QZDZPF@MHE

1. Vek h nqmnbmh g`d`wh m` Qz~g` b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` 2

2. Nqmnb`r` m` rp`mq`rk`mrhweqj`r` bpzgj` 6

3. Sjpeob`me m` nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh 9

4. Opnlem!y`r` qe pnk! m` bznpzfemhre qhkh m` M@RN 12

5. P`gxhp!b`me m` gnm`r` m` qhcspmnqr wpeg o`prm|npqrbnrn 16

6. Nrb`p!me m` M@RN g` mnbh wkemnbe 20

7. Hgcp`fd`me m` mnbh nrmnxemh! q Psqh! 22

8. Qoevh`kmnrn o`prm|npqrbn q Sjp`im` 26

9. Dh`knczr qzq qpedhgelmnlnpqjhre qrp`mh 28

10. Onddzpf`me m` lhp` h pecskhp`me m` jphgh 30

11. Pe`chp`me oph hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh b cp`fd`mqjh! qejrnp 34

12. Qzrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrr` m` m`sj`r` h njnkm`r` qped` 37

13. J`j tsmjvhnmhp` M@RN 40

14. Opnl!m` h ophelqrbemnqr 44

1

Vek h nqmnbmh g`d`wh m` Qz~g` b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`

> 1

Nqmnbm`r` vek m` Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qz~g e

d` c`p`mrhp` qbnand`r` h qhcspmnqrr` m` bqhwjh

dzpf`bh-wkemjh b Ebpno` h Qebepm` @lephj`

qzck`qmn ophmvhohre nr Sqr`b` m` NNM. G` d` !

onqrhcme, M@RN hgonkgb` j`jrn onkhrhweqjnrn qh

bkh!mhe, r`j` h bnemmhre qh qonqnamnqrh, b

g`bhqhlnqr nr eqreqrbnrn m` opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r`

oped qhcspmnqrr`, q jnhrn qe qakzqjb`r qrp`mhre-wkemjh . Q hglememhern m` qrp`rechweqjh!

jnmrejqr qe opnlem! h m`whmzr, on jnirn Qz~gzr

p e ` c h p ` m ` o p e d h g b h j ` r e k q r b ` r ` o p e d

qhcspmnqrr`. M@RN opndzkf`b` d` azde c`p`mr m`

qr`ahkmnqrr` b vekh! ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh pechnm h

qzyebpelemmn qe p`gbhb`, g` d` lnfe d` onqpey`

mnbhre g`ok`uh j`rn repnphgl` h dpschre

opedhgbhj`rekqrb` jzl qhcspmnqrr` hgbzm

rp`dhvhnmm`r` ls qtep` m` nrcnbnpmnqr.

Npc`mhg`vh!r` m` Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! dncnbnp

(M@RN) e edm` nr jk~wnbhre qrpsjrsph, b p`ljhre

m` jn!rn dzpf`bhre-wkemjh pe`khghp`r qbnhre

vekh b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` . R`gh

lefdsop`bhrekqrbem` npc`mhg`vh!, whhrn wkemnbe

g`o`gb`r hgv!kn qbn! qsbepemhrer h qbn!r`

meg`bhqhlnqr, e hmqr`mvh!, b p`ljhre m` jn!rn

dzpf`bhre qe jnmqskrhp`r h bgel`r pexemh! on

bzopnqh, g`q!c`yh r!um`r` qhcspmnqr. Qrpsjrsphre

m` M@RN skeqm!b`r onqrn!mmhre jnmqskr`vhh,jnnpdhm`vh!r` h qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds

qrp`mhre-wkemjh on onkhrhweqjhre, bnemmhre,hjnmnlhweqjhre h dpsch `qoejrh m` qhcspmnqrr`,j`jrn h bg`hlndeiqrbhern b mebnemmh nak`qrh –m`sj`, hmtnpl`vh!, njnkm` qped` h pe`chp`me oph

aedqrbh!.

Qked oer er`o` m` p`gxhp!b`me jzl 12 wkemnbe-nqmnb`rekh m` M@RN - Aekch!, Bekhjnaphr`mh!,D`mh!, Hqk`mdh!, Hr`kh!, J`m`d`, K~jqelaspc,Mnpbech!, Onprsc`kh!, Q@Y, Tp`mvh! h Unk`mdh! -qe ophqzedhmhu` Czpvh! h Rspvh! (1952), Cepl`mh!

(1955), Hqo`mh! (1982), Onkx`, Smc`ph! h Wexj`r`

peosakhj` (1999 c.) h oph m`i-mnb`r` bzkm` m`

p`gxhp!b`me, Azkc`ph!, Eqrnmh!, K`rbh!, Khrb`,Pslzmh!, Qknb`jh! h Qknbemh! (2004).

Jnkejrhbm`r` qhcspmnqr

M@RN qe pzjnbndh nr ophmvho`, we qhcspmnqrr` m`

bq!j` edm` nr qrp`mhre-wkemjh e qbzpg`m` qzq

qhcspmnqrr` m` bqhwjh. Jnc`rn e g`ok`xem` edm`

nr r!u, rnb` g`q!c` bqhwjh. Q ondohqb`mern m`

B`xhmcrnmqjh! dncnbnp , nqmnbnonk`c`yh!

dnjslemr m` M@RN, bqhwjh dzpf`bh-wkemjh

bg`hlmn qe g`dzkf`b`r d` g`whr`r rngh ophmvho h

d` qondek!r phqjnbere h nrcnbnpmnqrhre m`

jnkejrhbm`r` nrap`m`, j`jrn h opnhgrhw`yhre nr

rnb` opedhlqrb`. Rnb` g`dzkfemhe ngm`w`b`

qzyn, we pedhv` `qoejrh m` bnemmnrn ok`mhp`me h

ondcnrnbj`, q jnhrn dnrncnb` qrp`mhre q` qe

g`mhl`b`kh onnrdekmn, nr rngh lnlemr qe

nqzyeqrb!b`r qzbleqrmn . P`gundhre g`

menaundhlnrn nanpsdb`me g` ondcnrnbj` h

noep`vhh m` bznpzfemhre qhkh qzyn qe ondek!r.

Bq!j` qrp`m` g`o`gb` qbn!r` meg`bhqhlnqr h

qbnand` d` bgel` qnaqrbemh pexemh!, mn naynrn

ok`mhp`me h p`gopedek!mern m` qpedqrb`r`

ongbnk!b` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh d` qe onkgb`r

jnkejrhbmn nr dnqr` on-bhqnj` qreoem m`

qhcspmnqr, nrjnkjnrn ahu` lnckh d` nqhcsp!r

onnrdekmn. Rnb` qh nqr`b` nqmnbmh!r ophmvho m`

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` b

p`ljhre m` M@RN.

Rp`mq`rk`mrhweqj`r` bpzgj`

Ondohqb`mern m` B`xhmcrnmqjh! dncnbnp opeg

1949 c. m!l` opevedemr b qzbpelemm`r` hqrnph!.Dncnbnpzr me q`ln m`l`kh phqj` nr bzmxm`

`cpeqh!, mn h ongbnkh onqreoemmn d` qe qakhf`r

cnkelhre ebpnoeiqjh qrp`mh, jnhrn b lhm`knrn

weqrn q` bn~b`kh, h opel`um` phqj` nr bzgmhjb`me

m` bznpzfem jnmtkhjr onlefds hl. M` op`jrhj`

qrp`mhre-wkemjh qr`b`m`u` g`bhqhlh edm` nr

dpsc` h c`p`mrhp`ijh bg`hlmn qbn!r` qhcspmnqr,onkswhu` bzglnfmnqrr` d` qh qzrpsdmhw`r

etejrhbmn b lmncn dpsch nak`qrh h d` sbekhw`r

qbnern ak`cndemqrbhe. Dncnbnpzr hl`xe h on-xhpnjn gm`wemhe. Rni sqr`mnbh o`prm|npqrbn b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` lefds ebpnoeiqjhre

wkemnbe m` M@RN h Q@Y h J`m`d`, qzgd`b`ijh

onqrn!mm` rp`mq`rk`mrhweqj` bpzgj` lefds

Ebpno` h Qebepm` @lephj`.

Openap`gsb`mern m` M@RN

On bpelern m` qzgd`b`mern m` M@RN opeg 1949 c.Qzberqjh!r qz~g qe ql!r`xe g` nqmnbm`r`

g`ok`u` g` qbnand`r` h meg`bhqhlnqrr` m`

G`o`dm` Ebpno`. Jnlsmhqrhweqj`r` hdenknch!,onkhrhweqjhre vekh h op`jrhj` h bnemmh!r

onremvh`k m` QQQP a!u` r`jhb`, we j`jbhrn h d`

2

q` ahkh deiqrbhrekmhre m`lepemh! m` qzberqj`r`

bk`qr, mhrn edmn g`o`dmnebpnoeiqjn op`bhrekqrbn

me lnfexe d` qh ongbnkh d` hgjk~wh

bzglnfmnqrr` nr jnmtkhjr. G`rnb` nr 1949 c. dn

jp`! m` 80-re cndhmh - oephnd`, hgbeqrem j`rn

Qrsdem`r` bnim` -, nqmnbm`r` g`d`w` m` Qz~g` ae

d` onddzpf` dnqr`rzwmh bnemmh qonqnamnqrh, g`

d` g`yhrh qrp`mhre-wkemjh nr bq!j`jb` `cpeqh! nr

qrp`m` m` Qzberqjh! qz~g h B`px`bqjh! dncnbnp.Qr`ahkmnqrr`, c`p`mrhp`m` nr M@RN opeg rngh

oephnd, ongbnkh m` G`o`dm` Ebpno` d` bzgqr`mnbh

qbn! opnqoephrer qked Brnp`r` qbernbm` bnim`,qzgd`b`ijh dnbephe h opedbhdhlnqr , dbe

qzyeqrbemh opedonqr`bjh g` nqhcsp!b`me m`

hjnmnlhweqjh p`qref.

Qzck`qsb`m`r` onkhrhj` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh

meopejzqm`rn qe p`gbhb`xe qznap`gmn q

hglem!y`r` qe qrp`rechweqj` naqr`mnbj`. Qked

jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim` onkhrhj`r` h

qrpsjrsphre m` Qz~g` a!u` qzyeqrbemn hglememh,g` d` nrp`g!r p`dhj`km`r` opnl!m` b

onkhrhweqjh! h bnemem jnmrejqr b Ebpno`, j`jrn h

on!b`r` m` mnbh g`ok`uh g` qhcspmnqrr` .Nrap`mhrekm`r` jnmveovh! qzyn ae p`gxhpem`,bjk~wb`ijh dh`knc h op`jrhweqjn o`prm|npqrbn

qzq qrp`mh hgbzm M@RN j`rn m`i-dnaph! m`whm d`

qe sjpeoh ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` qhcspmnqr.

Dmeq M@RN e lmncn onbewe nr nrap`mhrekem qz~g.Rni opnrecm` pzj` jzl ahbxhre qh opnrhbmhvh h

bewe p`anrh g` m`k`c`me h onddzpf`me m` lhp` h

qhcspmnqrr` b v!k`r` ebpn`rk`mrhweqj` gnm`. G`

r`gh vek Qz~gzr qe m`czpab` q bqe on-lmncnapnimh

g`d`wh h bzgophel` bqe on-czbj`bh, mnb`rnpqjh h

op`cl`rhwmh ondundh, g` d` pex`b` mehgaefmn

qknfmhre bzopnqh. B p`ljhre m` rngh opnveq

sjpeom` vemrp`km`r` pnk! m` M@RN j`rn c`p`mr m`

qhcspmnqrr` b ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm` h pedhv`

qrp`mh-o`prm|nph qe qrpel!r jzl wkemqrbn b

Qz~g`. Rph vemrp`kmnebpnoeiqjh qrp`mh – Onkx`,Smc`ph! h Weuh! – bewe onqrhcm`u` r`gh vek.Qedel dpsch - Azkc`ph!, Eqrnmh!, K`rbh!, Khrb`,Pslzmh! , Qknb`jh! h Qknbemh! , qzyn qe

ophqzedhmhu` opeg 2004 c.

Openap`gsb`mern m` M@RN opeg onqkedmnrn

deqerhkerhe qe u`p`jrephghp` q pedhv`

d`kmnbhdmh hmhvh`rhbh , d`b`yh !qmh

jnmjpermh, op`jrhweqjh nrcnbnph m` mnbhre

opedhgbhj`rekqrb` b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` h

mnbhre bzglnfmnqrh b oephnd` qked Qrsdem`r`

bnim` . R`jhb` q` O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp ,qoevh`kmhre nrmnxemh! q Psqh! h Sjp`im`,dh`knczr qzq qpedhgelmnlnpqjhre qrp`mh,Ok`mzr g` deiqrbhe g` wkemqrbn, ondonl`c`y

qrp`mhre-j`mdhd`rjh g` onjph!r qr`md`prhre m`

M@RN , h etejrhbmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn q

Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g, Npc`mhg`vh!r` g` qhcspmnqr

h qzrpsdmhweqrbn b Ebpno` h NNM. M@RN

p e ` c h p ` ` j r h b m n h m ` h g l e m ! y h r e q e

opedhgbhj`rekqrb` oped qhcspmnqrr`, j`rn

pzjnbndh noep`vhh on pecskhp`me m` jphgh m`

A`kj`mhre h qe `mc`fhp` d` deiqrb` r`l,jzdern h jnc`rn cn m`k`c` anpa`r` q repnphgl` h

dpschre mnbh g`ok`uh hgbzm ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r`

gnm`.

Meyn onbewe, g` d` sbekhwh bzglnfmnqrhre qh d`

onel` mnbh lhqhh, Qz~gzr `d`orhp` h sjpeob`

bnemmhre qh qonqnamnqrh. Q r`gh vek m` qpey`r`

m` bzpu` b Op`c` opeg mnelbph 2002 a!u`

opedknfemh rph jk~wnbh hmhvh`rhbh : qzgd`b`me

m` qz~gmhweqjh qhkh g` azpgn pe`chp`me, petnpl`

m` bnemmhre jnl`mdmh qrpsjrsph h Op`fjh!r

`mc`fhlemr g` bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh, b p`ljhre

m` jnirn qrp`mhre-wkemjh qe `mc`fhp`r onnrdekmn

h q nayh sqhkh! d` onjph!r mednqrhc` bzb

bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh.

3

Nqmnbmh g`d`wh b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr`

Qrp`rechweqj`r` jnmveovh! m` M@RN, b`fem

dnjslemr g` vekhre h nqmnbmhre g`d`wh m` Qz~g`

b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`, opednqr`b! m`qnjh g`

o n k h r h w e q j h r e h b n e m m h r e q p e d q r b ` g `

onqrhc`mern m` regh vekh. Ozpbnrn i osakhjsb`me

opeg 1991 c. aexe !qem gm`j g` qjzqb`me q

lhm`knrn. On bpele m` Qrsdem`r` bnim` bqhwjh

dnjslemrh, qzdzpf`yh wsbqrbhrekm` hmtnpl`vh!

g` qrp`rechweqjnrn ok`mhp`me, on p`gahp`elh

ophwhmh a!u` jk`qhthvhp`mh.

Mnb`r` qrp`rechweqj` jnmveovh! m` M@RN,osakhjsb`m` opeg 1999 c., nohqb` phqjnbere g`

qhcspmnqrr`, q jnhrn qe qakzqjb` Qz~gzr, j`rn

“lmncnonqnwmh h rpsdmn opedbhdhlh”. Nqmnbmhre

g`d`wh m` M@RN b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` q`

nopedekemh on qkedmh! m`whm:n d ` a z d e n q m n b ` m ` q r ` a h k m n q r r ` b

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`;n d` azde qpedhye g` jnmqskr`vhh on bzopnqhre

m` qhcspmnqrr`;n d` hgozkm!b` bzgohp`y` h nrap`mhrekm`

tsmjvh! qop!ln bq!j` g`ok`u` nr `cpeqh! qpeys

jn!rn h d` e nr dzpf`bhre-wkemjh;n d` dnophm`q! g` etejrhbmnrn opednrbp`r!b`me

m` jnmtkhjrhre h `jrhbmn d` sw`qrb` b

pecskhp`mern m` jphgh;n d` srbzpfd`b` naub`rmh nrmnxemh! m`

o`prm|npqrbn, qzrpsdmhweqrbn h dh`knc q dpsch

qrp`mh nr ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`.

J`rn nvem!b` opedbhdhlhre opedhgbhj`rekqrb` h

p h q j n b e b n a k ` q r r ` m ` q h c s p m n q r r ` ,Qrp`rechweqj`r` jnmveovh! nr 1999 c. qrhc` dn

g`jk~wemhern, we qrp`rechweqjh!r jnmrejqr

opndzkf`b` d` qe opnlem! j`rn v!kn b

onknfhrekm` onqnj` h M@RN, pednl q dpsch

npc`mhg`vhh, e hghcp`k qzyeqrbem` pnk! b

sjpeob`mern m` ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` qhcspmnqr

qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim`.

Mn l`j`p we no`qmnqrr` nr cemep`khghp`m` bnim`

m` rephrnph!r` m` Ebpno` renperhwmn e hgwegm`k`,q r p ` m h r e - w k e m j h h d p s c h q r p ` m h n r

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm` qe qakzqjb`r q dpsch

phqjnbe h hgrnwmhvh m` meqhcspmnqr j`rn

ermhweqjhre jnmtkhjrh , m`psx`b`mern m`

wnbexjhre op`b`, onkhrhweqj`r` meqr`ahkmnqr h

hjnmnlhweqj`r` s!gbhlnqr . Nqbem rnb`

p`gopnqrp`memhern m` !dpemh, ahnknchweqjh h

uhlhweqjh npzfh! h m`whmhre g` r!um`r` dnqr`bj`

asdh qephngm` g`cphfemnqr , ` aslzr m`

reumnknchhre jphe phqj qbpzulndepmh bnemmh

qpedqrb` d` ono`dm`r b pzvere m` onremvh`kmh

bp`cnbe.

Meyn onbewe, qhcspmnqrr` m` M@RN rp!ab` d`

nrwhr` ckna`kmh! jnmrejqr h lnfe d` azde

g`ok`xem` nr on-xhpnj qoejrzp phqjnbe ,bjk~whrekmn repnphqrhwmh `jrnbe, q`anr`f,deiqrbh! m` npc`mhghp`m`r` opeqrzomnqr hkh

opejzqb`me m` qm`ad!b`mern q fhgmemn

m e n a u n d h l h p e q s p q h . B o e p h n d ` q k e d

osakhjsb`mern m` Qrp`rechweqj`r` jnmveovh!

opeg 1999 c. h nqnaemn qked `remr`rhre b Q@Y

opeg qeorelbph 2001 c. g`ok`u`r` nr repnphgl` h

phqjzr, qbzpg`m qzq qrp`mhre q p`go`dm`k` qe

dzpf`bmnqr , a!u` ondknfemh m` qephngm`

openvemj`.

4

Ozpbnrn ongnb`b`me m` wkem 5

Wkem 5 e jk~wnb`r` jk`sg` nr nqmnbnonk`c`yh!

M@RN B`xhmcrnmqjh dncnbnp. Rni ck`qh, we

b z n p z f e m n m ` o ` d e m h e q p e y s e d h m n r

qz~gmhvhre ye qe p`gckefd` j`rn m`o`demhe

qpeys bqhwjh qz~gmhvh . B nrcnbnp m`

ongnb`b`mern m` wkem 5 bq!j` dzpf`b`-wkemj`

nopedek! qzck`qsb`mn q nqr`m`khre norhl`kmnrn

qh sw`qrhe b deiqrbh!r` , menaundhlh g`

bzgqr`mnb!b`me h onddzpf`me m` qhcspmnqrr` b

qebepmn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`, bjk~whrekmn h

sonrpea`r` m` bznpzfem` qhk`.

Wkem 5 ae vhrhp`m m` 12 qeorelbph 2001,meg`a`bmn qked repnphqrhwmhre `remr`rh nr 11qeorelbph qpeys Qzedhmemhre y`rh. B m`w`knrn

rnb` pexemhe ae b opedb`phrekem onp!dzj,dnj`rn qe sqr`mnbh, we `remr`rhre q` m`qnwemh

nrbzm. Rnb` qe onrbzpdh m` 2 njrnlbph 2001 c.,jnc`rn `lephj`mqjh nthvh`kmh opedqr`bhrekh

hgknfhu` oped Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber

g`jk~wemh!r` nr p`gqkedb`mern bzb bpzgj` q

` r e m r ` r h r e , d n j ` g b ` y n b h m ` r ` m `

repnphqrhwm`r` npc`mhg`vh! @k-J`id`.

M` 4 njrnlbph qz~gmhvhre opheu` pedhv` lepjh

b ondjpeo` m` j`lo`mh!r` qpeys repnphgl` ond

pzjnbndqrbnrn m` Q@Y. Re bjk~wb`u` g`qhkem

nalem h qzrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrr` m`

p`gsgm`b`mern, nayh p`gpexemh! g` opekhr`me h

dnqrzo dn ophqr`mhy`r` h kerhy`r` g` jnp`ah h

q`lnkerh m` Q@Y h nqr`m`khre qz~gmhvh,sw`qrb`yh b noep`vhh qpeys repnphgl`, h

p ` g c p z y ` m e m ` w ` q r n r o n q r n ! m m h r e

bnemmnlnpqjh qhkh m` M@RN b hgrnwmn

Qpedhgelmn lnpe, j`jrn h m` qz~gmhweqjhre

bzgdsxmnopemnqhlh qhqrelh g` sop`bkemhe h

jnmrpnk (@S@JQ) b Q@Y. Nqbem rnb` on hqj`me

m` Q@Y nrdekmhre qz~gmhvh d`b`r qbn! ophmnq

b g`bhqhlnqr nr bzglnfmnqrhre h qonqnamnqrhre

qh. Onlnyr` bjk~wb` bnemm` onddpzfj`, j`jrn

h ~phdhweqjh h thm`mqnbh lepjh g` opeqhw`me

m ` t h m ` m q h p ` m e r n m ` r e p n p h q r h w m h r e

npc`mhg`vhh.

5

Nqmnb`r` m` rp`mq`rk`mrhweqj`r`

bpzgj`

> 2

Pnk!r` m` M@RN g` c`p`mrhp`me m` qhcspmnqrr` m`

qrp`mhre-wkemjh h hgozkmemhern m` mnbhre

g`d`wh, qbzpg`mh q p`gxhp!b`mern m` naub`r` m`

qhcspmnqrr` h qr`ahkmnqrr`, qe nqmnb`b`r m`

dzkcncndhxmnrn o`prm|npqrbn lefds qz~gmhvhre

nr Ebpno` h Qebepm` @lephj`. Nosqrnxemh qked

Brnp`r` qbernbm` bnim`, ebpnoeiqjhre qrp`mh

a!u` qhkmn g`bhqhlh g` qhcspmnqrr` qh nr

Qzedhmemhre y`rh h J`m`d`, jnhrn p`gonknfhu`

gm`whrekmh bniqjh m` ebpnoeiqj` rephrnph!. Nr

ozpbhre jp`wjh m` M@RN dnqec` dbere dzpf`bh

hcp`!r fhgmemnb`fm` pnk! g` qhcspmnqrr` m`

E b p n o ` , j n ! r n e n q m n b e m e k e l e m r n r

rp`mq`rk`mrhweqj`r` qhcspmnqr h menaundhl qrzka

m` Qz~g`.

Q bpelern apn!r m` qebepmn`lephj`mqjhre bnemmh

qhkh b Ebpno` onqreoemmn ae qzjp`rem. Nr cndhmh

on - cnk!l`r` w`qr nr qhkhre m` M@RN ,opedm`gm`wemh g` ebpnoeiqj`r` nrap`m`, qe

opednqr`b!r nr ebpnoeiqjhre qz~gmhvh. Nqbem

rnb` on-cnk!l`r` w`qr nr pzjnbndemhre nr M@RN

qhkh on onddzpf`me m` lhp` m` A`kj`mhre, b

jnhrn sw`qrb`r h gm`whrekmh jnmrhmcemrh nr

qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h dpsch qrp`mh hgbzm M@RN,qe opednqr`b!r nr ebpnoeiqjhre qz~gmhvh.

Bzopejh rnb` , onp`dh dhqa`k`mq` lefds

` l e p h j ` m q j h r e h e b p n o e i q j h r e b n e m m h

qonqnamnqrh, Qzedhmemhre y`rh opndzkf`b`r d`

onel`r meopnonpvhnm`kem d!k nr p`gundhre m`

M@RN b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` h d` mnq!r

meqop`bedkhbn cnk!l` nrcnbnpmnqr g` deiqrbh!r`

m` @kh`mq`. Ebpnoeiqjhre qz~gmhvh h J`m`d`,jnhrn b m`w`knrn m` 90-re cndhmh m`rpso`u`

dhbhdemrh nr lhp` qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim`,me m`op`bhu` msfmhre hmbeqrhvhh , g` d`

`d`orhp`r bnemmhre qh qonqnamnqrh jzl mnbhre

opedhgbhj`rekqrb` oped qhcspmnqrr` . Re

opndzkf`b`r d` g`bhq!r nr Qzedhmemhre y`rh b

p e d h v ` j k ~ w n b h n a k ` q r h j ` r n

bzgdsxmnrp`mqonprmhre qpedqrb`, menaundhlh g`

azpgnrn p`g cpzy`me m` bnemmhre qhkh ,q ` r e k h r m h r e r e k e j n l s m h j ` v h h h d p s c h

bhqnjnreumnknchwmh qpedqrb`.

Regh opnosqjh b qonqnamnqrhre m` ebpnoeiqj`r`

nrap`m` nqrpn opnkhw`u` on bpele m` jnmtkhjrhre

m` A`kj`mhre opeg 90-re cndhmh, jnc`rn qr`m`

!qmn, we ebpnoeiqjhre qrp`mh me q` b qzqrn!mhe d`

q o n q n a q r b ` r g ` o p e d n r b p ` r ! b ` m e m `

p`gopnqrp`memhern m` jnmtkhjrhre aeg onlnyr`

m` Q@Y. B jp`! m` 90-cndhmh M@RN h Ebpnoeiqjh!r

qz~g (EQ) onnrdekmn k`mqhp`u` hmhvh`rhbh g`

sjpeob`me m` nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh. Opeg

1999 c. dbere npc`mhg`vhh qe qonp`gsl!u` g`

g`onwb`me m` qrp`rechweqjn o`rpm|npqrbn.

Onsjhre nr A`kj`mhre

Jnc`rn b m`w`knrn m` 90-re cndhmh hgasum`

cp`fd`mqj`r` bnim` b Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm`,Ebpnoeiqjh!r qz~g hgop`rh m`ak~d`rekh d`

qked!r g` hgozkmemhern m` pegnk~vhhre m` NNM,mn m!l`xe mhrn onkhrhweqjh l`md`r, mhrn bnemmh

qhkh d` m`op`bh meyn onbewe. NNM p`gonknfh

qbnh qhkh, jnhrn na`we a!u` ophqonqnaemh jzl

lhpnno`gb`yh noep`vhh, ` me jzl noep`vhh on

m`k`c`me m` lhp`, ` lmncn azpgn qr`m` !qmn, we

lefdsnqnahvhre lnc`r d` azd`r opejp`remh6

edhmqrbemn qzq qhk` . Nrm`w`kn M@RN qe

bzgdzpf`xe nr m`leq`, g`ynrn onqkedhvhre nr

p`gcpzy`mern m` qz~gmhweqjh qhkh hgbzm

rp`dhvhnmm`r` rephrnph! m` Qz~g` bqe nye me

a!u` opnswemh. Mn q bknx`b`mern m` onknfemhern

M@RN bqe onbewe qe `mc`fhp`xe, j`rn b oephnd`

1992-1995 c. opednqr`bh bnemm` onddpzfj` oph

m`ak~demhern h hgozkmemhern m` pegnk~vhhre h

q`mjvhhre, m`knfemh nr NNM. Jnc`rn m`i-onqke q

onqpedmhweqrbnrn m` Q@Y b jp`! m` 1995 c. qe

ondohq` lhpmn qonp`gslemhe, mecnbnrn ophk`c`me

qe c`p`mrhp`xe nr pzjnbndemh nr M@RN qhkh,whirn xeqrdeqeruhk!dem qzqr`b bjk~wb`xe

jnmrhmcemr nr 20 000 `lephj`mqjh bnimhvh.

Werhph cndhmh on-jzqmn, jnc`rn eqj`k`vh!r` m`

m`qhkhern h usl`mhr`pm`r` jphg` b Jnqnbn qe

hgnqrphu`, M@RN nrmnbn qe m`leqh qked opnb`k`

m` bqhwjh nohrh d` qe m`leph lhpmn pexemhe. R`gh

jphg` nrmnbn hgb`dh m` a!k qb!r bewe hgbeqrmhre

opnosqjh b ebpnoeiqjhre nrap`mhrekmh

qonqnamnqrh. On bpele m` bzgdsxm`r` j`lo`mh!

onbewern onkerh qe nqzyeqrb!b`u` nr

`lephj`mqjh q`lnkerh, ` jnc`rn qe m`knfh d` qe

p`gonknf`r qhkh on onddzpf`me m` lhp` b

Jnqnbn, a!u` menaundhlh m!jnkjn leqev`, g` d` qe

onozkmh khwmh!r qzqr`b.

G`qec` Ebpno` me p`gonk`c` q menaundhlhre

qonqnamnqrh d` g`onwme h opndzkfh bnemm`

noep`vh! nr pnd` m` regh, jnhrn ongbnkhu` d` qe

opejp`r!r jnmtkhjrhre b Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm` h b

Jnqnbn. Rnb` ah lnckn d` qzgd`de qephngmh

opnakelh, `jn ondnamh qhrs`vhh bzgmhjm`r nrmnbn

h `jn Qzedhmemhre y`rh qe bzgdzpf`r nr m`leq`

onp`dh bnemmnrn qh sw`qrhe m` dpscn l!qrn.

Onm`qrn!yel Ebpnoeiqjh!r qz~g opedophe

qephngmh qrzojh g` sjpeob`me m` bnemmhre qh

qonqnamnqrh h aexe opher` p`lj`r` g`

qzrpsdmhweqrbn EQ-M@RN (nohq`m` on dnks). Rnb`

ongbnkh m` M@RN d` opeubzpkh m` EQ lhqh!r` b

Ahbx` ~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj` L`jednmh!*, jzdern

on hqj`me m` opeghdemr` m` qrp`m`r` opeg 2001 c.a!u` p`gonknfemh qhkh m` M@RN, g` d` azde

opendnk!m` jphg`r` (bhf ck`b` 10). Opeg l`pr

2003 c . Ebpnoeiqjh!r qz~g , hgonkgb`ijh

hmqr`k`vhhre m` M@RN , g`onwm` noep`vh!

