MOHD ZAINI ABD KARIMOthman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business

Universiti Utara Malaysia06010 Sintok

Kedah, MalaysiaPhone : + 604-928 3528

Fax : 604-928 6346

E-mail zaini500@uum.edu.my

Personal Information Born September 29, 1961 in Sg. Siput (u) Perak, Malaysia.

Married. Malaysian Citizen.

Education Ph.D., Economics, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, May 2000.

Diploma in Economics, Economic Institute, Boulder, Colorado, May 1995.

M.A., Economics, University of Warwick, April 1992.

B.SC., Resource Economics, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 1989.

Diploma in Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 1982.

Professional Appointments

Administrative

Dean of Academic Development, Universiti Utara Malaysia,October 2003 – December 2006.

Director, Institute for Economic Research, Faculty of Economics,Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2002-2003.

Deputy Dean, Faculty of Economics, Universiti Utara Malaysia,2001-2002 and 1993-1995.

Academic

Professor of Economics, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2011 to present

Professor of Economics, College of Arts and Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2008 to 2010

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Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Universiti Utara Malaysia,2002 – 2008

Lecturer, Faculty of Economics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 1992 – 2002.

Awards and Honors

Persatuan Ekonomi Pertanian Malaysia (PETA) award for Best Student in Resource Economics (Academic), 1988/89, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

Financial Assistantship, Department of Economics, University of Arkansas, 1999/2000.

Beta Gamma Sigma – The Honor Society for Collegiate Schools of Business.

Universiti Utara Malaysia Special Award for Best Publication, Journal Article Category, 2001.

Universiti Utara Malaysia Excellent Service Award, 2002.

Universiti Utara Malaysia Special Award for Best Publication, Journal Article Category, 2002.

Universiti Utara Malaysia Special Award for Best Publication, Journal Article Category, 2007.

Universiti Utara Malaysia Best Research Award, 2014.

Universiti Utara Malaysia Best Publication Award (Citation), 2017.

Outstanding Paper Award ‘Bronze’ Applied International Business Conference 2008, Labuan, Malaysia.

Best Paper Award, 4th Asian Academy of Applied Business Conference, 17-18 December 2009, Manila, Philippines.

Best Paper Award, 5th International Conference on Global Research in Business and Economics, 28-30 December 2009, Grand Seasons Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Marquis Who’s Who 2011

Research Areas Firm performance, efficiency and Productivity Studies; Economics of Banking and Financial Markets; Economic Development; Industry studies; Trade and Development.

Teaching Areas Economic theory, Econometrics, Industrial Organization, Mathematical Economics, Research Methodology, Global

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Economics

Courses Taught at Universities

Teaching

Undergraduate levelIntermediate microeconomics, Industrial Economic Analysis, Management ethics, Economic systems, Mathematical economics, Intermediate macroeconomics, Econometrics, Labor economics, History of economic thought, Principles of economics.

Graduate levelAdvanced Econometrics, Applied Econometrics, Advanced Microeconomics, Mathematical Economics, Managerial Economics, Global Economic Theory and Issues, Research methodology

Supervision

Undergraduate thesis: 15 final year undergraduate theses completed.

Masters thesis supervised and completed:

Chan Sok Gee (2003) Integration Analysis of Stock Market in Malaysia.

Isnenah Othman (2003) Kesan Perdagangan Antarabangsa keatas Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Negara-negara ASEAN.

Tang Boon Guan (2003) The Demand for Money in Malaysia: A Cointegration and Error Correction Model.

Azira Aziz (2003) The Impact of Monetary Policy on Commercial Bank Lending in Malaysia.

Yeap Sin Yean (2004) Monetary Policy, Inflation Rate and Stock market.

Yusairi Othman (2004) Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN countries.

Nawanithan Thanimalay (2005) Model Hedonik Harga Hartanah Rumah Kediaman di daerah Kulim dan Seberang Perai.

Mahyudin Ahmad (2006) Interest rate determination and financial crisis in Malaysia.

Mai Saheera (2011) Malaysian Stock Price and Macroeconomic Factors

Abdul Rizal Abdul Ghaffar (2010) The Impact of Oil Price Shocks to

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the Malaysian Stock Market.

Siti Nur Aishah Mohd Hashim (2012) Minimum Wage Policy Effects on Economic Growth.

PhD thesis supervised:

Completed

Chanta Jhantasana (2008) “Efficiency, Scale Economies, and Firm Size in Thailand’s Insurance Industry”.

Chan Sok Gee (2008) “Bank Efficiency, Risk, and Economic Growth in Malaysia”.

Norsiah Kadir (2009) “International Tourism demand and Economic Growth in Malaysia”.

Haider Abbas Drebee (2012) Discrete Choice Model of Automobile in Malaysia”.

Zeravan Abdulmuhsen Asaad (2012) “The Influence of Financial, External and Real Output Indicators on the Malaysian Stock Market”.

Abu Nurudeen (2015) Savings, Corruption and Political Instability in ECOWAS

Salihu Musa Ewugi (2015) The Impact of Infrastructural Installation on Happiness of rural Dwellers: A Case of Shiroro Settlement in Nigeria

Kausar Yasmeen (2015) “The effect of Microcredit on Women’s empowerment and happiness”.

Nur Atiqah Abdullah (2016) “Deviation from Fundamental values in the Malaysian Property and Construction Sectors and their long run relationship”.

Niaz Hussein Ghumroo (2016) “Exchange rate, Remittances and demand for Money in Pakistan”.

