ps bio paper 3 quest 1 teacher1

7/30/2019 Ps Bio Paper 3 Quest 1 Teacher1

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PERFECT SCORE BIOLOGY 2011

1

BAHAGIAN SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH DAN

SEKOLAH KECEMERLANGAN

KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

PERFECTSCORE

BIOLOGY 2011Teachers Module

PAPER 3QUESTION 1


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Question 1 :

No. Questions Marks Studentnotes

1 A group of students carried out an experiment to study the effect of the concentration ofglucose on the activity of yeast . Diagram 1.1 shows the method used by the students.

The initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer is shown in Diagram 1.2.

The experiment was repeated using different concentrations of glucose. Table 1.1 shows the

results of the experiment after 10 minutes.

Diagram 1.1

DIAGRAM 1.2

rubber tubing

Manometer with

coloured liquid

Initial height of

coloured liquid

Boiling tube containing yeast

suspension

Glass tube

clip

Rubber stopper

Initial height of

coloured liquid :

1 cm


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Percentage concentration ofglucose / %

Final height of coloured liquid in themanometer after 10 minutes /cm

10

15

20

3

5

8


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(a)Complete Table 1.2 by recording the height of colouredliquid in the manometer after 10 minutes

(b) (i) Based on Table 1.1, state two observations .1. At 10% concentrat ion of glucose ,the final

height of c oloured l iquid after 10 min is 3 cm

2. At 20% concentrat ion of glucose , the final

height of coloured l iquid after 10 min is 8 cm

(ii) State the inference which corresponds to the observation in1(b(i).

1. Low activ i ty of yeast in lower concentrat ion ofglucos e, less carbon dio xide is released

2. High activ i ty of yeast in high concentrat ion of

glucos e, mo re carbon dioxid e is released

(c) Complete Table 1.2 for the three variables based on theexperiment.

Variable Method to handle the variable

Manipulated variable:

The concentrat ion of

g lucose

Use different con centrat ion ofnutr ients/glucose

Responding variable:

Height of coloured l iquid //

The rate of yeast activity

Record the height of colou red

l iquid by using a metre rule //

Calculate rate of yeast

respirat ion using formula:

= height of coloured l iquid

t ime

Controlled variable :

Volume of y eastsuspens ion /mass of

yeast/volum e of

glucose/pH/l ight

intensity/temperature/t ime

taken

Fix the volum e of 100cm3ofyeast suspension /the mass of

4 g of y east /pH5 /light

intensity at distance of 50cm

/t em per at ure at room

temperature/t ime taken fo r 10

minutes

3

3

3


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(d) State the hypothesis for the experiment.The higher/ lower the concentrat ion of gluc ose, the

higher / lower th e rate of yeast activ i ty

(e) (i) Based on Table 1.1, construct a table and record the resultsof the experiment which includes the following aspects:

Percentage concentration of glucose

Height of coloured liquid

The rate of the activity of yeast

Percentage

concentrat ion

of gluco se (%)

Height of

co loured l iqu id

(cm)

The rate of the

activ i ty of y east

(cm/min)

10 3 0.3

15 5 0.5

20 8 0.8

Table 1.1

(e) (ii) Draw a graph of the rate of the activity of yeast against the

concentration of glucose

(iii)

Based on the graph in 1(e)(ii), state the relationship betweenthe rate of the activity of yeast and the concentration ofglucose. Explain your answer.

When the co ncentrat ion of glucos e increases/decreases,

the rate of yeast activity in creases/decreases, more

subs trate for yeast to use for energy productio n, more

yeast reprodu ced.

(f) Based on the experiment, define anaerobic respiration inyeast operationally.

An anaerobic respirat ion is wh en yeast using g lucose to

prod uce gas that causes the ris ing of l iquid in

manom eter tube and the pro cess is affected by

concentrat ion of g lucose

3

3

3

3

3


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(g) The experiment is repeated by using 1 ml of 0.1 mol dm-3 ofsodium hydroxide solution is added into the boiling tube.Predict the manometer reading after 10 minutes. Explainyour prediction.

1 cm, not incr ease, sodium hydro xide is alkali , themedium is not suitable for yeast.

(h)The following list is part of the apparatus and material usedin this experiment.