« Jnmjnpdh! », g` d` onele y`ter`r` nr @kh`mq`,jnirn opednqr`bh m` pzjnbndemhre nr EQ qhkh

b`fm` onlny b nak`qrr` m` ok`mhp`mern h

knchqrhj`r`. Nqbem rnb` opeg ~kh 2003 c. M@RN h

EQ qe qonp`gsl!u` g` nay qrp`rechweqjh ondund

jzl G`o`dmhre A`kj`mh, ` b azdeye ye qe naqzdh

h bzglnfmnqrr` Ebpno`iqjh!r qz~g d` onele

nrcnbnpmnqrr` g` qhcspmnqrr` m` Anqm` h

Uepvecnbhm`.

Sjpeob`me m` ebpnoeiqjhre animh

qonqnamnqrh

Nohrzr nr A`kj`mhre lnahkhghp` ebpnoeiqjhre

qrp`mh d` opedophel`r deiqrbh!. Ebpnoeiqjh!r

qz~g sqjnph sqhkh!r` g` qzgd`b`me m` Ebpnoeiqj`

onkhrhj` b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` h nrap`m`r`,qzopnbndem` qzq qznrbermhre qonqnamnqrh g`

pe`chp`me oph jphgh. B m`w`knrn bzopnqhre m`

qhcspmnqrr` h nrap`m`r` qe p`gckefd`u`, nr hlern

m` Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g , nr nrdekm` cpso`

ebpnoeiqjh qrp`mh, naedhmemh ond m`gb`mhern

G`o`dmnebpnoeiqjh qz~g (GEQ)1. Mn m` qpey`r` m`

bhqnjn p`bmhye b Uekghmjh opeg 1999 c .Ebpnoeiqjh!r qz~g bge pexemhe g` b azdeye d`

p`gbhe qnaqrbem`r` qh pnk! b nak`qrr` m`

q h c s p m n q r r ` h n r a p ` m ` r ` h d ` q z g d ` d e

menaundhlhre g` vekr` qrsjrsph. Rni qh onqr`bh h

r.m`p. ckna`km` vek, ` hlemmn dn 2003 c. d` azde b

qzqrn!mhe d` p`gcpzy` h d` onddzpf` onme g`

edmncndhxem oephnd qhkh g` azpgn pe`chp`me q

whqkemnqr m`d 60 000 dsxh.

Nr qbn! qrp`m`, M@RN qe `mc`fhp` d` sjpeoh

ebpnoeiqjh! qh qrzka, j`rn p`gbhe hqrhmqj`

Ebpnoeiqj` hdemrhwmnqr b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr` h nrap`m`r`. R`gh hmhvh`rhb` hl`xe

g` vek d` ondjpeoh Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g b sqhkh!r`

1G`o`dmnebpnoeiqjh!r qz~g e nqmnb`m on qhk`r` m` Dncnbnp` g` hjnmnlhweqjn, qnvh`kmn h jskrspmn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn h g` jnkejrhbm` q`lnnrap`m`, ondohq`m nr Aekch!, Bekhjnaphr`mh!, K~jqelaspc, Tp`mvh! h

Unk`mdh!. Bonqkedqrbhe jzl mecn qe ophqzedhm!b`r h Cepl`mh!, Czpvh!, Hqo`mh!, Hr`kh! h Onprsc`kh!. Qzck`qmn

pexemh!r`, bgerh m` qpey`r` m` m`i- bhqnjn p`bmhye m` Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g b Uekghmjh opeg 1999 c., tsmjvhhre on

pecskhp`mern m` jphgh h usl`mhr`pmhre noep`vhh opelhm`u` jzl EQ. @mc`fhlemrhre b nak`qrr` m` jnkejrhbm`r`

nrap`m` on qhk`r` m` Ap~jqekqjh! dncnbnp qh nqr`b`r meopnlememh h qe nqhcsp!b`r nr qejper`ph`r m` GEQ b

m`l`kem qzqr`b. 7

ls d` p`gbhe m`defdm` pnk! b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr` h qzyebpelemmn d` onlncme g`

qzgd`b`me m` on-a`k`mqhp`m` h on-gdp`b`

rp`mq`rk`mrhweqj` bpzgj`, jn!rn d` ongbnkh m`

ebpnoeiqjhre qz~gmhvh d` qe bjk~wb`r on-pegskr`rmn h onqkednb`rekmn b lhqhhre h

deimnqrhre m` M@RN. Q r`gh vek opeg 90-re cndhmh

M@RN g`onwm` opnveq m` qzgd`b`me m` hqrhmqj`

ebpnoeiqj` qonqnamnqr g` pecskhp`me m` jphgh aeg

memsfmn dsakhp`me m` bnemmhre qpedqrb` h

qonqnamnqrh, q jnhrn bewe M@RN p`gonk`c`. B

vemrzp` m` rngh opnveq e jnmveovh!r` g`

“nrdekhlh, mn me nrdekmh qhkh”, jn!rn d` ongbnkh

hgonkgb`mern m` qpedqrb` h qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN

b ebemrs`kmh noep`vhh on pecskhp`me m` jphgh,pzjnbndemh nr GEQ.

M` qpey`r` bzb B`xhmcrnm opeg `ophk 1999 c.khdephre m` M@RN ndnaphu` m`lepemhern m`

Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g d` hcp`e qnaqrbem` pnk! b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` h hgp`ghu` qbn!r`

cnrnbmnqr d` opedknf`r h ophel`r menaundhlhre

lepjh, g` d` lnfe gm`whrekm` w`qr nr bnemmhre

qpedqrb` h qonqnamnqrh m` @kh`mq` d` qe

opednqr`b!r g` pzjnbndemh nr EQ noep`vhh b

jphghqmh qhrs`vhh, b jnhrn M@RN j`rn v!kn m!l`

d` qe `mc`fhp` bnemmn. Qked pexemh!r` m` EQ nr

Uekghmjh M@RN g`onwm` naqzfd`me h opejh

jnmqskr`vhh q Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g b nak`qrr` m`

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds dbere npc`mhg`vhh.

On -jzqmn a!u` srnwmemh h mnbh tnplh m`

qzrpsdmhweqrbn. Opeg dejelbph 2002 c. M@RN h EQ

osakhjsb`u` qzbleqrm` dejk`p`vh! g` p`gbhb`ynrn

qe qrp`rechweqjn o`prm|npqrbn lefds dbere

npc`mhg`vhh, ` opeg l`pr 2003 c. opheu` pedhv`

dnjslemrh g` qzrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrr` m`

p e c s k h p ` m e r n m ` j p h g h , b j k ~ w h r e k m n

qonp`gslemhern, hgbeqrmn j`rn « Aepkhm ok~q », on

qhk`r` m` jnern qpedqrb`r` h qonqnamnqrhre m`

M@RN lnc`r d` azd`r hgonkgb`mh b pzjnbndemh nr

EQ noep`vhh. Rnb` hgozkmh qzq qzdzpf`mhe

qrp`rechweqrbnrn o`prm|npqrbn h nrbnph ozr! g`

jnnpdhmhp`mh deiqrbh!. Leu`mhglhre g` onqrn!mm`

bpzgj` ye skeqm!r g`qhkemnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn h

jnmqskr`vhh m` noep`rhbmn p`bmhye. Ae onqrhcm`rn

qonp`gslemhe d` qe qzgd`de h gbemn m` EQ bzb

Bzpunbm`r` y`ajb`prhp` m` qz~gmhre qhkh m`

M@RN b Ebpno` (SHAPE) b Lnmq, Aekch!, j`jrn h g`

opedqr`bhrekqrbn m` M@RN bzb bnemmh! y`a m` EQ.

M@RN h Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g qjk~whu` h qonp`gslemhe

g` sedm`jb!b`me, opngp`wmnqr h bg`hlmn dnozkb`me

oph tnplskhp`mern m` nayhre g` dbere npc`mhg`vhh

hghqjb`mh! jzl animhre qonqnamnqrh. Opeg 2003 c. qe

qzqrn! ozpbnrn g`qed`mhe m` Qzbleqrm`r` cpso` on

bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh M@RN-EQ. Hmhvh`rhbhre g`

sjpeob`me m` nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN

ye q` qznap`gemh q Ok`m` g` deiqrbhe m` EQ b

nak`qrr` m` ebpnoeiqjhre bnemmh qonqnamnqrh h

opeqkedb`mern m` ckna`km`r` vek h ye ondonlncm`r

g` nqzyeqrb!b`me m` r`j` menaundhlhre ondnapemh!

bzb bnemmh! onremvh`k m` ebpnoeiqjhre qz~gmhvh b

pedhv` jk~wnbh nak`qrh.

M @ R N q h n q r ` b ` n q m n b m ` r ` h m q r h r s v h ! ,ak`cnd`pemhe m` jn!rn bqhwjh qrp`mh-wkemjh

c`p`mrhp`r qbn!r` jnkejrhbm` nrap`m`. Qz~gzr

opndzkf`b` d` azde jp`izczkmh!r j`lzj m`

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` qhcspmnqr h g`o`gb` l`md`r` h

bzglnfmnqrhre qh d` hgozkm!b` g`d`wh b nak`qrr`

m` pecskhp`mern m` jphgh, m`k`c`mern h no`gb`mern

m` lhp`. Vekr` m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds EQ h

M@RN b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` e d` qe sbekhw`r

m`khwmhre bzglnfmnqrh g` spefd`me m` jphgh h

jnmtkhjrh , j`rn qzyebpelemmn qe hgaecme

dsakhp`mern. Rnb` ye ongbnkh d` azd`r sjpeoemh

ebpnoeiqjhre bnemmh qonqnamnqrh, r`j` we g` b

azdeye oph jphgh, b jnhrn M@RN me sw`qrb`, d` qe

nqzyeqrb!b`r pzjnbndemh nr EQ noep`vhh.

8

Sjpeob`me m` nrap`mhrekmhre

qonqnamnqrh

> 3

Qz~gmhvhre naedhm!b`r qbnhre sqhkh!, g` d`

sjpeo!r nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN

r`j` , we Qz~gzr d` azde b qzqrn!mhe d`

p`gcpzy` qhkh, qonqnamh azpgn d` qe ophdbhfb`r

r`l, jzdern e menaundhln, d` nj`gb`r onddpzfj`

m` dzkcnrp`imh noep`vhh m` p`gqrn!mhe h d`

onqrhc`r vekhre qh jnkjnrn e bzglnfmn on-azpgn h

etejrhbmn , j`rn qzyebpelemmn qbed`r dn

lhmhlsl ebemrs`kmhre yerh qped mebn~b`yhre.Onddzpf`mern m` `dejb`rmh bnemmh qonqnamnqrh

h !qm`r` cnrnbmnqr g` jnkejrhbmh deiqrbh!opndzkf`b`r d` azd`r nr nqmnbmn gm`wemhe b

qzbpelemmh! jnmrejqr b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`.B qksw`i m` jphgh, g`ok`xb`yh qhcspmnqrr` m`

qz~gmhvhre, qhkhre m` M@RN rp!ab` d` dnozkb`r

h ondqhkb`r onkhrhweqjhre deiqrbh! h d`

dnophm`q!r g` pecskhp`mern m` regh jphgh h

lhpmnrn hl pex`b`me.

O p n v e q z r m ` o n d n a p ! b ` m e m ` b n e m m h r e

qonqnamnqrh ae qr`prhp`m, jnc`rn m` qpey`r` m`

m`i-bhqnjn p`bmhye bzb B`xhmcrnm opeg `ophk

1999 c. pzjnbndhrekhre m` qrp`mhre nr @kh`mq`

hgknfhu` qbn!r` bhgh! g` M@RN opeg UUI bej: on-xhpnj, on-etejrhbem h on-czbj`b, `mc`fhp`m q

jnkejrhbm`r` nrap`m` h qonqnaem d` nqzyeqrb!b`

mnbh g`d`wh, bjk~whrekmn opednrbp`r!b`me m`

jnmtkhjrh h `jrhbmn sw`qrhe b noep`vhh on

pecskhp`me h pe`chp`me m` jphgh. Re k`mqhp`u`

Hmhvh`rhb`r` g` nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh

(HNQ), ophgb`m` d` ondnaph bnemmh! onremvh`k m`

M@RN b pedhv` jk~wnbh nak`qrh.

Opeg onqkedb`khre rph cndhmh HNQ onqrhcm`

m`opedzj b m!jnh nak`qrh, m`i-bewe r`l, jzdern

me a!u` menaundhlh gm`whrekmh qpedqrb`, mn

opnosqjhre b m!jnh qonqnamnqrh nr jphrhwmn

gm`wemhe qh nqr`m`u` h ophk`c`mern m`

hmhv`rhb`r` bzpbexe a`bmn. Lefdsbpelemmn

menaundhlnqrr` nr `d`or`vh! h lndepmhg`vh!qr`m` nye on-qoexm` opedbhd no`qmnqrr` nr mnbh

h meqhlerphwmh g`ok`uh, ` hlemmn g`ok`u`

opnrhbmhvhre d` qe nohr`r d` qe bzgonkgb`r nr

s!gbhlnqrr` m` lndepmhre nayeqrb`, bzopejh on-cnk!l`r` hl bnemm` lny, weqrn aegf`knqrmn

hgonkgb`ijh mejnmbemvhnm`kmh qpedqrb` h b

w`qrmnqr repnphqrhwmh `jrnbe. Repnphqrhwmhre

`remr`rh qpeys Q@Y opeg qeorelbph 2001 nqrpn

onqr`bhu` g`ok`u`r` nr repnphgzl b vemrzp` m`

bmhl`mhern, ` onqkedb`k`r` pzjnbndem` nr Q@Y

noep`vh! b @tc`mhqr`m nrmnbn p`gjph

qk`anqrhre bzb bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh m`

qz~gmhvhre.

Rnb` ae ophwhm`r` m` qpey`r` m` bhqnjn p`bmhye

b Op`c` khdephre m` Qz~g` d` qe `mc`fhp`r q on-

vekem`qnwem ondund jzl sjpeob`mern m` bnemmhre

qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN j`rn w`qr nr o`jer` lepjh,vek!yh d` qe onbhxh etejrhbmnqrr` b vekh!qoejrzp g`d`wh , hgozkm!b`mh nr Qz~g` ,bjk~whrekmn `mrhrepnphqrhwmhre noep`vhh. G`

vekr` ae bzgopher rphqrp`mem ondund g`

ondnap!b`me m` nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh :mnb` hmhvh`rhb` g` ondnap!b`me m` bnemmhre

qonqnamnqrh - Op`fjh!r `mc`fhlemr, qzgd`b`me

m` Qhkh g` azpgn pe`chp`me h nkejnr!b`me m`

jnl`mdmhre qrpsjrsph. A!u` opherh h pedhv`

qoevhthwmh hmhvh`rhbh b nak`qrr` m` nrap`m`r`,q vek d` qe nrcnbnph m` mnbhre g`ok`uh.

G`qhkb`mern m` noep`rhbm`r` qzbleqrhlnqr b

@kh`mq` h sqzbzpxemqrb`mern m` jk~wnbh bnemmh

qonqnamnqrh ye onbnkh m` ebpnoeiqjhre

q z ~ g m h w e q j h d z p f ` b h d ` o p e l ` u m ` r

mednqr`rzvhre b ebpnoeiqjhre nrap`mhrekmh

qonqnamnqrh h d` sw`qrb`r on-nqeg`rekmn h

etejrhbmn b nqzyeqrb!b`mhre nr M@RN noep`vhh.Regh ondnapemh! ye qe dnozkb`r q sqhkh!r` m`

Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g d` p`gbhe bnemmhre qh

qonqnamnqrh h d` pe`khghp` ckna`km`r` qh vek,qzgd`b`ijh qhkh g` azpgn pe`chp`me q p`glep m`

`pleiqjh jnposq.

Op`fjh!r `mc`fhlemr g` bnemmhre

qonqnamnqrh

Hmhvh`rhb`r` g` nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh ae

m`qnwem` jzl qzgd`b`mern m` bnemmh qonqnamnqrh,jzl jnhrn M@RN h bqhwjhre ls wkemnbe qe

qrpel!r , mn me opedbhfd`xe qoevh`kem

`mc`fhlemr nr qrp`m` m` bq!j` dzpf`b`-wkemj`.G` p`gkhj` nr rnb` oph Op`fjh! `mc`fhlemr g`

nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh bq!j` qz~gmhweqj`

dzpf`b` rbzpdn h osakhwmn onel` g`dzkfemhern

d` hgbzpxh qoevhthwmh ondnapemh! b jk~wnbh

bnemmh qonqnamnqrh b rnwmn nopedekem qpnj h q

jnmrpnk m` bhqnjn p`bmhye m`d hgozkmemhern.

Jk~wnbhre nak`qrh bzb bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh

bjk~wb`r qrp`rechweqjhre bzgdsxmh h lnpqjh

opebngh, dng`pefd`me bzb bzgdsu`, lnahkmn

animn nqhcsp!b`me h ondp`gdekemh! g`

l ` r e p h ` k m n - r e u m h w e q j n h l e d h v h m q j n

n q h c s p ! b ` m e ; j n l ` m d b ` m e , j n m r p n k h

jnlsmhj`vhh ; m`ak~demhe m` m`gelmh vekh nr

b z g d s u ` ; p ` g s g m ` b ` m e , m ` a k ~ d e m h e h

vekesj`gb`me ; anim` etejrhbmnqr, bjk~whrekmn

bhqnjnrnwmh npzfh! h mesrp`khghp`me m`

bp`feqj`r` bnemmn-bzgdsxm` nrap`m` ; h g`yhr`

nr uhlhweqjh, ahnknchweqjh, p`dhnknchwmh h

!dpemh npzfh!.9

Sjpeob`mern m` nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh

m`k`c` pedhv` qz~gmhweqjh dzpf`bh d` opnlem!r

ophnphrerhre b a~dfer` g` nrap`m`r`, j`rn

m`ophlep qe qzjp`rh whqkemnqrr` m` bznpzfemhre

qhkh h nqbnandemhre qpedqrb` qe opem`qnw`r jzl

lndepmhghp`me m` reumhj`r`. Bzopejh rnb` b

lmncn qksw`h p`vhnm`khghp`mern m` p`gundhre

m!l` d` e dnqr`rzwmn h ye qe m`knfh

dnozkmhrekmn thm`mqhp`me. G`rnb` qe opnswb`r

b q ! j ` j b h p e x e m h ! m ` o p n a k e l h r e q

nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh, oph jnhrn hl`

norhl`kmn qznrmnxemhe vem`-etejrhbmnqr, j`rn

m`ophlep cpsohp`mern m` bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh,on-r!qm` qoevh`khg`vh! m` pnkhre, qzbleqrmn

ophdnahb`me m` bnemmn nanpsdb`me h reumhj` h

qzbleqrmn h lmncnm`vhnm`kmn thm`mqhp`me.

Nr lnlemr` m` nqzyeqrb!b`mern qh Op`fjh!r

`mc`fhlemr g` bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh ye slmnfh

m`i -l`kjn werhph ozrh apn! m` refjhre

rp`mqonprmh q`lnkerh b Ebpno` , ` wpeg

cpsohp`mern m` qpedqrb`r` ebpnoeiqjhre

qz~gmhvh gm`whrekmn ye sbekhw`r bzglnfmnqrhre

q` g` dng`pefd`me bzb bzgdsu`. Dn 2007 c. ye

azde sbekhwem q 40 % onremvh`kzr nr dnqr`b!mh

on bzgdsu` bhqnjnrnwmh npzfh!, opnhgbedemh

hgbzm Q@Y.

Qhkhre g` azpgn pe`chp`me m` M@RN

Qhkhre g` azpgn pe`chp`me, qm`ademh q m`i-mnbhre

reumnknchh, ye azd`r czbj`bh, azpgn p`gcpzy`yh

qe, noep`rhbmn qzbleqrhlh h ophcndemh g`

dzkcnrp`imh noep`vhh h ye qzdzpf`r qsunozrmh,bnemmnlnpqjh h bnemmnbzgdsxmh ekelemrh,qonqnamh d` hgozkm!b`r vekh! qoejrzp lhqhh m`

M@RN. P`gbhrhern m` regh qhkh q bhqnj` qreoem m`

anecnrnbmnqr ye onqksfh h j`rn j`r`khg`rnp g`

bzbefd`mern m` ondnapemh! h onbhx`b`me m`

noep`rhbm`r` qzbleqrhlnqr bzb bnemmhre

qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN h g` opndzkf`b`y`r` hl

rp`mqtnpl`vh! q ncked d` qe `d`orhp`r jzl

opnlem!yhre qe opedhgbhj`rekqrb` jzl

qhcspmnqrr`.

Qked ozpb`r` jnmtepemvh! on qzgd`b`me m`

qhkhre opeg ~kh 2003 c., opeg njrnlbph qzy`r`

cndhm` aexe qzgd`demn m`w`kmnrn !dpn m` regh

qhkh. Nw`jb` qe re d` opelhm`r b ozpbnm`w`km`

noep`rhbm` cnrnbmnqr m`i-jzqmn opeg njrnlbph

2004 c., ` b ozkm` - opeg njrnlbph 2006. Rnc`b`

qhkhre g` azpgn pe`chp`me ye m`apn!b`r 21 000dsxh h ye p`gonk`c`r q m`i-mnbhre lndekh animh

q`lnkerh, jnp`ah, bnemmnrp`mqonprmh l`xhmh,lnahkmn animn nqhcsp!b`me , l`reph`kmn -r e u m h w e q j n h l e d h v h m q j n n q h c s p ! b ` m e ,jnlsmhj`vhh h p`gsgm`b`me. Re ye qe p`gcpzy`r

g` oer dmh b gnm` m` jphg` h ye lnc`r d` nqhcsp!r

qnaqrbem`r` qh onddpzfj` g` 30 dmh.

Mnb` qrpsjrsp` m` bnemmnrn jnl`mdb`me

Qrpsjrsp`r` m` bnemmnrn jnl`mdb`me, jn!rn

khdephre m` qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh nwepr`u` b

Op`c`, ye azde nkejnrem`, on-etejrhbm` h q on-cnkelh bzglnfmnqrh g` p`gcpzy`me. R! ye

bjk~wb` dbe qrp`rechweqjh jnl`mdb`mh!, edmnrn

noep`rhbmn, dpscnrn tsmjvhnm`kmn. Mnb`r`

jnl`mdm` qrpsjrsp` ae nopedekem` b ondpnamnqrh

opeg ~mh 2003 c. R! nrcnb`p! m` onrpeamnqrr` nr

on-l`knwhqkemh, mn on-czbj`bh h qonqnamh g`

azpgn p`gcpzy`me qhkh , on-ondund!yh g`

hgozkmemhe m` mnbhre g`d`wh m` M@RN. Apn!r m`

jnl`mdb`mh!r` ae qbedem nr 20 m` 11 h

nrcnbnpmnqrhre hl a!u` opedethmhp`mh.

Qec` bqhwjh noep`rhbmh y`anbe opelhm`b`r ond

Qz~gmhweqjnrn jnl`mdb`me on noep`vhhre jzl

Bzpunbm`r` y`ajb`prhp` m` Qz~gmhre qhkh b

Ebpno` (SHAPE) b Aekch!. Rn qe onddzpf` nr dbe

qzbleqrmh jnl`mdb`mh!, qonqnamh d` hgkzwb`r

y`a m` lmncnm`vhnm`kmh qzbleqrmh noep`rhbmh

qhkh (LQNQ ) g` qsunozrmh noep`vhh , h

melmncnapnem, mn lnyem onqrn!mem qzbleqrem

y`a, jnirn lnfe d` hgozkm!b` tsmjvhh m`

bnemmnlnpqjh LQNQ . LQNQ hl`r czbj`b`

j n l ` m d m ` q r p s j r s p ` , o n g b n k ! b ` y ` m `

jnl`mdb`yhre d` hqj`r sqksch nr p`gkhwmh qrp`mh

b g`bhqhlnqr nr qoevhthwmhre onrpeamnqrh m`

bq!j` bnemm` noep`vh!.

M n b n r n Q z ~ g m h w e q j n j n l ` m d b ` m e o n

rp`mqtnpl`vh!r` jnmrpnkhp` opeqrpsjrsphp`mern

m` bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN h adh g`

g`qhkb`me m` noep`rhbm`r` qzbleqrhlnqr m`

qz~gmhweqjhre qhkh. Rn g`lem! opedhxmnrn

10

jnl`mdb`me g` @rk`mrhj` h hl` y`a b

Qzeghmemhre y`rh - Mnptnkj, y`r` Bhpdfhmh!,j`jrn h a`g` b Ebpno`. T`jrzr, we Bzpunbmh!r

qz~gem jnl`mdb`y on Rp`mqtnpl`vh!r` (ACT)nck`b!b` h jnl`mdb`mern m` naedhmemhre

bznpzfemh qhkh m` Q@Y, dbhc`rek m` bzrpexmhre

opnlemh b `lephj`mqj`r` `plh!, mnqh !bmh

o p e d h l q r b ` . B z p u n b m h ! r j n l ` m d b ` y o n

rp`mqtnpl`vh!r` ye hcp`e jk~wnb` pnk! g`

`d`orhp`me m` bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh h p`gbhb`me

m` dnjrphm`r` g` mnbhre qhkh g` azpgn pe`chp`me

m` M@RN.

Anpa` q mnbhre g`ok`uh

B Op`c` a!u` ndnapemh pedhv` hmhvh`rhbh g`

sjpeob`me m` qonqnamnqrhre m` M@RN g` anpa` q

repnphgl` h dpschre mnbh g`ok`uh g`

qhcspmnqrr`. Aexe opher` bnemm` jnmveovh! g`

nrap`m` qpeys repnphgl`. Ndnapem ae h Ok`m g`

deiqrbhe qpeys repnphgl`, jnirn naub`y` h

qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h opedbhfd` nalem m`

p`gsgm`b`rekm` hmtnpl`vh! h ondnap!b`me m`

qreoemr` m` ondcnrnbj` m` cp`fd`mqjh! qejrnp

g` ebemrs`kmh `r`jh qpeys vhbhkmnrn

m`qekemhe q uhlhweqjh , ahnknchweqjh h

p ` d h n ` j r h b m h b e y e q r b ` h o n l n y b

opendnk!b`mern m` onqkedhvhre nr r!u.

A!u` ndnapemh oer hmhvh`rhbh g` sjpeob`me m`

g`yhr`r` m` M@RN qpeys !dpemh, ahnknchweqjh h

uhlhweqjh npzfh! : qzgd`b`mern m` nohrm`

lnahkm` k`anp`rnph! g` `m`khg, nohrem nrp!d g`

pe`chp`me oph r`jhb` m`o`demh!, bhprs`kem

`b`mc`pdem vemrzp g` g`yhr` nr r`jhb` npzfh! ;g`o`q nr qpedqrb` g` ahnknchweqj` h uhlhweqj`

g`yhr` h qhqrel` g` eohdelhnknchwem jnmrpnk.Nqbem rnb` g`onwm` hgqkedb`me b nak`qrr` m`

opnrhbnp`jerm`r` nrap`m` m` Qz~g`, jnern

`m`khghp` bqhwjh bzglnfmnqrh g` g`yhr` m`

rephrnph!r`, bznpzfemhre qhkh h m`qekemhern m`

qrp`mhre-wkemjh nr vekh! qoejrzp g`ok`uh,q b z p g ` m h q p ` j e r h r e . S j p e o b ` r q e h

nrap`mhrekmhre qonqnamnqrh qpeys jhaepmerhwmh

`r`jh.

M` 1 dejelbph 2003 c. mnb lmncnm`vhnm`kem

a`r`k|nm g` uhlhweqj`, ahnknchwm`, p`dhnknchwm`

h !dpem` g`yhr` opelhm` b m`w`km` noep`rhbm`

cnrnbmnqr. P`gonknfem b Khaepev, Qebepm` Weuh!,a`r`k|nmzr rp!ab` d` opelhme b ozkm`

noep`rhbm` cnrnbmnqr g` hgozkmemhe m` noep`vhh

m` M@RN m`i -jzqmn dn ~kh 2004 c . Oph

qzgd`b`mern ls b mecn sw`qrb`u` jnmrhcemrh m` 13qrp`mh : Aekch!, Bekhjnaphr`mh!, Hqo`mh!,Hr`kh!, J`m`d`, Mnpbech!, Onkx`, Onprsc`kh!,Pslzmh!, Q@Y, Rspvh!, Smc`ph! h Weuh!.

11

Opnlem!y`r` qe pnk! m` bznpzfemhreqhkh m` M@RN

> 4

Nr nqmnb`b`mern m` M@RN nqmnbm`r` pnk! m`

qz~gmhre bznpzfemh qhkh bhm`ch e ahk` d`

c`p`mrhp`r qhcspmnqrr` h rephrnph`km`r` v!knqr

m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh. C`p`mrhp`mern m` qhcspmnqrr`

wpeg bzgqohp`me h jnkejrhbm` nrap`m` qh nqr`b`

nqmnbm` g`d`w` h dmeq, mn qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r`

bnim` pnk!r` h npc`mhg`vh!r` m` bznpzfemhre

qhkh m` M@RN operzpo!u` qephngmh opnlemh, g` d`

qe `d`orhp`r jzl opnlem!yh! qe jnmrejqr b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` h d` g`qhk!r bnemmnrn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn qzq qrp`mhre o`prm|nph.

On bpele m` Qrsdem`r` bnim` ok`mhp`mern m`

nrap`m`r` b M@RN qe g`mhl`b`xe opedhlmn q

onddzpf`me m` menaundhlhre qonqnamnqrh g`

g`yhr` nr ebemrs`km` `cpeqh! nr qrp`m` m`

Qzberqjh! qz~g h B`px`bqjh! dncnbnp. Qked

o`d`mern m` Aepkhmqj`r` qrem` m!jnh jphrhvh

ondlerm`u`, we bewe m!l` msfd` nr M@RN. Mn

bzopejh nrqk`ab`mern m` jnmtpnmr`vh!r`

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` qhcspmnqr qr`m` on-qknfm` h

bzgmhjm`u` pedhv` mnbh opedhgbhj`rekqrb` hgbzm

Ebpno`, bjk~whrekmn opnb`khkhre qe dzpf`bh,p`gopnqrp`memhern m` npzfh! g` l`qnbn

smhynfemhe h m` qpedqrb`r` g` r!um`r` dnqr`bj`

h repnphglzr. Mnbh!r dmebem ped b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspqmnqrr` qe nwepr` nye b m`w`knrn m` 90-re

cndhmh q bzgmhjb`mern m` ermhweqjhre jnmtkhjrh

m` A`kj`mhre, jzdern qe m`knfh qhkhre m` M@RN

d` hcp`!r pnk! b onddzpf`mern m` lhp` h

pecskhp`mern m` jphgh.