Alfa Abdulmumini Baba (2016) “Child Labour and Efficiency of Academic Performance in Rural Areas of Niger State, Nigeria: A Multinominal Approach”

Abdul Rasheed Sithy Jesmy (2017) “Impact of Defense Spending On Macroeconomic Variables in South Asia”

Syed Ali Raza (2017) “Impact of Foreign Banks Presence on Performance of Domestics Banks: Evidence from South Asia”

Mai Syaheera Miau Shaari (2017) “Flood Disaster and economic Growth in Malaysia”.

Izhak Norwira Bin Ibrahim (DBA, 2017) “Impact of Securitization

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on Islamic Consumer Financing and Banking Performance”.

Nur Hafizah Mohammad Ismail (2017) “The hedonic approach to examining the impacts of flood on property value in Malaysia”.

On-going

Zalila Binti Othman (2012 to present) “The Impact Of Liberalization Of Trade In Services In The Telecommunications And Financial Sector On Economic Growth: A Empirical Study Of East Asian Countries”.

Mohamad Ridhuan Bos Abdullah (2012 to present) “Efficiency in the Real Estate Sector”.

Hadia Yousaf (2014 to present) “Prediction of Financial Sistress by Using Ratio & Sentiment Analysis and Testing on Different Economic Environments”

Fozia Latif Gill (2016 to present) “Pollution Heaven Hypothesis and Trade”

Isma Zhaigum (2017 to present) “Peer Firm’s Behaviour and Financial Policy”

Publications Refereed Journal Articles

1. Karim, M.Z.A. (2001). Comparative Bank Efficiency Across Select ASEAN Countries. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 18(3), 289-304.

2. Karim, M.Z.A. (2001). Total Factor Productivity Growth, Technical Change, and Technical Efficiency in ASEAN Countries. Analisis, 7(1&2), 19-32.

3. Karim, M.Z.A. & Mahajar,J. (2002). Kesan AFTA terhadap perkembangan Ekonomi Malaysia. Al-Sirat, 1(3), 75-83.

4. Karim, M.Z.A. & Jantan, M.D. (2002). Productivity Growth in ASEAN Agricultural Sector:1988-1997. Chulalongkorn Journal of Economics, 14(2), 277-291.

5. Karim, M.Z.A., Jantan, M.D. & Muhamad, B. (2002). Urban Externalities and Manufacturing Productivity: Evidence from Malaysia. Asian Small Business Review, 5(1), 145-161.

6. Karim, M.Z.A. (2003). Ownership and Efficiency in Malaysian Banking. The Philippine Review of Economics, XL(2), 99-101.

7. Karim, M.Z.A., Anuar, A.R. & Khan, S.J.M. (2003). Information Technology and Cost Efficiency in Malaysian Banking Industry.

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Malaysian Management Journal, 7(2), 47-58.

8. Karim, M.Z.A & Tang, B.G. (2004). Stock Prices, Foreign Opportunity Cost, and Money demand in Malaysia: A Cointegration and Error-Correction Model Approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 38, 29-62.

9. Ibrahim, F.W. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2004). Efficiency of Local Governments and its Correlates. International Journal of Management Studies,Vol. 11(1), 57-70.

10. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2005). Stock Price Integration in the Malaysian Stock Market. Thammasat Economic Journal, 23(3), 123-45.

11. Karim, M.Z.A. (2005). Bank Efficiency and Economic Growth: Evidence From Selected ASEAN Countries. Asian Profile, 33(3), 301-316.

12. Karim, M.Z.A. & Othman, Y. (2005). Does AFTA and China’s Entry into WTO affect FDI in ASEAN Countries? Asian Academy of Management Journal, 10(1), 37-58.

13. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2005). The Lead lag Relationship Between Stock Index Futures and Spot Market in Malaysia: A Cointegration and Error Correction Model Approach. Chulalongkorn Journal of Economics, 17(1), 53-72.

14. “Cost Efficiency and Profitability in Thailand’s Life Insurance Industry: A Cost Frontier Approach,” (with Chanta Jhantasana), International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2005, pp. 19-36.

15. Karim, M.Z.A. (2005). Trade Openness, Economic Growth, and Convergence: Evidence From Asian Countries. Malaysian Management Journal,, 9(1&2), 55-69.

16. Jhantasana, C. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2005-2006). Cost Efficiency, Profitability and Firm Size in Thai’s Life Insurance Industry. International Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 3-4 (Special Issue), 1-14.

17. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2006). Stock Market Integration between Malaysia and its Major Trading Partners. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 6(3), 203-224. (Euro-American Development Association, Scopus-indexed Journal)

18. Karim, M.Z.A., Adzis, A. & Harif, M.A.A. (2006). Monetary Policy and Sectoral Bank Lending in Malaysia: A VAR Approach. Global Economic Review, 33(3), 309-332. (Taylor and Francis, ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

19. Hassan, S. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2007). Private and Public Investment in Malaysia: Subtitutability or Complementarity? ICFAI Journal of Applied Economics, 6(2), pp. 17-32.

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20. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2007). Off-balanced Sheet Activities and performance of Commercial Banks in Malaysia. ICFAI Journal of Financial Economics, 5(4), 67-80.

21. Jhantasana, C. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2008). Cost and Profit Efficiency of Thailand Insurance Industry: A Stochastic Cost and Profit Frontier Approach. Global Review of Business and Economic Research, 4(1), 77-95.

22. Roslan, A. H. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2009). Determinants of Microcredit Repayment in Malaysia: The Case of Agrobank. Humanities and Social Science Journal, 4(1), 42-52.