Complete Table 1.3 by matching each variable with the

apparatus and material used in the experiment.Variables Apparatus Material

Manipulated Measuringcyl inder

Glucose

Responding Coloured l iquid Metre ruler

Controlled electron ic balance Yeast

Yeast, metre rule, coloured liquid, electronicbalance, glucose solution, measuring cylinder

3

3


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Question 2 :

No. Questions Marks Student notes

2 Lemnaminoris a species of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed familyLemnaceae. The plants grow mainly by vegetative reproduction: two daughter plantsbud off from the adult plant.

An experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of abiotic factor such as pH onLemna sp. growth. Experiment is done under controlled conditions: 12 hours a daylight exposure and using the same Knops solution.Petri dish is filled with 20 ml Knops solution with different pH value and 5 Lemna sp.each.The Knops solution is treated by adding acid or alkali to achieve the pH value needed.

** Knops solution is a solution which contains essential nutrient for plants growth.

Figure 1

After 7 days, the observation is made and the result shown in Table 1.1.

pHvalue

Petri dish Number ofLemnasp.

3

4

Lemna minor

Petri dish

Knops solution


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8

5

5

78

9

11

11

5


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131

Table 1.1


(a) State thenumber of Lemna sp. in the spacesprovided in Table 1.1

(b) (i) Based on Table 1, state two different observations .

Able to state any two observations correctly according to 2criteria:

pH ( Manipulated Variable)

Number of Lemna sp (Responding Variable)

Sample answers:1. At pH 2 (Knop solut ion), the numb er of Lemna sp is 4

2. At pH 8 (Knop solut ion ), the num ber of Lemna sp is 11

3. At pH 12 ( Knop s olut ion), the number of L emna sp is

1

4. At pH 12 (Knop so lut ion), the number of L emna sp

grow is less th an at pH 2/4/6/8/10

5. At pH 8 (Knop solut ion), the numb er of Lemna sp is

mor e than at pH2/4/6/10/12

*1,2 &3 is a horizontal observation

*4 & 5 is a vertical observation

(ii) State the inferences which corresponds to the observationsin 1(b)(i).

Able to make one logical inferencefor each observationbased on the criteria

suitable abiotic factor

Favourable for Lemna sp growthSample answers:

3

3

3


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1. Strong acidic con dit ion is no t favorable for Lemna

growth.

2. Weak/sl ight alkal ine // neutral condit io n is mo st

favorable for Lemn a growth.

3. Strong alkaline is not favorable for Lemn a growth .

4. Strong alkaline condit io n is th e least favorable forLemna growth com pare with other condi t ions.

5. Neutral/Sl ight alkal ine condit io n is the best/moss

favorable condit io n for Lemn a grow th.

*1,2 &3 is a horizontal inference*4 & 5 is a vertical inference

(c) Complete Table 1.4 to show the variables involved inthe experiment and how the variables are operated.

Variables How the variables are operated

Manipulated:

pH Add/Use acid or alkal i to theKnop solu t ion to get d i f ferent

pH condit ion// Use pH

solu tion : pH2, pH4, pH6, pH8,

pH10,pH12 // chang e/alter t he

medium condi t ion

Responding:

Numb er of Lemna sp

Count and record the numb er

of Lemn a sp. plants after 7days.

Fixed:

Light exposure /

Volume of Knop

solu t ion

Fix 12 hours light exposureevery day /

Maintain the volume at 20ml

(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

Able to state a hypothesis to show a relationship between themanipulated variable and responding variable and the

hypothesis can be validated, based on 3 criteria: manipulated variable

responding variable

relationshipSample answer :

1. In low pH, num ber of Lemna sp is less than in a

higher pH.

2. The higher pH the higher number of Lemna sp.

3. In a neutral cond it ion the num ber of Lemna sp.

3

3


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plants is the highest /the mo st.

4. The mo re alkal i the medium is the less num ber of

Lemna sp.

(e) (i) Construct a table and record the results of theexperiment.

Your table should contain the following title.

pH of water

Number ofLemna sp.

Able to draw and fill a table with all columns and rowslabeled with complete unitSample answers

pH of water Number ofLemnasp

2 44 5

6 8

8 1110 5

12 1

(e) (ii) Plot a graph showing the number ofLemna sp against the pHin the graph below

Able to plot a graph with 3 criteria:

A(axis): correct title with unit and uniform scale

P (point) : transferred correctly

S (Shape): able to joint all points, smooth graph, bell

shape.