B on-akhgjnrn lhm`kn repnphqrhwmhre `remr`rh nr

qeorelbph 2001 c. h onqkedb`khre ch noep`vhh b

@tc`mhqr`m g` hgdhpb`me m` @k -J`id` ,repnphqrhwm`r` cpsohpnbj`, onek` nrcnbnpmnqrr`

g` r!u, sqhkhu` g`cphfemnqrr` nr g`ok`uhre nr

r e p n p h g l ` , o p n b ` k h k h r e q e d z p f ` b h h

p`gopnqrp`memhern m` npzfh! g` l`qnbn

smhynfemhe. Onm`qrn!yel qhkhre m` M@RN

dnophm`q!r g` anpa`r` q repnphgl` h hcp`!r on-xhpnj` pnk! b lefdsm`pndmhre noep`vhh on

onddzpf`me m` lhp`, jnhrn g` ozpbh ozr b

mecnb`r` hqrnph!r` nrbednu` @kh`mq` nrbzd

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`. H l`j`p we g`ok`uhre, q

jnhrn dmeq qe qakzqjb` M@RN, onremvh`kmn me q`

r`j` `onj`khorhwmh , j`jrn on bpelern m`

Qrsdem`r` bnim` , re q` qzbqel pe`kmh ,melhmselh h weqrn meopedbhdhlh.

Nahjmnbemhre bznpzfemh qhkh m` M@RN

Qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim` nayh!r whqkem

qzqr`b m` nahjmnbemhre bznpzfemh qhkh

gm`whrekmn ae qzjp`rem : nr m`w`knrn m` 90-re

cndhmh dnqec` khwmh!r qzqr`b m` qsunozrmhre

qhkh, opednqr`bemh m` M@RN nr qrp`mhre-wkemjh,ae qzjp`rem q 35 %, apn!r m` cnkelhre jnp`ah m`

bnemmnlnpqjhre qhkh ae m`l`kem q 30 %, ` rngh m`

animhre eqj`dphkh m` BBQ, q njnkn 40 %. On-cnk!l`r` w`qr nr qhkhre bewe me qe onddzpf`r bzb

b h q n j ` q r e o e m m ` a n e c n r n b m n q r h a ! u `

opeqrpsjrsphp`mh, g` d` qe g`qhkh czbj`bnqrr` h

lnahkmnqrr` hl h d` qe skeqmh mnb`r` hl pnk! b

noep`vhh on onddzpf`me m` lhp` h pecskhp`me m`

jphgh h etejrhbmnrn hl bg`hlndeiqrbhe q

tnplhpnb`mh! m` qrp`mh hgbzm M@RN.

Edhm nr ophlephre g` rnb` j`j mnbhre

naqrn!rekqrb` m`k`c`r opnlemh b npc`mhg`vh!r`

m` bznpzfemhre qhkh m` M@RN e bzbefd`mern m`

bnemm`r` jnmveovh! g` lmncnm`vhnm`kmhre

qzbleqrmh noep`rhbmh qhkh (LQNQ). R`gh

j n m v e o v h ! q z g d ` b ` c z b j ` b ` q r p s j r s p ` ,ongbnk!b`y` m` jnl`mdb`yhre d` hqj`r sqksch nr

p`gkhwmh qrp`mh b g`bhqhlnqr nr qoevhthwmhre

onrpeamnqrh m` bq!j` bnemm` noep`vh!. LQNQ q`

hgcp`demh h q vek d` skeqm!r sw`qrhern m` qrp`mh

hgbzm M@RN b noep`vhh on onddzpf`me m` lhp` h

d` ongbnk!r nqzyeqrb!b`mern m` azdeyh

pzjnbndemh nr EQ noep`vhh qzq qpedqrb` h

qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN.

Mnb`r` pnk! m` M@RN b pecskhp`mern m` jphgh h

onddzpf`mern m` lhp` (nohq`m` on-ondpnamn b

ck`b` 10) ophdnah cnk!ln gm`wemhe nr qped`r` m`

90-cndhmh. Nr 1992 c. dn 1995 c. qhkhre m` M@RN qe

`mc`fhp`u` q bnim`r` b Anqm` b ondjpeo` m` NNM,j`rn dnophmeqnu` g` jnmrpnk` h ophk`c`mern m`

m`knfemhre nr NNM q`mjvhh b @dph`rhwejn lnpe

h g`ap`mem`r` g` onkerh gnm` m`d Anqm` h

Uepvecnbhm` h nj`g`u` akhgj` bzdsxm`

onddpzfj` m` Qhkhre g` g`yhr` m` NNM m`

repem` . Bzgdsxmhre sd`ph opeg `bcsqr h

qeorelbph 1995 c., m`meqemh g` bdhc`me m`

naq`d`r` m` Q`p`ebn, ongbnkhu` d` qe opnlemh

qznrmnxemhern m` qhkhre m` repem` h d` qe

onqrhcme lhpmn spefd`me . On-jzqmn , opeg

dejelbph 1995 c., b p`ljhre m` l`md`r` m` NNM

12

M@RN p`gonknfh lmncnm`vhnm`kmh qhkh g`

ophk`c`me m` bnemmhre `qoejrh m` lhpmnrn

qonp`gslemhe.

Pnk!r` m` M@RN b pecskhp`mern m` jphgh ae

g`qhkem` opeg opnkerr` m` 1999 c., jnc`rn

qz~gmhvhre opedopheu` bzgdsxm` j`lo`mh!

qpeys ~cnqk`bqjh! pefhl, g` d` cn ophmsd!r d` qe

qznap`gh q hghqjb`mh!r` m` lefdsm`pndm`r`

naymnqr h d` opejp`rh onkhrhweqjhre h ermhweqjh

p e o p e q h h b J n q n b n . B o n q k e d q r b h e g `

bzgqr`mnb!b`me m` qr`ahkmnqrrr` b opnbhmvh!r`

r ` l a ! u ` p ` g o n k n f e m h g m ` w h r e k m h

lmncnm`vhnm`kmh qhkh, pzjnbndemh nr M@RN.

Dbe cndhmh on-jzqmn, b m`w`knrn m` 2001 c., b

qzrpsdmhweqrbn q mnbnrn delnjp`rhwmn

op`bhrekqrbn m` ^cnqk`bh!, M@RN qe `mc`fhp` q

opednrbp`r!b`mern m` jphg`r` b ^fm` Qzpah!,nak`qr q lmncnpnimn `ka`mqjn m`qekemhe. On-jzqmn opeg qzy`r` cndhm` , qzbleqrmn q

Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g, @kh`mqzr qe `mc`fhp` q

opeb`mrhbmh dhoknl`rhweqjh sqhkh!, g` d`

hgaecme hgasub`mern m` cp`fd`mqj` bnim` b Ahbx`

~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj` L`jednmh!*, m`qzpw`b`ijh

opecnbnphre on lhpmh! ok`m. Opeg k!rnrn b

qrp`m`r` a!u` p`gonknfemh l`knwhqkemh qhkh m`

M@RN q vek d` nqhcsp!r lhpmnrn p`gnpzf`b`me m`

asmrnbmhvhre h d` c`p`mrhp`r qhcspmnqrr` m`

lefdsm`pndmhre m`ak~d`rekh, h qr`ahkmnqr` me

qked dzkcn aexe bzgqr`mnbem`.

Noep`vhhre m` A`kj`mhre ongbnkhu` m` qhkhre m`

M@RN d` m`rpso`r anc`r nohr b lhqhhre on

onddzpf`me m` lhp` h pecskhp`me m` jphgh h b

pzjnbndemern m` lefdsm`pndmh jn`khvhh ,bjk~wb`yh h qrp`mh hgbzm M@RN. Rnb` mnqh m`

@kh`mq` menvemhlh opedhlqrb` b qzbpelemmh!

qrp`rechweqjh jnmrejqr. Qked repnphqrhwmhre

m`o`demh! nr 11 qeorelbph, M@RN bqe on-weqrn e

ophgnb`b`m d` sw`qrb` b hgcp`fd`mern m`

qhcspmnqr b p`inmh m` meqr`ahkmnqr hgbzm

rp`dhvhnmm`r` ebpn`rk`mrhweqj` gnm`.

Opeg `bcsqr 2003 c. @kh`mqzr bge pexemhe d`

onele jnl`mdb`mern m` Lefdsm`pndmhre

slhpnrbnphrekmh qhkh b @tc`mhqr`m (@IQ@T), g`

d` dnophmeqe g` hgcp`fd`me m` qr`ahkmnqr b r`gh

nosqrnxem` nr dzkc` cp`fd`mqj` bnim` qrp`m`,jzdern p`go`dzr m` dzpf`bmnqrr` opednqr`b!xe

qhcspmn saefhye g` repnphqrhre. Opedh rnb`

M@RN hghcp` b`fm` pnk! b ok`mhp`mern h

onddpzfj`r` g` qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh, jnhrn

pzjnbndeu` @IQ@T. G`qhkem`r` pnk! m` M@RN

nqhcsp!b` ophelqrbemnqr h pex`b` opnakel` q

rzpqemern m` mnbh dzpf`bh, jnhrn d` onel`r

pzjnbndqrbnrn m` lhqh!r` m` bqejh xeqr leqev`.Khwmh!r qzqr`b m` M@RN p`anrh ond gm`lern m`

@IQ@T h opndzkf`b` d` deiqrb` q l`md`r` m`

NNM, jnirn opeg njrnlbph 2003 c. ae p`gxhpem h

naub`y` noep`vhh h hgbzm qrnkhv`r` J`ask.

Sw`qrhern m` M@RN b @tc`mhqr`m e ozpb`r` lhqh!

m` Qz~g` hgbzm cp`mhvhre m` ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r`

gnm`. Rn e hgp`g m` b`fmnrn pexemhe, bgern m`

qpey`r` m` bzmxmhre lhmhqrph m` qz~gmhweqjhre

dzpf`bh b Peij!bhj opeg l`i 2002 c., « M@RN d`

p`gonk`c` qzq qhkh, qonqnamh azpgn d` qe

ophdbhfb`r m`bq!jzde, jzdern e menaundhln, h d`

onddzpf` dzkcnrp`imh noep`vhh m` p`gqrn!mhe ».Meyn onbewe , qked pzjnbndem`r` nr Q@Y

noep`vh! qpeys pefhl` m` Q`d`l U~qehm, M@RN

ophe d` nj`gb` onddpzfj` m` pzjnbndem`r` nr

Onkx` lmncnm`vhnm`km` dhbhgh! b vemrp`kem

Hp`j, m` jn!rn opednqr`b! qhkh, knchqrhj`,jnlsmhj`vhh h p`gsgm`b`rekm` hmtnpl`vh!.Qz~gzr e cnrnb d` nj`fe ondnam` onddpzfj` m`

bq!j` dpsc` qz~gmhweqj` dzpf`b`, jn!rn onfek`e

rnb`.

B hglememh! qked 11 qeorelbph jnmrejqr

bnemmnlnpqjhre qhkh bk!gnu` b jk`qhweqj`r` qh

13

pnk!, g` d` nrbzpm`r m` mnbhre g`ok`uh. Nr

njrnlbph 2001 c. b p`ljhre m` noep`vh! « ActiveEndeavour » jnp`ahre m` M@RN o`rpskhp`r b

hgrnwmn Qpedhgelmn lnpe h jnmrpnkhp`r

lnpeok`b`rekmhre qpedqrb`, g` d` nrjph!r h

opednrbp`r!r repnphqrhwmh `jrnbe. On-jzqmn jzl

lhqh!r` hl a!u` dna`bemh eqjnprhp`mern m`

jnp`ah opeg Chap`kr`pqjh! opnkhb on r!um` lnka`

h qhqrelm`r` opnbepj` m` ondngphrekmhre jnp`ah.Pednl q pnk!r` qh bzb bzgohp`mern m` repnphgl`,bnemmnlnpqj`r` noep`vh! dnmeqe m!jnh

menw`jb`mh opedhlqrb` h hl` bhdhl etejr bzpus

qhcspmnqrr` h qr`ahkmnqrr` b Qpedhgelmn lnpe,jnern nak`cnoph!rqrb` rzpcnbh!r` h hjnmnlhj`r`.

_dpemhre qhkh m` M@RN

_dpem`r` onkhrhj` m` M@RN e nak`qrr` nr

bnemm`r` onkhrhj`, b jn!rn opeg hglhm`knrn

deqerhkerhe a!u` m`op`bemh m`i-p`dhj`kmh

opnlemh. On bpele m` Qrsdem`r` bnim` !dpemhre

qhkh m` M@RN hcp`eu` vemrp`km` pnk! b

qrp`rech!r` m` Qz~g`. M`khwhern m` gm`whrekem

apni !dpemh npzfh! h g`!bem`r` bnk! m`

op`bhrekqrb`r` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh d` onddzpf`r

rngh onremvh`k h ebemrs`kmn d` opha!cm`r dn

sonrpea`r` ls hl`u` bzgohp`y etejr me q`ln g`

sonrpea`r` m` !dpemh npzfh! nr dpsch qrp`mh, `

bznaye g` bq!j`jzb bhd `cpeqh!.

Jzl qped`r` m` 50-re cndhmh qrp`rech!r` m` r.-m`p.“l`qhp`m nrberem sd`p” qe nqmnb`b`xe m`

bzgohp`y`r` qhk` m` g`ok`u`r`, oph m`o`demhe

m`d jn!rn h d` e nr qrp`mhre-wkemjh, M@RN d`

m`meqe nrberem sd`p q bqhwjh bnemmh qpedqrb`, q

jnhrn p`gonk`c`, bjk~whrekmn h q !dpemn npzfhe.Opeg 1967 c. aexe bzbedem` qrp`rech!r` m`

“czbj`bh! nrcnbnp”, m`qnwem` jzl bzgohp`me nr

`cpeqh! wpeg dzpf`me m` ebemrs`kmh! `cpeqnp b

mebedemhe j`jzb ye azde nrbermh!r sd`p m`

M@RN, q jnmbemvhnm`kmh hkh q !dpemh npzfh!.M@RN opndzkfh d` ophk`c` r`gh qrp`rech! dn

jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim`.

Dmeq !dpemhre npzfh! hcp`!r dnqr` on-ncp`mhwem`

pnk! b qrp`rech!r` m` @kh`mq`. H rphre cnkelh

!dpemh dzpf`bh b M@RN – Q@Y, Bekhjnaphr`mh!

h Tp`mvh!, gm`whrekmn qzjp`rhu` !dpemh! qh

onremvh`k, b m!jnh qksw`h dn 80 %. Rzi j`rn on

naynophernrn bhfd`me naqrn!rekqrb`r`, oph

jnhrn ah lnckn d` qe nalhqk! sonrpea`r` m` regh

npzfh!, q` hgjk~whrekmn nrd`kewemh, re bewe me

q` m`qnwemh jzl nopedekem` qrp`m` hkh jnmjperem

hgrnwmhj m` g`ok`u`.

Nqmnbm`r` vek m` nqr`b`yhre !dpemh npzfh! e

o n k h r h w e q j ` : g ` o ` g b ` m e m ` l h p ` h

opednrbp`r!b`me m` bq!j`jzb m`rhqj wpeg

qzgd`b`me m` meopedbhdhlh h meophelkhbh g`

opnrhbmhj` phqjnbe oph `cpeqh! qpeys M@RN.G`edmn q nahjmnbemhre npzfh! re qzgd`b`r

meqhcspmnqr s bq!j` qrp`m` , jn!rn ah

bzgm`lep!b`k` d` rzpqh onkhrhweqjh hkh bnemmh

dhbhdemrh nr g`ok`u` q sonrpea` m` !dpemn,ahnknchweqjn hkh uhlhweqjn npzfhe qpeys

@kh`mq`.14

Q z y e b p e l e m m n q z ~ g m h v h r e n r d ` b m ` q `

`mc`fhp`mh q jnmrpnk` m`d !dpemhre npzfh!,p`gnpzf`b`mern h opednrbp`r!b`mern m` r!umnrn

p`gopnqrp`memhe. M@RN ondjpeo! sqhkh!r` g`

opedo`gkhbn h onqreoemmn qzjp`y`b`me m`

! d p e m h r e n p z f h ! h n c p ` m h w ` b ` m e m `

p`gopnqrp`memhern m` npzfh! g` l`qnbn

smhynfemhe. Menrd`bm` b Ck`bm`r` jb`prhp` ae

qzgd`dem Vemrzp on NLS qzq g`d`w`r` d`

dethmhp` hghqjb`mh!r` h d` jnnpdhmhp`

hmtnpl`vh!r` b r`gh nak`qr.

Qhkhre m` M@RN

Replhmzr “qhkh m` M@RN” lnfe d` bzbede b

g`aksfdemhe. Qz~gzr me p`gonk`c` q onqrn!mmn

deiqrb`y` `plh!. Bq!j` qrp`m`-wkemj` qe

g`dzkf`b` d` opednqr`bh m` M@RN nopedekem

bhd h whqkem qzqr`b bniqjh g` hgozkmemhe m`

opedb`phrekmn dncnbnpemh g`d`wh hkh

noep`vhh. Regh qhkh qh nqr`b`r ond m`vhnm`kem

jnmrpnk h qe opednqr`b!r m` @kh`mq` oph

onhqjb`me . Rnc`b` re opelhm`b`r ond

jnl`mdb`mern m` nthvephre nr M@RN.

B deiqrbhrekmnqr M@RN p`gonk`c` q rbzpde

n c p ` m h w e m h o n q r n ! m m h q h k h . L ` k j h r e

hmrecphp`mh lmncnm`vhnm`kmh y`anbe b

p ` g k h w m h r e y ` a - j b ` p r h p h q z q r ` b ! r

hmrecphp`m`r` bnemm` qrpsjrsp`. Nqbem rnb`

m!jnh noep`rhbmh qhkh, m`ophlep qhkhre m`

M@RN g` p`mmn opedsopefdemhe nr bzgdsu`,o n d d z p f ` r o n q r n ! m m h s q r ` m n b j h g `

jnlsmhj`vh! h opnrhbnbzgdsxm` nrap`m` h

m`ak~demhe. Onqrn!mmhre bnemmnlnpqjh qhkh,qzqr`bemh nr ncp`mhwem apni jnp`ah h khwem

qzqr`b nr bnemmnlnpqjhre qhkh m` m!jnh qrp`mh-wkemjh, qe p`gcpzy`r m` pnr`vhnmem ophmvho.

L`j`p we m!l` onqrn!mm` `plh!, M@RN lnfe d`

lnahkhghp` qhkhre m` 26-re dzpf`bh-wkemjh.Hmrecphp`m`r` lmncnm`vhnm`km` qrpsjrsp`

dnophmeqe g` onqrhc`mern m` aegopevedemrmn

p`bmhye m` noep`rhbm` qzbleqrhlnqr m`

bznpzfemhre qhkh, ejhohp`mh h naswemh d`

p`anr!r g`edmn qzck`qmn nayhre qr`md`prh h

opnvedsph. Rnb`, g`edmn q dzkcncndhxmh!r nohr

b pzjnbndemern m` lmncnm`vhnm`kmh noep`vhh

on pecskhp`me m` jphgh h no`gb`me m` lhp`,opebpzy` M@RN b aegvemem hmqrpslemr b

q z b p e l e m m h ! j n m r e j q r b n a k ` q r r ` m `

qhcspmnqrr`, b jnirn qop`b!mern q mnbhre

g`ok`uh hghqjb` jnnpdhmhp`m` lefdsm`pndm`

deimnqr.

15

P`gxhp!b`me m` gnm`r` m` qhcspmnqrwpeg o`prm|npqrbnrn

> 5

M@RN qe `d`orhp` jzl qrp`rechweqj`r`

naqr`mnbj` qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim`, j`rn

bzgophe edmn on-xhpnjn nopedekemhe m`

onm!rhern “qhcspmnqr” h k`mqhp` qrp`rech! m`

bqenaub`rmn o`prm|npqrbn h qzrpsdmhweqrbn b

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`, jnern h dn dmeq qh

nqr`b` edm` nr nqmnbmhre g`d`wh m` Qz~g` b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`. Opnveqzr qr`prhp`

opeg 1990 c., jnc`rn khdephre m` qrp`mhre nr

M @ R N o p h ! r e k q j h o p n r e c m ` u ` p z j ` ,opebzglncb`ijh qr`pnrn p`gdekemhe lefds

Hgrnj` h G`o`d`, h opedknfhu` mnbh nrmnxemh!

m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn qzq qrp`mhre nr Vemrp`km` h

Hgrnwm` Ebpno` h peosakhjhre nr ahbxh!

Qzberqjh qz~g.

Rnb` opnop`bh ozr! g` qzgd`b`mern m`

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber g` qzrpsdmhweqrbn

(Q@QQ) opeg dejelbph 1991 c. j`rn tnpsl g`

jnmqskr`vhh, vek!y hgcp`fd`mern m` bg`hlmn

dnbephe. M!jnkjn cndhmh on-jzqmn opnveqzr m`

o`prm|npqrbn m`bkege b mnb` t`g` qzq

qr`prhp`mern m` opncp`l`r` O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp

(OgL) opeg 1994 c . : naub`rm` opncp`l` g`

op`jrhweqjn dbsqrp`mmn qzrpsdmhweqrbn lefds

M@RN h nrdekmhre qrp`mh-o`prm|nph.

Dmeq M@RN h qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph naqzfd`r

pednbmn opnakelhre m` qhcspmnqrr` h nrap`m`r`

b p`ljhre m` Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber g`

o`prm|npqrbn (E@QO), jnirn m`qkedh Q@QQ opeg

1997 c. Qhkhre m` Qz~g` h m` o`prm|nphre weqrn

bg`hlndeiqrb`r, opnbefd`r qzbleqrmh swemh! h

bnimhvhre hl sw`qrb`r p`ln dn p`ln b

pzjnbndemhre nr M@RN noep`vhh on onddzpf`me

m` lhp` m` A`kj`mhre. M` qpey`r` m` bzpu` b

Op`c` opeg mnelbph 2002 c. a!u` opherh lepjh g`

g`qhkb`me m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds M@RN h

qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h g` tnjsqhp`me m`

o ` p r m | n p q j h r e d e i m n q r h b z p u s

opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` m` 21 bej b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr`.

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp

Edmn nr m`i-g`aekefhrekmhre lefdsm`pndmh

onqrhfemh! b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` opeg

onqkedmnrn deqerhkerhe e opncp`l`r`

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp (OgL). Nr m`w`knrn i opeg

1994 c. onj`m`r` g` sw`qrhe b me! ae opher` nr 30

qrp`mh : @bqrph!, @gepa`idf`m, @ka`mh!,@plemh!, Aek`psq, Ahbx` ~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj`

L`jednmh!*, Azkc`ph! , Cpsgh! , Eqrnmh! ,Hpk`mdh!, J`g`uqr`m, Jhpchgh!, K`rbh!, Khrb`,Lnkdnb`, Onkx`, Pslzmh!, Psqh!, Qknb`jh!,Qknbemh!, R`dfhjhqr`m, Rspjlemh!, Sgaejhqr`m,Sjp`im`, Smc`ph!, Thmk`mdh!, Uzpb`rqj`,Wexj`r` peosakhj`, Xbeiv`ph! h Xbevh!. Nr

r!u bewe deqer q` wkemnbe m` M@RN : Onkx`,Smc`ph! h Weuh! nr 1999 c. h Azkc`ph!, Eqrnmh!,Khrb`, K`rbh!, Pslzmh!, Qknb`jh! h Qknbemh! nr

2004 c.

Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm` h Qzpah! h Wepm` cnp` qzyn

hg!bhu` fek`mhe d` qe ophqzedhm!r jzl

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp h Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber

g` o`prm|npqrbn. Regh qrp`mh ye azd`r dnape

dnxkh b O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp, jnc`rn hgozkm!r

sqknbh!r`, onqr`bemh nr M@RN, lefds jnhrn e h

ozkmnvemmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn q Lefdsm`pndmh!

qzd g` bnemmhre opeqrzokemh! b ahbx`

^cnqk`bh!, h nqnaemn g`dzpf`mern h oped`b`mern

m` qzd` m` khv`r` , nabhmemh bzb bnemmh

opeqrzokemh!.

Nqmnb`m` m` op`jrhweqjn qzrpsdmhweqrbn h

bzgophel`mern m` delnjp`rhwmhre ophmvhoh,jnhrn q` b nqmnb`r` m` M@RN, opncp`l`r`

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp vekh sjpeob`me m`

qr`ahkmnqrr`, m`l`k!b`me m` g`ok`uhre g` lhp` h

hgcp`fd`me m` reqmh bpzgjh lefds qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h M@RN h onlefds hl. Qzymnqrr` m`

OgL e b rnb`, we hmdhbhds`kmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn

q bq!j` qrp`m`-o`prm|np qe `d`orhp` b g`bhqhlnqr

nr qoevhthwmhre i onrpeamnqrh h qe nqzyeqrb!b`

qznap`gmn q hgap`mh! nr meimnrn op`bhrekqrbn

phrzl h naub`r.

Nthvh`km`r` nqmnb` m` O`prm|npqrbnrn e

P`ljnbh!r dnjslemr, b jnirn qe nopedek!r

jnmjpermhre g`d`wh m` nrdekmhre qrp`mh-o`prm|nph, j`jrn h `mc`fhlemrzr m` qz~gmhvhre

d` jnmqskrhp`r bq!j` edm` nr r!u, jn!rn qwhr`, we

hl` op!j` g`ok`u` g` meim`r` rephrnph`km`

v!knqr, onkhrhweqj` meg`bhqhlnqr hkh qhcspmnqr.Bq!j` qrp`m`-o`prm|np onel` pedhv` dzkcnqpnwmh

o n k h r h w e q j h g ` d z k f e m h ! : d `

g`o`gh delnjp`rhwmhre nayeqrb`, d` nrqrn!b`

ophmvhohre m` lefdsm`pndmnrn op`bn , d`

hgozkm!b` g`dzkfemh!r` qh, opnhgrhw`yh nr

Sqr`b` m` NNM, Bqenay`r` dejk`p`vh! g` op`b`r`

16

m` wnbej`, G`jk~whrekmh! `jr nr Uekghmjh2 h

lefdsm`pndmhre dncnbnph g` p`gnpzf`b`me h

jnmrpnk m`d bznpzfemh!r`; d` qe bzgdzpf` nr

g`ok`u` hkh sonrpea` m` qhk` qpeys dpsch

dzpf`bh, d` g`whr` qzyeqrbsb`yhre cp`mhvh h d`

spefd` qonpnbere q lhpmh qpedqrb`. Onel`r qe h

on-qoevhthwmh g`dzkfemh! j`rn c`p`mrhp`mern

m` opngp`wmnqr m` ok`mhp`mern h a~dfer` m`

m`vhnm`km`r` nrap`m` g` nqzyeqrb!b`me m`

delnjp`rhwem jnmrpnk m`d bznpzfemhre qhkh h

p`gbhrhe m` qonqnamnqrh , ongbnk!b`yh m`

qznrberm`r` qrp`m` d` sw`qrb` qzbleqrmn q M@RN

b usl`mhr`pmh noep`vhh h noep`vhh on

onddzpf`me m` lhp`.

Hmdhbhds`km`r` opncp`l` g` o`prm|npqrbn qe

hgp`anrb` qzbleqrmn h qe ndnap!b` nr M@RN h

qznrberm`r` qrp`m`. Bzg nqmnb` m` ondpnaem

qohqzj q deimnqrh – P`anrm`r` opncp`l` on

o`prm|npqrbnrn - qe hgcnrb!r dbscndhxmh

opncp`lh, qznap`gemh qzq qoevhthwmhre msfdh h

hmrepeqh m` bq!j` qrp`m`. Qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn e

m`qnwemn opedhlmn jzl deimnqrh, qbzpg`mh q

nrap`m`r`, mn op`jrhweqjnrn bg`hlndeiqrbhe

lnfe d` bjk~wb` bqhwjh nak`qrh m` deimnqr m`

M@RN. P`anrm`r` opncp`l` opedk`c` deimnqrh b

m`d db`deqer nak`qrh j`rn nrap`mhrekm`

onkhrhj` h bnemmn ok`mhp`me, nrmnxemh! lefds

vhbhkmh! h bnemmh! qejrnp , ondcnrnbj` h

n a s w e m h e , o p n r h b n b z g d s x m ` n r a p ` m ` ,hmtnpl`vhnmmh h rekejnlsmhj`vhnmmh qhqrelh,pecskhp`me m` jphgh h ok`mhp`me m` cp`fd`mqj`r`

g`yhr` b hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh.

G` d` qe ongbnkh m` o`prm|nphre d` qzrpsdmhw`r

on-ozkmnvemmn q bnemmhre nr M@RN b noep`vhhre

on onddzpf`me m` lhp`, b p`ljhre m` Opnveq` m`

ok`mhp`me h opecked on OgL qe opednqr`b!r

m`qnjh g` noep`rhbm` qzbleqrhlnqr h hghqjb`mh!

jzl bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh. Hgcp`dem on ondnahe

m` bzrpexm`r` qhqrel` g` ok`mhp`me b M@RN, rngh

leu`mhgzl qe opedk`c` t`jskr`rhbmn m`

o`prm|nphre. Vekhre m` ok`mhp`mern, hkh vekh m`

o`prm|npqrbnrn, qe dncnb`p!r q bq!j` qrp`m`

onnrdekmn, ` m`opedzjzr qe nrwhr` m` ondpnamh

opeckedh. Rngh opnveq gm`whrekmn dnophmeqe g`

on-r!qmn qzrpsdmhweqrbn qzq qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph

b noep`vhhre on onddzpf`me m` lhp` m`

A`kj`mhre.

Q cndhmhre a!u` bgerh lepjh g` g`qhkb`me m`

noep`rhbmhre bzglnfmnqrh m` O`prm|npqrbn g`

lhp h on-hmremghbmn sw`qrhe m` o`prm|nphre b

ok`mhp`mern h bgel`mern m` pexemh!. Aexe

bzbedem` Jnmveovh! g` noep`rhbmhre qonqnamnqrh

q vek d` qe p`gbhe on-r!qmn h on-vekem`qnwemn

bnemmn qzrpsdmhweqrbn g` onbhx`b`me m`

etejrhbmnqrr` m` lmncnm`vhnm`kmhre qhkh. Nqbem

rnb` ae hgp`anrem` h Onkhrhjn-bnemmn p`lj` q

vek d` c`p`mrhp` g`qhkemh jnmqskr`vhh q

o`prm|nphre on bpele m` eqj`khp`y` jphghqm`

qhrs`vh!, jn!rn lnfe d` m`knfh p`gcpzy`me m`

qhkh g` onddzpf`me m` lhp`, h d` hl ongbnkh d`

sw`qrb`r nye m` p`mmhre er`oh b naqzfd`mern m`

noep`rhbmh! ok`m h b opnveq` m` jnlokejrsb`me

m` qhkhre.