23. Karim, M.Z.A., Chan, S.G. & Hassan, S. (2010). Bank Efficiency and Non-performing Loans in Malaysia and Singapore. Prague Economic Papers, 19(2), 118-132 (ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

24. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2010). Volatility Spillovers of the Major Stock Markets in ASEAN-5 with the U.S. and Japanese Stock Markets. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 44, 161-173. (Scopus-indexed Journal)

25. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2010). Bank Efficiency and Macro-economics Factors: The Case of Developing Countries. Global Economic Review, 39 (3), 269-289. (Taylor and Francis, ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

26. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2010). Bank Efficiency, Profitability and Equity Capital: Evidence from Developing Countries. American Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(2), 181-195. (Inderscience Publishers)

27. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2011). FDI’s Country of Origin and Output Growth: Evidence from Malaysia’s Manufacturing Sector. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 11(1), 161-176. (Scopus-indexed Journal)

28. Ahmad, M. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2011). Interest Rate Determination and the Effect of Asian Financial Crisis in Malaysia. ICFAI Journal of Applied Economics, 10(1), 37-54.

29. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2011). Efficiency of Foreign Banks: Evidence from selected ASEAN Countries. African Journal of Business Management, 5(14), 5617-5626. (ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

30. Hassan, S., Karim, M.Z.A. & Othman, Z. (2007). Private and Public Investment in Malaysia: A Panel Time-series Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 1(4),199-210.

31. Ramli, R., Jamaluddin, F., Bakar, E.M.N.E.A., Alias, M.Y., Mahat, N.I., Karim, M.Z..A. & Ang, C.L. (2011). Modelling of Spectrum Demands Through Hybrids of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Integer Programming. International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, 1(5), 368-374.

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32. Drebee, H.A., Razak, N.A.A. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2012). The Impact of Household Characteristics on Automobile Choice in Malaysia: An Application of the Multinomial Logit Model. International Journal of Economic Research, 9(1), (Scopus-indexed Journal)

33. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2012). Public spending efficiency and political and economic factors: Evidence from selected East Asian countries. Economic Annals, LVII(195), (Scopus-indexed Journal)

34. Kadir, N. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2012). Tourism and Economic Growth in Malaysia: Evidence from Tourist Arrival from ASEAN-5 Countries. Economic Research/Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 25(4), (Taylor and Francis ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

35. Hassan, S., Karim, M.Z.A. & Othman, Z. (2013). Firm Efficiency Across Sectors: The Case of Public-listed Firms in Malaysia. The Journal of American Business Review, 2(1), 213-219.

36. Basri, B.H. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2013). The Effects of Coding on the Analysis of Consumer Choices of Public Parks. World Applied Sciences Journal, 22(4), 2013, 500-505 (Scopus-indexed Journal)

37. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2013). Technical Efficiency and Human Capital in China’s Provinces. Actual Problems of Economics/Aktual'ni Problemi Ekonomìki, Vol. 5(5), 554-565 (ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

38. Ramli, R., Jamaluddin, F., Bakar, E.M.N.E.A., Alias, M.Y., Mahat, N.I. & Karim, M.Z..A. (2013). “Assignment of Spectrum Demands by Merits via Analytic Hierarchy Process and Integer Programming” Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 12(1), 39-53 (Scopus-indexed Journal)

39. Nurudeen, A., Karim, M.Z.A. & Aziz, M.I. (2013). Low Savings Rates in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): The Role of Political Instability. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 8(2), (Scopus-indexed Journal)

40. Kausar, Y. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2014). Impact of Interaction term between education and loan size on women’s decision making. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4 (3), 125-142.

41. Ewugi, S.M., Karim, M.Z.A. & Roslan, A.H. (2014). “State Development Plan and Happiness: The case of Niger State vision 3:2020. Lapai International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 7(1), 86-99.

42. Kausar, Y. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2014). Impact of demographic and loan size on the probabilities of women’s freedom of

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movement empowerment. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4(3), 2014, 125-142.

43. Kausar, Y. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2014). Impact of demographic and loan size on the probabilities of women freedom of movement empowerment. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 4(2), 361-376.

44. Ewugi, S.M., Karim, M.Z.A. & Roslan, A.H. (2014). The Quest for Maslow’s Self-Actualisation Need in Leadership: A Review of Happiness in the Nigerian Economy. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 471-478.

45. Chan, S.G., Karim, M.Z.A., Burton, B. & Aktan, B. (2014). Efficiency and Risk in Commercial Banking: Empirical Evidence from East Asian Countries. The European Journal of Finance, 20 (12), 1114-1132. (Taylor and Francis, ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

46. Drebee, H.A., Razak, N.A.A. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2014). Is There an Overlapping Market between National Car Producers in Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 48(1), (UKM, Scopus-indexed Journal)

47. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2014). Bank Efficiency and Stock Returns in selected ASEAN Countries. Argumenta Oeconomica, 2(33) (ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

48. Jesmy, A.R.S, Karim, M.Z.A. & Aplanaidu, S.D. (2015). Effect of Conflict and Military Expenditure on School Performance in South Asia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(12), 99-107.

49. Nurudeen, A., Karim, M.Z.A. & Aziz, M.I. (2015). Corruption, Political Instability and Economic Development in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Is There a Causal Relationship? Contemporary Economics, 9(1), 45-60.

50. Nurudeen, A., Karim, M.Z.A. & Aziz, M.I. (2015). Low Savings Rates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): The Role of Corruption. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 36 (2), 63-90.

51. Nurudeen, A., Karim, M.Z.A. (2015). The causal relationship among corruption, political instability, economic development and foreign aid: evidence from the economic community of West African States. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, 10(1), 20-33.