(iii) Referring to the graph in (e) (ii), describe the relationshipbetween the Lemna sp growth and the condition of themedium.

Able to state clearly and accurately the relationship betweenthe condition of medium and Lemna growth based on thecriteria:

P1- Alkali, acidic or neutral (abiotic factor)

P2- Lemna sp. growthSample answer:(Associates each of the condition with the Lemna growth)

1. In the acidic medium the Lemnasp. growth isless, and increase when the medium becomeneutral but decrease when in alkali condition.

2 Lemnasp. grow very well in neutral medium andless growth rate in alkali or acidic medium

(f) Based on the experiment, define operationally the abioticfactor in an ecosystem.

3

3

3


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Able to explain the abiotic factor operationally base on 3criteria:

Lemna sp (organism)

affected (growth)

pH of medium (abiotic factor in ecosystem)

Sample answer:1. Abio t ic factor is pH of the medium that affect the

Lemna sp grow th in an ecosystem.

(g) The effluent from laundry shop flows into a pond nearby,predict the population ofLemna sp in the pond. Explain youranswer.

Able to predict the result accurately base on 2 criteria.

Expected population of Lemna sp

The reason of the answer Not suitable for growth

Sample answer:P1- No Lemna sp fou nd/ very small populat ion of L emna

sp ,

P2- Because water is co ntaminated with soap/detergent

contain alkal i,

P3- Which is n ot suitable/favourable for Lemna to g row

(h) Classify the biotic and abiotic factors from the listprovided below.

Able to classify all 4 pairs of the abiotic and biotic factors inecosystemSample answer

Abio t ic factors Biot ic factors

Humidity Decomposer

Light intensity Parasite

Soil texture Symbiotic organism

Topography invertebrates

3

3

3

Humidity, light intensity, decomposer,

parasites, symbiotic organism, soil

texture, invertebrates, topography


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Question 3:


1. A group of students conducted an experiment to study the effect of light intensity on the

population distribution of Lichen on the tree trunk. He placed a 10 cm x 10 cm transparentquadrat on the East-facing surface of the tree trunk. He counted the number of squares thatcontained half or more than half of the areas covered by the Lichen. Square with less thanhalf of the covered areas were not included.The procedures were repeated for the surfaces that face the direction of North (N), south (S)and west (W).

Figure 1 shows how a quadrat is placed on the tree trunk. Each small square represent 1cm2.

Figure 1

Table 1 shows the areas covered by the Lichen on the different surface of the tree trunk.Direction/position of

surface

Total surface area covered by

Lichen

East

60 cm2


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South

35 cm2

North

45 cm2

West

52 cm2

Table 1

10 cm

10 cm

10 cm


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a)Count the total surface area of Lichen for each quadrat and recordthe answer in the spaces provided in Table 1.

b) (i) State two different observation based on the diagram in Table 1.

Observation 1:

At the surface facing east (MV), the total surface area of Lichenis 60 cm2 (RV).

Observation 2:

At the surface facing south (MV), the total surface area of Lichenis 35 cm2 (RV).

(ii) State the inferences from the observation in 1 (b) (i).

Inference from observation 1:

At the east aspect is most suitable for the growth of Lichenbecause it receives more light intensity, so higher rate ofphotosynthesis.

Inference from observation 2:

At the south aspect is least suitable for the growth of Lichenbecause it receives less light intensity, so lower rate ofphotosynthesis.

(c) Complete Table 2 based on this experiment.


Manipulatedvariable

Directionfacing on thetree trunk //

Use different direction on the tree trunk sucheast, north, south and west.

Responding

variable

Total surfacearea coverageby Lichen

Count and record the total surface areacoverage by lichen by using the quadrat.

Constantvariable

3

3

3


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Quadrat size

Type oforganism

Sampling time

Fix the size of quadrat at 10 cm X 10 cm.

Fix the organism use in the experiment thatis Lichen

Sampling experiment is carried out at sametime

Table 2

d) State the hypothesis for this experiment:

1. The total surface area of Lichen on the tree trunk (RV) ishigher (R) when the light intensity is high (MV).

2. When the Lichen is facing east (MV), the total surface areacovered by Lichen/population of Lichen (RV) is increase (R).