Q vek qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph d` qe hmrecphp`r on-ozkmn b efedmebm`r` p`anr` on o`prm|npqrbnrn

jzl m!jnh y`ajb`prhph m` M@RN a!u` ophjpeoemh

ekelemrh m` y`anbe m` OgL, qzqr`bemh nr

nthveph nr qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph. Meyn onbewe, bzb

Bzpunbm`r` y`a-jb`prhp` m` qz~gmhre qhkh b

Ebpno` (SHAPE) b Lnmq, Aekch!, hl` qoevh`kmn

jnnpdhmhp`yn gbemn on o`prm|npqrbnrn, jnern

qzck`qsb` ondcnrnbj`r` h swemh!r` b p`ljhre m`

OgL, j`jrn h lefdsm`pndem jnnpdhm`vhnmem

vemrzp, jnirn opednqr`b! sdnaqrb` g` aphthmchre

h deimnqrhre on ok`mhp`mern m` bqhwjh qrp`mh

h g b z m M @ R N , o p e d n q r ` b ! y h b n i q j h g `

pzjnbndemhre nr Qz~g` lhpnno`gb`yh noep`vhh

m` A`kj`mhre h b @tc`mhqr`m.

2G`jk~whrekmh!r `jr nr Uekghmjh: opher opeg 1975 c. nr Jnmtepemvh!r` g` qhcspmnqr h qzrpsdmhweqrbn b Ebpno`,

rni nopedek! mnplhre m` lefdsm`pndmn onbedemhe, opedbhfd` lepjh g` sjpeob`me m` dnbephern lefds Hgrnj` h

G`o`d`, srbzpfd`b` g`whr`mern m` wnbexjhre op`b` h m`qzpw`b` hjnmnlhweqjnrn, jskrspmnrn h m`swmn-reumhweqjnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn. 17

Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh!r qzber g`

o`prm|npqrbn

Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh!r qzber g` o`prm|npqrbn

naedhm!b` qrp`mhre-wkemjh m` M@RN h qrp`mhre

o`prm|nph, nayn 46 dzpf`bh, b lmncnqrp`mem

tnpsl g` pednbem dh`knc h jnmqskr`vhh on

onkhrhweqjh bzopnqh h opnakelh, qbzpg`mh qzq

qhcspmnqrr`. Rni d`b` h onkhrhweqj`r` p`lj` m`

dbsqrp`mmhre nrmnxemh! lefds M@RN h qrp`mhre,sw`qrb`yh b O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp.

Pexemhern d` qe qzgd`de E@QO, bgern opeg 1997c., ae hgp`g m` fek`mhern d` qe nrhde on-d`kew nr

Q@QQ h d` qe qzgd`de tnpsl b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr`, nrp`g!b`y on-dnape bqe on-anc`rhre

nrmnxemh! q o`prm|nphre b p`ljhre m`

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp h m` lhpnno`gb`yhre

noep`vhh b Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm`, jzdern opeg 1996c. a!u` p`gczpm`rh bniqjh nr 14 qrp`mh-o`prm|nph

pednl q regh m` qz~gmhvhre.

Qzgd`b`mern m` E@QO dnide j`rn dnozkmemhe jzl

o`p`kekmn bgerhre lepjh g` p`gxhp!b`me m`

pnk!r` m` O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp, g` d` qe g`qhkh

sw`qrhern m` o`prm|nphre bzb bgel`mern m`

pexemh! h ok`mhp`mern b vekh! qoejrzp nr

deimnqrh.

Nqbem jp`rjnqpnwmhre jnmqskr`vhh b E@QO on

`jrs`kmh onkhrhweqjh h qbzpg`mh qzq qhcspmnqrr`

bzopnqh edhm dbscndhxem Ok`m g` deiqrbhe m`

E@QO opedbhfd` dzkcnqpnwmh jnmqskr`vhh h

qzrpsdmhweqrbn b xhpnj jpzc deimnqrh. Re

bjk~wb`r pecskhp`mern m` jphgh h noep`vhhre on

onddzpf`me m` lhp`, pechnm`kmhre opnakelh,jnmrpnk` m` bznpzfemh!r` h opnakelhre ,qbzpg`mh q p`gopnqrp`memhern m` npzfh! g`

l`qnbn smhynfemhe; lefdsm`pndmh! repnphgzl,bzopnqh m` nrap`m`r` j`rn ok`mhp`me, a~dfer,nrap`mhrekm` onkhrhj` h qrp`rech! ; ok`mhp`mern

m` cp`fd`mqj`r` g`yhr` g` hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh h

ondcnrnbj` g` pe`chp`me oph ophpndmh aedqrbh!;qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b nak`qrr` m` bznpzfemh!r`;!dpem`r` aegno`qmnqr; cp`fd`mqjn-bnemmnrn

jnnpdhmhp`me m` sop`bkemhern m` bzgdsxmnrn

dbhfemhe h m`swmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn.

G`qed`mh! m` E@QO qe opnbefd`r bqejh leqev m`

p`bmhye onqk`mhvh, db` ozrh cndhxmn m` p`bmhye

lhmhqrph m` bzmxmhre p`anrh h m` nrap`m`r` h

18

m`w`kmhvh m` cemep`kmh y`anbe, j`rn oph msfd`

qe opnbefd`r h qpeyh m` m`i-bhqnjn p`bmhye.Opeg 2005 c qe opedbhfd` cndhxm` qoevh`km`

qpey` m` bzpu` , onqberem` m` b`fmhre

o n k h r h w e q j h b z o p n q h , g ` q ! c ` y h

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` naymnqr. Onbewern qrp`mh-o`prm|nph p`gjphu` dhoknl`rhweqjh lhqhh b

Ck`bm`r` jb`prhp` m` M@RN b Ap~jqek, jnhrn

skeqm!b`r pednbm`r` bpzgj` h npc`mhghp`r

jnmqskr`vhh, jnc`rn qe m`k`c`. M`ophlep m` 12qeorelbph, bedm`c` qked repnphqrhwmhre `remr`rh

qpeys Qzedhmemhre y`rh opeg 2001, onqk`mhvhre

m` qrp`mhre nr M@RN h m` qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph

sqo!u` g` lmncn jp`rjn bpele d` qe qzaep`r m`

g`qed`mhe. Qnkhd`pmnqrr`, jn!rn hgp`ghu` b rngh

dem 46-re qrp`mh-wkemjh m` E@QO, p`gonknfemh nr

Qebepm` @lephj` opeg Ebpno` dn Qpedm` @gh!, h

q z r p s d m h w e q r b n r n h l b o n q k e d q r b h e b

p z j n b n d e m ` r ` n r Q @ Y j ` l o ` m h ! q p e y s

lefdsm`pndmh! repnphgzl onj`gb`r dn j`jb`

qreoem o`prm|npqrbnrn b M@RN e qzgd`kn

hqrhmqj` jskrsp` m` ebpn`rk`mrhweqj` qhcspmnqr.

O`prm|npqrbnrn qked Op`c`

Qondekem`r` cnrnbmnqr g` bjk~wb`me b qhkhre g`

anpa` q repnphqrhwm`r` g`ok`u` m`leph jnmjperem

hgp`g b Ok`m` g` deiqrbhe qpeys repnphgl` b

p`ljhre m` o`prm|npqrbnrn, opher m` qpey`r` m`

bzpu` b Op`c`. A!u` opedopherh h lepjh g`

ondnap!b`me m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds M@RN h

qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph. Ondpnamh!r opecked m` E@QO

h O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp opeonpzw` g`qhkb`me m`

onkhrhweqjh! dh`knc q o`prm|nphre h p`gxhp!b`me

m` r!umnrn sw`qrhe b ok`mhp`mern, pzjnbndemern h

m`ak~demhern m` deimnqrhre, b jnhrn sw`qrb`r.Aexe bzbedem h mnb leu`mhgzl m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn,Hmdhbhds`kmh!r o`prm|npqjh ok`m g` deiqrbhe,jnirn me qe qzqr`b! bzg nqmnb` m` cnrnb qohqzj

deimnqrh, ` qe ophqonqna!b` jzl qoevhthwmhre

onrpeamnqrh h naqrn!rekqrb` m` qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph, m`qrn!b`yh g` on-qrpsjrsphp`m`

onlny g` bzrpexmhre qh petnplh. Bzg nqmnb` m`

onqrhcm`rh! b Op`c` m`opedzj g` qkedb`y`r`

qpey` m` bzpu` m` M@RN b Hqr`lask opeg 2004 c.,qe ondcnrb!r opedknfemh! g` nye on-ozkmn

ophqonqna!b`me m` O`prm|npqrbnrn jzl

hmdhbhds`kmhre onrpeamnqrh h qonqnamnqrh m`

o`prm|nphre q ncked m` pex`b`mern m` jk~wnbh

r e l ` r h w m h b z o p n q h - s q j n p ! b ` m e m `

n r a p ` m h r e k m ` r ` p e t n p l ` , b j k ~ w b ` y `

opeqrpsjrsphp`me m` bznpzfemhre qhkh h

ondnap!b`me m` noep`rhbm`r` qzbleqrhlnqr, h

g`qhkb`me m` pechnm`kmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn h

bg`hlnonlny.

19

Nrb`p!me m` M@RN g` mnbh wkemnbe > 6

Bq!j` ebpnoeiqj` qrp`m` lnfe d` qe ophqzedhmh

jzl M@RN. On qhk`r` m` wkem 10 nr B`xhmcrnmqjh!

dncnbnp, qrp`mhre-wkemjh lnc`r d` onj`m!r “bq!j`

dpsc` ebpnoeiqj` dzpf`b`, jn!rn e b qzqrn!mhe d`

p`gbhb` h sjpeob` ophmvhohre m` m`qrn!yh!

Dncnbnp h d` dnophm`q! g` qhcspmnqrr` b

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`”, d` qe ophqzedhmh

jzl Qz~g`. H deiqrbhrekmn qrp`mhre wkemjh, 12oph nqmnb`b`mern m` M@RN, qec` q` 26 qked oer

er`o` m` p`gxhp!b`me.

Bp`rhre m` M@RN nqr`b`r nrbnpemh . Qked

onqkedmh! er`o m` p`gxhp!b`me opeg 2004 c., jnc`rn

jzl Qz~g` qe ophqzedhmhu` Azkc`ph!, Eqrnmh!,K`rbh!, Khrb`, Pslzmh!, Qknb`jh! h Qknbemh!,dpsch rph qrp`mh-j`mdhd`rjh – @ka`mh!, Uzpb`rqj`

h Ahbx` ~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj` L`jednmh!*, qe

m`d!b`r m` azdeyn wkemqrbn.

Vekr` m` bqejh er`o m` p`gxhp!b`me e d` qe

p`gp`qrme ebpn`rk`mrhwej`r` gnm` m` qhcspmnqr h

d` qe sbekhwh lnyr`, edhmqrbnrn h fhgmemnqrr`

m` M@RN ; p`gp`qrb`mern m` npc`mhg`vh!r` me e

m`qnwemn qpeys hmrepeqhre m` rperh qrp`mh b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`.

Q bq!j` t`g` m` p`gxhp!b`me gnm`r` m` qhcspmnqr h

qr`ahkmnqr b Ebpno` qe p`gp`qrb`xe h p`mhre m`

jnmrhmemr`, hgqrp`d`k dbe bnimh opeg ozpb`r`

onknbhm` m` 20 bej, ` qked rnb` p`gdekem g`

werhphdeqer cndhmh nr fek!gm`r` g`beq` ,onqreoemmn g`p`qrm`u`. Czpvh! h Rspvh! qe

ophqzedhmhu` opeg 1952 c. Opeg 1955 c., q`ln deqer

cndhmh qked jp`! m` Brnp`r` qbernbm` bnim`, qe

ophqzedhmh h Tedep`km` peosakhj` Cepl`mh!, q

jnern pexhrekmn qe hmrecphp` b g`o`dmh! qb!r h

ondcnrbh sqknbh!r` g` azdeynrn naedhmemhe m`

Hgrnwm` h G`o`dm` Cepl`mh!. Qked nqrp` onkelhj`

b onkhrhweqjhre qpedh Hqo`mh! qe ophqzedhmh opeg

1982 c., mn nqr`m` hgbzm hmrecphp`m`r` bnemm`

qrpsjrsp` m` M@RN dn 1998 c. Pexemhern, bgern m`

qpey`r` m` bzpu` b L`dphd opeg 1997 c., Wexj`r`

peosakhj`, Smc`ph! h Onkx` d` azd`r onj`memh d`

g`onwm`r opecnbnph g` ophqzedhm!b`me, ae ncpnlm`

jp`wj` jzl opendnk!b`me m` p`gdekemhern nr

Q r s d e m ` r ` b n i m ` h o n d c n r b h o n w b ` r ` g `

ophqzedhm!b`mern jzl M@RN m` ahbxhre bp`cnbe nr

B`px`bqjh! dncnbnp.

P`gxhpemhern qked Qrsdem`r` bnim`

Ozpb`r` qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim` t`g` m`

p`gxhp!b`me qzbqel me aexe keqmn m`whm`mhe.

Pexemhern rp!ab`xe d` azde ndnapemn nr bqhwjh

qrp`mh-wkemjh. M`i-b`fmhre qznap`femh! a!u` d`

qe g`o`gh qonqnamnqrr` m` M@RN d` bgel` pexemh! q

jnmqemqsq h d` hl` c`p`mvhh, we p`gxhpemhern ye

g`qhkh ebpnoeiqj`r` qhcspmnqr. Rp!ab`xe d` qe

nrwere h opnakelzr q p`gundhre on p`gxhp!b`mern.Onpzw`mn opeg 1994 c. h osakhjsb`mn m` qkedb`y`r`

cndhm`, hgqkedb`mern g` p`gxhp!b`mern m` M@RN

qrhcm` dn g`jk~wemhern, we ophel`mern m` mnbh

w k e m n b e h o n k h r h w e q j h r e , b n e m m h r e h

hjnmnlhweqjhre hglepemh! m` p`gxhp!b`mern ye

nak`cnoph!rqrb`r onqrhc`mern m` nqmnbm`r` vek m`

Qz~g` – sjpeob`me m` qhcspmnqrr` h p`gxhp!b`me m`

qr`ahkmnqrr` b ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`. Sqonpedmn

q p`gbhrhern m` nrmnxemh!r` q Psqh!, Sjp`im` h

dpschre qrp`mh o`prm|nph, rngh opnveq naqksfb`

hmrepeqhre m` v!k` Ebpno`.

Jk~wnb bzopnq b dhqjsqh!r` g` ozpbnrn

p`gxhp!b`me qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim` ae j`j

d` qe hglemh psqjnrn bzgoph!rhe g` M@RN j`rn

bp`fdeaem jzl psqjhre hmrepeqh bnemem aknj.Qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh qe qzck`qhu`, we Psqh!

lnfe d` dnophmeqe gm`whrekmn g` qr`ahkmnqrr` h

qhcspmnqrr` m` Ebpno` h ophgm`u` , we

g`cphfemnqrr` i nr opnveq` m` p`gxhp!b`me

rp!ab` d` qe bgele ond bmhl`mhe. Qzyebpelemmn

rp!ab` d` qe g`whr` h op`bnrn m` bq!j`

meg`bhqhl` ebpnoeiqj` dzpf`b` d` hgahp`

m`whm`, on jnirn g`yhy`b` qhcspmnqrr` qh, h d`

pex`b` d`kh ye ophm`dkefh hkh me jzl

lefdsm`pndmh npc`mhg`vhh, j`jrn h op`bnrn m`

qrp`mhre-wkemjh m` M@RN m` qnaqrbemn pexemhe.Opedh d` nrop`bh onj`mhre m` Qpey`r` m` bzpu` b

L`dphd, M@RN onrzpqh m`whm d` g`qhkh h d`

hmqrhrsvhnm`khghp` qbn! dh`knc q Psqh!

onqpedqrbnl Nqmnbnonk`c`yh! `jr nr 1997 c. (bhf

ck`b` 7) h onrbzpdh `mc`fhlemr` qh d` me

p`gonk`c` !dpemh npzfh! h wsfdh bniqjh m`

rephrnph!r` m` mnbhre wkemnbe.

Bzg nqmnb` m` opeonpzjhre nr hgqkedb`mern g`

p`gxhp!b`mern m` M@RN h qked hmremghbem

hmdhbhds`kem dh`knc qzq g`hmrepeqnb`mhre

qrp`mh-o`prm|nph h p`gxhpemh jnmqskr`vhh lefds

qz~gmhvhre, Onkx`, Smc`ph! h Wexj`r` peosakhj`

a!u` onj`memh d` g`onwm`r opecnbnph g`

ophqzedhm!b`me opeg 1997 h nthvh`kmn qr`m`u`

wkemnbe m` M@RN m` 12 l`pr 1999 c.

Pedhv` qrp`mh a!u` p`gnw`pnb`mh, we me a!u`

onj`memh b ozpb`r` bzkm` m` p`gxhp!b`me qked

Qrsdem`r` bnim`, mn qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh

20

ondwepr`u`, we M@RN nqr`b` nrbnpem h g` dpsch

qrp`mh, jnhrn fek`!r d` qe ophqzedhm!r jzl mecn b

azdeye. M` qpey`r` m` bzpu` bzb B`xhmcrnm opeg

`ophk 1999 c. ae opedknfem Ok`m g` deiqrbhe g`

wkemqrbn (L@P), jnirn d` ondonlncme qrp`mhre-j`mdhd`rjh b ondcnrnbj`r` hl g` ophqzedhm!b`mern

(bhf j`pern). Qedel nr qrp`mhre, sw`qrb`yh b MAP -Azkc`ph!, Eqrnmh!, K`rbh!, Khrb`, Pslzmh!,Qknb`jh! h Qknbemh!, a!u` onj`memh d` g`onwm`r

opecnbnph g` ophqzedhm!b`me m` qpey`r` m` bzpu` b

Op`c` opeg mnelbph 2002 c.

Qked qeph! nr ondpnamh jnmqskr`vhh qzq qedelre

qrp`mh, qz~gmhvhre ondohq`u` ophqzedhmhrekmhre

opnrnjnkh m` onj`memhre opeg l`pr 2003 c. Qked

j`rn opnrnjnkhre a!u` p`rhthvhp`mh nr bqhwjh

dzpf`bh-wkemjh qzck`qmn qznrberm`r` hl

m`vhnm`km` h o`pk`lemr`pm` opnvedsp`, qedelre

m n b h q r p ` m h q e o p h q z e d h m h u ` j z l

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! dncnbnp m` 29 l`pr 2004 c.

Mnbhre qz~gmhvh rp!ab` d` opndzkf`r d`

nqzyeqrb!b`r b`fmhre qh `mc`fhlemrh b

petnpl`r`, nqnaemn b nak`qrr` m` nrap`m`r`.

Qked r`gh brnp` bzkm` m` p`gxhp!b`me qked jp`!

m` Qrsdem`r` bnim`, M@RN opndzkf`b` qbn!r`

onkhrhj` m` nrbnpem`r` bp`r`. Qz~gzr m`qzpw`b`

dpschre rph qrp`mh, sw`qrb`yh b MAP - @ka`mh!,Uzpb`rqj` h Ahbx` ~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj`

L`jednmh!* -, d` opndzkf`r sqhkh!r` qh on

nrmnxemhe m` petnpl`r`, nqnaemn b nak`qrr` m`

nrap`m`r` h qhcspmnqrr`. B qksw`! q Uzpb`rqj` nr

jk~wnbn gm`wemhe ye azde h ozkmnvemmnrn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn q Lefdsm`pndmh! qzd g`

bnemmhre opeqrzokemh! b ahbx` ^cnqk`bh!.

Ok`mzr g` deiqrbhe g` wkemqrbn

Opedknfem opeg 1999 c. h nqmnb`m m` nohr` nr

ozpb`r` bzkm` m` p`gxhp!b`me qked Qrsdem`r`

bnim`, Ok`mzr g` deiqrbhe g` wkemqrbn vekh d`

onlncme m` qrp`mhre -j`mdhd`rjh d` qe

ondcnrb!r g` ophqzedhm!b`mern qh jzl M@RN.Deber qrp`mh sw`qrb`u` b mecn nr q`lnrn m`w`kn

- @ka`mh! , Ahbx` ~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj`

L`jednmh!*, Azkc`ph!, Eqrnmh!, K`rbh!, Khrb`,Pslzmh!, Qknb`jh!, Qknbemh!. Jzl r!u opeg l`i

2002 c. qe ophqzedhmh h Uzpb`rqj`. Qedel nr

regh qrp`mh nr 2004 c. bewe q` wkemnbe m` M@RN.

G` d` qr`m`r wkemjh m` M@RN, qrp`mhre-j`mdhd`rjh rp!ab` d` dnj`f`r, we ophref`b`r

tsmjvhnmhp`yh delnjp`rhwm` onkhrhweqj`

qhqrel` h o`g`pm` hjnmnlhj`, we qe nrm`q!r jzl

l`kvhmqrb`r` b qznrberqrbhe q m`qnjhre m`

NQQE, we q` p`gpexhkh bqhwjh qzyeqrbsb`yh

qonpnbe qzq qzqedhre qh h on ophmvho q` g`

lhpmn pex`b`me m` qonpnbere; we lnc`r h hqj`r

d` dnophmeq`r g` bnemm`r` lny m` Qz~g` h d`

onqrhcm`r noep`rhbm` qzbleqrhlnqr q bniqjhre

m` dpschre qrp`mh-wkemjh; we nrmnxemh!r`

lefds cp`fd`mqjh! h bnemmh! qejrnp b qrp`m`r`

qznrberqrb`r m` delnjp`rhwmhre qr`md`prh.

Sw`qrhern b Ok`m` g` deiqrbhe g` wkemqrbn me

c`p`mrhp` azdeynrn ophqzedhm!b`me jzl

@kh`mq` . Mn rn ongbnk!b` m` bqhwjh

g ` h m r e p e q n b ` m h q r p ` m h d ` t n j s q h p ` r

ondcnrnbj`r` qh bzpus vekhre h ophnphrerhre,g`kecm`kh b ok`m`, h d` onksw`r qoevh`khghp`m`

onlny h qzberh nr M@RN. Ok`mzr naub`y`

bqhwjh `qoejrh m` wkemqrbnrn, bjk~whrekmn

o n k h r h w e q j h r e , h j n m n l h w e q j h r e ,nrap`mhrekmhre, peqspqmhre, hmtnpl`vhnmmhre,j ` j r n h ` q o e j r h r e m ` q h c s p m n q r r ` h

g`jnmnd`rekqrbnrn.

Bq!j` sw`qrb`y` qrp`m` qh hgahp` regh

ekelemrh nr ok`m`, jnhrn m`i-dnape nrcnb`p!r

m` onrpeamnqrhre i, h nopedek! qnaqrbemhre qh

vekh h p`anrem cp`thj. Q`lnrn sw`qrhe b

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp h nqnaemn b Opnveq` m`

ok`mhp`me h opecked on OgL e qzqr`bm` w`qr nr

ondcnrnbj`r`, g`ynrn ongbnk!b` m` qrp`mhre-j`mdhd`rjh d` p`gbh!r bznpzfemhre qh qhkh h

r!um`r` qrpsjrsp` r`j` , we on-dnape d`

bg`hlndeiqrb`r qzq qhkhre m` M@RN. Pednbmhre

qpeyh qzq qz~gmhvhre ongbnk!b`r m` bq!j`

qrp`m` d` jnmrpnkhp` qbn! m`opedzj h oph

msfd` d` onksw`b` onlny h qzberh. Nqbem rnb`

ophk`c`mern m` L@P pednbmn qe qkedh nr

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber.

21

Hgcp`fd`me m` mnbh nrmnxemh! q Psqh! > 7

M@RN hgcp`fd` lnqrnbe m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn q

Psqh! nr m`w`knrn m` 90-cndhmh. Qlhqzkzr m`

bg`hlndeiqrbhern lefds dzpf`bhre-wkemjh h

Psqh! e !qem : r`j` on-keqmn qe opendnk!b`r

nayhre opedhgbhj`rekqrb` b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr` h sw`qrhern m` Psqh! e nr jk~wnbn

gm`wemhe g` bq!j` xhpnjnnaub`rm` qhqrel` m`

qhcspmnqr b Ebpno` qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r`

bnim`.

Qked repnphqrhwmhre `remr`rh nr qeorelbph 2001c., jnhrn g`qhkhu` msfd`r` nr jnnpdhmhp`mn

o p n r h b n d e i q r b h e m ` n a y h r e g ` o k ` u h ,o`prm|npqrbnrn lefds M@RN h Psqh! onkswh mnb

rk`qzj h mnbn qzdzpf`mhe m` qpey`r` m` bzpu` b

Phl opeg l`i 2002 c. Aexe qzgd`dem mnb Qzber

M@RN-Psqh!, b jnirn qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh h

Psqh! sw`qrb`r j`rn p`bmnop`bmh o`prm|nph h

nalhqk!r bzglnfmnqrhre g` qzbleqrmh deiqrbh!.G`qhkh qe qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b pedhv` jk~wnbh

nak`qrh nr bg`hlem hmrepeq, j`jrn h on opnakelh,onp`fd`yh nay` g`cphfemnqr.

Pexemhern d` g`dzkanw`r o`prm|npqrbnrn qh e

hgp`g m` bg`hlm`r` bnk! m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh m`

M@RN h Psqh! d` bg`hlndeiqrb`r on-r!qmn g`

onqrhc`mern m` nay`r` vek - qzgd`b`me m` rp`em

h bqenaub`rem lhp b ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm` -,hgp`gem` g` ozpbh ozr oph ophel`mern m`

Nqmnbnonk`c`yh! `jr g` bg`hlmh nrmnxemh!,qzrpsdmhweqrbn h qhcspmnqr, jnirn qzgd`b`

p`lj`r` m` o`prm|npqrbnrn lefds M@RN h

Psqh!.

P`gbhrhe m` nrmnxemh!r`

Wkem-nqmnb`rek m` Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber

g` qzrpsdmhweqrbn nr 1991 c., Psqh! sw`qrb` b

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp nr 1994 c., ` nr 1996 c. psqjh

qhkh on onddzpf`me m` lhp` p`anrhu` g`edmn q

jnkechre qh nr M@RN m` A`kj`mhre dn hgreck!mern

hl opeg 2003 c. (bhf j`pern m` qrp. 26). Bzopejh

rnb` hqrhmqjhre nqmnbh g` p`gbhrhern m` edmn

qhkmn h rp`imn o`prm|npqrbn lefds M@RN h Psqh!

a!u` onknfemh q Nqmnbnonk`c`yh! `jr, ondohq`m

b O`phf m` 27 l`i 1997 c. Rnb` dnbede dn

qzgd`b`mern m` Onqrn!mmh! qzbleqrem qzber

M@RN-Psqh! (OQQ) j`rn tnpsl g` pednbmh

jnmqskr`vhh on nayh bzopnqh b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr` h hgcnrb!mern m` opncp`l` g`

jnmqskr`vhh h qzrpsdmhweqrbn.

Opeg qkedb`yhre oer cndhmh ae nraek!g`m

qzyeqrbem m`opedzj b hgcp`fd`mern m` bg`hlmn

dnbephe h opendnk!b`mern m` oncpexmhre

boew`rkemh! wpeg dh`knc. Opeg 1999 c., bzopejh

p`gkhwh!r` on nrmnxemhe m` bzgdsxm`r`

j`lo`mh! b Jnqnbn , jnhrn dnbednu` dn

edmncndhxmn opejzqb`me m` g`qed`mh!r` m` OQQ,m!jnh deimnqrh , bjk~whrekmn sw`qrhern b

lhpnno`gb`yhre noep`vhh b Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm`,opndzkfhu` aeg opejzqb`me.

Bzopejh rnb` `lahvhhre , nrp`gemh b

Nqmnbnonk`c`yh! `jr, mhrn g` lnlemr me a!u`

hgv!kn nqzyeqrbemh b p`ljhre m` OQQ. Mecnbh!r

tnpl`r – M@RN + 1 ngm`w`b`xe, we M@RN

sw`qrb` q bewe qzck`qsb`m` lefds qz~gmhvhre

onghvh! h Qz~gzr h Psqh! nalem!r hmtnpl`vh!

h qe jnmqskrhp`r l`kjn hkh onbewe m`

« dbsqrp`mm` » nqmnb`, opnvedsp`, jn!rn qe

nj`g` rpnl`b`, jnc`rn m`qrzoh w`qzr d` qe nrhde

nrbzd jnmqskr`vhhre h d` qe rzpqh on-jnmjpermn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn . Qked qzahrh!r` nr 11qeorelbph, oped qoexm`r` menaundhlnqr nr

jnnpdhmhp`mh deiqrbh! qpeys lefdsm`pndmh!

repnphgzl h dpschre mnbh g`ok`uh g`

qhcspmnqrr`, qz~gmhvhre h Psqh! onazpg`u` d`

q e b z g o n k g b ` r n r q k s w ` ! h h g d h c m ` u `

nrmnxemh!r` lefds M@RN h Psqh! m` on-bhqnjn

p`bmhye qzq qzgd`b`mern m` Qzber` M@RN-Psqh!, b p`ljhre m` jnirn qrp`mhre-wkemjh h

Psqh! qh qzrpsdmhw`r j`rn p`bmnop`bmh

o`prm|nph (bhf j`pern).

Opeg 1998 c. g` skeqm!b`me m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn

ae qzgd`dem` psqj` lhqh! jzl M@RN. On-jzqmn b

Lnqjb` ae nrjphr` hmtnpl`vhnmm` qksfa` m`

M@RN, jn!rn opednqr`b! qbedemh! g` mnb`r`

qzymnqr m` @kh`mq` h opedhlqrb`r` m`

o`prm|npqrbnrn m` npc`mhg`vh!r` q Psqh!. B

psqj`r` qrnkhv` ae nrjphr` h bnemm` lhqh! m`

M@RN q vek d` qe sbekhwh opngp`wmnqrr` h d` qe

p`gbhb` op`jrhweqjnrn bnemmn qzrpsdmhweqrbn.

