peta minda untuk sains tingkatan 1

www.petaminda.comPeta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1


SyaratSyarat Dan Terma Penggunaan E-Book Ini

Produk : "E-Book" Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan Satu

Syarat Penggunaan Produk

Dengan pembelian produk ini anda telah bersetuju dan mengakuiuntuk mematuhi syarat dan terma bagi penggunaan produk ini.

Produk ini diterbitkan oleh Mohd. Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad dandilindungi di bawah Akta Hak Cipta 1987.

Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyebarkan produk ini dengan apa-apacara sekalipun. Produk ini hanya untuk kegunaan peribadi andasendiri.

Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyalin-ulang mana-mana bahagiandalam produk ini atau mengeditnya menggunakan perisian lain tanpakebenaran daripada pihak penerbit. Sebarang perbuatan untukmenyebarkan produk ini secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja akanmenyebabkan hak anda untuk menggunakan produk ini terbataldengan serta-merta.

Penafian Penerbit

Produk ini dihasilkan untuk menyediakan maklumat berkaitan subjekyang dinyatakan. Kami telah berusaha sedaya upaya agar maklumatyang dihasilkan dalam produk ini adalah tepat.

Walau bagaimanapun, pihak kami tidak akan bertanggungjawabterhadap perubahan maklumat semasa berkaitan dengan subjek yangberkenaan kerana perubahan maklumat sentiasa berlaku sepanjangmasa.

Pembelian dan penggunaan produk ini adalah tanggungjawab andasepenuhnya. Kami tidak akan bertanggung jawab terhadap sebarangliabiliti dan risiko kerugian sepanjang penggunaan produk ini.

Tiada jaminan bahawa produk ini mampu mengubah kehidupanpengguna dari segi kebolehan dan sebagainya kerana ianya bergantungkepada usaha pengguna itu sendiri.

Pengguna adalah bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya di atas tindakansendiri yang dilakukan berdasarkan kandungan di dalam produk ini.

Tujuan utama produk ini adalah untuk perkongsian maklumat semata-mata.

Xi

Lesen: Kegunaan sendiri Jangan sebarkan Kegunaan anda sahaja

Hak Cipta Terpelihara Mohd Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad


Sebelum mendudukipeperiksaan anda akanhanya lakukan ulangkajipantas yang merumuskankesemua bahagian ingatan.

Ulangkaji semula darimasa ke semasamengikut keperluan anda.Masa yang diambil akanmenjadi semakin singkatkerana ingatan andasemakin mantap.

Ulangkaji peta mindaanda seberapa kerapyang mungkin.Abaikan bahagianyang anda telah ingat.Baca bahagian yanganda terlupa.

Baca semula peta mindaanda keesokan harinyauntuk mengisi semulaingatan yang telah hilang

Selepas 1 jam prosespembelajaran, andaseharusnya mengulangkajisemula selama 10-30 minit.

CARAPENGGUNAAN

A

Sebagai contoh,sila lihat petaminda yangpertama di muka1 iaitu"Introduction ToScience"

Nota yang terdapat dalam peta minda ini hendaklahdibaca menurut turutannya. Ia mengandungi cabangutama yang berlabel dengan huruf bersaiz besarseperti:

dan seterusnya.CBA

Ia bermula dengancabang utama

iaitu "SCIENCE: PARTOF EVERYDAY LIFE"

A

Ini diikuti oleh katakunciyang bercambah daricabang ini iaitu yangberlabeliaitu "Science"

1

Ulangi langkah yang samabagi dahan dandengan membaca rantingdan ranting kecil mengikutturutan huruf a, b, c....dannombor 1, 2, 3.... sebelumanda pergi ke cabangutama berlabel

iaitu "AREAS OF STUDY ANDCAREERS" untukmeneruskan bacaan.

2 3

B

Cabang "Science" pula akanbercambah menjadi ranting yangmengandungi fakta yang berturutanyang berlabel , , dan .Habiskan membacanya sebelum andapergi ke dahan yang berlabeliaitu "Natural Phenomena".

ca b

2

4

3

2

5

1 6

BE-book Peta MInda untuk SAINS UPSR adalah dalamformat PDF. Untuk membukanya komputer anda harusmempunyai program Adobe Acrobat Reader. Jika tidakmuaturunkan dari:http://get.adobe.com/reader/

Gunakan pencetak warna untuk supaya gambar yangdipaparkan adalah berwarna dan menarik untuk dibacasebelum dijilidkan. Ini adalah kerana warna berupayameningkatkan ingatan. Apabila dicetak, mukasuratnyaadalah dalam saiz A4. Walaupun boleh dibaca oleh matakasar, jika anda mahukan saiz huruf yang lebih besar, andaboleh membuat salinan fotokopi ke kertas A3 denganpembesaran 141% untuk paparan yang lebih besar danjelas. Selepas itu bolehlah dijilidkan menjadi buku.

SALINANKERAS,

PENJILIDAN DANPEMBESARAN 2

1MENGULANGKAJIPETA MINDA

ANDA

C

Kajian telah menunjukkanbahawa ingatan akan

berkurang mengikut masa yangtertentu.Sebagai persediaan

bagi peperiksaan, andaharuslah mengulangkaji peta

minda anda dari masa kesemasa. Ini membolehkan anda

untuk memperbaiki bahagianyang kurang diingati, atau

mengingatkan semula bahagianyang terlupa .

CARA 12

c

d

ab

e

Saiz A4

KEJAYAANAKAN MENANTI

ANDA !

3

3

Penjilidan

Saiz A3

Fotokopi

141%

Penjilidan

ii


iii

CHAPTER 1 :INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE

A. SCIENCE PART OF EVERY DAY LIFE........................... 1

B. AREAS OF STUDY........................................................... 1

C. CAREERS..........................................................................1

D. THE SCIENCE LABORATORY (1)................................... 1

E. THE SCIENCE LABORATORY (2)................................... 2

F. USING THE BUNSEN BURNER....................................... 2

G. HAZARD SYMBOLS........................................................ 2

H. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION......................................... 3

I. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES................................................. 3

J. PREFIXES......................................................................... 4

K. MEASURING LENGTHS.................................................. 4

L. MEASURING AREAS........................................................ 4

M. MEASURING LIQUID VOLUMES.................................... 5

N. MEASURING SOLID VOLUMES..................................... 5

O. MEASURING TEMPERATURE........................................ 5

P. CHOOSING SUITABLE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.. 6

Q. WEIGHT AND MASS........................................................ 6

R. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEIGHT AND MASS........ 6

Q. IMPORTANCE OF STANDARD UNITS........................... 6

CHAPTER 2 :CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

A. CELL................................................................................. 7

B. MICROSCOPE.................................................................. 7

C. CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS......................... 7

D. USING A MICROSCOPE.................................................. 7

E. ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL COMPARISON.................. 7

F. UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS.......................................... 8

G. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS..................................... 8