52. Raza, S.A., Jawaid, S.T., Afshan, S. Karim, M.Z.A. (2015). Is stock market sensitive to foreign capital inflows and economic growth? Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 8 (3), 142-164.

53. Abdul-Razak, N.A., Karim, M.Z.A. & Roslan, A.H. (2015). Does Trade-off Between Child Quantity and Child Quality Exist in

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Malaysia? The Singapore Economic Review, 60 (4), 1550021.

54. Hasan-Basri, B., Karim, M.Z.A. & Bakar, N. (2015). Willingness to pay for recreational attributes of public parks: a choice experiment approach. The Singapore Economic Review, 60(5), 1550048.

55. Raza, S.A., & Karim, M.Z.A. (2016). Do Liquidity and Financial Leverage Constrain the Impact of Firm Size and Dividend Payouts on Share Price in Emerging Economy. Journal of Finance and Economics Research, 1(2), 73-88.

56. Karim, M.Z.A., Chan, S.G. & Hassan, S. (2016). Minimum Wage Policy and Country's Technical Efficiency. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 6(4), 1729-1735.

57. Alfa, A.B. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2016). Effect of Child Labor and Performance on Child Relationship with Head in Rural Areas of Niger State, Nigeria. International Journal of Economic and Financial Issues, 6(3), 892-900.

58. Ewugi, M.S., Karim, M.Z.A. & Roslan, A.H. (2016). Shiroro Hydro Electricity Dam and Happiness of Host Community: An Evaluation Using Propensity Score Matching Analysis. International Journal of Economic and Financial Issues, 6(3), 1106-1113.

59. Jesmy, A.R.S, Karim, M.Z.A. & Aplanaidu, S.D. (2016). Do military expenditure and conflict affect economic growth in Sri Lanka? Evidence from the ARDL Bounds test approach. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(3), 1-14.

60. Shaari, M.S.M., Karim, M.Z.A. & Hasan-Basri, B. (2016). Flood disaster and GDP growth in Malaysia. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 4(10), 27-40.

61. Shaari, M.S.M., Karim, M.Z.A. & Hasan-Basri, B. (2016). Flood Disaster and Mining Sector GDP Growth: The Case of Malaysia. International Journal of Management Sciences, 6(11), 544-553.

62. Hasan-Basri, B. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2016). Can Benefits in Recreational Parks in Malaysia be Transferred? A Choice Experiment (CE) Technique. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(1), 19-26.

63. Nurudeen, A., Karim, M.Z.A. & Aziz, M.I. (2016). The Relationships between Foreign Direct Investment, Domestic Savings, Domestic Investment, and Economic Growth: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa. Society and Economy, 38(1), 193-217.

64. Chan, S.G., Koh, E.H.Y. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2016). The Chinese Banks’ Directors and their Risk-Taking Behaviour:  A Corporate Governance and Finance Perspective. Chinese Management Studies, 10(2), 291-311.

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65. Chan, S.G. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2016). Financial market regulation, country governance, and bank efficiency: Evidence from East Asian countries. Contemporary Economics, 10(1) 39-54.

66. Jawaid, S.T., Raza, S.A., Mustafa, K. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2016). Does Inward Foreign Direct Investment Lead Export Performance in Pakistan? Global Business Review, 17(6), 1296-1313.

67. Alfa, A.B. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2016). Student Enthusiasm as a Key Determinant of their Performance. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(2), 237-245.

68. Chan, S.G., Ramly,Z. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2017). Government Spending Efficiency on Economic Growth: Roles of Value-Added Tax. Global Economic Review, 46(2), 162-188.

69. Raza, S.A., & Karim, M.Z.A. (2017). Influence of Systemic Banking Crisis & Currency Crisis on the Relationship of Export & Economic Growth: Evidence from China. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 10(1), 82-110.

70. Shaari, M.S.M., Karim, M.Z.A. & Hasan-Basri, B. (2017) Does Flood Disaster Lessen GDP Growth? Evidence from Malaysia’s Manufacturing and Agricultural Sectors. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 54(1), 61-81.

71. Ghumro,N.H. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2017). The role of remittances in the stability of money demand in Pakistan: a cointegration analysis. Economic Annals, LXII (213), 45-66.

72. Raza, S.A., Sharif, A., Wong, W.K. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2017). Tourism Development and Environmental Degradation in United States: Evidence from Wavelet based Analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768-1790.

73. Ali,M., Raza, S.A., Puah, C.H. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2017). Islamic home financing in Pakistan: A SEM based approach using modified TPB model. Housing Studies , 32(8), 1156-1177.

74. Abdul-Razak, N.A., Roslan, A.H. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2017). The structure of society. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(18), 201-211.

75. Qazi, W., Raza, S.A., Jawaid, S.T. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2018). Does Expanding Higher Education Reduce Income Inequality in Emerging Economy? Evidence from Pakistan. Studies in Higher Education, 43(2), 338-358 (Taylor and Francis, ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

76. Gill, F.L., Viswanathan, K.K. & Karim, M.Z.A. (2018). The critical review of the pollution haven hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(1), 167-174.

77. Raza, S.A., & Karim, M.Z.A. (2018). Influence of systemic

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banking crises and currency crises on the FDI-Growth nexus: evidence from China. Global Business Review, 19(3), 572-589 (Sage, ABDC Rating C, Scopus)

Chapter in Books

1. “Employment and Wages in Malaysia’s Manufacturing”, in: Studies in Econometrics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 1999, pp. 1-18.

2. “The role of Credit Restraint in the Demand for Money Function”, in: Studies in Econometrics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 1999, pp. 57-66.