G`dzkanw`b`me m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn

Qzberzr M@RN-Psqh! qe p`gbhb` j`rn etejrhbem

leu`mhgzl g` jnmqskr`vhh, qzrpsdmhweqrbn,onqrhc`me m` jnmqemqsq, bgel`me m` nayh pexemh!

h opedophel`me m` qzbleqrmh deiqrbh!. Opeg

ozpbhre 18 leqev` nr qzgd`b`mern ls, b p`ljhre

m` qzber` bewe qe qzqrn!u` jnmqskr`vhh g`

22

qhrs`vh!r` b @tc`mhqr`m, Qzpah! h Wepm` cnp` h

A n q m ` h U e p v e c n b h m ` , ` o p ` j r h w e q j n r n

qzrpsdmhweqrbn dnmeqe onkg` b pedhv` nak`qrh.

Qzberzr M@RN-Psqh! qzgd`de pedhv` p`anrmh

cpsoh h jnlhrerh on repnphgl`, p`gopnqrp`memhern

m` NLS, onddzpf`mern m` lhp`, opnrhbnp`jerm`r`

nrap`m` b re`rzp` m` animhre deiqrbh! ,hgbzmpedmhre qhrs`vhh b cp`fd`mqjh! qejrnp,n r a p ` m h r e k m ` r ` p e t n p l ` , m ` s w m n r n

qzrpsdmhweqrbn h opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` m`

qzbpelemmnrn nayeqrbn . M` ejqoeprh ae

bzgknfemn d` hgcnrb!r hmdhbhds`kmh opnejrh b

xhpnj jpzc nak`qrh. Onwrh m!l` dem, b jnirn

Qzberzr d` me g`qed`b` m` edmn hkh dpscn

p`bmhye, jnern dnbede dn aegopevedemrm`

hmremghbmnqr m` jnmr`jrhre h metnpl`kmhre

jnmqskr`vhh.

Anpa`r` q repnphgl` h mnbhre g`ok`uh g`

q h c s p m n q r r ` q ` j k ~ w n b h n a k ` q r h m `

qzrpsdmhweqrbn, b jnhrn qe onwsbqrb`u` h m!jnh nr

ozpbhre pegskr`rh nr g`qhkemnrn o`prm|npqrbn

M@RN-Psqh!. Hgcnrb!r qe h qe `jrs`khghp`r nayh

nvemjh g` qoevhthwmhre repnphqrhwmh g`ok`uh b

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`, hgqkedb` qe pnk!r` m`

bnemmhre b anpa`r` q repnphgl`. G`qhkh qe

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn qpeys p`gopnqrp`memhern m`

!dpemh, ahnknchweqjh h uhlhweqjh npzfh! h m`

reumnknchhre, qbzpg`mh q a`khqrhwmhre p`jerh :ondcnrb! qe nay` nvemj` g` ckna`kmhre remdemvhh

b p`gopnqrp`memhern m` npzfh! g` l`qnbn

smhynfemhe, ` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b nak`qrr` m`

opnrhbnp`jerm`r` nrap`m` m` re`rzp` m` animhre

deiqrbhh! naub`y` aegopevedemrm`r` no`qmnqr,qbzpg`m` q keqmndnqrzomhre h bqe on-rnwmh

a ` k h q r h w m h p ` j e r h . H m h v h ` r h b ` r ` g `

qzrpsdmhweqrbn bzb bzgdsxmnrn opnqrp`mqrbn

vekh g`qhkb`me m` bg`hlndeiqrbhern b nak`qrr`

m` sop`bkemhern m` bzgdsxmnrn dbhfemhe h

m`ak~demhern nr bzgdsu`, jnern ye sbekhwh

qhcspmnqrr` h opngp`wmnqrr` bzb bzgdsxmnrn

opnqrp`mqrbn h ye qonlncme d` qe opednrbp`rh

g`ok`u`r` nr hgonkgb`me m` q`lnkerh m`

cp`fd`mqj`r` `bh`vh! g` repnphqrhwmh vekh.

E d m ` n r n q m n b m h r e v e k h m ` b n e m m n r n

qzrpsdmhweqrbn e ondnap!b`mern m` noep`rhbm`r`

23

Qzberzr M@RN-Psqh!

Phlqj`r` dejk`p`vh! nr 2002 c., nqmnb`m` m`

vekhre h ophmvhohre nr Nqmnbnonk`c`yh! `jr

nr 1997 c., qzgd`b` Qzber` M@RN-Psqh! (QMP)j`rn leu`mhgzl g` jnmqskr`vhh, onqrhc`me m`

jnmqemqsq , qzrpsdmhweqrbn , qzbleqrmh

pexemh! h deiqrbh!, onqpedqrbnl jnirn

nrdekmhre qz~gmhvh h Psqh! p`anr!r j`rn

p`bmnonqr`bemh o`prm|nph on xhpnj qoejrzp

nr bzopnqh nr bg`hlem hmrepeq b nak`qrr` m`

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` qhcspmnqr. Onqrn!mmh!r

onkhrhweqjh dh`knc on bzopnqh m` qhcspmnqrr`

ongbnk!b` bzgmhjb`yhre opnakelh d` qe

nrjphb`r qbnebpelemmn, d` qe m`lep!r nayh

ondundh h jnc`rn e menaundhln , d` qe

opedophel`r qzbleqrmh deiqrbh!.

Mnbh!r Qzber, jnirn g`lemh Onqrn!mmh!qzbleqrem qzber M@RN-Psqh!, tsmjvhnmhp` m`

o p h m v h o ` m ` j n m q e m q s q ` . R n i q e

opedqed`rekqrb` nr Cemep`kmh! qejper`p m`

M@RN h qe qzahp` onme bedmzf leqewmn m`

p`bmhye onqk`mhvh h bnemmh opedqr`bhrekh,db` ozrh cndhxmn m` p`bmhye lhmhqrph m`

bzmxmhre p`anrh h m` nrap`m`r` h m`w`kmhvh

m` cemep`kmh y`anbe h oph menaundhlnqr, m`

m`i-bhqnjn p`bmhye. B`fem mnb ekelemr e

ondcnrbhrekmh!r jnlhrer jzl QMP, jnirn

g`qed`b` onme db` ozrh leqewmn, ondcnrb!g`qed`mh!r` m` p`bmhye onqk`mhvh h

hgbzpxb` opecked m` ejqoeprmhre deimnqrh b

p`ljhre m` QMP.

Qzberzr M@RN-Psqh! qe g`mhl`b` q bqhwjh

nak`qrh nr bg`hlem hmrepeq, sonlem`rh b

N q m n b n o n k ` c ` y h ! ` j r . G ` q h k b ` q e

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b pedhv` b`fmh qteph j`rn

anpa`r` qpeys repnphgl`, pecskhp`mern m`

jphgh, mep`gopnqrp`memhern m` npzfh! g`

l ` q n b n s m h y n f ` b ` m e , j n m r p n k ` m ` d

bznpzfemh!r` h hgcp`fd`mern m` lepjh on

sjpeob`me m` dnbephern, opnrhbnp`jerm`r`

nrap`m` m` re`rzp` m` animhre deiqrbh!,rhknbnrn nqhcsp!b`me, qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn

lefds bnemmh, nrap`mhrekm`r` petnpl` h

pe`chp`mern b hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh. On

bg`hlmn qzck`qhe m` sw`qrb`yhre jzl dmebmh!ped m` QMP lnc`r d` qe dna`b!r h dpsch

nak`qrh m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn.

qzbleqrhlnqr , rzi j`rn b qzbpelemm`r`

naqr`mnbj` bnemmhre rp!ab` d` q` naswemh d`

p`anr!r b lmncnm`vhnm`kmh qrpsjrsph h

jnl`mdb`mh!, g` d` lnc`r d` sw`qrb`r b noep`vhh

on onddzpf`me m` lhp` h pecskhp`me m` jphgh. B

p`ljhre m` Qzber` M@RN-Psqh! qe nqzyeqrb!b`

anc`r` opncp`l` g` ondcnrnbj` h nqzyeqrb!b`me

m` swemh!. Dpsc` nak`qr m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn e

knchqrhj`r`, bjk~whrekmn reqrnbe g` noep`rhbm`

qzbleqrhlnqr m` reumhj`r` h opnvedsphre bzb

bzgdsxmh! rp`mqonpr h dng`pefd`mern bzb

bzgdsu`. Qked onrzb`mern m` psqj`r` !dpem`

ondbndmhv` Jspqj h chaekr` m` 118-re wkemnbe m`

ejho`f` opeg `bcsqr 2000 c. g`onwm` hmremghbmn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrr` m` lnpqjhre

qo`qhrekmh noep`vhh. Opeg tebps`ph 2003 c. ae

ondohq`mn p`ljnbn qonp`gslemhe lefds M@RN h

P s q h ! g ` q o ` q ! b ` m e m ` e j h o ` f h r e m `

ondbndmhvhre.

Nrap`mhrekm`r` petnpl` e dpsc` nak`qr nr

bg`hlem hmrepeq. H Psqh!, h qz~gmhweqjhre

dzpf`bh hl`r msfd` nr `plhh q ondund!y whqkem

qzqr`b, ondcnrbemh h ejhohp`mh g` anpa` q vekh!

qoejrzp g`ok`uh m` 21 bej. L`j`p we m!l`

g`dzkfhrekm` quel` g` bnemm`r` petnpl`, Psqh!

lnfe d` qe bzgonkgb` nr nohr` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh m` M@RN, onbewern nr jnhrn nqzyeqrbhu`

p ` d h j ` k m h p e t n p l h o p e g o n q k e d m n r n

deqerhkerhe, g` d` ophqonqna!r bznpzfemhre qh

qhkh jzl qzbpelemmhre hghqjb`mh! . Qked

ozpbnm`w`km`r` jnmqskr`vh! q ejqoeprh opeg

njrnlbph 2002 c. g`onwm` qzrpsdmhweqrbn on

p`gkhwmh `qoejrh m` bnemm`r` petnpl`, j`rn

sop`bkemhe m` wnbexjhre h thm`mqnbhre peqspqh,l`jpnhjnmnlhweqjh, thm`mqnbh h qnvh`kmh

o`p`lerph h ok`mhp`me m` bznpzfemhre qhkh.Deimnqrhre on sqoexmh! qzbleqrem opnejr g`

opejb`khthj`vh! m` oemqhnmhp`mhre psqjh

bnemmh, opher b Lnqjb` opeg ~kh 2002 c., qe

p`gxhphu`. Nqbem rnb` jnkefzr m` M@RN on

nrap`m`r` b Phl nrosqm` g` 2003 c. dbe qrhoemdhh

m` psqjh sw`qrmhvh g` m`qzpw`b`me m`

hgqkednb`rekqj`r` deimnqr b nak`qrr` m`

nrap`mhrekm`r` petnpl`.

Nr 1996 c. Psqh! h M@RN qh qzrpsdmhw`r g`

p`gbhb`mern m` qonqnamnqrh g` qzbleqrmn

deiqrbhe b pe`chp`mern oph aedqrbh! j`rn

g e l e r p e q e m h ! h m ` b n d m e m h ! , j ` j r n h b

jnnpdhm`vh!r` m` deimnqrhre on opedbhfd`me h

opednrbp`r!b`me m` aedqrbh!r`. Hlemmn on

opedknfemhe m` Psqh! opeg 1998 c. ae qzgd`dem

Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh!r jnnpdhm`vhnmem vemrzp g`

pe`chp`me oph aedqrbh! (bhf j`pern m` qrp. 35).P`gmnnap`gmhre swemh! h qelhm`ph g` nj`gb`me m`

onlny oph aedqrbh!, weqrn bjk~wb`yh sw`qrmhvh

h nr dpsch qrp`mh-o`prm|nph, dnophmeqnu` g`

p`gbhb`me m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn lefds cp`fd`mqjh!

h bnemmh! qejrnp. B p`ljhre m` Qzber` M@RN-Psqh! deimnqrr` b r`gh nak`qr qe qzqpednrnw`b`

opedhlmn bzpus ondnap!b`me m` noep`rhbm`r`

qzbleqrhlnqr h opnvedsphre h nalem` m`

hmtnpl`vh! h nohr.

Qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn q Psqh! b nak`qrr` m` m`sj`r` h

reumnknchhre , jnern d`rhp` nr 1998 c . , e

qzqrpednrnwemn b rph nak`qrh, opedqr`bk!b`yh

nqnaem hmrepeq g` Psqh!: ok`glem` thghj`,p`qrhrekmh ahnreumnknchh h opedbhfd`me h

opednrbp`r!b`me m` ophpndmh aedqrbh! h

opnlhxkemh `b`phh. B p`ljhre m` m`swmh!

jnlhrer m` Qzber` M@RN-Psqh! qe nrjph h mnbn

onke m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn - ophk`c`me m` vhbhkm`r`

m`sj` b anp`r` q repnphgl` h mnbhre g`ok`uh,m`ophlep g` nrjphb`me m` ejqoknghbh hkh

hgsw`b`me m` qnvh`kmhre h oqhunknchweqjhre

onqkedhvh nr repnphgl`. Opnakelhre m` njnkm`r`

qped`, qbzpg`mh q cp`fd`mqj`r` hkh bnemm`r`

deimnqr, qzyn q` mnb` nak`qr m` qzrpsdmhweqrbn b

p`ljhre m` Jnlhrer` on opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r`

oped qzbpelemmnrn nayeqrbn, qzgd`dem b p`ljhre

m` Qzber` opeg 2003 c.

24

Lhpnno`gb`yh noep`vhh

B opndzkfemhe m` onbewe nr qedel cndhmh (dn

hgreck!mern ls opeg k!rnrn m` 2003 c.) Psqh!

opednqr`bh m`i-cnkelh! jnmrhmcemr nr qrp`mhre

hgbzm M@RN m` lhpnno`gb`yhre qhkh m`

A`kj`mhre, pzjnbndemh nr @kh`mq` q l`md`r m`

NNM, b jnhrn psqjhre bnhmh p`anreu` g`edmn q

bnhmhre nr qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh h nr

qrp`mhre o`prm|nph b ondjpeo` m` sqhkh!r` m`

lefdsm`pndm`r` naymnqr d` hgcp`dh rp`im`

qhcspmnqr h qr`ahkmnqr b pechnm`.

Psqjh!r jnmrhcemr ae p`gonknfem b Anqm` h

Uepvecnbhm` opeg !ms`ph 1996 c., jzdern aexe

ophd`dem jzl lmncnm`vhnm`km` dhbhgh! b

qebepm`r` gnm`, jnmrpnkhp`y` naxhpm` gnm` h

m`rnb`pem` d` npc`mhghp` efedmebmh o`rpskh,d` nqzyeqrb!b` opnbepjh on qhcspmnqrr` h d`

sw`qrb` b p`anr`r` on naynrn bzgqr`mnb!b`me h

usl`mhr`pmhre lhqhh j`rn ondonl`c`me m`

g`bpzy`mern m` aef`mvhre h hgqekemhre khv` on

dnlnbere hl.

Meg`bhqhln nr onkhrhweqjhre p`gkhwh! on

nrmnxemhe m` bzgdsxm`r` j`lo`mh! m` M@RN b

Jnqnbn opeg 1999 c., Psqh! hghcp` fhgmemnb`fm`

dhoknl`rhweqj` pnk! g` spefd`me h

opejp`r!b`me m` jnmtkhjr`. Meimhre bniqjh,p`gonknfemh opeg ~mh 1999 c., deiqrb`u` j`rn

qzqr`bm` w`qr nr Qhkhre g` Jnqnbn (JEITNP) dn

h g r e c k ! m e r n h l h b p ` l j h r e m `

lmncnm`vhnm`kmhre aphc`dh dnophmeqnu` g`

onddzpf`mern m` qhcspmnqrr` b hgrnwmh!,qebepmh! h ~fmh! qejrnp m` opnbhmvh!r` ;pednl q jnmrhmcemr` m` M@RN, nrcnbnpem g`

bzgdsxmnrn dbhfemhe , re nqhcsp!b`u` h

mnpl`kmnrn tsmjvhnmhp`me m` kerhyern b

Ophyhm` , ` b Jnqnbn onke npc`mhghp`u`

ledhvhmqjnrn naqksfb`me.

R!qmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn lefds M@RN h Psqh! m`

A`kj`mhre aexe nr qzyeqrbemn gm`wemhe g`

ondnap!b`me m` nrmnxemh!r` h hgcp`fd`me m`

dnbephe lefds psqjhre h m`rnbqjhre bnemmh.Qzgd`demnrn bg`hlmn dnbephe e qnkhdm` nqmnb`

g ` o n - m ` r ` r z x m n p ` g x h p ! b ` m e m `

q z r p s d m h w e q r b n r n l e f d s b n e m m h r e n r

qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh h Psqh!. Nqbem rnb` b

p`ljhre m` QMP ae opher` nay` jnmveovh! g`

qzbleqrmh lhpnno`gb`yh noep`vhh, b jn!rn qe

p`gbhb`r nayh ondundh, qzgd`b` qe p`lj` g`

jnmqskr`vhh, ok`mhp`me h bgel`me m` pexemh!

oph bzgmhjb`me m` jphg` h qe nopedek!r

nak`qrhre g` qzbleqrm` ondcnrnbj` h

opnbefd`me m` swemh!.

25

Qoevh`kmnrn o`prm|npqrbn q Sjp`im` > 8

B nrmnxemh!r` qh q Sjp`im` M@RN ophgm`b`

gm`wemhern m` edm` meg`bhqhl`, qr`ahkm` h

delnjp`rhwm` Sjp`im` h m`lepemh!r` m` qrp`m`r`

d` g`qhkh qbn!r` hmrecp`vh! b ebpnoeiqjhre h

ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhre qrpsjrsph. Rnb` ae hgp`gemn

b U`pr`r` g` qoevh`kmn o`prm|npqrbn nr 1997 c.,jn!rn opednqr`b! nthvh`km`r` nqmnb` m`

jnmqskr`vhhre lefds M@RN h Sjp`im` b nak`qrh,qbzpg`mh q ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` qhcspmnqr, h

qzgd`d`b` Jnlhqh!r` M@RN-Sjp`im`, jn!rn

pzjnbndh deimnqrhre on o`prm|npqrbnrn.

Nrmnxemh!r` lefds M@RN h Sjp`im` d`rhp`r nr

1991 c., jnc`rn qrp`m`r` qe ophqzedhmh jzl

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber g` qzrpsdmhweqrbn,meg`a`bmn qked j`rn onkswh meg`bhqhlnqr qked

p`go`d`mern m` Qzberqjh! qz~g. Qrpelefzr m`

qrp`m`r` jzl ebpn`rk`mrhweqj` hmrecp`vh! ae

onrbzpdem h opeg 1994 c., jnc`rn r! ozpb` nr

Naymnqrr` m` meg`bhqhlh dzpf`bh qe ophqzedhmh

jzl O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp. Nrrnc`b` bnk!r` m`

Sjp`im` d` dnophm`q! g` ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r`

qhcspmnqr ae delnmqrphp`m` b ondjpeo`r` i g`

M@RN h qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh b noep`vhh on

onddzpf`me m` lhp` h pecskhp`me m` jphgh.

G` d` qe skeqmh qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn, Sp`im` p`gjph

lhqh! b M@RN opeg 1997 c., ` qzy`r` cndhm` b Jheb

ae nrjphr hmtnpl`vhnmem h dnjslemr`vhnmem

vemrzp, jnirn on!qm!b` mnb`r` qzymnqr m` M@RN h

opedhlqrb`r` nr o`prm|npqrbnrn lefds

npc`mhg`vh!r` h Sjp`im`. Opeg 1999 c. b Jheb ae

nrjphrn h gbemn g` bpzgj` m` M@RN, jnern

ondonl`c` sqhkh!r` m` qrp`m`r` d` nqzyeqrbh

petnpl` b nrap`m`r`, j`jrn h sw`qrhern i b

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp.

M` qpey`r` b Op`c` opeg mnelbph 2002 c. q

ophel`mern m` Ok`m` g` deiqrbhe M@RN-Sjp`im`

nrmnxemh!r` M@RN-Sjp`im` gm`whrekmn qe

g`dzkanwhu` h p`gxhphu` (bhf j`pern).

Qzrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr`

M@RN h Sjp`im` `jrhbmn qh qzrpsdmhw`r b

c`p`mrhp`mern m` qhcspmnqrr` h qr`ahkmnqrr` b

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm` . M` A`kj`mhre b

opndzkfemhe m` cndhmh Sjp`im` opednqr`bh m`

pzjnbndemhre nr M@RN nlhpnrbnphrekmh qhkh b

Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm` oeunrem a`r`k|nm, leu`mhghp`m

oeunrem a`r`k|nm h eqj`dphk` uekhjnoreph. B

Jnqnbn Sjp`im` opednqr`bh eqj`dphk` uekhjnoreph

h gm`whrekem jnmrhmcemr, ophd`dem jzl onkqjn-sjp`hmqjh! qleqem a`r`k|nm. Dnj`gb`ijh nrmnbn

bnk!r` qh d` dnophmeqe g` lefdsm`pndm`r`

qr`ahkmnqr, Sjp`im` d`de p`gpexemhe g` opekhr`me

m ` j n ` k h v h n m m h r e q h k h , s w ` q r b ` y h b

lefdsm`pndmhre nlhpnrbnphrekmh qhkh @IQ@T b

@tc`mhqr`m, b jnhrn nrdekmh qz~gmhweqjh dzpf`bh

hcp`!r bndey` pnk! h whern jnl`mdb`me qe one nr

M@RN opeg `bcsqr 2003 c. Sjp`im` sw`qrb` h q 1800dsxh jnmrhcemr b pzjnbndemhre nr Onkx`

lmncnm`vhnm`kmh qhkh b edhm nr qejrnphre m`

lefdsm`pndmhre qr`ahkhg`vhnmmh qhkh b Hp`j, b

jnhrn sw`qrb`r bnhmh nr m!jnh qz~gmhweqjh h

o`prm|npqjh dzpf`bh.

Ondjpeo` g` petnpl`r`

M @ R N h n r d e k m h q z ~ g m h w e q j h d z p f ` b h

opednqr`b!r qzberh h op`jrhweqj` onlny m`

Sjp`im` b sqhkh!r` i d` hgbzpxh `lahvhngm`r`

petnpl`, g`kecm`k` b Ok`m` g` deiqrbhe M@RN-Sjp`im` h qbzpg`mhre q mecn cndhxmh vekebh

ok`mnbe. Bzopejh we nqr`b` nye lmncn p`anr`, ae

nqzyeqrbem m`opedzj . G`jnmnd`rekmhre

hmhvh`rhbh onk`c`r nqmnbhre g` onkhrhweqj`,hjnmnlhweqj` h nrap`mhrekm` petnpl` . B

qrp`m`r` a!u` qzgd`demh m!jnkjn op`bhrekqrbemh

qrpsjrsph g` jnmrpnk h jnnpdhm`vh! m` sqhkh!r` b

nqzyeqrb!b`mern m` petnpl`r`.

Edhm nr nqmnbmhre ophnphrerh e petnpl`r` b

qejrnp` m` nrap`m`r`, jzdern Sjp`im` lnfe d`

onkgb` nohr` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh m` M@RN.Onm`qrn!yel qrp`m`r` qe qrpelh d` p`gbhe mnb`

jnmveovh! b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` h mnb`

bnemm` dnjrphm` h d` nqzyeqrbh edhm ondpnaem

opecked m` nrap`m`r`. Qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds

M@RN h Sjp`im` hl` g` vek d` g`qhkh

delnjp`rhwmh! h cp`fd`mqjh! jnmrpnk m`d

bznpzfemhre qhkh h d` qzgd`de on-dnap`

noep`rhbm` qzbleqrhlnqr qzq qhkhre m` M@RN,j`jrn h d` onlncme m` qrp`m`r` d` rp`mqtnplhp`

sm`qkedem`r` nr ahbxh! Qzberqjh qz~g ncpnlm`,srefmem` b pzjnbndqrbnrn qh h gke nanpsdb`m`

qrpsjrsp` m` bznpzfemhre qhkh b on-l`kj`,lndepm` h on-aneqonqnam` `plh!, jn!rn d` e b

qzqrn!mhe d` nrcnbnph m` hghqjb`mh!r` b nak`qrr`

m` qhcspmnqrr` h `jrhbmn d` dnophm`q! g`

ebpnoeiqj`r` qr`ahkmnqr h qhcspmnqr.

Qzgd`dem`r` qzbleqrm` p`anrm` cpso` on

nrap`mhrekm`r` petnpl` skeqm!b` jnmqskr`vhhre

h op`jrhweqjnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn on p`gkhwmh

26

bzopnqh, j`rn m`ophlep hgcnrb!me m` a~dfer` h

ok`mhp`me m` nrap`m`r` , qzjp`y`b`me m`

bznpzfemhre qhkh h jnmbepqh! m` nrap`mhrekm`r`

hmdsqrbh!, opelhm`b`mern nr lnahkhg`vhnmm` jzl

opnteqhnm`km` `plh! h nrmnxemh!r` lefds

cp`fd`mqjh! h bnemmh! qejrnp. M@RN m`qzpw`b`

ondcnrnbj`r` m` bhqxh bnemmh g` sw`qrhe b

opnveq` m` opeqrpsjrsphp`me m` nrap`m`r` ; nqbem

rnb` q onlnyr` m` Qz~g` qe nqzyeqrb!b`r

opncp`lh g` opejb`khthj`vh!, jnhrn onl`c`r m`

qzjp`remhre sjp`hmqjh bnemmh d` opelhm`r jzl

vhbhkem fhbnr. Bnemmh!r jnlhrer q Sjp`im`

dnozkb` deimnqrr` m` qzbleqrm`r` p`anrm` cpso`,opednqr`b!ijh nohr b p`gkhwmh nak`qrh, h

ondonl`c` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds bnemmhre nr

Qz~g` h Sjp`im` b p`ljhre m` Bnemmh! p`anrem

ok`m M@RN-Sjp`im`. Onlnyr`, jn!rn nrdekmh

qz~gmhweqjh dzpf`bh opednqr`b!r g` opnejrhre

g` delhkhr`phg`vh! h g` aegno`qmn smhynf`b`me

m` hgkhxmhre g`o`qh m` Sjp`im` nr lnp`kmn

nqr`pekh opnrhbnoeunrmh lhmh, qe j`m`khghp` nr

dnbephrekmh! tnmd on OgL.

B sqhkh!r` qh d` ondnaph noep`rhbm`r`

qzbleqrhlnqr m` `plh!r` qh Sjp`im` hgbkhw`

onkg` nr sw`qrhern qh b O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp. B

p`ljhre m` Opnveq` m` ok`mhp`me h opecked qe

nopedek!r jk~wnbhre hghqjb`mh! b nak`qrr` m`

ok`mhp`mern m` nrap`m`r`, ` xhpnjh!r qoejrzp

deimnqrh h bnemmh swemh! b p`ljhre m`

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp ongbnk!r m` sjp`hmqjhre

bnemmh d` m`rpso`r op`jrhweqjh nohr bzb

bg`hlndeiqrbhern qzq qhkhre m` M@RN.

P`gxhpemn qzrpsdmhweqrbn

Qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b ok`mhp`mern m` cp`fd`mqj`r`

g`yhr` g` hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh h cnrnbmnqrr` g`

pe`chp`me oph aedqrbh! mnqh op!j` op`jrhweqj`

onkg` m` Sjp`im`. Nqmnbm`r` vek ae d` qe onlncme

m` Sjp`im`, whhrn g`o`dmh p`inmh q` hgknfemh m`

phqj` nr qephngmh m`bndmemh!, on-dnape d` qe

ondcnrbh g` ondnamh hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh h on-etejrhbmn d` qe qop`b! q reumhre onqkedhvh.Swemh!r` b p`ljhre m` OgL, bjk~whrekmn

o p n b e d e m n r n o p e g q e o r e l b p h 2 0 0 0 c . b

g`dj`po`rqj`r` w`qr m` Sjp`im`, ongbnk!b`r d`

qe opnbep!r b op`jrhj`r` opnvedsphre g`

nj`gb`me m` onlny oph aedqrbh!. Qrp`mhre-wkemjh m` M@RN h m!jnh qrp`mh-o`prm|nph

nj`g`u` onlny m` Sjp`im` oph qephngmhre

m`bndmemh! opeg 1995 c., 1998 h 2001 c.

M`swmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn g`onwm` opeg 1991 c.Nrrnc`b` sw`qrhern m` Sjp`im` b m`swmhre

opncp`lh m` M@RN nrqrzob` on l`y`a q`ln oped

rnb` m` Psqh! . Rn onkswh mnb rk`qzj qzq

qzgd`b`mern m` Qzbleqrm` p`anrm` cpso` on

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b nak`qrr` m` m`sj`r` h

njnkm`r` qped`. Nqbem ophknfemhern m` m`swmhre

onqrhfemh! b anpa`r` q repnphgl` h mnbhre

g`ok`uh b qznrberqrbhe q mnb`r` nphemr`vh! m`

m`swmhre opncp`lh m` M@RN , qec`xmhre

ophnphrerh m` Sjp`im` q` qzrpsdmhweqrbn b

nak`qrr` m` m`sj`r` h reumnknchhre, jkerzwm`r`

ahnknch! h ahnreumnknchh, mnbhre l`reph`kh h

p`vhnm`kmnrn hgonkgb`me m` ophpndmhre peqspqh.

Ok`mzr g` deiqrbhe M@RN-Sjp`im`

Ok`mzr g` deiqrbhe M@RN-Sjp`im` nr 2002 c.qe nqmnb`b` m` U`pr`r` nr 1997 c., jn!rn

onk`c` nqmnbhre m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn. Rni

o p e d n q r ` b ! q r p ` r e c h w e q j ` p ` l j ` g `

g`qhkemhre jnmqskr`vhh on onkhrhweqjh,hjnmnlhweqjh h nrap`mhrekmh bzopnqh h

nopedek! qrp`rechweqjhre vekh h ophnphrerh

m` Sjp`im` on ozr! jzl ozkm`r` i hmrecp`vh!

b ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhre qrpsjrsph . Rni

nopedek! qzck`qsb`mhre ophmvhoh h vekh b

p ` g k h w m h n a k ` q r h : o n k h r h w e q j h h

hjnmnlhweqjh bzopnqh , hmtnpl`vhnmmh

bzopnqh, bnemmh bzopnqh h opnakelh m`

qhcspmnqrr` h nrap`m`r`, g`yhr` h qhcspmnqr

m` hmtnpl`vh!r` h g`jnmnd`rekmh bzopnqh.