3. The higher the light intensity (MV), the higher (R) the totalsurface area covered by Lichen / the higher the population ofLichen (RV).

e) (i) Construct a table and record all data collected in this experiment.Your table should have the following aspect:

Title with correct unit

Position of direction

Total surface area covered by Lichen

Position of direction Total surface area covered byLichen (cm2)

East 60South 35

West 52

North 45

(ii) Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.Using the data in 1 (e) (i), draw a bar chart graph to show therelationship between the population of Lichen against the directionsfacing on the tree.

The population of Lichen is represented by the total surface areacovered in the quadrat.

3

3

3


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(f) Based on the graph in 1 (e)(ii), explain the relationship between thepopulation distribution of Lichen and the light intensity.

P1 Population of Lichen / Total surface area covered by Lichen

P2 Position direction of quadrat

P3 Degree of light intensity

Sample answer:

1. Population of Lichen / The total surface area covered byLichen is higher at east direction which receives highlight intensity.

2. Population of Lichen / The total surface area covered byLichen is low at south direction which receives low lightintensity.

3. Population of Lichen / The total surface area covered byLichen is higher at east direction than at the southdirection because Lichen at east direction receives highlight intensity so rate of photosynthesis is higher.

(g) State the operational definition for population distribution of Lichen.

P1 Total surface area covered by LichenP2 Size of quadratP3 Abiotic factor that influence the population distribution

Sample answer:

3

3


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1. Population distribution is defined as total surface areacovered by Lichen (P1) within the quadrat size of 10 cm x 10cm at different direction of compass (P2) which influence bythe light intensity (P3).

(h) Lightning strike the tree and cause the tree to fall. The Lichen understudy is then exposed to direct sunlight from 7.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.daily.Predict what will happen to the total surface area covered by Lichenafter a month.

Explain your prediction.

P1: Prediction of total surface area of LichenP2: Effect of light intensityP3: Effect on the Lichen

Sample answer:Size of total surface area covered by lichen is increase / morethan 60 cm2 because Lichen receive more sunlight / lightintensity, so more photosynthesis by Lichen and more growth toLichen.

(i) The following is a list of biotic and abiotic factors.

Classify these factors in the Table 3.

Abiotic factors Biotic factorspH of water

HumidityTemperature

Pigeon orchidBird

Elodeasp

pH of water, pigeon orchid, humidity, bird,temperature, Elodea sp.

3

3

3


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Question 4 :


4 An experiment was carried out to investigate the water pollution level or BOD in three different

locations from a suspected polluted Rivers. Three water samples are collected from thesethree locations and labelled as P, Q and R as in Diagram 1.200 ml of each sample is put in a reagent bottle and added with 1 ml of 0.1% methylene bluesolution. All the bottles are kept in dark cupboard.Observations are made every minute to see the changes in the methylene blue colour.

Diagram 1

Table 1 shows the results of this experiment.

Water sample P Q R

Time taken for

methylene

blue solution

become

colourless

Table 1

Sample P

Each sample is addedwith methylene blue

solution

Sample Q Sample R

10 minutes 23 minutes 42 minutes


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(a) Record the time taken for methylene blue solution become

colourless in the boxes provided in Table 1.


Able to state any twoobservations correctly according to thecriteria:

o Sampleo Time takeno Become colourless

Sample answers:1. Time taken for methylene blue to becom e colour less

for samp le P is 10 minutes.

2. Time taken for methylene blue to become colou rlessfor sample R is 42 minu tes

3. Time taken for methylene blue to become colour less

for sample Q is 23 minu tes

4. Time taken for samp le P is 10 min utes that is shorter

than time taken for samp le R that is 42 minutes to

become colour less

(ii) State the inferences which corresponds to the observations in1(b)(i).

Able to make one logical inference for each observationbased on the criteria

o Sampleo Oxygen concentrationo Duration of time for methylene blue to become

colourless

Sample answers:1. In samp le P, oxygen concentrat ion is low, the

methylene blue become colourless very fast/ less

time taken

2. Oxygen concentrat ion in sample R is high, the

methylene blue become colour less slow/ longer

time taken3. Oxygen concentrat ion in sample P is lower than

oxygen con centrat ion in sample R, the time taken for

methylene blue to become colourless is shorter.