3. “Cost Efficiency and Economies of Scale in Asian Banking”, in D.K. Ghosh and M. Ariff (eds.), Regional Financial Markets: Issues and Policies, Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, USA, 2004, pp. 265-279.

4. “Malaysia’s Industrial Sector: Performance and Challenges”  in Ishak Yusoff (eds.), Malaysia's Economy: Past, Present, and Future. Malaysian Strategic Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 2009.

5. "Demand for Tourism in Malaysia by UK and US Tourists: A Cointegration and error Correction Model approach", in A. Matias, P. Nijkamp, and M. Sarmento (eds.), Advances in Tourism Economics, Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 2009.

6. "Local Wisdom in Adopting to and Coping with Flood Disaster in ASEAN Countries", in Norizan Esa, Leela Rajamani, and Zuraidah Mohd Yusoff (eds.), Reengineering Local Knowledge: Life, Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014.

7. “Hydrology Cycle and Cities”, In Chan Ngai Weng, Hidefumi Imura, Akihiro Nakamura and Masazumi Ao (Eds.) Sustainable Urban Development Textbook. Penang: Water Watch Penang & Global Cooperation Institute for Sustainable Cities, 2016.

Conference Papers and Proceedings

1. “Comparative Bank Efficiency Across ASEAN Countries,” (with Abdul Rahim Anuar and Shazida Jan Mohd Khan) presented at the 1st International Conference on Banking and Finance, 18-20 August 2000, Hotel Nikko, Kuala Lumpur.

2. “Information Technology (IT) and Bank Efficiency” presented at the National Conference on Malaysia’s Transformation Towards a K-economy, 20-21 November, 2000,Hotel Pan-Pacific, Kuala Lumpur.

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3. “Efficiency of Local Governments in Malaysia: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach,” (with Fatimah Wati Ibrahim). presented at the National Workshop on capacity Building Towards Excellence in Research and Policy Formulation, 23-24 April 2001, UUM Sintok.

4. “The 1996 Fair Act and Crop Acreage Response,” (with Caleb Oriade and Carl Dhillon) presented at the National Workshop on capacity Building Towards Excellence in Research and Policy Formulation, 23-24 April 2001, UUM Sintok.

5. “Kesan AFTA terhadap perkembangan Ekonomi Malaysia,” presented at the Seminar on Cabaran AFTA Menjelang 2003 at Universiti Teknologi Mara, Perlis, 4 August 2001.

6. “Cost Efficiency and Causes of Inefficiency of Local Governments in Malaysia,” (with Fatimah Wati Ibrahim) presented at the Malaysian Science and Technology Congress 2001, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 24-26 September, 2001.

7. “Ownership and Efficiency in Malaysian Banking,” presented at the 2nd Asian Academic Accounting Association Conference, Shangrila Hotel, Penang, 17-19 September, 2001

8. “Bank Efficiency and Economic Growth: Evidence From Selected ASEAN Countries,” presented at the 2nd International Conference on Banking and Finance (ICBF), 9-11 August, 2002, Creta Paradise Hotel, Crete, Greece.

9. “Productivity Change in ASEAN Agricultural Sector:1988-1997,” (with Mohd Dan Jantan) presented at the 4th Asian Society of Agricultural Economists Conference (ASAE 2002), 20-22 August, 2002, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia.

10. “Urban Externalities, Manufacturing Productivity, and Factor Growth: Evidence From Malaysia,” (with Mohd Dan Jantan and Barudin Mohamad) presented at the 6th Annual Asian-Pacific Forum for Small Business (AFSB), 16-18 October, 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

11. “Trade Openness, Economic growth, and Convergence: Evidence from Asian Countries,” (with Isnenah Othman) presented at the 5th IRSA International Conference, 18-19 July, 2003, Bandung, Indonesia.

12. “Does AFTA and China’s entry into WTO affect FDI in ASEAN Countries,” (with Yusairi Othman) presented at the 5th Asian Academy of Management Conference (AAMC) 2003, 10-13 September, 2003, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

13. “Does AFTA and China’s Entry into WTO affect FDI in ASEAN Countries,” (with Yusairi Othman) Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Academy of Management Conference Vol. 2, 2003, pp. 646-657.

14. “The Lead lag Relationship Between Stock Index Futures and

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Spot Market in Malaysia: A Cointegration and Error Correction Model Approach,” (with Chan Sok Gee) Proceedings of the Malaysian Finance Association 6th Annual Symposium, 2004, pp. 220-239.

15. “Integration Between Malaysian Stock Market and its Major Trading Partners,” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the 6th

IRSA International Conference, 13-14 August, 2004, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

16. “The lead lag Relationship Between Stock Index Futures and spot Market in Malaysia: Cointegration and Error Correction Model Approach,” with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the Malaysian Finance Association 6th Annual Symposium, 5-6 May, 2004, Awana Porto Malai, Langkawi, Kedah.

17. “Stock Price Integration in the Malaysian Stock Market,” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the Malaysian Finance Association Conference 7th Annual Conference, 9-10 May, 2005, Primula Beach Resort, Kuala Terengganu.

18. “Cost Efficiency, Profitability, and Firm Size of Thai’s Life Insurance Industry: A Stochastic Frontier Approach,” (with Chanta Jhantasana) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Banking and Finance, Vol. 1, 2005.

19. “Private and Public Investment in Malaysia: Substitutability or Complementarity?” (with Sallahuddin Hassan and Mohd Helmi Hidhir) Proceedings of the International Conference in Economics and Finance (ICEF) 2005, pp. 963-975.

20. “Stock Price Integration in the Malaysian Stock Market,” (with Chan Sok Gee) Proceedings of the Malaysian Finance Association Conference 7th Annual Conference, 2005.