H. MICROORGANISMS........................................................ 8

I. HUMAN CELL ORGANISATION........................................ 8

J. HUMAN BEINGS: COMPLEX ORGANISMS.................... 8

CHAPTER 3: MATTER

A. CHARACTERISTICS........................................................ 9

B. MADE UP SMALL PARTICLES........................................ 9

C. 3 STATES OF MATTER.................................................. 9

D. PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT........................................... 9

E. PARTICLE MOVEMENT.................................................. 9

F. DENSITY............................................................................ 10

G. FLOAT OR SINK?............................................................ 10

H. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES................................................ 10

I. APPLICATIONS OF PROPERTIES OF MATTER.......... 10

CHAPTER 4:VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON EARTH

A. AIR..................................................................................... 11

B. WATER.............................................................................. 11

C. SOIL.................................................................................. 11

D. MINERALS........................................................................ 11

E. FOSSIL FUELS............................................................... 11

F. LIVING THINGS..................................................................11

G. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES....................... 12

H. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES COMPARISON............................................................... 12

I. METALS AND NON-METALS.......................................... 12

J. EARTH'S RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION................................................... 12

CHAPTER 5:THE AIR AROUND US

A. COMPOSITION................................................................ 13

B. AIR: A MIXTURE............................................................... 13

C. PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE.. 13

D. OXYGEN FOR RESPIRATION....................................... 13

E. CARBON DIOXIDE FROM RESPIRATION...................... 13

F. OXYGEN FOR COMBUSTION........................................ 14

G. AIR POLLUTION.............................................................. 14

H. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.......................................... 14

CHAPTER 6:SOURCES OF ENERGY

A. ENERGY: Ability to do work............................................. 15

B. ENERGY FORMS............................................................. 15

C. ENERGY SOURCES........................................................ 15

D. POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY............ 15

E. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES...................... 16

F. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES................................ 16

G. USING ENERGY EFFICIENTLY...................................... 16

H. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SOURCES................... 16

I. RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT..................... 16

CHAPTER 7: HEAT

A. A FORM OF ENERGY...................................................... 17

B. HEAT PRODUCTION........................................................ 17

C. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE............................................ 17

D. HEAT/TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES.......................... 17

E. HEAT FLOW EFFECTS.................................................. 17

F. HEAT FLOW..................................................................... 18

G. HEAT FLOW TYPES....................................................... 18

H. HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA...................... 18

I. HEAT CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS.................... 18

J. USES OF HEAT CONDUCTORS..................................... 19

K. USES OF HEAT INSULATORS....................................... 19

L. EFFECTS OF HEAT ON STATES OF MATTER............ 19

M. CHANGES OF STATE SUMMARY................................. 19

N. APPLICATIONS OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION.............................................................. 20

O. SOLVING PROBLEMS USING EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION................................ 20

P. HEAT ABSORPTION AND HEAT RELEASE.................. 20

Q. HEAT FLOW BENEFITS................................................ 20



Chemicalproperties

Living organism

Life processes

Matter

Energy

Natural forces

Biochemicalprocesses ofliving things

Industrial use ofliving orgnisms

To makeusefulproducts

Plants andtheirstructures

Rocks, minerals,earth's structure

Sun, planets, stars

Microorganisms

Processes andfunctions of livingsystems

Composition

Physics

Biology

Chemistry

AgricultureTransfer money, paybills, shopping, workfrom home

Observation

A

Experimentation

2

1

Systematicstudy ofnature

Tounderstandhow natureaffects lives

andenvionment

Gainedknowledge

from..

Science

Occurencesin nature

Growth of plants

Aurora

Eclipse ofmoon and sun

Rainbowformation

Examples

NaturalPhenomena

SCIENCE:PART OF

EVERYDAY LIFE

3Importanceof Science

Make lives morecomfortable

Improve standardof living

ScientificDiscoveries

Conserveenvironment

Preserveenvironment

ScientificKnowledge

Application ofscientificknowledge

Makes lives morecomfortable

Examples

Technology

Medicine

Faster, safer,vehicles

Modern highways,safer & fastertravelling

Light rail/commutertrains transport morepassengers, reducetraffic jams /pollution

Telephone

Transportation

Facsimile

Radio

Television

ComputersSatellites -long distancecommunication

Tools

Plants withhigher yeilds/resist diseases

Animals grow faster

Tractors, combineharvester

Fertilisers

Insecticides

Increase FoodProduction

ICT(Information

CommunicationTechnology)

Communication

X-raymachines

LasersElectrocardiographs

dialysis

Surgeries

Organ transplant

Healthier &Longer Life

Tools

Biochemistry

BiotechnolgyBotany

Geology

Astronomy

Microbiology

PhysiologyAREAS OF

STUDY

Chemistry trained

Plant sciencespecialist

Trained inmedical science

Preparesanddispensesmedicines

Designs, builts,maintains engines,buildings, roads

Designs buildings

Specialist inmicroorganisms

Patients carespecialist

Animal doctor

Developecomputersoftware

Botanist

Chemist

ComputerProgrammer

Doctor

PharmacistEngineer

Architect

Microbiologist

Nurse

VeterinarianCAREERS

THE SCIENCELABORATORY

(1)

Line upoutside thelab beforeentering

Never entersthe lab withoutpermission

Food and drinksare not allowed inthe lab

Apparatus andchemicals cannotbe taken out of lab

Consult theteacher forhelp and advice

GeneralRules

Never carry outexperiment withoutpermissionRead instructions

carefully beforedoing experiment.Consult teacher ifnecessary.