3

3

3


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Variables How the variables areoperated

Manipulated:

Water sample Water sample is co l lectedfrom three different

locations.

Responding variable

Time taken to

decolouris e methylene

blue

Time taken for methyleneblue to becomecolourless is recorded byusing a stopwatch.

Fixed variable

Metlhylene blueconcentration / volume/volume of watersample

0.1% of Methylene blue isused for all experiments/1 ml volume/ 200 ml ofwater sample.

Table 2


Able to state a hypothesis to show a relationship between themanipulated variable and responding variable and the

hypothesis can be validated, base on 3 criteria: manipulated variable

responding variable

relationship

Sample answer :1. The mo st p ol luted water h as sho rtest t ime for

methylene blue to become colourless.

2. Sample water P is the most pol lu ted has shortest t ime

for methylene blue to become colourless.

3. Sample water R is less po l luted com pare to water

samples P and Q, has longest t ime for m ethylene blue

to become colourless,

(e) (i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this

experiment based on the following criteria:

Water sample

Time taken

3

3


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Able to tabulate a table and fill in data accurately base onthree criteria:

o Table draw with labeled column.o Sampleo Time taken with unit.

Sample answers :

Water Sample Time taken ( minutes)

P 10

Q 23

R 42

(f) Based on the data in 1(e) draw a bar chart of time taken formethylene blue solution become colourless against watersamples.

Able to draw a bar chart base on cri teria:

o Correct charto Axis with co rrect scaleo Correct value

(g)What is the relationship between time taken, oxygenconcentration and BOD value of water in this experiment?

Able to state clearly and accurately the relationship between:

o time takeno oxygen contento BOD value

Sample answer:1. The shorter t ime taken for methylene blue to

become co lourless, less oxy gen in the water and

BOD value is high.

(h) Based on the result of this experiment, state the operational

definition for BOD

Able to explain BOD base on experiment correctly accordingto the criteria:

o Amount of oxygen in the water sampleo used by microorganismso shown by time taken

Sample answer:

3

3

3


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2. BOD is amoun t of oxygen in the water sample that

used by microorganisms and can be shown by

time taken of methylene blue to become

colour less.

(i) This experiment is repeated by using water sample fromchicken farm areas. Predict the time taken for methelyne blueto become colourless.

Able to predict the result accurately.o Expected timeo Compare to whicho Reason

Sample answer:

The time taken for methylene blue to become colourless

is 5 min utes, less th an water sample P, because chick en

farm water can be contamin ated with chicken faeces/ orany other answer.

(j) Arrange the water samples from the most polluted to the least

polluted.

Able to arrange the 3 level of polluted waterSample answer:

Types of water Polluted

P Most

Q Moderate

R Least

Most polluted least polluted

P Q R

3

3

3


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Question 5 :


5 Transpiration is the evaporation of water from a plant to the surroundings. The rate of transpiratio

is affected by environmental factors such as temperature.

A group of students carried out an experiment to study the effect of temperature on the rate o

transpiration. Diagram 1 shows the set up of the apparatus. An air bubble was trapped in th

capillary tube. The apparatus was placed in an air-conditioned room at 20oC.

The time taken for the air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm was recorded. The experiment wa

repeated for a second time to get average readings.

The experiment is repeated by placing the apparatus at three more different temperatures: an ai

conditioned room at 25oC , an air-conditioned room at 30oC and in a non air-conditioned room a

35

o

C.

Table 1 shows the reading of stopwatch for air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm at differentemperature

Diagram 1


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TemperatureoC

Time taken for air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm (min)

First reading Second reading AverageReading

20

25

3228

41

30.0

39 40.0


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TemperatureSuhu oC

Time taken for air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm (min)

First reading Second reading AverageReading

30

35


(a) Record the time taken for the air bubbles to move a distance

of 10 cm and average reading in Table 1.


1. When temperature is 20oC, the average time taken for

air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm is 40 minutes

2. When temperature is 35oC , the average time taken for

air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm is 10 minutes.

