is a shortageof electricity.

Introduce energylabelling ofappliances toimprove energyefficiency.

wastage pembaziranenergy efficiency kecekapan tenaga


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52

THEME: ASTRONOMY AND SPACE EXPLORATION

LEARNING AREA: 1. STARS AND GALAXIES

LearningObjectives


1.1Analysing theSun.

Collect and interpret data on thefollowing:a) characteristics of the Sun, i.e.

size, mass, density relative to

the Earth and surfacetemperature,

b) structures of the Sun, i.e. thecorona, chromosphere andphotosphere,

c) phenomena occurringat thesurface of the Sun, i.e.prominences, flares andsunspots,

d) effects of the phenomena onthe surface of the Sun on theEarth,

e) generation of energy by theSun.


describe the characteristics ofthe Sun,

identify the structures of the Sun,

identify the phenomenaoccurring on the surface of theSun,

explain the effects of thephenomena on the surface ofthe Sun on the Earth,

state how energy is generatedby the Sun.

Aurorae, frequentlyassociated withflares should beintroduced.

aurorae aurorachromosphere kromosferacorona korona

density ketumpatanflare nyalaphotosphere fotosferaprominence prominensunspot tompok matahari


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LearningObjectives


1.2Understandingthe stars andthe galaxies inthe Universe.

Discuss the following:a) the definition of star,b) the Sun as a star.

Visit the National Planetarium orNational Science Centre to collectand interpret data on thefollowing:

a) bright stars such as the Siriusand Rigel,b) the Sun as a star,c) various types of stars based

on temperature, size andbrightness,

d) formation of stars,e) death of stars leavingbehind

the white dwarf, neutron star

and the black hole,f) types of galaxies, i.e. elliptical,spiral and irregular,

g) the Milky Way,h) the Universe.

Take part in star gazing activities.

View computer software or videos

to gather information about thetopics in this learning area.


define what a star is, identify the Sun as a star, identify the bright stars in the

sky, compare and contrast the stars

based on certain characteristics,

describe the formation of stars, describe the death of stars, state the types of galaxies, describe the Milky Way, describe the Universe, state the position of the Solar

System in the Universe.

black hole lohong hitambrightness kecerahanstar bintangelliptical bujurirregular tak teraturlight year tahun cahayaMilky Way Bima Saktisolar system sistem suria

spiral lingkaranuniverse alam semestawhite dwarf kerdil putih


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LearningObjectives


1.3Thankful forthe existenceof the Universeas a gift fromGod.

Write a poem or haiku about theuniqueness, orderliness, beautyand harmony of the Universe as asign of the glory of God.

Discuss the following:a) the expanse of the Universe,b) all that exists in the Universe

is not permanent,c) the importance of the Sun and

the Moon to life on Earth..


appreciate the uniqueness,orderliness, beauty and harmonyin the Universe as a sign of theglory of God,

describe the expanse of theUniverse compared to Earth,

state thatall that exists in theUniverse is not permanent,

explain the importance of the Sunand the Moon to life on Earth.

Haiku is a Japanesepoem that compriseof three lines. Thefirst and third is madeup of five syllables

while the second lineis made up of sevensyllables. The themeand message of thepoem is oftenassociated withnature.

For example:

Up the sky I stare,I look up and wish Imthere,Beautiful and rare.

This learningobjective (1.3) shouldbe integrated with theother learningobjectives whenrelevant.


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LEARNING AREA: 2. SPACE EXPLORATIONLearning


2.1Understandingdevelopmentsin the field ofastronomy and

spaceexploration.

Surf the Internet, visit thePlanetarium or the NationalScience Centre to collect andinterpret data on the following:a) developments in the field of

astronomy,b) applications of technologyrelated to space exploration andastronomy, e.g. remotesensing,

c) developments in spaceexploration, e.g. launching ofrockets, satellites, probes aswell as mans landing on theMoon.

Debate on the need to continuespace exploration.

Carry out a multimediapresentation on the developmentsin the field of astronomy and spaceexploration.


describe the developments inthe field of astronomy,

describe the developments in

space exploration, explain with examples theapplications of technologyrelated to space exploration andastronomy,

justify the need to continuespace exploration.

Include theapplications ofremote sensing,e.g. in geology,agriculture,forestry, disastermanagement,national security

management, etc.

Malaysian Centrefor RemoteSensing (MACRES)is responsible forthe remote sensingprojects in thecountry.

exploration penerokaanspace angkasa lepas


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Advisors Sharifah Maimunah Syed Zin (Ph.D) DirectorCurriculum Development Centre

Rohani Abd. Hamid (Ph.D) Deputy DirectorCurriculum Development Centre

Editorial

AdvisorsCheah Eng Joo Assistant Director (Head of Elective Science Unit)

Curriculum Development Centre

Yeap Chin Heng (Ph.D) Assistant Director (Head of Core Science Unit)Curriculum Development Centre

S. Sivagnanachelvi Assistant Director (Head of English Unit)Curriculum Development Centre

Editor Aizatul Adzwa Mohd. Basri Assistant DirectorCurriculum Development Centre


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PANEL OF WRITERS

Cheah Eng Joo Curriculum Development Centre Salbiah Mohd. Som Curriculum Development Centre

Yeap Chin Heng (Ph.D) Curriculum Development Centre Salehuddin Mustafa Curriculum Development Centre

Aizatul Adzwa Mohd. Basri Curriculum Development Centre Salina Hanum Osman Mohamed Curriculum Development Centre

Ho Heng Leng Curriculum Development Centre Zaidah Mohd. Yusof Curriculum Development Centre

Norani Abd. Bari Curriculum Development Centre Zaidi Yazid Curriculum Development Centre

Rosli Suleiman Curriculum Development Centre Zainon Abdul Majid Curriculum Development Centre

Aizuddin Dato Hj. Husin SMK Sri Kota, Taiping, Perak Rohani Mustaffa SMK Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah, Kajang

Chan Ah Jun SMK Durian Tunggal, Melaka Rosita Wati Abdul Aziz SMK Sultan Salahuddin Abd.Aziz Shah

Emily Ng Joo Lee SMK Tengku Ampuan Jemaah Radziah Mohd. Yamin SMK Bukit Saujana, Port Dickson

Katheeza Begum Ibrahim SMK Putrajaya (1), Selangor Rosnaza Abdul Razak SMK Ahmad, Pekan, Pahang

Lanita Md. Yusoff SMK Taman Connaught Rusilawati Mohd. Salleh SMK Rantau Panjang, Kapar

Lee Yuet Lai SMK Sulaiman, Bentong, Pahang Yap Poh Kyut SMK Ketari, Bentong,Pahang

Narimah Mohd. Yusof SMK Seksyen 16, Shah Alam Zainol Azhar Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid, Alor Setar

Noor Anum Abdullah SM Sains Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah


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Curriculum Development CentreMinistry of Education

2003

sains tingkatan 3 - 2

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