Qrp`mhre -wkemjh m` M@RN ondjpeo!r

petnpl`r` q onlny h qzberh. Bzopejh rnb`

nqmnbm`r` refeqr o`d` bzpus Sjp`im`, jn!rn

rp!ab`xe p!gjn d` sqjnph opnveq` m`

petnplhp`me, g` d` sjpeoh delnjp`vh!r`,bzpunbemqrbnrn m` g`jnm`, g`whr`mern m`

wnbexjhre op`b` h o`g`pm`r` hjnmnlhj`.Nqnaemh sqhkh! q` menaundhlh g` g`bzpxb`me

m` bqenaub`rmnrn opeqrpsjrsphp`me b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` h nrap`m`r`.

Cndhxmhre vekebh ok`mnbe, bjk~whrekmn

qoevh`kmhre lepjh g` Sjp`im` h qzbleqrmhre

deimnqrh M@RN-Sjp`im` dnophm`q!r g`

nqzyeqrb!b`mern m` vekhre nr Ok`m` g`

deiqrbhe. Db` ozrh cndhxmn qe npc`mhghp`r

qpeyh g` nvemj`, ` bedmzf b cndhm`r` qe

hgcnrb! h dnjk`d g` nqzyeqrbemh! m`opedzj.

27

Dh`knczr qzq qpedhgelmnlnpqjhre

qrp`mh

> 9

Rzi j`rn m!jnh nr qrp`mhre-wkemjh m` M@RN b ~fm`

Ebpno` cp`mhw`r qzq Qpedhgelmn lnpe, qhcspmnqrr`

h qr`ahkmnqrr` b r`gh gnm` q` nr jk~wnbn gm`wemhe

g` Qz~g`. Bopnwel qhcspmnqrr` m` vekh! jnmrhmemr

e r!qmn qbzpg`m` qzq qr`ahkmnqrr` h qhcspmnqrr` m`

qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! pechnm.

Onp`dh regh ophwhmh opeg 1995 c. M@RN g`onwm`

mnb dh`knc q xeqr qrp`mh nr ~fm`r` w`qr m`

qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! pechnm, ` hlemmn Echoer,Hgp`ek, Inpd`mh!, L`bphr`mh!, L`pnjn h Rsmhq.Opeg tebps`ph 2000 c. jzl mecn qe ophqzedhmh h

@kfhp. Rngh dh`knc, qzqr`bm` w`qr nr ondund` m`

M@RN g` qzrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr` , hl` g` vek d` dnophmeqe g`

qhcspmnqrr` h qr`ahkmnqrr` b pechnm`, d` qonlncme

g` on-dnapnrn bg`hlmn p`gahp`me h d` p`gqee

opedp`gqzdzvhre jzl M@RN b regh qrp`mh.Dh`knczr dnozkb` dpsch qbzpg`mh q mecn, mn

nrdekmh lefdsm`pndmh hmhvh`rhbh, m`ophlep

opedopherhre nr Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g h nr

Npc`mhg`vh!r` g` qhcspmnqr h qzrpsdmhweqrbn b

Ebpno`.

Onkhrhweqjh dh`knc h op`jrhweqjn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn

D h ` k n c z r o p e d b h f d ` o p n b e f d ` m e r n m `

onkhrhweqjh dhqjsqhh h nqzyeqrb!b`mern m`

op`jrhweqjn qzrpsdmhweqrbn q sw`qrb`yhre

qrp`mh. M` bqhwjh qpedhgelmnlnpqjh o`prm|nph qe

opedk`c` edm` h qzy` a`g` g` dhqjsqhh h

qzbleqrmh deimnqrh, mn p`bmhyern m` sw`qrhe e

p`gkhwmn b g`bhqhlnqr nr fek`mh!r` m` qrp`mhre.

Onkhrhweqjh!r dh`knc qe qzqrnh nr dbsqrp`mmh

onkhrhweqjh jnmqskr`vhh m` onqk`mhweqjn

p`bmhye. Rnb` d`b` bzglnfmnqr g` nal!m` m`

lmemh! on pedhv` bzopnqh m` qhcspmnqrr` b

qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! pechnm, j`jrn h g` azdeynrn

p`gbhrhe m` dh`knc`. M` lmncnqrp`mmhre qpeyh m`

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber qzq qedelre qrp`mh

nr Dh`knc` qe opedqr`b!r deimnqrhre m` M@RN h

qe nalem!r lmemh! on `jrs`kmh qzahrh!. Regh

qpeyh nahjmnbemn qe qzqrn!r qked bq!jn

g`qed`mhe m` M@RN m` p`bmhye lhmhqrph hkh m`

m`i-bhqnjn p`bmhye hkh oph bzgmhjb`me m`

hgbzmpedmh naqrn!rekqrb`. M` 23 njrnlbph 2001 c.m ` o p h l e p q e o p n b e d e q p e y ` q z q

qpedhgelmnlnpqjhre o`prm|nph, onqberem` m`

pe`jvh!r` m` M@RN m` repnphqrhwmhre m`o`demh!

nr 11 qeorelbph.

Op`jrhweqjnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn qe npc`mhghp` b

p`ljhre m` cndhxm` p`anrm` opncp`l`. R!

bjk~wb` onj`mh g` nthvh`kmh opedqr`bhrekh m`

qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc` d` sw`qrb`r b jspqnbe b

xjnk`r` m` M@RN b Naep`lepc`s, Cepl`mh!, h b

Jnkef` m` M@RN on nrap`m`r` b Phl, Hr`kh!. Regh

jspqnbe naub`y`r opnakelhre m` lhpnno`gb`yhre

noep`vhh, jnmrpnk` m`d bznpzfemh!r`, sqhkh!r`

g` qohp`me m` p`gopnqrp`memhern m` npzfh! g`

l`qnbn smhynfemhe, no`gb`mern m` njnkm`r`

qped`, qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds cp`fd`mqjh! h

bnemmh! qejrnp oph hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh h

ebpnoeiqjnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr`.

Qped dpschre deimnqrh lnc`r d` azd`r qonlem`rh

onqeyemh!r` b ck`bm`r` jb`prhp` m` M@RN m`

khdeph , tnplhp`yh nayeqrbemnrn lmemhe ,`j`delhvh, fspm`khqrh h o`pk`lemr`phqrh nr

qrp`mhre on Dh`knc` . Nqbem rnb` Dh`knczr

m`qzpw`b` m`swmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn b p`ljhre m`

m`swm`r` opncp`l` m` M@RN. Nr 2000 c. dnqec`

m`ophlep m`d 800 swemh nr qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc`

sw`qrb`u` b qonmqnphp`mh nr M@RN m`swmh deimnqrh.

On nrmnxemhe m` noep`rhbmhre `qoejrh m`

bnemm`r` w`qr nr opncp`l`r` opedqr`bhrekh m`28

qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc` hl`r bzglnfmnqr d`

m`ak~d`b`r swemh! b p`ljhre m` OgL, d` sw`qrb`r

b m`swmh h p`anrmh qelhm`ph, npc`mhghp`mh nr

qrp`rechweqjhre jnl`mdb`mh!, h d` onqey`b`r

cemep`kmhre y`anbere m` M@RN. Nqbem rnb`

onqrn!mmhre bnemmnlnpqjh qhkh m` M@RN b

Qpedhgelmn lnpe `jnqrhp`r b ophqr`mhy` m`

qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc` . Opeg 2002 c . 300opedqr`bhrekh nr regh qrp`mh sw`qrb`u` b m`d 50p`gkhwmh hmhvh`rhbh, opnbedemh b p`ljhre m`

opedknfem`r` nr M@RN bnemm` opncp`l`.

Rph nr qpedhgelmnlnpqjhre qrp`mh-o`prm|nph -Echoer , Inpd`mh! h L`pnjn - sw`qrb`u` b

pzjnbndemhre nr M@RN noep`vhh on onddzpf`me

m` lhp` m` A`kj`mhre. Jzl l`i 2002 c. edhmqrbem`

L`pnjn bqe nye hl`xe jnmrhmcemr b EQTNP h

JEITNP.

P`gbhb`y qe opnveq

Qpedhgelmnlnpqjh!r dh`knc e p`gbhb`y qe

opnveq j`rn sw`qrhe h j`rn qzdzpf`mhe. Mecnb`r`

czbj`bnqr ongbnk!b` qzdzpf`mhern ls d`

ebnk~hp` h apn!r m` qrp`mhre-sw`qrmhwjh d`

p`qre q bpelern. Q cndhmhre onkhrhweqjhre

jnmqskr`vhh g`weqrhu` h qe hmremghthvhp`u`.Op`jrhweqjhre hglepemh! gm`whrekmn qe

p`gxhphu` nr m`w`knrn m` Dh`knc` h naub`y`r

bewe onbewern deimnqrh, b jnhrn sw`qrb`r

nqr`m`khre qrp`mh-o`prm|nph.

Qzgd`b`mern m` Cpso` g` qpedhgelmnlnpqjn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn opeg 1997 c. d`de m` Dh`knc` mnb

rk`qzj b on-dhm`lhwm` onqnj`. B p`ljhre m` rngh

t n p s l q r p ` m h r e - w k e m j h m ` M @ R N h

qpedhgelmnlnpqjhre qrp`mh nalem!r lmemh! on

qhcspmnqrr` b qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! pechnm h

azdeynrn p`gbhrhe m` Dh`knc`. M` qpey`r` m`

m`i-bhqnjn p`bmhye bzb B`xhmcrnm opeg 1999 c.

a!u` opedopherh on -m`r`rzxmh lepjh g`

g`qhkb`me m` op`jrhweqjnrn h onkhrhweqjnrn

hglepemhe m` Dh`knc`, j`rn qe nrjph!r mnbh

bzglnfmnqrh g` sjpeob`me m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b

nak`qrh, b jnhrn M@RN lnfe d` azde onkegem,nqnaemn bzb bnemmn nrmnxemhe, hkh b nak`qrh, b

jnhrn qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc` hl`r !bem hmrepeq.

Q k e d 1 1 q e o r e l b p h q r p ` m h r e n r

Qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! dh`knc g`onwm`u` d` qe

j n m q s k r h p ` r o n - w e q r n , q z b l e q r m n h k h

onedhmhwmn, qzq Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber.M` qpey`r` b Op`c` opeg mnelbph 2002 c. ae

na!bemn `jrs`khghp`mern m` hmhvh`rhb`r`.Khdephre m` @kh`mq` opheu` o`jer nr lepjh g`

g`qhkb`me m` onkhrhweqjhre h op`jrhweqjhre

hglepemh! m` Dh`knc`, j`rn mecnbnrn sjpeob`me h

g`dzkanw`b`me qe opebzpm` b ophnphrer m`

M@RN.

Regh lepjh bjk~wb`u` on-pednbem h etejrhbem

opnveq m` jnmqskr`vhh, nopedek!mern m` on-vekem`qnwemh deimnqrh h `d`orhp`m ondund jzl

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn. Pednl qzq qzyeqrbsb`yhre

a ! u h o p e d k n f e m h h m n b h n a k ` q r h m `

qzrpsdmhweqrbn. Nqbem qoevh`kmn ondap`mhre

deimnqrh, vek!yh d` qe ondnaph qonqnamnqrr` m`

qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc` d` sw`qrb`r b pzjnbndemh nr

M@RN noep`vhh on pe`chp`me m` jphgh hgbzm

p ` l j h r e m ` w k e m 5 , m n b h n a k ` q r h m `

qzrpsdmhweqrbn q` nrap`mhrekm`r` petnpl` h

bnemm`r` hjnmnlhj`, jnmqskr`vhhre on anpa`r` q

repnphgl` h qhcspmnqrr` on cp`mhvhre h

pe`chp`mern oph aedqrbh!. Q bzbefd`mern m` regh

lepjh ye qe hglemh eqreqrbnrn m` nrmnxemh!r`

lefds M@RN h qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc` . G`

qkedb`y`r` qpey` m` bzpu` m` M@RN b Hqr`lask

opeg 2004 c. qe tnplskhp`r h opedknfemh! g` on-x h p n j ` h ` l a h v h n g m ` p ` l j ` m `

Qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! dh`knc. 29

Onddzpf`me m` lhp` h pecskhp`me m`

jphgh

> 10

Edhm nr m`i-b`fmhre `qoejrh b rp`mqtnpl`vh!r`

m` M@RN ae pexemhern d` qe opedophel`r

noep`vhh on onddzpf`me m` lhp` h pecskhp`me m`

jphgh b ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm` h hgbzm me!. M`

A`kj`mhre, jzdern M@RN qe `mc`fhp` g` ozpbh

ozr opeg 1995 c., meqr`ahkmnqrr` h jnmtkhjrhre

qzgd`dnu` op!jn opedhgbhj`rekqrbn oped

hmrepeqhre m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr`, j`jrn h bznaye oped ebpnoeiqjh!

lhp h qr`ahkmnqr. Menrd`bm` q sw`qrhern qh b

nlhpnrbnphrekmhre noep`vhh b @tc`mhqr`m

@kh`mqzr dnj`g`, we e ondcnrbem d` qe qop`b! q

opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` jzl qhcspmnqrr` hgbzm

rp`dhvhnmm`r` qh qtep` m` nrcnbnpmnqr.

Meyn onbewe, `mc`fhp`mern m` M@RN b ondnamh

n o e p ` v h h m ` k n f h g ` q h k e m h j n m r ` j r h h

qzrpsdmhweqrbn q jnmrhmcemrhre m` qrp`mh hgbzm

M@RN, j`jrn h q dpsch npc`mhg`vhh. Rnb` e ophlep

g` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`,jnern e menaundhln dmeq , jnc`rn r!qmnrn

b g ` h l n d e i q r b h e q l e f d s m ` p n d m h h

meop`bhrekqrbemh npc`mhg`vhh h qzq qrp`mh hgbzm

M@RN j`rn qrp`mhre nr O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp,ophdnahb` jk~wnbn gm`wemhe.

Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm`

M@RN ondjpeoh sqhkh!r` m` NNM g` opejp`r!b`me

m` bnim`r` b Anqm` nr 1992 c. dn 1995 c., ` xeqr

dem` qked ondohqb`mern m` Deirzmqjnrn lhpmn

qonp`gslemhe m` 14 dejelbph 1995 c., p`gonknfh b

Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm` lmncnm`vhnm`kmh Qhkh g`

ophk`c`me m` lhpmnrn qonp`gslemhe (@ITNP), q

l`md`r m` NNM, qzq g`d`w`r` d` ophknf`r

bnemmhre `qoejrh m` qonp`gslemhern. Re rp!ab`xe

d` nqhcsp!r opejp`r!b`mern m` animhre deiqrbh!,d` p`gdek!r `plhhre m` dbere mnbnqzgd`demh b

nosqrnxem`r` nr bnim`r` qrp`m` `dlhmhqrp`rhbmh

edhmhvh - Tedep`vh! Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm` h

Peosakhj` Qpzaqj`, j`rn opeleqr!r khwmh! hl

qzqr`b h anim`r` reumhj` m` ndnapemh g` vekr`

leqr`, h d` jnmrpnkhp`r opeubzpk!mern m`

rephrnphh lefds dbere edhmhvh . @ITNP

hgozkmhu` lhqh!r` qh g` cndhm` h a!u` g`lememh

nr on-l`knapnimhre Qr`ahkhg`vhnmmh qhkh

(EQTNP) opeg dejelbph 1996 c.

Nqbem g`d`w`r` d` bzgohp`r ebemrs`kmn

ondmnb!b`me m` animhre deiqrbh! h d` m`k`c`r

jkhl`r, b jnirn lhpmh!r opnveq d` qe p`gbhb`,

lhqh!r` m` EQTNP bjk~wb`xe h onddpzfj` m`

cp`fd`mqjhre npc`mhg`vhh, `mc`fhp`mh q sqhkh!r`

m` lefdsm`pndm`r` naymnqr d` hgcp`dh rp`em lhp

b Anqm` h Uepvecnbhm`. Qhkhre on onddzpf`me m`

lhp` nj`gb`r onlny g` g`bpzy`mern m`

aef`mvhre h hgqekemhre khv` on dnlnbere hl. Re

dnophm`q!r h g` petnplhp`mern m` anqmemqjhre

bznpzfemh qhkh. Nqbem rnb` EQTNP `jrhbmn

sw`qrb`r b `peqrsb`mern m` khv`r`, nabhmemh bzb

bnemmh opeqrzokemh!, h oped`b`mern hl m`

Lefdsm`pndmh! qzd g` bnemmhre opeqrzokemh! b

Ahbx` ^cnqk`bh! b U`c`.

Q bzgqr`mnb!b`mern m` qhcspmnqrr` khwmh!r

qzqr`b m` qhkhre onqreoemmn aexe m`l`kem. Opeg

opnkerr` m` 2004 c. EQTNP m`apn!b`u` njnkn 7000 bnimhvh : rnb` gm`whrekmn qzjp`yemhe qop!ln

60 000 bnimhvh, p`gonknfemh b p`ljhre m`

JEITNP, e hgp`g m` nqzyeqrbemh! nr Anqm` h

Uepvecnbhm` m`opedzj bzb bzglnfmnqrr` q`l` d`

c`p`mrhp` lhp`. Onm`qrn!yel qe hgsw`b`r

bzglnfmnqrhre g` azdeyh! p`glep m` EQTNP,j`jrn h ebemrs`kmnrn ophjk~wb`me m` noep`vh!r`

jzl jp`! m` 2004 c. h opeubzpk!me m` lhqh!r` m`

pzjnbndemh nr EQ qhkh, l`j`p we M@RN ye g`o`gh

ophqzqrbhe b qrp`m`r`.

Jnqnbn

Opeg 1998 c. !bmh!r jnmtkhjr b ~cnqk`bqj`r`

opnbhmvh! Jnqnbn , m`qekem` opedhlmn q

ermhweqjh `ka`mvh, ophmsdh m`d 300 000 dsxh d`

m`osqm`r dnlnbere qh. Pefhlzr b Aekcp`d qh

op`bexe ncksxjh g` weqrhre m`qrn!b`mh! m`

lefdsm`pndm`r` naymnqr d` hgreckh qpzaqjhre

bniqjh h d` qzrpsdmhwh g` opejp`r!b`me m`

m`qhkhern h g`bpzy`me m` aef`mvhre. Jnc`rn

M@RN g`ok`xh d` ophaecme jzl bzgdsxmh sd`ph

opeg njrnlbph 1998 c., opeghdemrzr Qknand`m

Lhknxebhw ophe d` hgozkmh hqj`mh!r` h sd`phre

a!u` nrlememh. Npc`mhg`vh!r` g` qhcspmnqr h

qzrpsdmhweqrbn b Ebpno` (NQQE) hgop`rh

m`ak~d`rekh, ` M@RN nqzyeqrb!b`xe bzgdsxem

jnmrpnk h p`gonknfh noep`rhbmh qhkh b Ahbx`

~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj` L`jednmh!*, cnrnbh d`

eb`jshp`r m`ak~d`rekhre nr NQQE , `jn

jnmtkhjrzr qe bzgnamnbh h hl` phqj g` r!u.

M`qhkhern nrmnbn ok`lm` b m`w`knrn m` 1999 c.Qpzaqjhre qhkh bzgnamnbhu` q mnb` qhk`

noep`vhhre qh . Qzck`qsb`mhre hmremghbmh

30

lefdsm`pndmh dhoknl`rhweqjh sqhkh! d` azde

pexem jnmtkhjrzr qe opnb`khu` h lhqh!r` m`

NQQE aexe hgreckem` opeg l`pr. Qked m!jnkjn

dmh j`rn onqkedmn qpedqrbn a!u` g`onwm`rh

bzgdsxmh sd`ph on vekh bzb Tedep`km`

peosakhj` ^cnqk`bh!. Menaundhlh a!u` 78 dmh

bzgdsxm` j`lo`mh!, g` d` azde ophmsdem pefhlzr

m` Lhknxebhw d` opejp`rh peopeqhhre h d`

ophele hqj`mh!r` m` lefdsm`pndm`r` naymnqr.M@RN sqo! b sqhkh!r` qh d` m`m`q! sd`ph on

pefhl` h on bnemmh vekh, j`rn qbede dn lhmhlsl

yerhre b vhbhkm`r` qtep`. B qzynrn bpele

qz~gmhweqjhre qhkh dnophmqnu` g` nbk`d!b`me m`

aef`mqj`r` jphg` b qzqedm` @kamh! h ahbx`

~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj` L`jednmh!*, jzdern b

o h j n b h r e l n l e m r h ` k a ` m q j h r e a e f ` m v h

dnqrhcm`u` qznrbermn 445 000 h 330 000. Nqbem

rnb` b q`lnrn Jnqnbn 400 000 dsxh a!u` hgqekemh

nr dnlnbere qh.

Qked ondohqb`mern m` bnemmn-reumhweqjnrn

qonp`gslemhe lefds M@RN h ~cnqk`bqjnrn

jnl`mdb`me b opnbhmvh!r` a!u` p`gonknfemh

pzjnbndemh nr M@RN Qhkh g` Jnqnbn (JEITNP) q

l ` m d ` r m ` N N M . R ! u m ` r ` g ` d ` w ` a e d `

opednrbp`r!r ebemrs`kmn bzgnamnb!b`me m`

animhre deiqrbh!, d` qzgd`d`r qhcspm` qped` h d`

p`gnpzf`r @plh!r` g` nqbnanfdemhe m` Jnqnbn,j`jrn h d` nj`gb`r onddpzfj` b usl`mhr`pmhre

noep`vhh h b p`anr`r` m` Bpelemm`r`

`dlhmhqrp`rhbm` lhqh! m` NNM b Jnqnbn

(^MLHJ).

B m`w`knrn nayh!r whqkem qzqr`b m` JEITNP

m`apn!b`xe njnkn 43 000 dsxh. Onqreoemmnrn

qzjp`y`b`me m` rngh qzqr`b cn m`l`kh onbewe nr

onknbhm`r`. Opeg ~mh 2003 c. JEITNP bjk~wb`xe

jnmrhmcemrh nr onbewern qrp`mh-wkemjh, 15qrp`mh-o`prm|nph h rph dpsch qrp`mh, ` hlemmn

@pfemrhm`, L`pnjn h Mnb` Gek`mdh!.

Qked j`rn @plh!r` g` nqbnanfdemhe m` Jnqnbn

ophe d` qe p`gosqme , JEITNP qzap`u` h

smhynfhu` gm`whrekmn jnkhweqrbn l`kjh npzfh!

h nj`g`u` onlny oph qzgd`b`mern m` Jnposq` g`

g`yhr` m` Jnqnbn, leqrmn tnplhpnb`mhe g`

cp`fd`mqj` nrap`m` b hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh, jnern

n o e p h p ` m ` o n d w h m e m h e m ` B p e l e m m ` r `

`dlhmhqrp`rhbm` lhqh! m` NNM h ond efedmebmh!

jnmrpnk m` JEITNP. Ondp`gdekemh! m` JEITNP

o`rpskhp`r on cp`mhvhre m` Jnqnbn h

opnosqj`rekmhre osmjrnbe h nup`m!b`r

qrp`rechweqjhre naejrh. Gm`whrekm` w`qr nr

khwmh! qzqr`b hl` g` g`d`w` d` g`jphk! qzpahre,jnhrn qe g`bzpm`u` b opnbhmvh!r`.

B r!qmn qzrpsdmhweqrbn q ^MLHJ JEITNP

nj`gb`r onlny b hgcp`fd`mern m` qped` m`

qhcspmnqr, b jn!rn bqhwjh cp`fd`mh, meg`bhqhln

nr ermhweqjh! hl opnhgund, d` fhbe!r b lhp h q

lefdsm`pndm` onlny delnjp`vh!r` d` qe

p`gbhb`. Rnb` ye azde hgjk~whrekmn rpsdm` h

dzkcnbpelemm` g`d`w`. Mn bzgqr`mnb!b`mern b

cp`fd`mqj`r` qtep` e b und h leqrmhre fhrekh

nrmnbn hl`r qhcspmnqr h mnpl`kmh sqknbh! m`

fhbnr.

^fm` Qzpah!

B m`w`knrn m` 2001 c. M@RN, Ebpnoeiqjh!r qz~g h

NQQE ophknfhu` qzck`qsb`m` qrp`rech!, g` d`

onlncm`r d` qe m`leph lhpmn pexemhe m`

bznpzfemh! jnmtkhjr b ^fm` Qzpah!, jnirn

g ` o k ` x b ` x e q r ` a h k m n q r r ` m ` p e c h n m ` .Aegpedhvhre g`onwm`u` b jp`! m` 2000 c. b

dnkhm`r` m` Opexebn, jzdern cnk!l`r` `ka`mqj`

ermhweqj` naymnqr, nqr`m`k` ond op!jn qpzaqjn

sop`bkemhe, me p`gonk`c`xe qzq qznrbermhre

onkhrhweqjh h qnvh`kmh op`b`. Kejn bznpfemh

`ka`mqjh anivh hgbzpxu` pedhv` m`o`demh! bzpus

qpzaqjhre qhkh g` qhcspmnqr b m`gelm`r` gnm` m`

aegno`qmnqr – oer jhknlerp` xhpnj` astepm`

gnm` onjp`i bzrpexm`r` cp`mhv` m` Jnqnbn qzq

Qzpah!, hgbzm qtep`r` m` deiqrbhe m` qpzaqj`r`

`plh!, jnmrpnkhp`m` nr pzjnbndemhre nr M@RN

qhkh b p`ljhre m` bnemmn -reumhweqjnrn

qonp`gslemhe lefds Qz~g` h ~cnqk`bqj`r`

`plh!.31

Azpg`r` eqj`k`vh! m` jnmtkhjr` mnqexe

qephngem phqj nr meg`a`bmh onqkedhvh b q`lnrn

Jnqnbn. Menaundhln ae onkhrhweqjn pexemhe,jnern d` c`p`mrhp` on-xhpnjh op`b` m` `ka`mvhre

b ^fm` Qzpah! h d` sjpeoh rephrnph`km`r`

v!knqr h qsbepemhrer` m` Tedep`km` peosakhj`

^cnqk`bh!.

Opeg opnkerr` m` 2001 c. qked onpedhv` nr

jnmr`jrh m` bhqnjn p`bmhye lefs M@RN h

~cnqk`bqjnrn op`bhrekqrbn b Aekcp`d Qz~gzr

ophe d` qe opelhme jzl onqreoemmn qzjp`y`b`me

m ` g n m ` r ` m ` a e g n o ` q m n q r , g ` d ` l n f e

~cnqk`bqj`r` `plh! d` bzgqr`mnbh jnmrpnk` qh

m`d me!. B g`l!m` m` rnb` op`bhrekqrbnrn b

Aekcp`d qe g`dzkf`b`xe d` ophknfh o`jer nr

lepjh g` sjpeob`me m` dnbephern, ak`cnd`pemhe

m` jnhrn opeg l`i `ka`mqjhre asmrnbmhvh a!u`

saedemh d` qknf`r npzfhe. Ejho m` M@RN,ophdpsfem nr opedqr`bhrek! m` EQ, ondonlncm`

d` qe dncnbnph ophlhphe h sqr`mnbh opejh j`m`kh

g` bpzgj` lefds qpzaqjhre bk`qrh h bznpzfemhre

cpsohpnbjh m` ermhweqjhre `ka`mvh.

Opher ae bqenaub`rem o`jer nr lepjh, vek!yh d`

qe skeqmh azpg`r` hmrecp`vh! m` ermhweqjhre

`ka`mvh b onkhrhweqjhre h `dlhmhqrp`rhbmhre

qrpsjrsph b pechnm` h d` qe nqhcsph g`bpzy`mern

m` aef`mvhre . Lefdsm`pndm`r` naymnqr

jnmrpnkhp`xe h ondonl`c`xe r!umnrn ophk`c`me.NQQE hgcnrbh opncp`l` g` naswemhe m`

lmncnermhweqjh onkhveiqjh qhkh, jnhrn d` qe

p`gonknf`r b m`qekemhre opedhlmn q `ka`mvh

qek`, g`bgerh nr asmrnbmhvhre, h onlncm` d` qe

npc`mhghp`r leqrmh hganph opeg `bcsqr 2002 c.,j n h r n c ` p ` m r h p ` u ` o n - q o p ` b e d k h b n

opedqr`bhrekqrbn m` ermhweqjhre cpsoh.

Ahbx` ~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj`

L`jednmh!*

Qhkhre m` M@RN qe g`eu` q !qmn nopedekemh

noep`vhh on pecskhp`me m` jphgh b Ahbx`

~cnqk`bqj` peosakhj` L`jednmh!* on hqj`me m`

op`bhrekqrbnrn m` qrp`m`r` . Bzrpexmhre

aegpedhvh g`onwm`u` opeg opnkerr` m` 2001 c.,jnc`rn `ka`mqjh bznpzfemh cpsohpnbjh qe

nozkwhu` qpeys op`bhrekqrbnrn. M@RN nqzdh

bznpzfemhre m`o`demh! h g`recm` jnmrpnk` on

cp`mhvhre q Jnqnbn, j`rn qzyebpelemmn ophj`mh

op`bhrekqrbnrn d` opndzkfh jnmqrhrsvhnmm`r`

petnpl`, j`rn bgele ond bmhl`mhe hqj`mh!r` m`

`ka`mqjnrn l`kvhmqrbn. Cemep`kmh!r qejper`p m`

M@RN hghcp` jk~wnb` pnk!.

Opeg ~mh M@RN ndnaph nthvh`kmn hqj`me g`

bnemm` onlny g` delhkhr`phghp`me m` r`j`

m`pewem`r` @plh! g` m`vhnm`kmn nqbnanfdemhe,oph sqknbhe, we qe ondohxe ophlhphe h dbere

qrp`mh ophel`r lhpem ok`m. Opeg `bcsqr a!u`

dncnbnpemh p`ljhre m` lhpmh! ok`m, qked jnern

M@RN hgop`rh jnmrhmcemr nr 3500 dsxh qzq g`d`w`

g` 30-dmebem qpnj d` p`gnpzf`r `ka`mqjhre

cpsohpnbjh.32

B jp`! m` qeorelbph qked ophjk~wb`me m` r`gh

g`d`w` M@RN ae onlnkem` d` g`o`gh l`knwhqkemh

qhkh b qrp`m`r`, g` d` c`p`mrhp` g`yhr`r` m`

m`ak~d`rekhre nr EQ h NQQE, jnhrn jnmrpnkhp`u`

ophk`c`mern m` p`ljnbh! lhpem ok`m. B r`gh

noep`vh! sw`qrb`u` 700 m`rnbqjh bnemmh, jnhrn qe

ophqzedhmhu` jzl l`knapnimh! jnmrhmcemr, bewe

p ` g o n k n f e m m ` r e p e m ` h n q h c s p ! b ` y

jnlsmhj`vhhre h knchqrhwmhre qpedqrb` m`

JEITNP. R`gh noep`vh! m` M@RN ophjk~wh opeg

l`pr 2003 c., jnc`rn b p`ljhre m` qonp`gslemhern

lefds EQ h M@RN g` hgonkgb`me m` bnemmhre

qpedqrb` h qonqnamnqrh m` @kh`mq` g` pzjnbndemh

nr EQ noep`vhh (bhf ck`b` 2) lhqh!r` ae

opeubzpkem` m` Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g. Jzl 15dejelbph 2003 c. ak`cnd`pemhe m` onqrhcm`rh!

m`opedzj b qr`ahkhghp`mern m` pechnm`, bnemm`r`

lhqh! m` EQ ophjk~wh h ae g`lemem` nr

pzjnbndem` nr EQ cp`fd`mqj` onkhveiqj`

noep`vh!.