20 2020.0

11 9 10.0

3


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3. When temperature is 20oC ,the average time taken

for air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm is

longer than the average time taken when

temperature is 35oC

(ii) State the inferences which corresponds to the observations

in 1(b)(i).

1. (When temperature is low) , the amount of water lost

from the leaf is low(P1). So the rate of transpiration is

low (P2)

2. (When temperature is high) , the amount of water lost

from the leaf is high(p1). So the rate of transpiration is

high (P2)

3. When the temperature is higher/lower, the amount ofwater lost from the leaf is higher/lower. So the rate of

transpiration is higher/lower when the temperature is

higher/lower



Manipulated Variable

Temperature Place the

apparatus/potometer at

different temperature / 20

o

C,25 oC, 30 oC and 35 oC

Responding Variable

1.Rate of transpiration

2. Time taken for air

bubble to move a

distance of 10 cm

1.Calculate and record the

rate of transpiration by using

formula : Distance / time

2. Record the time taken for

air bubble to move a distance

of 10 cm by using stopwatch

Constant Variable

1.Type of plant

2.Distance travelled by

air bubble

1.Use the same plant

2.Fix the distance travelled by

air bubble at 10cm

3

3

3


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Able to make a hypothesis based on the following aspects

P1 : MV- Temperature

P2 : RV rate of transpirationH : Relationship (Higher. Higher)

Sample Answer:

1. The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of

transpiration//vice versa

(e) (i) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this

experiment.

Your table should have the following aspects:

- Temperature

- Average time taken for air bubbles to move a

distance of 10 cm .- Rate of transpiration

Rate of transpiration = Distance

Time

Able to construct a table based on the following aspects

1. Title with correct unit - 1 mark

2. Data - 1 mark

3. Rate of transpiration - 1 mark

Sample Answer

TemperatureSuhu oC

Average time taken for air by

air bubble to move a

distance of 10 cm (min)

Rate of

transpiration

cm/min

20 40.0 0.25

25 30.0 0.33

30 20.0 0.5

35 10.0 1.0

(e) (ii) Using the data in 1(e)(i), draw the graph of the rate of

transpiration against the temperature

Able to draw the graph correctly

Axes : Uniform scales on both horizontal and vertical axis

with correct unit 1 mark

Points : All points plotted correctly - 1 mark

Curve : smooth without touching the axes - 1 mark3

3

3


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(f) Based on the graph in 1(e)(ii), explain the relationship

between the rate of transpiration and temperature.

Able to explain the relationship between the rate of

transpiration and temperature based on the following

aspects.

P1 State the relationship

P2 kinetic energy of water

P3 evaporation

Sample Answer

When t he temperature increases, the rate of

transpirat ion in creases. When the temp erature

increases, kinetic energy o f w ater m olecules (in the leaf)

inc reases, causes th e rate of evapor ation inc rease.

(g) Based on the result of this experiment, state the operational

definition for process of transpiration.

Able to define operationally the process of transpiration

based on the following aspects:

P1 water loss from plant at different places

P2 Air bubble in capillary tube move at 10 cm

P3 The rate of transpiration is influenced by temperature

Sample Answer

Transpirat ion is a process where water is lost from theplant wh en it is placed at dif ferent temperature which

causes the air bubble in capi l lary tube mov e a distance

of 10 cm. The rate of transpirat ion is inf luenced by the

temperature.

(h) If the surface of the leaves of a plant at temperature of 35 oC

are covered with vaselin, predict the time taken for air

bubble to move a distance of 10 cm. Explain your prediction.

Able to predict the outcome of the experiment based on the

following aspectsP1 : Correct prediction

P2 : Effect

P3 : Reason

Sample Answer

Time taken for air to move a distance of 10 cm is m ore

than 10 m inutes. Rate of transpirat ion decreases

because vasel in covered the stom ata/stomata closed

3

3


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(i)The following list is a factor that affecting transpiration.

Classify the factors into two group in Table 3.

Environmental factor Morphology factors

1. Relative humidity

2. Air movement

3. Light intensity

1. Cuticle

2. Stomata

Table 3

Relative humidity Kelembapan relatif

cuticle kutikelair movement pergerakan angin

stomata stomata

light intensity keamatan cahaya

3


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ps bio paper 3 quest 1 teacher1

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