Handleapparatuscarefully

Checklabels onchemicals

Handlechemicalswith spatula

Use small amounts ofchemicalsto preventwastage

Never pourunusedchemicalinto reagentbottle to

prevent contamination

Never point themouth of test tubetowards anyonewhen heating it

Throw solidwaste into binsnot into sinks

Do not taste anychemicals or inhale

any gas unlessinstructed

Report anybreakages orfaulty equipment

Report any mishaps

Wash and returnapparatus after use

Wash handsthoroughly afterhandling chemicals

Keepbenchesclean

Do not waste water,electricity and gas

SafetyPrecautions

BC

D

4

3

2

5

1

67

8

9

10

43

2

5

1

6

7

8

910

2

1

c

ab

ab

c

a

b

cd

a

be

cd

ab

e

g

f

kj

h

i

n

o

ml

p

2

1

2

1

23

1

a

cd

b

12

3

1

2

ac

d

b

ef

1

2a

b

a

c

db

1

a

cdbe

ab

ab

a

b

c

a

ab

1

2

1

2

4

1

3

INTRODUCTIONTO SCIENCE

(1 - 6)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 1


Avoid directcontact

Wash withrunning waterwhencontacted

Store inlockedplace

Keep awayfrom heat/fire

Catches fire/burn easily

Sodium/potassiummetals

Concentratedacids/alkali

Hydrogen/airmixture Keep in

paraffinAvoidcontactingwater

Keep awayfrom heat/fire

CommonApparatus

(1)

SCIENCELABORATORY

(2)

CommonApparatus

(2)

Evaporating dish

To evaporate liquidfrom solution

Bell jar

Displacementcan

Filter funnel

To separate experimentsetup from outsideenvironment

Tocollectgases

Gas jar Test tube

Boiling tube

To containsmallamounts ofsubstances

To heatsmallamounts ofsubstances

Conikalflask

To contain/collectchemicals

Roundbottomflask

To containchemicalswhenpreparinggases

Measuringcylinder

To measure volumes ofliquid ( 1 cm3 accuracy)

Burette

To measurevolumes ofliquid ( 1 cm3

accuracy)

Pipette

To measurespecificvolumes ofliquidaccurately

Retort stand

To holdapparatus

retor tc l a m p

Tripod stand

To supportapparatusduring heating

wire gauze

Test-tuberack

To hold testtubesvertically

Bunsenburner

Test-tubeholder

To hold test tubewhen heating

To provideheatingflame

Stopwatch

To measuretime

Thermometer To measuretemperatureMetre rule

Beam balance

To measure mass

USING THEBUNSEN BURNER

gas jetair hole

barrel

collar

Turn collar to close air hole

Turn on gas

Bring match tomouth of barrel

Steps

When air holeclosed,

luminousyellow flameWhen air hole

opened ,non-luminous

blue flame

Flame

ExamplesHandlingMethods

HandlingMethods

Explodeswhen mixedwith other

subsrances

Explosive

PetrolKeroseneEthanol

White/yellowphosphorus

Methylatedspir its

Examples

Flammable

paraf f in

Causes harm/death if swallowed

/ inhaled / skinabsorbed

MercuryCyanidesLead

Benzene

ChloroformBromine

Examples

Causes damageto skin / eye

HandlingMethods

Concentratedacids

Hydrogenperoxide

BromineConcentratedalkali

Examples

Corrosive

Do not taste

HandlingMethods

Toxic /poisonous

HAZARDSYMBOLS

Irritates skin /eye / respiratory

system

Avoidinhalation

Use fumecupboard

HandlingMethods

Ammonia

Bromine Chlorine

Chloroform

Examples

Irritant /Harmful

Emits radiationharmful to bodycells / tissues

Keep in leadcontainers

Uranium

PlutoniumRadium

Thorium

Examples

HandlingMethods

Radioactive

Radioactivesubstance

air holeclosed

Temperature300oC

air holeopened

Temperature700oC

E

FG

21

3

2

1

4

32

5

1

6

c

d

abTo find thevolume of

liquiddisplaced

To separate solidfrom liquid usingfilter paper

To heat solids directlyover flames

Crucible

hef g

i

j

j

cd e

a

b

h

f

g

i

kl

c

a

b

a

b

ab

ab

abc

b

a

c

a

b

c

a

b

c

231

2

3

1

23 1

4

523

1

4

56

2 1

2

1

2

1

34

2

1

2

1

34

2

1

3

4

2

To measure length(accuracy 0.1 cm)

X


(2 - 6)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 1


Eg: Normaltemperature ofbody is 37oC

Eg: Time takenfor an athlete torun 100 m is10.00 s

Eg: Length of insect

Eg: Length of book

Eg: Distance between houseand school = 5km

kilometres(km)

Eg: Length of room

met re(m)

In SI units (InternationalSystem of Units)

A quantity that canbe measured

Identify patterns indata and relationshipbetween manipulatedvariable andresponding variable

Make an inference:a statement madeby reasoningbasedobservations andmeasurementsExample: Timetaken for thependulum to makeone swingincreases as thelength of thependulumincreases

H

3

Involve the principleof logic in solvingscientific problems

A systematic methodused by scientists intheir investigations

1 2

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION

Thequestion tobe solved

Open endedquestion

What toinvestigate

a

c

STEPS

Identifyingthe Problem

Analysingdata

Shows relationship betweenmanipulated variable andresponding variable

Hypothesis: Astatement that can betested by experiment

Control thevariables Determine

materials andapparatus

Determineprocedure

Determinecollection dataand dataanalysismethod

RespondingVariable : Variablethat is beingobserved

Variables : Factorsthat affect theresult ofexperiment Manipulated

Variable :Variable that ischanged to seethe effect

Fixed Variables :Variable that are notchanged throughoutexperiment

Controllingvariables

Planning theexperiment

Record data by:(a) observation(b) measurements

Measurementstypes:(a) time(b) temperature changes(c) colour

Tabulate data inappropriate tables

Collectingdata

Organise datain tables,graphs,charts,diagrams

Acceptinghypothesisi fsupportedby results

Rejecthypothesisif notsupportedby results

Form newhypothesisand carryfurtherexperiments

(a) Aim of experiment, on therelationship between variables

(b) List the 3 variables(c) List all apparatus and materials

needed(d) Draw a labelled scientific

drawing of the arrangement ofapparatus

(e) Write the procedures carryingout the experiment

(f) Tabulate the data obtained(g) Analyse the data (by graphs,

calculation or comparison)(h) Conclusion

Contains the completeexperimental proceduresand results

Writing areport

Reportformat

Example: The longer the lengthof a pendulum the longer theperiod of osccilation

Forming ahypothesis

TEMPERATURE ELECTRICCURRENT

LENGTH

SI Units

6 m

Longerdistance

Interpretingdata

Example:The longer thependulum, thelonger theperiod ofoscillation.Hypothesis isaccepted

Makingconclusion

centimetres(cm)

milliimetres( mm )

Shorterdistance

20 cm

16 mm

TIME

seconds(s)

SI Units

minutes

hours

days

months

yearsPHYSICAL

QUANTITIES

kilogram(kg)

Eg: Mass of a baby is 3 kg.

SI Units

grams (g)milligrams (mg)

Smallermass

MASS

kelvin (K)

Celcius (oC) :for daily use

SI Units

Ampere (A)

SI Units

Summary

I

3

4

3 2

1

5

67

8

ba

c

b

c

d

ab

c

d

ab

c

a

b

c

d

a baab

a

b

a

bc

a

b

Examples

a

b

a a

2

1

2

1

23 14

2 1

2

3

1

4

5

2

1

2

1

2

311


(3 - 6)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 1

Physcical SI unit Symbolquantity

Length metre m

Mass kiogram kg

Time seconds s

Temperature kelvin K

Current ampere A

pie chart

linegraph

bar chart


Is the size ofsurface of object

Use formulae

Wrap the measuring tape around theobject and read the scale that meets thezero mark on the tape.