@tc`mhqr`m

Opeg `bcsqr 2003 c. M@RN one nrcnbnpmnqrr` g`

lefdsm`pndmhre nlhpnrbnphrekmh qhkh b

@tc`mhqr`m (@IQ@T IV), wh!rn pnk! e d`

ondonlncm`r bpelemmnrn op`bhrekqrbn m`

@tc`mhqr`m d` qzgd`de qped` m` qhcspmnqr g`

cp`fd`mhre m` J`ask h njnkmnqrhre. Qrp`m`r` qe

nohrb` d` qe bzgqr`mnbh qked dbe deqerhkerh!

c p ` f d ` m q j ` b n i m ` , o n q k e d b ` m h n r

nosqrnxhrekmnrn sop`bkemhe m` r`kha`mhre,jnhrn d`b`u` saefhye m` repnphqrh.

@IQ@T q` lefdsm`pndmh qhkh q l`md`r m` NNM,jnhrn a!u` qzgd`demh opeg dejelbph 2001 c.Ozpb`r` hl noep`vh! qe pzjnbndexe nr

Bekhjnaphr`mh! q sw`qrhern m` jnmrhcemrh nr

dpsch qrp`mh , onbewern wkemjh m` M@RN .Pzjnbndqrbnrn m` @IQ@T II ae onern nr Rspvh!, `

@IQ@T III qe pzjnbndeu` qzbleqrmn nr Cepl`mh! h

Unk`mdh!. Ozpbnm`w`kmh!r l`md`r m` qhkhre qe

ncp`mhw`b`xe dn noep`vhh b J`ask h njnkmnqrhre,

mn nr njrnlbph 2003 c q pegnk~vh! m` Qzber` g`

qhcspmnqr m` NNM rni ae p`gxhpem h g` noep`vhh

hgbzm J`ask.

M@RN ophe d` p`gxhph lhqh!r` qh b on-xhpnj`

gnm` b @tc`mhqr`m, nqnaemn on nrmnxemhe

bpelemmnrn p`gcpzy`me hgbzm J`ask h onel`mern

m` bnemmnrn jnl`mdb`me m` gm`whrekem apni

opnbhmbvh`kmh bzgqr`mnbhrekmh ejhoh, jnhrn

dnophm`q!r g` qr`ahkhghp`mern m` nrdekmhre

pechnmh . G`onwb`ijh q onddpzfj`r` m`

pzjnbndemh! nr Cepl`mh! bzgqr`mnbhrekem ejho b

Jsmdsg, @IQ@T onqreoemmn ye p`gxhp!r r`gh

pnk! h ye naub`m`r h dpsch ejhoh. B @tc`mhqr`m,jzdern lefdsm`pndm`r` naymnqr qe nohrb` d`

onlncme m` cp`fd`mhre d` bzgqr`mnb!r qrp`m`r`,opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` q` lmncnapnimh h qephngmh.M@RN qe `mc`fhp` d` nqr`me b @tc`mhqr`m

dnrnc`b` , dnj`rn e menaundhln . B r!qmn

q z r p s d m h w e q r b n q d p s c h l e f d s m ` p n d m h

npc`mhg`vhh h q bpelemmnrn op`bhrekqrbn m`

@tc`mhqr`m qe ondcnrb! ondpnam` qrp`rech! g`

sw`qrhe m` M@RN b @tc`mhqr`m, jn!rn rp!ab` d` e

cnrnb` g` qkedb`y`r` qpey` m` bzpu` m` @kh`mq`

b Hqr`lask opeg 2004 c.

33

Pe`chp`me oph hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh b

cp`fd`mqjh! qejrnp> 11

Bqhwjh qrp`mh rp!ab` d` ad!r m` m`vhnm`kmn

p`bmhye d` hl` ok`mnbe g` hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh

j`rn m`ophlep `b`phh q hgrhw`me m` uhlhweqjh

hkh rnjqhwmh beyeqrb`, k`bhmh, m`bndmemh! h

gelerpeqemh! h g` qop`b!me q onqkedhvhre nr

repnphqrhwmh `remr`rh. Mn aedqrbh!r`, ophpndmh

hkh ophwhmemh nr wnbej` , me ophgm`b`r

lefdsm`pndmhre cp`mhvh, g`rnb` e menaundhln

ok`mhp`me h qzrpsdmhweqrbn m` lefdsm`pndmn

p`bmhye.

Qrp`mhre -wkemjh m` M@RN nr cndhmh qh

qzrpsdmhw`r b nak`qrr` m` ok`mhp`mern m`

cp`fd`mqjnrn g`yhr` g` hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh. B

on-akhgjnrn lhm`kn rnb` qzrpsdmhweqrbn naub`m`

h qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h aexe nqzyeqrbem

gm`whrekem m`opedzj b sop`bkemhern m`

peqspqhre g` qop`b!me q hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh b

ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm`.

Jnnpdhm`vh!r` b p`ljhre m` M@RN

G` d` qe pe`chp` etejrhbmn oph aedqrbh!, e

menaundhln d` qe jnnpdhmhp`r rp`mqonprmhre

qpedqrb`, ledhvhmqjhre sqksch, jnlsmhj`vhhre,qonqnamnqrhre g` pe`chp`me m` r`jhb` qzahrh! h

dpschre cp`fd`mqjh peqspqh. M@RN hghcp`

fhgmemn b`fm` pnk! g` u`plnmhghp`me m`

ok`mhp`mern lefds qrp`mhre-wkemjh , j`rn

c`p`mrhp` ok`mnbere d` q` etejrhbmh, ynl qe

m`knfh, h d` q` naegoewemh qzq qznrbermhre

peqspqh.

B p`ljhre m` M@RN leu`mhglzr g` jnnpdhmhp`me

m` ok`mhp`mern b r`gh nak`qr bjk~wb` pedhv`

a~p` h jnlhrerh g` reumhweqjn opnswb`me ond

naynrn pzjnbndqrbn m` Jnlhrer` m` qr`pxhre

qksfhrekh on ok`mhp`me m` cp`fd`mqj`r`

g`yhr` oph hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh . Regh

qrpsjrsph pednbmn qzahp`r ejqoeprh nr

m`vhnm`kmhre op`bhrekqrb`, nr opnlhxkemh! h

bnemmh! qejrnp m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh, g` d` qe

jnnpdhmhp` ok`mhp`mern m` bzrpexmh!

rp`mqonpr b Ebpno`, m` nje`mqjh! rp`mqonpr,cp`fd`mqj`r` `bh`vh! , qm`ad!b`mern q

u p ` m h r e k m h o p n d s j r h , g e l e d e k h e r n ,opnhgbndqrbnrn h qm`ad!b`mern q opnlhxkemh

q r n j h , o n y h r e h r e k e j n l s m h j ` v h h r e ,ledhvhmqjhre sqksch, cp`fd`mqj`r` g`yhr` h

opnhgbndqrbnrn h qm`ad!b`mern q oerpnk.

P`gxhpemn qzrpsdmhweqrbn

Dmeq nohrzr m` M@RN b ok`mhp`mern m`

cp`fd`mqj`r` g`yhr` oph hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh e

xhpnjndnqrzoem, j`rn qzyebpellemmn qe onkgb`

h nohrzr h qonqnamnqrhre m` dpsch qrp`mh,sw`qrb`yh b Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber g`

o`prm|npqrbn. Qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph m` M@RN bge

on-`jrhbmn qe `mc`fhp`r b jnmjpermh tnplh m`

qzrpsdmhweqrbn b p`ljhre m` ok`mhp`yhre a~p` h

jnlhrerh , ` opeg 1998 c . ae qzgd`dem h

Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh!r jnnpdhm`vhnmem vemrzp g`

pe`chp`me oph aedqrbh! (bhf j`pern).

Cp`fd`mqjnrn ok`mhp`me g` hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh e

h b`fem `qoejr nr opncp`lhre g` qzrpsdmhweqrbn

qzq qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h b lnlemr` e m`i-qzyeqrbemh!r mebnemem ekelemr nr deimnqrhre b

p`ljhre m` O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp. Regh deimnqrh

bjk~wb`r qelhm`ph, jnknjbhslh, swemh! h jspqnbe

g` ondcnrnbj`, b jnhrn sw`qrb`r vhbhkmh h bnemmh,p`anreyh m` p`gkhwmh p`bmhy` b leqrmhre,pechnm`kmhre h m`vhnm`kmhre bk`qrh. Dpsch b`fmh

sw`qrmhvh b opnveq` q` m!jnh lefdsm`pndmh

npc`mhg`vhh j`rn Qksfa`r` m` NNM g`

jnnpdhmhp`me m` usl`mhr`pmhre deimnqrh h

Qksfa`r` m` bhqxh! jnlhq`p m` NNM on aef`mvhre,Lefdsm`pndm`r` `cemvh! g` `rnlm` emepch! h

Ebpnoeiqjh! qz~g, j`jrn h meop`bhrekqrbemhre

npc`mhg`vhh g` nj`gb`me m` onlny.

Qzahrh!r` nr 11 qeorelbph 2001 c. hgb`dhu` m`

a ! k q b ! r q o e x m ` r ` m e n a u n d h l n q r n r

qzrpsdmhweqrbn g` g`yhr` m` vhbhkmnrn

m`qekemhe nr repnphqrhwmh m`o`demh! q

uhlhweqjh, ahnknchwmh, p`dhnknchwmh h !dpemh

34

npzfh!. Ok`mzr g` deiqrbhe qpeys repnphgl` b

p`ljhre m` O`prm|npqrbnrn, opher m` qpey`r` b

Op`c` opeg mnelbph 2002 c., m`qzpw`b` nalem` m`

hmtnpl`vh! b r`gh nak`qr h sw`qrhern b

ok`mhp`mern m` cp`fd`mqj`r` g`yhr` oph

hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh, jnern ye ongbnkh d` qe

m`op`bh nvemj` m` phqjnbere h d` qe m`l`kh

s!gbhlnqrr` m` m`qekemhern nr repnphqrhwmh

`r`jh h npzfh! g` l`qnbn smhynfemhe. M@RN h

qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph p`anr!r on hgcnrb!me m`

qohqzj m` m`vhnm`kmhre qonqnamnqrh, jnhrn lnc`r

d` azd`r opednqr`bemh b qksw`i m` ondnamn

m`o`demhe. Nqbem rnb` ae opher Ok`m g` deiqrbhe

b nak`qrr` m` ok`mhp`mern m` cp`fd`mqj`r`

g`yhr` oph hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh, jnirn ye

ondonlncme m`vhnm`kmhre bk`qrh d` ondnap!r

cnrnbmnqrr` m` cp`fd`mqjh! qejrnp g` onqpey`me

m` ebemrs`kmh repnphqrhwmh m`o`demh! q

uhlhweqjh, ahnknchwmh, p`dhnknchwmh hkh !dpemh

npzfh!. G`onwm` h naqzfd`me m` qznrberm`r`

pnk! h qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN h EQ b p`ljhre m`

ok`mhp`mern g` hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh.

Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhre qonqnamnqrh g` pe`chp`me oph aedqrbh!

G` d` qe nrcnbnph m` menaundhlnqrr` nr on-jnnpdhmhp`mh ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh qonqnamnqrh g`

pe`chp`me oph aedqrbh!, on opedknfemhe m`

Psqh! opeg ~mh 1998 c. b ck`bm`r` jb`prhp` m`

M@RN ae qzd`dem Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh!r

jnnpdhm`vhnmem vemrzp g` pe`chp`me oph

aedqrbh! (EADRCC). B mecn qe qzqpednrnw`b`

hmtnpl`vh!r` h qe jnnpdhmhp`r m`whmhre g`

pe`chp`me oph aedqrbh! b ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r`

gnm` lefds M@RN h qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph. Rni

npc`mhghp` h cnkelh swemh! g` pe`chp`me m`

hgbzmpedmh qhrs`vhh , b jnhrn qe d`b`r

op`jrhweqjh nrcnbnph m` qhlskhp`mh ophpndmh h

ophwhmemh nr wnbej` aedqrbh!.

EADRCC bge sw`qrhe b noep`vhhre g` nj`gb`me

m` usl`mhr`pm` onlny on bpele m` aef`mqj`r`

jphg` b Jnqnbn h hgbzpxh vemm` p`anr` g`

pe`chp`mern oph refjhre m`bndmemh! b Sjp`im`,Pslzmh! h Smc`ph! , @ka`mh! h Wexj`r`

Peosakhj` ; oph gelerpeqemhern b Rspvh! opeg

1999 c., cnpqjhre onf`ph b Ahbx` ~cnqk`bqj`

peosakhj` L`jednmh!* h Onprsc`kh! h refjhre

lerenpnknchwmh sqknbh! b Sjp`im` h Lnkdnb`.

Vemrzpzr p`anrh r!qmn q `cemvhhre m` NNM,jnhrn hcp`!r b`fm` pnk! oph pe`chp`me m`

lefdsm`pndmh aedqrbh! - Qksfa`r` m` NNM g`

jnnpdhmhp`me m` usl`mhr`pmhre deimnqrh h

Qksfa`r` m` Bhqxh! jnlhq`p on aef`mvhre,j`jrn h q dpsch npc`mhg`vhh.

Qrp`mhre qe ophj`mb`r d` onqrhc`r dbsqrp`mmh h

lmncnqrp`mmh dncnbnpemnqrh on m!jnh bzopnqh

j`rn bhgnbh! pefhl , opejnq!b`mern m`

cp`mhvhre , qonp`gslemh!r` g` rp`mghrmn

opelhm`b`me, lhrmhweqjhre tnpl`kmnqrh h

qr`rsr` m` oepqnm`k` . Ondnamh lepjh

ongbnk!b`r d` qe hgaecme a~pnjp`rhwmnrn

g`a`b!me oph nj`gb`me m` onlny h p`gonk`c`me

m` qo`qhrekmhre ejhoh m` l!qrnrn m`

aedqrbhern.

D n c n b n p e m n e h q z g d ` b ` m e r n m `

Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjn gbemn g` pe`chp`me oph

aedqrbh!, bjk~wb`yn ekelemrh nr p`gkhwmh

qrp`mh, jnern d` qe qtnplhp` oph msfd` h d` qe

hgop`y` b p`inm` m` aedqrbhern.

35

Qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b nak`qrr` m`

m`sj`r` h njnkm`r` qped`

> 12

Dbe nrdekmh opncp`lh pednbmn qzahp`r swemh h

ejqoeprh, jnhrn naqzfd`r opnakelh nr nay

hmrepeq : m`swm`r` opncp`l` m` M`swmh! jnlhrer

m` M@RN h opncp`l`r` b nak`qrr` m` njnkm`r`

qped` h nayeqrbnrn m` Jnlhrer` m` M@RN on

opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` oped qzbpelemmnrn

nayeqrbn (CCMS). Qzgd`demhre ak`cnd`pemhe m`

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn bpzgjh, jnhrn q` rp`dhvh!

lefds swemhre h hghqjb`me m` m`swmh! opncpeq,nrcnb`p!r h m` onkhrhweqj`r` vek g` sjpeob`me m`

p`gahp`rekqrbnrn h dnbephern lefds naymnqrh q

p`gkhwm` jskrsp` h rp`dhvhh.

M`swm`r` opncp`l`, qzgd`dem` opedh onbewe nr 45cndhmh, menrd`bm` ae openphemrhp`m`, g` d` qe

qzqpednrnwh bzpus ophnphrermh nak`qrh m`

hgqkedb`mh! b g`yhr`r` qpeys repnphgl` h

dpschre g`ok`uh g` qhcspmnqrr`. B smhqnm q

hmhvh`rhbhre m` M@RN g` qop`b!me q mnbhre

g ` o k ` u h m ` s w m ` r ` o p n c p ` l ` m ` M @ R N b

cp`fd`mqj`r` qtep` hl` g` vek d` ondonl`c`

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn hlemmn b regh nak`qrh. Hgp`g

m` r`gh p`dhj`km` opnl!m` e h mnbnrn hle m`

Opncp`l`r` « Qhcspmnqr wpeg m`sj` ».

CCMS qe g`mhl`b` q opnakelhre m` njnkm`r`

qped` h nayeqrbnrn h naedhm!b` m`vhnm`kmhre

`cemvhh b qzbleqrmh ohknrmh opnejrh b regh

nak`qrh. Menrd`bm` jnlhrerzr dethmhp` pedhv`

jk~wnbh vekh, qbzpg`mh qzq qhcspmnqrr`, nr

jnhrn ye qe pzjnbndh b azdey`r` qh p`anr`.Opncp`l`r` sjpeob` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds

M@RN h qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph on opnakelh nr nay

hmrepeq.

Nqbem b`fmhre deimnqrh on qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn

lefds swemh h ejqoeprh nr M@RN h qrp`mhre

o`prm|nph , db`r` jnlhrer` nqzyeqrb!b`r

qoevh`kmh hmhv`rhbh g` sjpeob`me m`

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn q m`swm`r` h ejnknchwm`r`

naymnqr nr Psqh! , Sjp`im` h qrp`mhre nr

Qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! dh`knc.

M`sj`r` b hlern m` qhcspmnqrr ,̀qr`ahkmnqrr` h qnkhd`pmnqrr`

M`swm`r` opncp`l` m` M@RN bndh m`w`knrn qh nr

50-re cndhmh m` lhm`kh! bej, jnc`rn qe m`k`c`

g`jk~wemhern , we opncpeqzr b m`sj`r` h

reumnknchhre e hgjk~whrekmn b`fem g` azdeyern

m` @rk`mrhweqj`r` naymnqr. Qzgd`b` qe opncp`l`

g` onnyp!b`me m` m`swmnrn qzrpsdmhweqrbn h opeg

q k e d b ` y h r e 4 0 c n d h m h o n d j p e o ` r ` g `

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds swemh nr qrp`mhre-wkemjh dnophm`q! g` bzbefd`mern m` bhqnjh

qr`md`prh g` m`swm` jnloeremrmnqr.

Qked jp`! m` Qrsdem`r` bnim`, b m`w`knrn m`

90-re cndhmh opncp`l`r` onqreoemmn ae nrbnpem`

g` sw`qrmhvh nr qrp`mh hgbzm M@RN. Opeg 1999 c.r! ae dzkanjn opesqrpnem`, g` d` lnfe d`

m`qzpw`b` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn lefds swemhre nr

qz~gmhweqjhre dzpf`bh h jnkechre hl nr

qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h qrp`mhre, sw`qrb`yh b

Qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! dh`knc. Nqmnbm`r` vek ae d`

qe qrhlskhp` opncpeqzr h d` qe sjpeob` lhpzr

wpeg qzgd`b`me m` bpzgjh lefds p`gdekemhre b

lhm`knrn m`swmh naymnqrh.36

Nr 2004 c. ae bzbedem` dpsc` p`dhj`km` opnl!m` b

opncp`l`r` q ncked m` mnb`r` g`ok`u` nr

repnphgzl h dpschre phqjnbe g` qhcspmnqrr` b

qzbpelemmnrn nayeqrbn. B azdeye opncp`l`r` ye

o n d o n l ` c ` q z r p s d m h w e q r b n r n q ` l n b

ophnphrermhre hgqkednb`rekqjh opnejrh b dbe

nak`qrh : « G`yhr` nr repnphgl` » h

« Opednrbp`r!b`me m` dpschre g`ok`uh g`

qhcspmnqrr` ».

Vekr` m` Opncp`l`r` « Qhcspmnqr wpeg m`sj` » e

d` dnophmeqe g` sjpeob`me m` qhcspmnqrr`,qr`ahkmnqrr` h qnkhd`pmnqrr` lefds dzpf`bhre

wpeg ophk`c`me m` m`swmhre onqrhfemh! oph

pex`b`mern m` opnakelhre. Qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn,m`swmhre lpefh h hgcp`fd`mern m` j`o`vhrer q`

qpedqrb`r`, q jnhrn rp!ab` d` qe onqrhcme r`gh

vek. M` swemhre, p`anreyh b M@RN, qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph h qrp`mhre nr Dh`knc`, qe nrosqj`r

p`gkhwmh bhdnbe qrhoemdhh g` qzrpsdmhweqrbn on

ophnphrermhre bzopnqh. Qrhoemdhh qe nrosqj`r h

g` ondonl`c`me m` qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph d` bzbed`r

nqmnbmh jnlo~rzpmh lpefh h qznrberm`r`

hmtp`qrpsjrsp`.

Dnj`g`mn e , we vhbhkm`r` m`sj` e lmncn

etejrhbmn qpedqrbn g` lefdsm`pndem dh`knc

ak`cnd`pemhe m` qbn!r` smhbepq`kmnqr h

qonqnamnqrr` qh d` qzgd`b` mnbh bhqnjn

etejrhbmh lefdsm`pndmh lpefh. Gm`mh!r`,m`rpso`mh b regh lpefh, lnc`r d` qe hgonkgb`r

qpeys mnbhre g`ok`uh g` @kh`mq`. M`sj`r` e

qpedqrbn, j`jrn g` m`lhp`me m` nrcnbnph m` b`fmh

bzopnqh, r`j` h g` qbzpgb`me m` dzpf`bhre.37

Bhprs`kmh!r ozr m` jnophm`r`

M`i-naub`rmh!r h m`i-`lahvhngmh!r opnejr,qonmqnphp`m nr M`swm`r` opncp`l` m` M@RN,qr`prhp` opeg 2001 c. M`pewem Bhprs`kmh!r

ozr m` jnophm`r` m` hlern m` cnkelh! ozr,qbzpgb`y Ebpno` q D`kewmh! Hgrnj ,ak`cnd`pemhe m` jnirn qe e nqzyeqrb!b`k

nalemzr m` qrnjh h hdeh, rngh opnejr vekh d`

skeqmh qzgd`b`mern m` jnlo~rzpmh lpefh h

dnqrzo` dn hmrepmer m` `j`delhwmhre h

m`swmhre qpedh nr nqel qrp`mh b ^fem J`bj`g

h Vemrp`km` @gh!.

@plemh!, @gepa`idf`m, Cpsgh!, J`g`uqr`m,Jhpchgj`r` peosakhj` , R`dfhjhqr`m ,Rspjlemh! h Sgaejhqr`m q` p`gonknfemh b

oephteph!r` m` ebpnoeiqj`r` hmrepmer gnm` h

r!umnrn mhbn m` p`gbhrhe me hl ongbnk!b` b

akhgjn azdeye d` hgcp`d!r norhwmh rp`qer`.

Ak`cnd`pemhe m` rngh opnejr m` M@RN edm`

thm`mqnbn dnqrzom` h ethj`qm` bhqx`

r e u m n k n c h ! y e q b z p f e m ` s w m ` r ` h

`j`delhwm`r` naymnqr nr sw`qrb`yhre qrp`mh

q hmrepmer wpeg nay q`rekhrem j`m`k .Q s a q h d h ! n r M @ R N y e t h m ` m q h p `

menaundhl`r` xhphm` g` hgkzwb`me jzl

q`rekhr, j`jrn h onqr`b!mern m` deber

q`rekhrmh `mremh, nqel l`kjh b regh qrp`mh,qbzpg`mh q edm` cnk!l` b U`laspc, jn!rn ye

qksfh g` ebpnoeiqjh uza. Dpsch qonmqnph

opednqr`b!r d`pemh! b m`rsp`. Opeg 2003 c. ae

bgern pexemhe d` qe p`gxhph opnejrzr h d`

naub`me h @tc`mhqr`m, j`rn b J`ask ye qe

hmqr`khp` m`gelm` q`rekhrm` qr`mvh!.

Qop`b!me q opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` oped

qzbpelemmnrn nayeqrbn

Jnlhrerzr on opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` oped

qzbpelemmnrn nayeqrbn aexe qzgd`dem opeg 1969c. b nrcnbnp m` g`cphfemnqrr` g` njnkm`r` qped`.Rnb` e smhj`kem tnpsl g` nalem m` gm`mh! h nohr

on reumhweqjh, m`swmh h onkhrhweqjh `qoejrh b

qnvh`km`r` nak`qr h g`yhr`r` m` njnkm`r` qped`

b vhbhkmh! h bnemmh! qejrnp.

Opnejrhre , g`onwm`rh ond o`rpnm`f` m`

Jnlhrer` , opedbhfd`r qzrpsdmhweqrbn on

p`gkhwmh opnakelh m` njnkm`r` qped` h

j`weqrbnrn m` fhbnr` j`rn g`lzpq!b`mern, xsl`,opnakelhre m` cp`dqj`r` qped`, emepch!r`,gdp`bern m` wnbej` h ejnknchwmhre opnakelh,qbzpg`mh q nrap`m`r`. B onqkedm`r` nak`qr

opnswb`mh!r` nahjmnbemn naub`y`r bzopnqh j`rn

brnphwmnrn hgonkgb`me m` gelhre b ahbxh bnemmh

naejrh hkh lerndhre g` opewhqrb`me h g`yhr` m`

n j n k m ` r ` q p e d ` m ` o p h l e p o n j p ` i

oerpnknopnbndhre.

Jnlhrerzr tsmjvhnmhp` m` ophmvho` m` sw`qrhe b

devemrp`khghp`mh deimnqrh j`rn ohknrmh

opnswb`mh!, opnejrh, p`anrmh h m`swmh qelhm`ph,thm`mqhp`mh m` m`vhnm`kmn p`bmhye. Edm` hkh

m!jnkjn qrp`mh hcp`!r ohknrm` pnk! h qe m`el`r q

ok`mhp`mern m` p`anr`r` h jnnpdhmhp`mern m`

hgozkmemhern. Opeg onqkedmhre cndhmh p`anr`r`

m` Jnlhrer` qe p`gxhph, j`rn bewe bjk~wb`

qelhm`ph h mnbh hgqkedb`mh! on relh nr nqnaem

hmrepeq g` qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph.

Jnlhrerzr nopedekh h pedhv` nqmnbmh vekh, nr

jnhrn ye qe pzjnbndh b azdey`r` qh p`anr`, `

hlemmn: m`l`k!b`me m` bzgdeiqrbhern bzpus

n j n k m ` r ` q p e d ` n r b n e m m h r e d e i m n q r h ,nqzyeqrb!b`me m` pechnm`kmh hgqkedb`mh!,bjk~whrekmn on rp`mqcp`mhwmhre deimnqrh,opednrbp`r!b`me m` jnmtkhjrhre, opedhgbhj`mh

nr mednqrhc m` peqspqh, qop`b!me q mnbhre phqjnbe

oped njnkm`r` qped` h nayeqrbnrn, jnhrn lnc`r d`

onpnd!r hjnmnlhweqj`, jskrspm` h onkhrhweqj`

meqr`ahkmnqr, h qop`b!me q merp`dhvhnmmhre

g`ok`uh g` qhcspmnqrr`.

38

S!gbhlnqrr` m` hmrepmer nayeqrbnrn

Qzbpelemmnrn nayeqrbn e on-s!gbhln nr opedh

onp`dh m`p`qrb`y`r` bg`hlnqbzpg`mnqr m`

bqhwjh p`bmhy`. On-nrbnpem`r` ckna`km`

naymnqr , on-jnlokejqmhre reumnknchwmh

q h q r e l h , o n - c n k ! l ` r ` g ` b h q h l n q r n r

ekejcpnmm`r` hmtnpl`vh! h jnlsmhj`vhnmmhre

qhqrelh , r!qmn qbzpg`mhre qhqrelh g`

opnhgbndqrbn h p`gopnqrp`memhe m` up`mhrekmh

opndsjrh , bg`hlnqbzpg`mhre h bqe on -m`rnb`pemh rp`mqonprmh lpefh – bqhwjn rnb`

bndh d` mnbh h opnlem!yh qe s!gbhlh leqr`.M ` o p h l e p e d m n o p e j z q b ` m e m `

rekejnlsmhj`vhhre hkh m` g`up`mb`mern q

ekejrpnemepch! g` on-dzkzc oephnd lnfe d`

dnbede dn qephngmh qlsyemh!. @ qked 11q e o r e l b p h b z g m h j m ` o p n a k e l z r q

merp`dhvhnmmhre repnphqrhwmh g`ok`uh j`rn

`remr`rh q ahnknchwmn npzfhe hkh ekejrpnmm`

bnim`.

G` c`p`mrhp`mern m` qhcspmnqrr` h g`yhr`r` m`

nayeqrbnrn nr r`jzb xhpnj qoejrzp no`qmnqrh e

menaundhln qzrpsdmhweqrbn h jnnpdhm`vh!

lefds p`gkhwmhre npc`mhg`vhh, p`anreyh b

p ` g k h w m h n a k ` q r h m ` m ` v h n m ` k m n h

lefdsm`pndmn p`bmhye. Rnb` opnkhw` on bpele

m` pzjnbndem`r` nr Q@Y j`lo`mh! qpeys

repnphgl`, b jn!rn qe nqzyeqrbh me q`ln bzb

bnemmn, mn h b dhoknl`rhweqjn, thm`mqnbn h

hjnmnlhweqjn qzrpsdmhweqrbn , j`jrn h

bg`hlndeiqrbhe lefds lhrmhweqjhre qksfah,p`gsgm`b`mh!r` h onkhvh!r`.

Q vek d` qe m`op`bh opecked m` nayhre

opedhgbhj`rekqrb`, onpndemh nr s!gbhlnqrr`, h

d` qe hdemrhthvhp`r nak`qrhre, b jnhrn e

m e n a u n d h l n g ` q h k e m n l e f d s m ` p n d m n

qzrpsdmhweqrbn g` m`l`k!b`me m` s!bhlnqrr` m`

jnlokejqmhre bg`hlnqbzpg`mh qhqrelh ,fhgmemnb`fmh g` tsmjvhnmhp`mern m`

qzbpelemmnrn nayeqrbn, opeg l`pr 2001 ond

p z j n b n d q r b n r n m ` J n l h r e r ` g `

opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` m` qzbpelemmnrn

nayeqrbn qr`prhp` jp`rjnqpnwem opnejr. Rni qe

p z j n b n d h n r M n p b e c h ! h b j k ~ w b `

Bekhjnaphr`mh!, D`mh!, Cpsgh!, Khrb`, Lnkdnb`,Onkx`, Pslzmh!, Qzedhmemhre y`rh, Rspvh!,Sjp`im`, Smc`ph!, Xbeiv`ph! h Xbevh!.