21. “Cost Efficiency, Profitability, and Firm Size of Thai’s Life Insurance Industry: A Stochastic Frontier Approach,” (with Chanta Jhantasana) presented at the 3rd International Conference on Banking and Finance, 11-13 May, 2005, Miedzyzdroje, Poland.

22. “Private and Public Investment in Malaysia: Substitutability or Complementarity?” (with Sallahuddin Hassan and Mohd Helmi Hidhir) Presented at the International Conference in Economics and Finance, 26-27 May, 2005, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Labuan.

23. “The Impact of Monetary Policy on Bank Lending in Malaysia,” (with Mohd Amy Mohd Harif and Azira Adziz) presented at the International Conference on Governance, Accountability and Taxation, 5-6 September, 2005, Kuala Lumpur.

24. “Monetary Policy and Sectoral Bank Lending in Malaysia,” (with Mohd Amy Mohd Harif and Azira Adziz) presented at the 18th Annual Australasian Finance and Banking Conference, 14-16 December 2005, Sydney, Australia.

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25. "Off-balanced Sheet Activities and Performance of Commercial Banks in Malaysia," (with Chan Sok Gee) paper presented at the BIMP-EAGA International Conference, 21-23 June 2006, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

26. “International Tourism Flows to Malaysia: Evidence from Developed Countries,” (with Norsiah Kadir) paper presented at the International Borneo Business Conference 2006, December 6-8, 2006, Hilton Hotel, Kuching, Sarawak.

27. “FDI and output growth in Malaysia’s Manufacturing: Does Country of Origin Matters?” (with Chan Sok Gee) paper presented at the International Borneo Business Conference 2006, December 6-8, 2006, Hilton Hotel, Kuching, Sarawak.

28. “Demand for Tourism in Malaysia by UK and US Tourists: A Cointegration and Error Correction Model approach,” (with Norsiah Kadir) presented at the International Conference on Advances in Tourism Economics, 13-14 April 2007, Instituto Piaget, Vila Nova de Sto Andre, Portugal.

29. “Volatility Spillovers in the Malaysian Stock Market,” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the International Colloquium on Business and Management (ICBM 2007), 19-22 November 2007, Bangkok Palace Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand.

30. “Review of Ownership and banking Efficiency: Implication to ASEAN 5,” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the International Economic Conference on Trade and Industry, 3-5 December 2007, Bayview Hotel, Penang.

31. "Cost and Profit Efficiency of Thailand Insurance Industry: A stochastic Cost and Profit Frontier Approach," (with Chanta Jhantasana) presented at the Global Academy of Business and Economic Research - 2007 International Conference, 27-29 December, 2007, First Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand.

32. “Pembangunan Kewangan, Alokasi dan Pelaburan Swasta Domestik,” (with Sallahuddin Hassan) presented at the Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia ke 3 2008, 20-22 August, 2008, Corus Paradise Resort, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan.

33. “Bank Efficiency and problem Loans in Malaysia and Singapore,” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the Applied International Business Conference 2008, 6-8 November, 2008, Grand Dorsett Hotel, Labuan.

34. “Cost Efficiency of Commercial Banks in Selected Developing Countries: A Non-Parametric Approach” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the International Borneo Business Conference 2008, 15-17 December, 2008, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia

35. "Forced Merger and Efficiency in Malaysian Banking" (with Mohamad Ridhuan Bos Abdullah and Chan Sok Gee) presented at the 4th Asian Academy of Applied Business

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Conference, 17-18 December 2009, Manila, Philippines.

36. "Bank Efficiency and Bank Specific Factors" (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the 5th International Conference on Global Research in Business and Economics, 28-30 December 2009, Grand Seasons Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

37. “Bank Efficiency and Risk Exposures in East Asian Countries” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the International DEA symposium, 27-29 September 2010, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

38. “Agricultural Sector Efficiency and Poverty: Evidence from ASEAN Countries” (with Chan Sok Gee and A.H. Roslan) presented at the International Conference on Rural Development and Entrepreneurship, 28-30 May 2011, Kuching, Sarawak.

39. “The effect of bank regulation and institutional environment on bank efficiency in selected East Asian countries” (with Chan Sok Gee) presented at the Singapore Economic Review Conference, 4-6 August 2011, Meritus Mandarin Hotel, Singapore.

40. “Ownership structure variation and firm efficiency” (with Sallahuddin Hassan and Zalila Othman) presented at the LEADS seminar 2013, 10-11 June 2013, Universiti Utara Malaysia.

41. “The effect of public expenditure on private investment in Malaysia” (with Sallahuddin Hassan) presented at the 12th International DEA Conference, 14-17 April, 2014, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

42. “Minimum wage policy and country’s efficiency” (with Sallahuddin Hassan and Sok-Gee Chan) presented at the 14th

EBES Conference-Barcelona, 23-25 October, 2014, Barcelona, Spain.

43. “Faktor Polisi dan Tindakan Pengurusan Banjir Dalam Mempengaruhi Keberkesanan Pelaksanaan Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA)”, Dalam Jamaluddin Md. Jahi, Muhammad Rizal Razman, Kadir Arifin, Zuliskandar Ramli, Abdullah Sulaiman dan Emrizal (Penyunting) Prosiding Seminar Serantau Ke-2 Pengurusan Persekitaran di Alam Melayu, Pekanbaru, Provinsi Riau, 6-7 Mei 2013. Bangi: Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (ATMA), Universitas Islam Riau dan Persatuan Pengurusan Persekitaran Malaysia,447-459 (ISBN 978-983-2457-63-3).