Reading = 63 cm

Error caused by the wrongposition of eye is calledparallax error

Example 2:Change the following units ofmeasurements into kg(a) 250 g = (250 / 1000) = 0.25 kg

(b) 6 000 Mg 6 000 Mg = 6 000 000 000 g = (6 000 000 000 / 1000) kg = 6 000 000 kg(c) 5 mg 5 mg = 5 x 0.001 g = 0.005 g = (0.005 / 1000) kg = 0.000 005 kg

(d) 40 000 g 40 000 g = 40 000 x 0.000 001 g = 0.04 g = (0.04/1000) kg = 0.000 04 kg

Example 1:Write the following using prefixes(a) 77 000g 77 x 1000g = 77kg

(b) 0.000 004 A 4 x 0.000 001 A = 4 A

(c) 7 800 m 7.8 x 1000 m = 78 km

(d) 0.006 g 6 x 0.001 m = 6 mg

L

Prefixes Symbol Numerical value

Tera T 1 000 000 000 000 or 1012

Giga G 1 000 000 000 or 109

Mega M 1 000 000 or 106

kilo k 1 000 or 103

hecto h 1 00 or 102

deca da 10 or 101

deci d 0.1 or 10-1

centi c 0.01 or 10-2

milli m 0.001 or 10-3

micro m 0.000 001 or 10-6

nano n 0.000 000 001 or 10-9

pico p 0.000 000 000 001 or 10-12

femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 or 10-15

To expressphysical quantitieswhich are very big

or very small

Examples

Place one end ofobject at zeromark of ruler/tape

Place eye vertically onmark (correct position)to take reading

StraightObjects

2

Do not place eye at position A or B(incorrect position) because thereadings are not accurate.

XA

3

a

Reading = 2.4 cm4

b4

PREFIXES

CurvedObjects /

Lines

MEASURINGLENGTHS

XBC

Place string on rulerto measure length

Make mark on string

Use string to tracethe curve surface

Using string &meter rule

Diameter ofObjects

(cylinders/spheres)

UsingOpisometer

Usingmeasuring

tape

An instrumentwith a revolving

wheel formeasuring a

curved line

In sophisticated models, the wheel isconnected via gearing to a rotary dial fromwhich the line length can be directly read.

Internalcalipers

Externalcalipers

Externeldiameter

g a sja r

Internaldiameter

Using Calipersand ruler

Measure thediameterusing the ruler

Open the legs of thecalipers until their tips

touches the inner wall ofthe gas jar

cyl indr i ca lt u b e

Grip thecylindricaltube at theplace wherethecalipers'legs openthe largest

Measure thediameterusing the ruler

More AccurateTools

Can measureinternal andexternal diameters

Measurementsto the nearest0.1 mm

Verniercalipers

in tern alc al i p er s Measure

diameters up to0.01 mm

Micrometerscrew gauge

MEASURINGAREAS

Area

Other Units:square millimetres (mm2)square centimetres (cm2)square kilometres (km2)

SI Units:square metres (m2)

Conversions:1m2 = 100 cm x 100 cm = 10 000 cm2

1cm2 = 10 mm x 10 mm = 100 mm2

RectangleArea = width x length

TriangleArea = ½ x base x height

CircleArea = x radius2

RegularShapes

Use graphpaper for

estimation IrregularShapes

Mark ( ) on every completesquare ( 1 cm2) covered byshape

Mark ( ) on everyincomplete square whichcover half the area ofsquare or more

Find totalnumber ofticks ( ) fortotal area

Methods

J

K

3

2 1

3

2

1

3

2

1

c

da

b

c

d

ab

a

b

a

b

c

ab

a

b

2

31

st r i ng

2

1

1

2

a

1

b

a

b

21

ab c

a b

2

3

1

4

w id t h

l e ng t h

1


(4 - 6)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 1

Use ruler ormeasuring tape

Ruler

externalc al i p er s

Number of ticks = 51Area = 51 uni t2

3 0


Place under toungefor 2 minutes

Fill a eureka canwith water untilexcess wateroverflows

Place an emptymeasuringcylinder below itsspout

Lower a solid tiedto a string intothe eureka can

Volume of solid= Final volume - initial volume= 40 - 30= 10 cm3

Fill a measuringcylinder withwater. Recordinitial volume

Measure fixedvolume (25 cm3)

Suck in water/solutioninto pipette using apipette filler.

Meniscuscurvedownwards

M

MEASURINGLIQUID VOLUMES

Is a measure ofspace occupied

by object

Other Units:cubic millimetres (mm3)cubic centimetres (cm3)millitres (ml)litres (l)

SI Units:cubic metres (m3)

Conversions:1 cm3 = 1 ml1 l = 1 000 ml (cm3)1 m3 = 1 000 000 ml (cm3)

Volume

Usually measured inlitres (l) andmillilitres(ml )

Usually measured incm3 and m3.

Volumes ofLiquids

Volumes ofSolid

A measuringcylinder

Measurementto nearest mlor cm3

Bottom partofmeniscus.Reading= 42 cm3

incorrect X

incorrect X

correct

Placeeye atsamelevel atbottom ofmeniscus

Mercury

UsingMeasuring

Cylinder

1

2

a Meniscuscurve upwards

Water/Solutions

incorrect X

incorrect X

correct Top part ofmeniscus.Reading = 49 cm3

50

40

UsingBurrete

3

A burette

Smallest division= 1 cm3

}

Add water/solutioninto burrete using afilter funnel

Clampvertically

Record initialreading

Record finalreading

(3.90 cm3)

Volume in conical flask= final reading - initial reading= 3.90 - 3.30= 0.60 cm3

Techniques

(3.30 cm3)

Open tap torelease somewater / solution

4

Measurement tonearest 0.1 ml or cm3

Smallest division= 0.1 cm3

}

A pipette

UsingPipette

The volume is exactly25.0 cm3 when themeniscus reaches the25 cm3 mark.

Techniques

25 cm3 mark

0.60 cm3

Lower a solid tiedto a string into themeasuringcylinder. Recordfinal volume

WaterDisplacement

Method

For solids too large formeasuring cylinder

Using EurekaCan

The volume ofwater is equal tothe volume of solid.

