FAKTOR INDIVIDU & SAHSIAHMENDORONG RESIVIDISME

TERDAPAT TIGA FAKTOR

PENGARUH BIOLOGIKAL DAN PERSEKITARAN

TEKANAN DAN KONFLIK PERIBADI PENGARUH PSIKOLOGI

Keturunan dan persekitaran masing-masing memainkan peranan dalam pembangunan manusia

Kekurangan salah satunya akan membawa halangan pembangunan seseorang

Wujud kesukaran menentukan faktor biologi berperanan dalam perkembangan manusia

Fenomena bertentangan antara ‘nature’ dan ‘nurture’

Dari pendekatan sosial, terdapat hubungan rapat antara kedua-dua faktor ini

Nature - persekitaranNuture - asuhan

Proses sosialisasi iaitu proses yang dilalui oleh individu dalam perkembangan dan pembangunannya juga penting

Persekitaran keuarga yang baik akan membentuk peribadi yang sempurna, jika persekitaran teruk akan berlaku sebaliknya

Teori Biologi Pengaruh biologi boleh dikaitkan

dengan teori biologi Teori ini mengandaikan tingkah laku

seseorang adalah berasaskan ciri-ciri biologinya

Mengandaikan devian merupakan suatu penyakit

Pandangan teori ini, terdapat kelainan dan kelemahan yang mendorong tingkah lakunya ke arah devian

Teori ini dikaitkan dengan seorang pakar sakit jiwa iaitu Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)

Penentu utama kepada jenayah adalah faktor biologinya iaitu ciri fizikalnya

William H.Sheldon (1949) pula menyatakan tingkah laku manusia berkait dengan bentuk badannya

Kelemahan teori ini-kita tidak dapat menyatakan bahawa seseorang yang mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal seperti yang dinyatakan Lombroso adalah seseorang penjenayah

“Genetics may play a role in criminality, but it is only an insignificant one. There is little doubt that environment is the principal determinant and cause of criminal behavior” (Curt R. Bartol: 1999).

Most behavioral scientists say – behavioral traits result from an interaction of hereditary and environmental factors.

Biological trait theories A. Biocriminology

1. biosocial theory is the belief that biological, environmental, and social conditions work in concert to produce human behavior2. because genetic material contributes to behavior, not all humans have equipotentiality

B. Learning potential 1. social behavior is learned2. each organism is believed to have a unique potential for learning3. physical and social environment interact to either limit or enhance an organism's capacity for learning

C. Instinct 1. some believe that learning is influenced by instinctual drives2. the possess and control instinct

Stress reactions are the normal response to a traumatic event

Stress can occur at any age, including childhood

Emotional stress has been identified as a central and dominant response of victims of crime (Cook, Smith, & Harrel 1987).

is a latent factor among victims of crime and its manifestation involves four indicators: depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anger, and anxiety

Criminal victimization can cause both short-term and long-term stress reactions in victim survivors. When a person survives a catastrophic crisis such as violent crime, there may be residual trauma and stress reactions for years.

Many persons who experience long-term stress reactions continue to function at an optimal level.

All people have their own "normal" state of equilibrium. This normal state is influenced by everyday stressors such as illness, moving, changes in employment and family issues.

When any one of these changes occurs, equilibrium will be altered, but should eventually return to normal. When people experience common stressors and are then victimized, they are susceptible to even more extreme crisis reactions.

psychological theories focus especially on the influence of individual and family factors on offending

Psychologists view offending as a type of behavior that is similar in many respects to other types of antisocial behavior

psychological theories may include motivational, inhibiting, decision-making, and learning processes (Farrington, 1993).

Psychological theories often include cognitive (thinking or decision making) processes that explain why people choose to offend in a particular situation

the most important categories of risk factors that influence crime: 1-family influences, such as broken homes (associated with attachment theories), poor child-rearing methods (associated with social learning theories), and criminal parents (associated with intergenerational transmission theories); and 2-individual influences such as personality.

Teori psikologi

Tingkah laku jenayah hasil dari fikiran tak siuman atau terganggu

Teori personaliti yang menekankan pengalaman awal kanak-kanak akan memberi kesan buruk kepada perkembangan personaliti

Kecacatan mental dan gangguan mental ini akan menyebab lencongan atau devian