44. “Assessing Different Types of Flood Losses in Kelantan State in Malaysia during the December 2014 Flood” Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Society, Space & Environment 2016.

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Papers under review

“Is Mortality a Matter of Conflict? Evidence from South Asia” Submitted to Defense and Peace Economics (1st correction)

“Directed Merger and Efficiency: The Case of Malaysian Banking Sector” Submitted to Global economic Review (Routledge, ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

“Agricultural Sector Efficiency and Poverty: Evidence from ASEAN Countries” Submitted to Agricultural Economics Review (Scopus-indexed Journal)

“Ownership concentration and efficiency: Evidence from public listed firms in Malaysia” Submitted to Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies (Wiley, ISI/Scopus-indexed Journal)

Research andConsultancy Grants

“Kajian Kemiskinan daerah Padang Terap” (with Zukarnain Zakaria, Barudin Muhammad, and Ahmad Sobri Jaafar), UUM Research Grant, 1992 (RM29,830)

“Urban Externalities and Manufacturing Productivity: Evidence From Malaysia” (with Mohd Dan Jantan and Bakti Hassan Basri), UUM Research Grant, 2001 (RM8,659)

“Bank Efficiency and Problem Loans: Evidence From Malaysia and Singapore”. UUM Research Grant, 2002 (RM3,000)

“Monetary Policy and Bank Lending in Malaysia: Evidence From Selected Sector and SMI Lending” (with Mohd Amy Azhar Mohd Harif and Azira Abdul Adziz), UUM Research Grant, 2003 (20,000)

“Merger and Efficiency in the Malaysian Banking Industry” (with Ridzuan Bos Abdullah, UUM Research Grant, 2006 (RM23,431)

“Socioeconomic Study of Mukim Kampung Nisam, Perlis” (with Rushaimi Zien Yusoff, Mohd Salmi Mohd Sohod, Mohd Dan Jantan, and Shafee Saad). Funded by Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa, 1994/1995.

“Study on the Effectiveness of Bank Pertanian Malaysia Microcredit Scheme” (with Roslan Hakim, Faudziah Zainal Abidin, Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor, Muhammad Ridzuan Bos Abdullah,Selamah Maamor). Funded by Bank Pertanian Malaysia – 2008

“Kajian Indeks Kualiti Hidup Negeri Pulau Pinang” Funded by State Economic Planning Unit, Pulau Pinang, 2010 (RM130,000)

“Strategic Spectrum Allocation and Pricing Model”, Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) Research Grant, 2009 (RM106,600)

“Bank Efficiency in East Asian Countries”, University of Malaya Research Grant, 2010 (RM70,000)

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“Kajian Keperluan Kajian Keperluan Modal Insan Pengajian Tinggi Dalam Pasaran: 2010 – 2020”, Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE) Research Grant, 2010 (RM200,000)

“The Trade-off Between Child Quality and Child Quantity in Malaysia”, UUM Research Grant, 2010 (RM10,000)

“Minimum Wage Policy Effects on Economic Efficiency and Poverty”, FRGS Research Grant, 2011 (RM40,000)

“The Measurement of Performance and Efficiency of Malaysian Public Expenditures”, UUM Research Grant 2011 (RM10,000)

“Ownership Structure and Firm Efficiency Across Industries: The Case of Public Listed Firms in Malaysia”, UUM LEADS Research Grant 2011 (RM5,986)

“Flood Management: Impact Reduction and Relief” Long-run Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) – (RM5.1 million) – Project Head “Econometric Model of Flood Disaster Impact Analysis”.

“Minimum Wage Policy Effects on Economic Efficiency and Poverty”, FRGS Research Grant, 2011 (RM40,000)

“The Middle-class Trap: Measuring the Size and Spending Pattern of the Middle Class in Malaysia”, FRGS Research Grant, 2012 (RM40,000)

“Modeling the Effects of Goods and Services Tax on Country’s Economic Performance” FRGS Research Grant, 2014 (RM60,000)

Referee Journals

Review of Industrial Organization – Springer (ISI/Scopus-indexed)

Economic Modelling – Elsevier (ISI/Scopus-indexed)

Economic Change and Restructuring – Springer (Scopus-indexed)

Journal of Economics and Business (Elsevier, ISI/Scopus-indexed)

International Review of Economics and Finance (Elsevier, ISI/Scopus-indexed)

Current Issues in Tourism (Taylor and Francis, ISI/Scopus-indexed)

Asia Pacific Management Review (Elsevier, Scopus-indexed)

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Economics-ejournal (ISI-indexed)

International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management (Emerald)

Acta Oeconomica

Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance – USM (Scopus-indexed)

Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia (Scopus-indexed)

International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting

Global Journal of Business, Management, and Accounting – Global Research Journals

International Journal of Banking and Finance - UUM

International Journal of Management Studies - UUM

Analisis – UUM

The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research

Malaysian Management Journal – UUM

Journal of Business Management and Accounting

Utara Management Review - UUM

Professional Activities

Chief Editor, Journal of Business Management and Accounting (2013 to present)

Editorial Board, International Journal of Banking and Finance (2008 to present)

Editorial Board, African Journal of Business Management (2009 – 2011)

Advisory Board, Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking (2012 to present)

Editorial Board, Journal of Business and Finance (2012 to present)

Editorial Board, Journal of Social and Economic Research (2017 to present)

Article Editor, Sage Open

Associate Consultant, Paisley Consulting.

Committee member, Committee on Evaluation of IRPA Technical Project: Panel on Social Science and Humanities.