MEASURINGSOLID

VOLUMES

Liquid-in-glassThermometer

MEASURINGTEMPERATURE

Bulb containingmercury

capillary tube

Measuresbodytemperature

Between35 oC and 42oC

ClinicalThermometer

Bulbcontaining

alcohol withred dye

To measure temperatureof water, place the bulbof the thermometer inthe water

AlcoholThermometer

N

O

1

2

1

cd

a

b

e

f

c

d

b

c

a

bc

ab

c

ab

c

d

a

b

ab

2

4 1

3

1a

21

2

4

1

3

2

1

5


(5 - 6)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 1


To enablescientist shareinformation withgreater accuracy

New system(1960):metre-kilogram-second (mks)

Old system:foot-pound-second (fps)

Need to knowexact amount ofmoney to buy foodsupplies at themarket

Need to knowexact amounts ofingredients toproduce foodproducts

Accuracy inmeasurements

Compressionbalance

Springbalance

Force of gravity

Beambalance

The quantity ofmatter of object isconstant

The quantity ofmatter contained ina substance.

Force exerted onobject due toearth's gravity

SI units:Newton (N)

Improve accuracy bytaking average readings

The differencebetween themeasured valueand the actualvalue

P

CHOOSING SUITABLEMEASURINGINSTRUMENT

How closemeasured value isto actual value

ACCURACY

1

More accurate andprecise readingshas smaller errors

Zero error occurswhen reading ofinstrument doesnot show zero

ERRORS

The difference invalue between severalmeasurements

High precision:A set of reading that differsslightly from average

Eg:Three ammeter readings:

1.2A 1.3A 1.4A

Average = 1.2 + 1.3 + 1.4 4

= 1.3A

Example:Three ammeter readings:

1.2A 1.3A 1.4A

Average = 1.2 + 1.3 + 1.4 4

= 1.3A

Example:Three ammeter readings:

1.2A 0.9A 1.4A

Low precision:A set of readingthat differs a lotfrom average

PRECISION

WEIGHTAND

MASS

WEIGHT

MeasuringWeights

Leverbalance SI units:

Kilogram (kg)

MASS

Mass of objectdoes notchange

Solid has themost matter, haslargest mass.

All have same volume and same type of particle.

Gas has the leastmatter, hassmallest mass.

Liquid

DIFFERENCES BETWEENWEIGHT AND MASS

Electronicbalance

Weight

Force of gravity thatacts on object

Changes according togravity

Newtons (N)

Spring balanceCompression balance

Mass

Quantity of matter inan object

Constant at anyplace

Kilograms (kg)

Beam balanceLever balanceElectronic balance

Definition

Value

SI Units

MeasuringInstruments

IMPORTANCE OFSTANDARD UNITS

Old to new systemconversion:

Lengths:

1 inch = 2.54 cm1 foot = 12 inches = 0.3048 m1 yard = 3 feet = 0.9144 m1 mile = 1 760 yards = 1.609 km1 cm = 10 mm = 0.3937 inch1 metre = 100 cm = 3.28 ft1 km = 1 000 cm = 0.621 mile

Weights:1 ounce = 28.35 g1 pouns = 16 ounces = 453.591 tonne = 2 000 pounds = 907.18 kg

Consistency inMeasurements

A single systemmakes

measurements indaily activities,

manufacturing andtrade very easy

Useful in Internationalcommunications

MeasuringMass

Weaker gravity,smaller weight

116N

Moon

Earth

Stronger gravity,larger weight

700N

Weight changeswhen force of

gravity changes

Near zero gravity,near zero weight

Q

R

S

2

2

1

3

2 1

b

c

c

ab

c

a

b

cab

ab

c

ab

d

a2

3

1

23

1

23

1

2

3

4

1

6


(6 - 6)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 1

a

No zero error Zero error occursin both readings


Concentrateslight ontospecimen

Condenser

Provide lightfor observation

Controlsamount of light

To hold slidespecimens

Magnification range:From x 10 to x 40

Change magnificationby changing objectivelens

Lens thatmagnifiesspecimen

To stabilisemicroscope

To move lenscloser

Caution: Lensmust not touchthe slide

To move lenscloser in smalldegrees

Place for slidewith specimens

Place to holdwhencarrying

Lens to lookthrough Magnifies

the image

Arm

Eyepiece

Contains clipsto hold slideStage

Coarsefocus knob

Finefocus knob

Base

Part that containsall lenses

Body tube

Clips

Diaphragm

Lightsource

PARTS OFMICROSCOPEAnimal cells

No fixed shape

No fixed pattern

Plant cells

Fixed shaped

Regular pattern

Cell shape

Arrangement

Cell wall

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Stores food /waste material

Dense jelly-likestructure

Basic units forplants and animals

Controls substancemovement in and out of cell

Thin layersurrounds cell

Place microscope on flat surface

To observeobjects not visibleto naked eye

Saw corkcells likesmall rooms(cell)Building

blocks of life

Discovered byRobert Hooke

Basic unit ofliving organism

CELL

CELL AS A UNITOF LIFE (1 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 2

Carry chemicalreactions to keepalive

Reproduce bycell division

PerformLiving

Processes Magnifiesobjects

MICROSCOPE

ANIMAL ANDPLANT CELL

COMPARISON

CELLSTRUCTURES

AND FUNCTIONS

Cellmembrane

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

Carries geneticinformation

Control centre of cell

Colourlesswatery jelly thatfills cell

Place wherechemical reaction

occurs

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Disc likestructures

Containschlorophyll

Absorb light tomake food(photosynthesis)

Chloroplast

Large space (sac)

Containcell sap

Keep cell firm,take in water

Differences

Carry out lifeprocesses

Both havea. cell membraneb. cytoplasmc. nucleus

Similarities

Vacuole

A

D

BE

1 2

Celldividing

Turn to use low powerobjective lens first

Raise the stage tohighest position.

Look through eyepiece,adjust diapraghm formaximum light

Place slide withspecimen and clip

Turn coarse focus knobclockwise until objective lensalmost touchest the slide

Look through eyepiece, turn coarsefocus knob anticlockwise where thestage is lowered down until a clearimage of specimen is seen

Turn fine focusknob to obtain asharp image

8

6

USING AMICROSCOPE

C

12

3

1

2

34

57

31 2

312

1 2

3

1

2

3

1 2

1

2

c

a

b

ca

b a

b

Thick celluloselayer

Support cell

Give cell fixedshape

Hold togetherwith other cells

Cell wall

4

2

3

1

cellmembrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Plant cell

Animal cell

7

Objectivelens


8

To detectstimuli fromsurroundingTo carry impulses

to parts of body

Nervecells

liver

eyebrain

heart

ear

skin

stomach

To cover outerlayer of body

To absorb & excretesubstances Ephitelial

cells

Respiratorysystem

Reproductivesystem

To transfergeneticinformation Protect from

infection

Speak

Reason

Imagine

Learn

Create

For smooth andefficient functions or

organism

cells

tissues

organs

systems

Division oflabour among:

Perform specificfunction(Division of labour)

Skeletalsystem

Bloodcirculatorysystem

Muscularsystem

Nervoussystem

Digestivesystem

Examples

Examples

Muscle tissueBone tissue

Nerve tissueExamples

Containsdifferent

systems thatwork

together

Contains differentorgans that worktogether to perfom afunction

Contains different tissuesthat work together to perfoma function

Basic unit

Contains same typeof cells that worktogether performspecific function

CellTissue

Organ

System

Organism

To grow anddevelop afterfertilisation

To fertililizeegg (ovum)

Spermcells

Egg cell(Ovum)

Make upbones tosupport body

To kill bacteriainside body

To carry oxygento parts of bodyRed lood

cells

White bloodcells

Bonecells

For bodymovementMuscle

cells

Examples

Have differentfunctions

To perform lifeprocessesefficiently

CellSpecialisation

Human:Complex

multicellularorganism

Hydra

Spirogyra

Examples

Bacteria

Virus

Examples

Most:unicellular

Some:multicellular

Not seen by naked eye,only by microscope

Very tinyorganisms

Trees (plants)

Mammals, birds,reptiles (animals)Complex

multicelluar

The larger thesize, the more

complexMore cells,larger size

Paramecium

Living organismsmade of one cell

UNICELLULARORGANISMS

CELL AS A UNITOF LIFE (2 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 2

Ameoba

Yeast

Euglena

Pleurococcus

ChlamydomonasAnimal

kingdomPlant

kingdom

MULTICELLULARORGANISMS

Hydra (animal)Spirogyra

(plant)

Mucor(fungus)Simple

multicelluar

Living organismsmade of morethan one cell

MICROORGANISMS

CellOrganisation

HUMAN CELLORGANIZATION

HUMAN BEINGS:COMPLEX

ORGANISMS

Complexorganisation of

cells

Complexbrain

FG

H

I

J

1

2

3

1

1

4

23

1

a b

c

d

a b

c

da

b

1

2

c

d

ab

e

c

a

b

2

4

1

3

2

4

1

5

c

e

ab

6

7

8

3

12

1

a

c

b

2

1a

cd

b

ef

g

2

1

a

c

d

b

e f

g

skullrib cage

back bone

heart

vein

artery

muscle

br ai n

spinal cord

nerve

oesophagus

stomachla rg eintestine

s m a l lintestine

n o s e

trachea

l u n g s

t e st i s

p e n i s

uterusovary

vagina

2

3

4

1

1

22

3

1

2

1

2

1

2

1


Close together

NOT in fixed pattern

More spaces between particlesFixed volume but NOT fixed shapeDifficult to compress

Lot of spaces between particlesNO Fixed volume and shapeEasily compressed

NOT in fixed pattern

Further apart

Spread outto fillcontainer

Move randomlyin all direction

At highspeeds

Collisionbetweenparticles morefrequent

Collide withone another

GAS

Vibrate, spin andmove aroundone another move freely

LIQUID

Cannotmove freely

Vibrate and spinat fixed position

PARTICLEMOVEMENT

GAS

LIQUID Flows easily inall directions

No fixed shape, followshape of container

Can becompressed

No fixed volume

Properties

Flowseasily Fixed volume

No fixed shape,follow shape ofcontainer

Cannot becompressed

Cannot becompressed

Fixed shape

Fixed volume

Does notflow

Properties

SOLID

GAS

3 STATES OFMATTER

Potassium manganate(VII)particles separate and diffuseinto spaces of water particles

Diffussion of potassiummanganate(VII) particles

Molecules

HAS MASS OCCUPIESSPACE Atoms

MADE UPOF SMALLPARTICLESA

BE

1 2

Liquid

Balloon withmore gas hasmore mass

Solid Liquid Gas

Gas particlesare smallenough todiffuse out ofthe balloon

Balloon filledwith gas

becomes smaller

Potassiummanganate(VII)crystal

Properties

LIQUID

Coverremoved

Smoke

Smokefills bothjars

PARTICLEARRANGEMENT

Close togetherPacked in fixedpattern

Very little space between particlesFixed volume & shapeCannot be compressed

H MATTER (1 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 3

collide

collide

C

D

SOLID

1

2

3

4

Solid

Gas

1

2

3

SOLID

1

2

3

SOLID

SOLID

SOLID1

2

3

c

a

b

a

b

a

b

c

a

bd

c

a

bd

c

ab

d

c

ab

c

a

b

c

ab

a

b

ab

c

c d

a

b

vibrate spin

9

CHARACTERISTICS


cork

wood

lead

alcohol

water

mercury

T r ip l ebalance

Volume = MassDensity

Mass = Density x Volume

Floating LargeMetal Ships

Floating/Sinking

Submarine

Float

Fishing buoys

Hot air balloon

Transportingtimber logs

Rafting

UsingDensityConcept

Savespace

Easy transportation3 cm 5 cm

2 cm

Example 4:A 10 g wooden block hasa volume of 13 cm3. I fthe density of cooking oilis 0.6 g/cm3, determinewhether it floats or sinksin cooking oil.

Solution:Density of wooden block,

= =

= 0.77 g/cm3

Density of woodenblock greater thancooking oil

Wooden block sinks incooking oil

MassVolume

10g13 cm3

CookinggasHydrogenOxygen

Nitrogen

Examples

Benefits

Big volumesof gas stored

in smallcontainers(cylinders)

Under highpressure

Compressinggases into

liquidsComparingDensities

Example 2:

The mass of acuboid shown is25 g. What is itsdensity?

Example 3:The density of seawater is 1.03 g/cm3.Calculate the volumeof see water with amass of 82.4 g.Solution:

Volume =

=

= 81.7 cm3

MassDensity

84.2 g1.03 g/cm3

A denserfalse teeth inwater

Example 1:The density of anobject is 2.7 g/cm3.Find the mass of 5cm3 of the object.

Solution:Mass = Density x Volume = 2.7 x 5 = 13.5 g

NUMERICALEXAMPLES

A coinsinksbecause itis denserthan water

A densersubstance sinksin a less dense

liquid

A less densesubstance floatsin a denser liquid

Example:A wooden block of mass 100g hashas a length, width and height of10 cm, 5 cm and 6 cmrespectively. Find its density

Calculate density. Density = MassVolume

kg/m3

(ki logram permetre cube)

g/cm3

( gram percentimetre cube)

UNITS

Find volume:v = l x w x h

Measure:a. length, lb. width, wc. height, h

Measure mass of objectusing triple beam balance

APPLICATIONSOF PROPERTIES

OF MATTER

DENSITY

F

FLOATOR

SINK?