39

J`j tsmjvhnmhp` M@RN > 13

M @ R N m e e m ` d m ` v h n m ` k m ` , `

lefdsop`bhrekqrbem` npc`mhg`vh!. Rni e qz~g m`

meg`bhqhlh qsbepemmh dzpf`bh, naedhmemh b

hlern m` qzbleqrm`r` qhcspmnqr h g`yhr`r` m`

nayh vemmnqrh. Pexemh!r` qe bghl`r q jnmqemqsq.

G` d` qe skeqm!r jnmqskr`vhhre bq!j` qrp`m`-wkemj` hl` onqrn!mm` dekec`vh! b onkhrhweqj`r`

w`qr m` Ck`bm`r` jb`prhp` b Ap~jqek, pzjnbndem`

nr onqrn!mem opedqr`bhrek, j`jrn h bnemem

opedqr`bhrek. H db`l`r` p`gonk`c`r q ejho nr

vhbhkmh h bnemmh qzbermhvh, jnhrn opedqr`bk!b`r

qrp`m`r` qh b p`gkhwmhre jnlhrerh m` M@RN.

B M@RN q` hgcp`demh onkhrhweqj` h bnemm`

qrpsjrsp`, jnhrn qe g`mhl`b`r q onkhrhweqjhre h

bnemmhre `qoejrh m` deimnqrr` m` Qz~g`. H dbere

qrpsjrsph ondonl`c`r Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh!

qzber, m`i-bhqxh!r bgel`y pexemh! npc`m m`

M@RN.

Jnmqemqsq h nayn qzck`qhe

Qz~gzr qe nqmnb`b` m` qondekem `mc`fhlemr g`

qzbleqrmn op`jrhweqjn qzrpsdmhweqrbn on

bzopnqhre m` nrap`m`r` h qhcspmnqrr`. B M@RN me

qzyeqrbsb` opnvedsp` m` ck`qsb`me h pexemh!r`

qe bgel`r m` a`g`r` m` jnmqemqsq hkh nayn

qzck`qhe. Rnb` ngm`w`b`, we onkhrhweqjhre

jnmqskr`vhh q` nr nqmnbmn gm`wemhe b opnveq` m`

bgel`me m` pexemh!. Bqhwjh qrpsjrsph m` M@RN qe

qzqrn!r nr opedqr`bhrekh m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh,bqejh nr jnhrn hl` g` g`d`w` d` opedqr`b!

ckedm`r` rnwj` m` qbn!r` qrp`m` oped qz~gmhvhre

h d` dnjk`db` m` qbnern op`bhrekqrbn g`

onghvhhre m` dpschre qz~gmhvh.

Onkhrhweqjhre jnmqskr`vhh b M@RN q` b`fem

ekelemr b opnveq` m` pecskhp`me m` jphgh h l`j`p

we weqrn qe qbzpgb`r q oephndh m` m`opefemhe h

rpsdmnqrh, re opedqr`bk!b`r psrhmm` opnvedsp`,jn!rn ongbnk!b` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh d` naqzd!r

bzglnfmnqrhre d` qe qrhcme dn qzck`qhe h d` qe

tnplskhp` dzkcnqpnwm` onkhrhj` . Re qe

opnbefd`r b p`gkhwmh tnplh, j`rn lnfe d`

bjk~wb`r q`ln nal!m` m` hmtnpl`vh! h lmemh!,qznay`b`me m` lepjh hkh pexemh! , jnhrn

op`bhrekqrb`r` q` bgekh hkh bzgm`lep!b`r d`

bgel`r h jnhrn lnc`r d` onbkh!!r on m!j`jzb

m ` w h m m ` h m r e p e q h r e m ` q z ~ g m h v h r e ;opedb`phrekmn qznay`b`me m` bgerh nr

op`bhrekqrb`r` lepjh hkh pexemh! q vek d` qe

ongbnkh m` nqr`m`khre qz~gmhvh d` ch jnlemrhp`r

hkh d` ch ndnap!r; dhqjsqh! q vek d` qe qrhcme dn

jnmqemqsq on onkhrhj`r`, jn!rn ye qe bzgophele,hkh on lepjhre, jnhrn opedqrnh d` azd`r bgerh

sqonpedmn q rnb`; hkh jnmqskr`vhh, vek!yh d`

skeqm!r qrp`mhre-wkemjh d` ophel`r jnkejrhbmh

pexemh! hkh qzbleqrmh deiqrbh!.

Opnveqzr m` jnmqskr`vhh e opndzkfhrekem

opnveq. Rzi j`rn opedqr`bhrekhre m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh qe m`lhp`r b Ck`bm`r` jb`prhp` b

Ap~jqek, jnmqskr`vhh onlefds hl lnc`r d` azd`r

opedopherh on hqj`me m` bqejh edhm nr r!u hkh on

hmhvh`rhb` m` cemep`kmh! qejper`p m` M@RN q

jp`rjn opedhgbeqrhe. Leu`mhglzr m` jnmqskr`vhh

c`p`mrhp` onqrn!mem dh`knc h p`gkhwmh

bzglnfmnqrh g` hgk`c`me h naqzfd`me m`

opnakelhre.

Onm!jnc` qrp`mhre-wkemjh q` m`ozkmn qzck`qmh h

bgel`mern m` pexemh! me opedqr`bk!b` opnakel.B dpsch qksw`h lmnghmqrbnrn nr r!u q` qzck`qmh,mn edm` hkh m!jnkjn qrp`mh q` m` p`gkhwmn lmemhe

h qe m`k`c` d` qe onknf`r sqhkh! g` qakhf`b`me

m` ckedmhre rnwjh h oph menaundhlnqr d` qe

qrhcme dn jnlopnlhqmn pexemhe. Bzglnfmn e

p`gkhwh!r` d` me lnc`r d` azd`r opendnkemh. B

r`jzb qksw`i bq!j` qrp`m` e qbnandm` d` qe

ophdzpf` jzl qnaqrbem`r` qh khmh!. Mhrn edm`

qrp`m` me e ophmsfd`b`m` d` ophk`c` pexemh! hkh

d` opedophel` deiqrbh! opnrhb qbn!r` bnk!. Mn

on ophmvho openak`d`b` dsuzr m` jnlopnlhq` h

wsbqrbnrn g` qondekemh hmrepeqh h vekh ,ak`cnd`pemhe m` jnern bzopejh p`gkhwh!r` qe

m`lhp` nay`r` a`g` g` qzck`qhe. Bedmzf bgerh,pexemh!r` m` M@RN hgp`g!b`r nay`r` bnk! m`

bqhwjh qrp`mh-wkemjh.

Vhbhkm`r` qrpsjrsp` m` M@RN

M`i-b`fmh!r npc`m m` M@RN, bgel`y pexemh!, e

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh!r qzber. Rni nrcnb`p! g`

bqhwjh pexemh! h e edhmqrbemh!r npc`m ,qzgd`dem nr Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! dncnbnp.Qzberzr e opedh bqhwjn onkhrhweqj` hmqr`mvh!,b jn!rn sw`qrb`r opedqr`bhrekh m` bqhwjh

qrp`mh-wkemjh h naqzfd`r onkhrhj`r` hkh

noep`rhbmhre bzopnqh . Rni qe qbhjb` m`

p`gkhwmh p`bmhy` – onme bedmzf qelhwmn m`

p`bmhye onqk`mhvh m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh, onme

40

db` ozrh cndhxmn m` p`bmhye bzmxmh lhmhqrph h

lhmhqrph m` nrap`m`r` h oph msfd` m` p`bmhye

op`bhrekqrbemh h dzpf`bmhre pzjnbndhrekh.J`jbnrn h d` e p`bmhyern m` g`qed`mhern m`

Qzber`, mecnbhre pexemh! hl`r qzy`r` qhk` h

nrp`g!b`r onghvh!r` m` bqhwjh op`bhrekqrb`.Nahjmnbemn Qzberzr naqzfd` bzopnqh nr nay

hmrepeq h bzopnqh, on jnhrn e menaundhln d` qe

bgel`r jnkejrhbmh pexemh!, aeg na`we d` hl`

m!j`jbh ncp`mhwemh! g` naqzfd`m`r` rel`rhj`.

Jnlhrerzr on ok`mhp`me m` nrap`m`r` qe

g`mhl`b` q onbewern bzopnqh , qbzpg`mh q

ok`mhp`mern m` jnkejrhbm`r` nrap`m`. Rni d`b`

m`qnjh m` bnemmnrn pzjnbndqrbn m` M@RN h hl`

qzyhre op`bnlnyh! j`rn Qzber` on bzopnqhre nr

mecnb`r` jnloeremvh!. Ondnamn m` Qzber` m`i-weqrn rni qe qbhjb` m` onqk`mhweqjn p`bmhye, mn

onme db` ozrh cndhxmn g`qed`b` h m` p`bmhye

lhmhqrph m` nrap`m`r`. Lhmhqrphre m` nrap`m`r`

qe qpey`r pednbmn h b p`ljhre m` Cpso`r` g`

!dpemn ok`mhp`me , jn!rn qkedh !dpem`r`

onkhrhj` m` M@RN h naqzfd` xhpnj qoejrzp nr

qoevhthwmh onkhrhweqjh bzopnqh, qbzpg`mh q

!dpemhre qhkh , h on-nayh opnakelh j`rn

p`gopnqrp`memhern h jnmrpnk` m`d !dpemhre

npzfh! . Tp`mvh! , jn!rn me sw`qrb` b

hmrhcpep`m`r` bnemm` qrpsjrsp` m` M@RN, me

ophqzqrb` m` g`qed`mh!r` m` Jnlhrer` on

ok`mhp`me m` nrap`m`r` h m` Cpso`r` g` !dpemn

ok`mhp`me.

M` Qzber` h m` Jnlhrer` on ok`mhp`me m`

nrap`m`r` q` ondwhmemh lmnfeqrbn jnlhrerh,jnhrn naqzfd`r m!jnh qoevh`kmh `qoejrh m`

onkhrhj`r` h op`b!r opeonpzjh q ncked

njnmw`rekmhre pexemh!. Bq!j` qrp`m`-wkemj` e

opedqr`bemh bzb bqejh edhm nr regh jnlhrerh.G` ophlep lnfe d` qe onqnwh Onkhrhweqjh!r

jnlhrer, jnirn g`qed`b` pednbmn m` p`gkhwmh

p`bmhy` h d`b` m` Qzber` lmemh! on nqmnbmhre

onkhrhweqjh bzopnqh m` dem!, hl`yh nrmnxemhe

jzl onkhrhj`r` m` M@RN. Dpsc ophlep e

Jnlhrerzr on opecked` m` nrap`m`r`, jnirn

m`ak~d`b` opnveq` m` jnmqskr`vhh, bndey dn

pexemh! g` p`bmhyern m` bznpzfemhre qhkh,jnhrn bq!j` qrp`m`-wkemj` opednqr`b! m`

hmrecphp`m`r` bnemm` qrpsjrsp` m` M@RN g`

qkedb`yh! ok`mnb oephnd. Jnlhrerzr m` M@RN

on hmtp`qrpsjrsp`r` p`gckefd` opedknfemh! g`

qzbleqrmn thm`mqhp`me m` qznpzfemh!, jnhrn

ye qe hgonkgb`r nr qhkhre m` M@RN .Hjnmnlhweqjh!r jnlhrer qe g`mhl`b` q

hjnmnlhweqjh opnakelh, op!jn qbzpg`mh q

onkhrhj`r` b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr` .Jnlhrerhre on a~dfer` bm`q!r b Qzber`

opedknfemh! g` a~dferhre b vhbhkm`r` h

bnemm`r` qtep`, b jnhrn sw`qrb`r thm`mqnbn

bqhwjh qrp`mh-wkemjh.

Opnveqzr m` jnmqskr`vhh naub`y` vekh! qoejrzp

nr deimnqrh m` Qz~g`. Jnmtepemvh!r` m`

m`vhnm`kmhre dhpejrnph on bznpzfemh!r`

pednbmn naqzfd` onkhrhweqjhre, hjnmnlhweqjhre

h reumhweqjhre `qoejrh m` p`gbhrhern h

qm`ad!b`mern q reumhj` m` qhkhre m` M@RN. B

nak`qrr` m` hmtnpl`vh!r` Jnlhrerzr m` M@RN g`

bpzgjh q nayeqrbemnqrr` naqzfd` deimnqrh g` on-dnapn nongm`b`me h p`gahp`me m` qzymnqrr` m`

M@RN h mecnb`r` onkhrhj` b qrp`mhre-wkemjh h

qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph. Bzopnqhre, qbzpg`mh q

m`swm`r` deimnqr m` M@RN h opncp`lhre b

nak`qrr` m` no`gb`me m` njnkm`r` qped` qe

naqzfd`r b M`swmh! jnlhrer h Jnlhrer` on

opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` oped qzbpelemmnrn

nayeqrbn. Qzyeqrbsb`r h dpsch jnlhrerh h cpsoh

j`rn Bnemmnonkhrhweqjh!r pzjnbndem jnlhrer on

O`prm|npqrbn g` lhp, jnhrn qzdeiqrb`r g`

p`gbhrhe m` qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn qzq qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph.

Deimnqrhre m` M@RN, b jnhrn sw`qrb`r qrp`mhre-o`prm|nph, j`rn m`ophlep noep`vhhre on

onddzpf`me m` lhp` hkh opncp`l`r` OgL, qe

naqzfd`r q op`bhrekqrb`r` m` regh qrp`mh.Jnmqskr`vhhre qe nqzyeqrb!b`r b qznrbermhre

tnpslh j`rn Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber g`

o`prm|npqrbn, Qzber` M@RN-Psqh! h Jnlhqh!r`

M@RN-Sjp`im` . Qznrbermn deimnqrhre b

p`ljhre m` Qpedhgelmnlnpqjh! dh`knc qe

naqzfd`r q sw`qrb`yhre b mecn qrp`mh b

p`ljhre m` Cpso`r` g` qpedhgelmnlnpqjn

qzrpsdmhweqrbn. M@RN nrd`b` ncpnlmn gm`wemhe

m` deimnqrr` m` regh npc`mh . Rnb` qe

hgjk~whrekmn onkegmh tnpslh, nqnaemn on

41

bpele m` jphgh, jzdern lnc`r d` qe naqzd!r

p`gkhwh!r` h d` qe nalem!r lmemh!.

Bnemm`r` qrpsjrsp` m` M@RN

Bnemm`r` qrpsjrsp` m` M@RN e ondwhmem` m`

Bnemmh! jnlhrer, jnirn e m`i-bhqx`r` bnemm`

hmqr`mvh! m` Qz~g`, mn nqr`b` ondwhmem m`

o n k h r h w e q j n r n p z j n b n d q r b n m `

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber . Jnlhrerzr

o p e d n q r ` b ! b n e m m h q z b e r h m ` M @ R N . B

g`qed`mh!r` m` m`i-bhqnjn p`bmhye sw`qrb`r

m`w`kmhvhre m` cemep`kmh y`anbe , ` b

efedmebm`r` p`anr` qrp`mhre -wkemjh qe

opedqr`bk!b`r nr bnemmhre opedqr`bhrekh.

Bnemmh!r jnlhrer d`b` dhpejrhbh h m`

qrp`rechweqjhre ck`bmnjnl`mdb`yh m` M@RN,jnhrn q` db`l` : Bzpunbmh! jnl`mdb`y m`

qz~gmhre qhkh b Ebpno` (SACEUR) q y`a-jb`prhp`

SHAPE b Lnmq, Aekch!, h Bzpunbmh! jnl`mdb`y on

rp`mqtnpl`vh!r` (SACT) q y`a-jb`prhp` b

Mnptnkj, y`r` Bhpdfhmh!, Q@Y.

SACEUR nck`b!b` Qz~gmnrn jnl`mdb`me on

noep`vhhre, jnern pzjnbndh opednqr`bemhre nr

qz~gmhvhre bznpfemh qhkh. Rni nrcnb`p! g`

bqhwjh noep`vhh m` M@RN, meg`bhqhln nr r!umnrn

leqrnonkfemhe, j`rn qzyebpelemmn e m`w`kmhj h

m` ebpnoeiqjnrn jnl`mdb`me m` Q@Y.

SACT hl` tsmjvhnm`km` pnk!. J`rn m`w`kmhj m`

Qz~gmnrn jnl`mdb`me on rp`mqtnpl`vh!r`, rni

nrcnb`p! g` m`qzpw`b`mern h jnmrpnk` m`d

opndzkf`b`y`r` rp`mqtnpl`vh! m` qhkhre h

bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh m` M@RN. Rni qzyn hl`

dbnim` pnk!, g`ynrn e h ck`bmnjnl`mdb`y m`

naedhmemhre qhkh m` Q@Y.

Opedh p`gopedek!mern m` nrcnbnpmnqrhre lefds

db`l`r` bzpunbmh jnl`mdb`yh qr`b`xe m`

cencp`tqjh ophmvho : SACEUR nrcnb`p!xe g`

noep`vhhre m` M@RN b Ebpno`, ` bzpunbmh!

jnl`mdb`y g` @rk`mrhweqjh! nje`m (SACLANT)g` noep`vhhre b gnm`r` m` @rk`mrhj` .Nkejnr!b`mern m` jnl`mdm`r` qrpsjrsp` ae

opedknfemn h ndnapemn m` qpey`r` m` bzpu` b

Op`c` opeg mnelbph 2002 c. Rn e hgp`g m`

`mc`fhlemr` m` M@RN d` p`gbhe nrap`mhrekmhre

qh qonqnamnqrh h d` onddzpf` menaundhl`r`

anecnrnbmnqr m` qhkhre g` sw`qrhe b noep`vhh on

pecskhp`me m` jphgh, onddzpf`me m` lhp` h

u s l ` m h r ` p m h n o e p ` v h h b z b h h g b z m

rp`dhvhnmm`r` ls gnm` m` nrcnbnpmnqr. Rngh

`mc`fhlemr qe dnozkb`xe nr qzgd`b`mern m`

qhkhre g` azpgn pe`chp`me h ophel`mern m`

Op`fjh! `mc`fhlemr g` bnemmhre qonqnamnqrh

(bhf ck`b` 3).

O`pk`lemr`pm`r` `q`lake! m` M@RN

M@RN e lefdsop`bhrekqrbem` npc`mhg`vh!, b

jn!rn op`bhrekqrbnrn m` bq!j` qrp`m`-wkemj`

nrcnb`p! oped qbn! o`pk`lemr. Qznrbermn

ondjpeo`r` m` delnjp`rhwmn hgap`mhre deosr`rh

g` vekhre m` Qz~g` e nr qzyeqrbemn gm`wemhe.O ` p k ` l e m r ` p m ` r ` ` q ` l a k e ! m ` M @ R N e

hmrepo`pk`lemr`pem tnpsl, b p`ljhre m` jnirn

o ` p k ` l e m r ` p h q r h n r e b p n o e i q j h r e h

qebepmn`lephj`mqjhre qrp`mh-wkemjh naqzfd`r

bzopnqh nr nay hmrepeq.

L`j`p we e m`ozkmn meg`bhqhl` nr M@RN,@ q ` l a k e ! r ` n q h c s p ! b ` b p z g j ` l e f d s

m`vhnm`kmhre o`pk`lemrh h Qz~g` h m`qzpw`b`

op`bhrekqrb`r` d` nrwhr`r hmrepeqhre m` M@RN

oph hgcnrb!me m` m`vhnm`kmnrn g`jnmnd`rekqrbn.R ! o p h o n l m ! m e o p e j z q m ` r n , w e

lefdsop`bhrekqrbemhre pexemh! , bgerh b

p`ljhre m` M@RN, rp!ab` d` onksw`r onkhrhweqjn

n d n a p e m h e b p ` l j h r e m ` m ` v h n m ` k m h !

delnjp`rhwem opnveq. O`pk`lemr`pm`r` `q`lake!

m` M@RN hl` xhpnjh jnmr`jrh q o`pk`lemrhre m`

q r p ` m h r e - o ` p r m | n p h , j n h r n h g o p ` y ` r

opedqr`bhrekh g` sw`qrhe b dhqjsqhhre h

naqzfd`mh!r`.

42

Pnk!r` m` Cemep`kmh! qejper`p m` M@RN

Cemep`kmh!r qejper`p m`op`bk!b` h pzjnbndh

opnveq` m` jnmqskr`vhh h m` bgel`me m` pexemh!

b M @ R N . R n i e o p e d q e d ` r e k m `

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! qzber h m` dpsch bhqxh

jnlhrerh h nj`gb` qzyeqrbemn bkh!mhe bzpus

opnveq` m` bgel`me m` pexemh!. Rni lnfe d`

opedk`c` relh g` naqzfd`me h d` hgonkgb`

onghvh!r` qh m` meg`bhqhl h aegophqrp`qrem

opedqed`rek, g` d` m`qnwh dea`r` jzl jnmqemqsq b

h m r e p e q m ` v e k h ! Q z ~ g . B z o p e j h r n b `

Cemep`kmh!r qejper`p m!l` op`bnlnyh! q`l d`

bgel` pexemh! g` onkhrhj`r` m` Qz~g` h lnfe d`

deiqrb` nr hlern m` M@RN q`ln dnrnkjnb`,dnjnkjnrn op`bhrekqrb`r` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh cn

nrnphghp`r.

Rni e h nqmnbmh!r cnbnphrek m` Qz~g` h pzjnbndh

Lefdsm`pndmh! qejper`ph`r, jnirn ondonl`c`

p`anr`r` m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh b p`gkhwmhre

jnlhrerh.

Jni thm`mqhp` M@RN?

Bmnqjhre m` qrp`mhre-wkemjh b a~dfer` m`

M@RN qe nopedek!r on tnplsk`r` g` p`gdek!me

m` p`gundhre h opedqr`bk!b`r l`kj` w`qr nr

a~dferhre m` nrap`m`r` m` regh qrp`mh.

Qzbleqrmn thm`mqhp`mhre a~dferh q`

p`gdekem m` vhbhkem h bnemem h hmbeqrhvhnmm`

opncp`l` b nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`.

• Vhbhkmh!r a~dfer onjphb` noep`rhbmhre

p`gundh g` Lefdsm`pndmh! qejper`ph`r b

Ck`bm`r` jb`prhp` m` M@RN, vhbhkmhre

opncp`lh h deimnqrh, j`jrn h p`gundhre on

o n q r p n ! b ` m e r n , e j q o k n ` r ` v h ! r ` h

onddpzfj`r` m` qz~pzfemh! j`rn m`ophlep

jnmtepemrmnrn nanpsdb`me g` qpeyhre m`

jnlhrerhre h p`anrmhre cpsoh.

• Bnemmh!r a~dfer onjphb` noep`rhbmhre

p`gundh h p`gundhre on onddpzfj` m`

hmrecphp`m`r` bnemm` qrpsjrsp`, bjk~whrekmn

m` Bnemmh! jnlhrer h m` Lefdsm`pndmh!

bnemem qejper`ph`r h qbzpg`mhre q r!u

`cemvhh; dbere qrp`rechweqjh jnl`mdb`mh! h

qbzpg`mhre q r!u qhqrelh g` jnl`mdb`me h

j n m r p n k h h m t n p l ` v h n m m h q h q r e l h ,

hgqkednb`rekqjhre h p`gbnimhre `cemvhh,`cemvhhre , jnhrn qe g`mhl`b`r qzq

qm`ad!b`mern h knchqrhj`r` h qhqrel`r`

@S@JQ.

• Hmbeqrhvhnmm`r` opncp`l` b nak`qrr` m`

qhcspmnqrr` thm`mqhp` hmqr`k`vhhre h

naejrhre, menaundhlh m` M@RN hgbzm regh,onqrpnemh nr p`gkhwmhre qrp`mh-wkemjh g`

m ` v h n m ` k m ` r ` h l q h c s p m n q r , j ` r n

hmtnpl`vhnmmn-jnlsmhj`vhnmmh qhqrelh,p ` d ` p h , b n e m m h y ` a n b e , k e r h y ` ,oerpnknopnbndh, qjk`dnbe, ophqr`mhymh

qz~pzfemh! h qpedqrb` g` jnp`anok`b`me.

Regh a~dferh qe jnmrpnkhp`r nr Jnlhrerhre on

vhbhkmh! h bnemmh! a~dfer h Jnlhrer` on

h m t p ` q r p s j r s p ` r ` , j n i r n n r c n b ` p ! g `

thm`mqhp`mern qzq qzbleqrmh qpedqrb` m`

qz~pzfemh!r` g` onddpzfj` m` bznpzfemhre

qhkh m` M@RN . Jnlhqh!r` m` qr`pxhre

qksfhrekh on peqspqhre m`ak~d`b` onkhrhj`r`

m` qzbleqrmn thm`mqhp`me bzb bnemm`r` nak`qr.Bq!j` qrp`m`-wkemj` e opedqr`bem` b regh

npc`mh. Bqhwjh a~dferh m` M@RN q` ondknfemh

h m` bzmxem jnmrpnk

43

Opnl!m` h ophelqrbemnqr > 14

Dmeq M@RN e npc`mhg`vh!, rbzpde p`gkhwm` nr

qzgd`dem`r` opeg 1949 c. H Qz~gzr, h qberzr

ebnk~hp`u` on m`whm, jnirn nqmnb`rekhre m`

M@RN rpsdmn ahu` lnckh d` qh opedqr`b!r. Qec`

M@RN e qzbqel p`gkhwm` hmqrhrsvh! nr r`gh,jn!rn nqhcsp!b`xe nrap`m`r` m` G`o`dm` Ebpno`

b rewemhe m` werhph deqerhkerh! on bpele m`

Qrsdem`r` bnim` h dnph nr r`gh , jn!rn

m`ak~d`b`xe opeund` m` Ebpno` qked jp`! m`

Qrsdem`r` bnim` opeg 90-cndhmh. Qked nye

m!jnkjn cndhmh r! meqzlmemn nrmnbn ye qe e

rp`mqtnplhp`k`, p`gp`anrb`ijh jnnpdhmhp`mh

m`whmh m` pe`jvh! m` opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` b

nak`qrr` m` qhcspmnqrr`, oped jnhrn qe hgop`b!r

qrp`mhre-wkemjh b m`w`knrn m` 21 bej. H m`hqrhm`,rzi j`rn qrp`rechweqjh!r jnmrejqr qe hglem!,M@RN ye rp!ab` d` qe p`gbhb` on-azpgn, g` d`

lnfe d` qe qop`b! q mnbhre g`ok`uh oped

qrp`mhre-wkemjh. Bzopejh rnb` nqmnbhre m`

qzrpsdmhweqrbnrn b p`ljhre m` M@RN h on-qoevh`kmn qondekemhre vemmnqrh h hmrepeqh, qh

nqr`b`r bepmh m` ophmvhohre m` nqmnbnonk`c`yh!

dncnbnp m` M@RN.

Qked `remr`rhre qpeys Qzedhmemhre y`rh opeg

qeorelbph 2001 c. h ongnb`b`mern m` wkem 5 nr

Qebepmn`rk`mrhweqjh! dncnbnp g` ozpbh ozr b

hqrnph!r` m` Qz~g`, M@RN qe `mc`fhp` q nqmnbmn

opep`gckefd`me m` m`whm`, on jnirn tsmjvhnmhp`,g` d` lnfe d` nrbzpme m` g`ok`u`r` nr repnphgzl.Dnph opedh repnphqrhwmhre m`o`demh! Qz~gzr qe

aexe g`ek q hgjk~whrekmn hmremghbm` opncp`l`

nr deimnqrh, j`rn pzjnbndexe rph noep`vhh on

pecskhp`me m` jphgh b ahbx` ^cnqk`bh! ,ondcnrb!xe onwb`r` g` ophqzedhm!b`mern m` mnbh

wkemnbe h g`qhkb`xe o`prm|npqrbnrn qzq qrp`mh h

npc`mhg`vhh b ebpn`rk`mrhweqj`r` gnm` h dpsch

w`qrh m` qber`. Dmeq, jnc`rn c`p`mrhp`mern m`

qhcspmnqrr` qe opebpzy` b on-qknfm` g`d`w`,M@RN qe `mc`fhp` b rnkjnb` lmncn h p`gkhwmh

nak`qrh, we e mebzglnfmn re d` azd`r naub`m`rh b

edhm kngsmc h m!jnkjn dslh.

M@RN srpe

Rzi j`rn opndzkf`b` d` qe p`gxhp!b`, M@RN

rp!ab` d` adh g` hmrepeqhre m` bqe on-cnk!l apni

dzpf`bh, nohrb`yh qe d` p`anr!r b smhqnm.Qzyebpelemmn gnm`r` m` qr`ahkmnqr b Ebpno` ye

qe p`gp`qrb` h oepqoejrhbhre g` hjnmnlhweqjh

opnqoephrer ye qe ondnap!b`r. Ak`cnd`pemhe m`

bqe on-reqmhre nrmnxemh! m` M@RN q Psqh!,Sjp`im` h dpsch ebpnoeiqjh qrp`mh, Ebpno`

nqr`b! g`d czpa` qh p`gdekemhern qh b lhm`knrn h

qe opebpzy` b bqe on-qr`ahkem jnmrhmemr. Regh

onknfhrekmh remdemvhh rp!ab` cphfkhbn d` qe

qzup`m!b`r.

L`j`p we eqreqrbnrn m` g`ok`uhre, q jnhrn qe

qakzqjb`r qrp`mhre-wkemjh, h m`whmhre, on jnhrn

M@RN qe npc`mhghp`, g` d` qe qop`bh q r!u, qe

hglem!r, nqmnb`r` m` @kh`mq` qh nqr`b` r`j`b`,j`jb`rn bhm`ch e ahk`. M@RN opednqr`b!

rp`mq`rk`mrhweqj` bnemmnonkhrhweqj` p`lj` g`

qop`b!me q opedhgbhj`rekqrb`r` oped

qhcspmnqrr`. Qz~gzr naedhm!b` Ebpno` h

Qebepm` @lephj` h nqzyeqrb!b` a`k`mq lefds

p`gkhwmh m`vhnm`kmh hmrepeqh. Nqbem rnb`, rzi

j`rn nr npc`mhg`vh! g` jnkejrhbm` nrap`m`

M@RN onqreoemmn qe opebpzy` b on-xhpnj`

npc`mhg`vh! g` c`p`mrhp`me m` qhcspmnqrr`, rni

q e n a e d h m ! b ` n j n k n h m r e p e q h h n a y h

vemmnqrh j`rn delnjp`vh!r` h g`whr`mern m`

wnbexjhre op`b`.44

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