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Panel member, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Education (2015)

Panel member, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Education (2018)

Panel member, Long-runl Research Grant Scheme (LRGS), Ministry of Education (2018)

Panel Member, Sciencefund Technical Committee, Ministry of Science, Technology and innovation (2014 to present)

Committee Member, UUM Sciencefund Technical Evaluation Committee (2014 to present)

Appointed as a Consultant to provide research assistance and support to the Financial Services Research Group’s Project, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Feb. 1998- May 1998.

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Institute of Malaysian and International Studies UKM, 2006.

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences UIAM, 2011

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Faculty of Economics and Public Administration UM, 2012

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2013.

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Graduate Business School, UNITEN, 2014

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Graduate Business School, Multimedia University, 2014

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Graduate Business School, UNITEN, 2016 (Ivy Yap Lee Lian)

External Examiner for PhD thesis, Department of Shariah and Economics, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 2017

External Examiner for PhD thesis, International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF), 2017.

Internal Examiner for PhD thesis, Faculty of Banking and Finance, UUM, 2010.

Internal Examiner for PhD thesis, Faculty of Banking and Finance, UUM, 2007.

Internal Examiner for PhD thesis, Faculty of Economics, UUM, 2007.

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Internal Examiner for PhD thesis, OYAGSB, UUM, 2015

Internal Examiner for PhD thesis, School of Economics, Finance and Banking (SEFB), UUM, 2016 (Balogun Wakilat)

Examiner for Masters in Economics thesis, UUM, 2002.

Examiner for Masters in Decision Science thesis, UUM, 2003.

Life member, Malaysian Economic Association

Member, International Atlantic Economic Society (IAES)

Member, World Economics Association (WEA)

Member, Beta Gamma Sigma – The Honor Society for Collegiate Schools of Business

Member, American Economic Association, 2007

Other Professional Activities and Services

Member, University Utara Malaysia’s Senate (2004 to present)

Member, UUM Selection Committee (2016 to present)

Member, UUM Research and Innovation Committee (2010-2011)

Member, UUM Committee on College Restructuring, 2010

Member, Post-Graduate Studies Committee, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business (2012 – present)

Member, Post-Graduate Studies Committee, College of Arts and sciences (2009 – 2011)

Committee Member, UUM’s Cooperative and Entrepreneurial Development Institute (2013 to present)

Committee Member, UUM’s University Teaching and Learning Centre (2008 to 2010)

Chairman, Academic Staff Promotion Committee, College of Business (2014 – 2016)

Panel Member, Promotion to Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, UUM (2004-2008)

Panel Member, Promotion to Associate Professor, Faculty of Information Technology, UUM (2004-2006)

Panel Member, Promotion to Associate Professor, Faculty of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, UUM

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(2004-2006)

Panel Member, Promotion to Associate Professor, College of Law, Government, and International Studies, UUM (2010 -2014)

Panel Member, Promotion to Associate Professor, College of Business, UUM (2012 – 2014)

Panel Member, Promotion to Professor, College of Arts and Sciences, UUM (2014 – 2014)

External Assessor, Promotion to Professor, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) (2014)

External Assessor, Promotion to Professor/Associate Professor, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) (2017 to present)

Panel Member, Promotion to Professor, College of Law, Government, and International Studies, UUM (2010 – 2014)

Session Chair, Seminar Ekonomi Peringkat Kebangsaan, Organized by Persatuan Mahasiswa Universiti Utara Malaysia, 12-13 January 1995.

Invited Speaker on Data Analysis, Bengkel Penyelidikan dan Pengajaran Organized by School of Accounting, UUM, 17-18 October, 2000.

Chair, Session 1: Bank Efficiency, 2nd International Conference on Banking and Finance (ICBF), 9-11 August, 2002, Creta Paradise Hotel, Crete, Greece.

Chair, Session 8: 4th Asian Society of Agricultural Economists Conference (ASAE 2002), 20-22 August, 2002, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia.

Chair, Session 2: ZOPFAN to AFTA: Opportunities and Challenges in ASEAN, ASEAN Students’ Leadership Conference, organized by Universiti Utara Malaysia, 30 October – 2 November, 2002, INTEKMA Resort, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

Sessions Chair, 3rd International Conference on Banking and Finance, 11-13 May, 2005, Miedzyzdroje, Poland.

Chair, Session 5A: International Economic Conference on Trade and Industry, 3-5 December 2007, Bayview Hotel, Penang.

Chair, Session 2: Labor Economics and Urbanization II, Global Academy of Business and Economic Research - 2007 International Conference, 27-29 December, 2007, First Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand.

Chair, Session 4: Financial Institutions Analysis, Applied International Business Conference 2008, 6-8 November, 2008, Grand Dorsett Hotel, Labuan.

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Sessions Chair, 4th Asian Academy of Applied Business Conference, 17-18 December 2009, Manila, Philippines.

Panel Member, Forum on The Importance of Research and Writing to Teaching and Learning, organized by UUM University Teaching and Learning Center (UTLC), 15 October, 2002.

UUM Encyclopedia Project School Level Committee Member.

Conference Advisor, 5th International Conference on Global Research in Business and Economics, 28-30 December 2009, Grand Seasons Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Committee member, 6th Annual World Congress, 28-31 December, 2009, EDC, Universiti Utara Malaysia.

Reviewer, Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia ke V, 15-17 Oktober 2010, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Committee Member, International Conference on Rural Development and Entrepreneurship (ICORE 2011), 28-30 May, 2011, Riverside Majestic hotel, Kuching, Sarawak.

Guest Writer, Berita Harian, 8 August 2010.

Comments quoted by Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian

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