H MATTER (2 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 3

Density OfRegular shaped

objects

Solution:Mass=100 gVolume = 10 x 5 x 6 = 300 cm3.

Density = = = 0.33 g/cm3MassVolume

100g300 cm3.

Measure mass of object(eg: rock) using triplebeam balance

Measure volume of objectusing water displacementmethod

Volume of object =Final volume - initial volume

Calculate density.

Density = MassVolume

Density OfIrregular

shaped objects

H

Oil is less thanwater. Oil dropletsfloats on water

Ice is less densethan water. Icefloats on water.

Cork f loatson water

Solution:Mass = 25 gVolume = 3 x 5 x 2 = 30 cm3

Density=

=

= 0.83 g/cm3

MassVolume

25g30 cm3

Most dense

Least dense

A i r

ballasttank

Water fills balasttankIncrease densitySubmarine sinks

Water pumped out ofballast tankDecrease densitySubmarine floats

Hollow shapeContains lots of airDecrease density

M assVolume=Density

I

G

Hot air insideballoon is lessdense.raise balloon

Wood is less densethan water.Floats on water

Air inside floatand bouy makesthem less thanthan water.Floats on water

1

2 3

4

1

23

1

23

4

1

2

3

c

a

b

a

b d

e

c

a

b

da

b

c

a

b

c

d

e

a

b

f

g

a

bc

d

10

Electricitygeneration

using steam

Large volumeDecrease density


Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbondioxide Water

vapourInertgases

Charcoal(Mangrove)

Petroleum, coal,natural gas (plant &animal remains)

Firewood

Vegetable &animal oi ls

Skin

Wood Rat tan

BambooCot ton

LatexLeaves Wool

Si lk

Skin

Quinine

Ginseng

Honey

Milk

Eggs

Meat

Vegetables+ Oils

Fruits

Drinks(coffee,tea)

Food

Medicines

ClothesBuildingmaterials

Fuels

SourcesOf...

LIVINGTHINGS

Oxygen CarbondioxideObtain energy

from food

PlasticPetrol, diesel

(vehicles)Cookinggas

Burning of coalproduces heat togenerateelectrical energyin power stations

Naturalgas

Petroleum

Coal

FOSSILFUELSglass

(from sand)gem stones(from quartz & feldspar)

Uses

Quartz

FeldsparSand

Examples

Non-metals

Platinum

Ornaments,jewellery

Utensils

Gold

Silver

Cookingutensils

Wires

Construction

Containers

Iron

Copper

Uses

Examples

Fromores of...

Found innaturalstate

Metals

MINERALS

Coal

Petroleum

Naturalgas Formation

of Fuels

Respiration ofsoil organisms

Absorptionby plantroots

microorganisms

ants

earthworms

Watertransport Generation of

electricity

Roads

Glass

Ceramic

Bricks

Clay

Gravels

Sand

Phosphates

Animals

Support plants'growth

Plants

Agriculture

ConstructionLivestock

Mining

Manufacturing

Habitat foraquaticanimals

carbondioxide

oxygenGas exchageduring breathingin moist lungs

Gives outoxygen

Producefood

Photosynthesisin Plants

Body cells carry outliving processes

Respiration

Drivevehicles

Generateelectricity

Produce heat

Combustionof fuels

Oxygen

Carbonateddrinks

Dry ice

Fireextinguishers

Composition

A

B

VARIETY OFRESOURCES ON

EARTH (1- 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 4

Carbondioxide

Uses

AIR

Human use:drinking,bath,cooking,washing,wateringplants

Uses

70% ofearth'ssurface

Cell cytoplasm(90% water)

Transportdigestedfood &oxygen

Excretionof wasteproducts

Controls bodytemperature

AnimalsBasic needfor all living

things

Cell cytoplasm (90%)

Transportmineral salts

Support aquaticplants

Germinationof seeds

Plants

ImportantTo..

WATER

cytoplasm

HumanUse

For healthyplants' growth NitratesSulphates

Organic substance fromdecayed plants & animals

Make soil fertile

Respiration ofplant roots

Humus

Water

Air

Habitat

Examples

Minerals

Contains

SOIL

C

D

E

F

12

1 2

3

4

1

23

4

1

2

1

23

1

a

b

c

a

b

aab

cde

a

bf

g

cd

e

ab

c

a

b

ab

a

b

ab

cd

ea

b2

1

24

1

3

2

41

3

5

6

2

4

1

3

2

1

2

1

21

2

1

ab

cd

ea

b

11

1

Wax


mat er ia ls

XDo not throwrubbish into

drains

Aluminiumbeverage cans

Car pool toreduce carson roads

Avoid open burning

ConservingAtmosphere

ConservingOther

Resources

Conservewater, use less

Do not Pourhazardous

products intodrains eg: paint,

insecticide

ConservingWater

Resources

BY

Iron

Copper

one typeof atom

Gold

Examples

Bromine( l iq u id)

Chlor ine(gas)

SulphurExamples

Fil trate(Salt solution)

Residue(Sand)

Protect naturalhabitat from being

destroyed

Protect natural resourcesbeing depleted

Maintain population ofendangered species

Maintain a balancedecosystem to

minimise destructionof natural habitat

TO

Wise management and systematicuse of natural resources to

prevent waste or loss

Keeping naturalresources in their

original andbalanced state

CONSERVATION

PRESERVATION

EARTH'SRESOURCES

CONSERVATIONAND

PRESERVATIONS

Only one type ofparticle (atom)

Cannot be brokendown into simpler

substance

WaterBloodcells

minerals

Blood

Fertilisers

Nitrogen

Bleach

Explosives

Fertilisers

Germkillers

MedicinesSulphur

Chlorine

Phosphorus

Diamond

Charcoal

Pencil lead

Carbon

Poor heatconductor

Uses

EXCEPT carbon

Poor electricalconductor

SulphurGraphite(Carbon)

BrittleCarbon

Phosphorus

Dullappearance

Bromine( l iq u id)

Sulphur(s ol i d)

Chlorine(ga s)

Solids, liquids orgases at room

temperatureProperties

ElectricalwiresCooking

utensils

Vehicles

Machines ToolsGood heatconductors

Hard

Aluminiumfoil

Malleable

Good electricalconductor &

ductile

Uses

High density

High meltingpoint

Shiny

Solid at roomtemperature(except mercury)

Hard

Malleable

Ductile

Good heatconductor

Good electricalconductor

Properties

NON-METALS

METALS

METALSAND

NON-METALS

Iron fi lingsattracted tomagnet

Use magnetto separate

Mix them Iron filings+ sulphurmixture

Evaporation

Filtration

Dissolvingthe salt

Salt + sandmixture

Salt or sugarSolution

Evaporation

Salt or Sugarsolution

Examples

Filtration Evaporation

Separation byPhysical Methods

Sand

HumusClay

WaterMineralsalts

SoilSalt

Otherminerals

WaterSeawater

Water vapour

OxygenCarbon dioxide

Nitrogen

Dust

AirExamples

Made up of two ormore substances

(elements or compounds)physically combined

MIXTURES

CarbonHydrogenOxygen

Sugar

ChlorineSodium

SaltIron

Oxygen

Rust

Oxygen

HydrogenWaterExamples

Broken down into simplersubstance by chemical methods

Made up of two ormore elements

chemically combined

Atomscloselypackedtogether

Non-Metals

Metals

2 Types

COMPOUNDS

ELEMENTS

G

ELEMENTS,COMPOUNDS,

MIXTURES

VARIETY OFRESOURCES ON

EARTH (2 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 4

Hea t

Evaporating

SolutionSolvent

Fi l terpaper

Fi l trate

Residue

Fi l terfunnel

SaltSolution

Iron f ilingsand sulphurmixt ure

ELEMENT, COMPOUND,

MIXTURECOMPARISON

Element

Only one type ofparticle

Cannot be broken downinto simpler substances

Compound

More than one type ofparticle

Can be broken down intosimpler substances bychemical methods

Only one type of particle

Cannot be broken downinto simpler substances

More than onetype of particle

Can be broken down intosimpler substances bychemical methods

copper atoms oxygenmolecules sodium

atomchlorineatom

sodium chloride

oxygenatom

hydrogenatom

water

H

I

J

1

23

4

1

2

31 2

1

2

c

d

ab

c

a

b

c

ab

a

b

c

a

b

a

b

ab

2

1

234

1

234

1

2

3

1

234

1

7

6

5

8

9

2

3 4

1

2

3 4

1

5

electron flowseasi ly

electron flowsslowly

2

3

1

2

1

P ap e r

P l a s t i c

G l a s s

C lo t h

a

b

a

a

c

b

1

2

3

4

1

5

a

e l em e n tX

e l em e n tY

Mixture ofX and Y

Different elementscombine chemically

Cannot be broken downinto components byphysical methods. Onlyby chemical means.

Elements/compoundsmix physically

Can be separated intocomponents byphysical methods

Electro lysis:Ac h e m i c a lmethod tobreak downwat er

Sal t, sandand watermixt ure

Iron f ilingsa n ds ul p hu rmixt ure

Oxygena n dni t rog enmixt ure

C o m p o u n dof X and Y

a

cb

a

b

aa b

a

c

b

a

ba b

a b

ab

c

a

a

b

aba

a

b

a

ba

babc

a

cd

b

e

a

cb

a

cd

be

ac

b

12

2

2

1

2

1X

1

Element Compound Compound Mixture


Nitrogen

oxygen

carbondioxide

+watervapour

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

Water vapour

Temperature

Inhaled air

Air that webreathe in

21 %

0.03%

78 %

Less

Same assurroundings

Exhaled air

Air that webreathe out

16% - less

4% - more

78% - unchanged

More

Higher thansurroundings

Splinterignitesglowing

splinter

CARBONDIOXIDE FROMRESPIRATION

Water

Experiment

Oxygen enters by diffusionacross cell membrane

Oxygen enters throughstomatal pores of leaves

Oxygen entersduring breathingthrough lungs

Glucose + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide+

Water+

Energy

CaC

Living cells oxidise food usingoxygen to produce carbondioxide, water and energy

Microorganisms Animals

Plants

All livingthings

Respiration

white precipitate(cloudy)

Turns limewatercloudy/milky/chalky

Ignites a glowingsplinter

OXYGEN FORRESPIRATION

Nitrogen78%

Oxygen21%

Carbon dioxide 0.03%+ others 0.97%

More oxygenin jungle

More carbondioxide in cities

Examples

Environment

Human activitiesCompositionVaries due

to..

Carbon dioxideWater

Dust + microorganisms

Xenon

Argon

Neon

Helium

KryptonInert gases

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Compounds

Elements

AIR:A MIXTURE

Oxygen

Carbondioxide

Inertgases

Dust

Microorganisms

D

E

A

B

x cm

Percentage of oxygen = x100% ~ 20%

yx

Test forOxygen

Test forCarbondioxide

Oxygen Glucose

Carbondioxide

WaterEnergy

Wire gauze

Redindicatordroplet

Cotton soaked withsodium hydoxidesolution

Cockcroach

Germinatinggreen beans

Cockroach andseeds use oxygenduring respiration

Carbon dioxide producedabsorbed by sodiumhydroxide solution

Oxygen content in tube Aand B decreases causinga decrease in airpressure

Tube A

Tube B

Tube C

Higher atmophericpressure pushes redindicator inwards

c

d

a

b

OxygenGlucose

EnergyCarbondioxide Water

stomata

TESTS

Colour and smell

Solubility inalkalinepyrogallol solution

Solubility In Water

Solubility InSodium hydroxide

Effect onGlowing Splinter

Effect on LightedSplinter

Effect on moistblue & red litmus

Effect on LimeWater

Effect onBicarbonateIndicator

OXYGEN

Colourless andodourless

Very Solube

Slightly soluble

Not Soluble

Splinter ignited

Splinter burns more brightly.

No change. Neutral gas.

No change.

No change.

CARBON DIOXIDE

Colourless andodourless

Not soluble

More soluble

Very Soluble

Splinter goes out.

Splinter goes out.

Moist blue litmus changesto red. Red litmusunchanged.Acidic gasLime water turns cloudy

Indicator colour changesfrom redto yellow

Supportscombustion

Does notsupportcombustion

Supportsburning

Does notsupportburning

oxygenlimewaterunchanged

carbondioxide white

precipitate

glowingsplinter

glowingsplinter

burningsplinter

burningsplinter

PROPERTIESOF OXYGEN

AND CARBONDIOXIDE

THE AIRAROUND US

(1- 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 5

C

In Tube C red incicator positionremains unchanged because oxygencontent remains unchanged

Inhaled air

candle A

Candle A burnslonger.Inhaled air hasmore oxygen

Exhaled

candle B

Candle B burnsin shorter time.Exhaled air hasless oxygen

Air Filter pump

Limewaterflask C flask D

Limewater in flask D turnscloudy much faster thanlimewater in flask C because theexhaled air from the mouse hasmore carbon dioxide.

Limewater in flask C turns cloudymuch slower than limewater inflask D because the air has lesscarbon dioxide.

Oxygen Glucose

Energy

Carbondioxide Water

cellmembrane

Air Filter pump

tube X Cobaltchloride paper

tube Y

Cobalt chloride paper intube X turns pink muchslower than intube Y because the airhas less water vapour

Cobalt chloride paper intube Y turns pink muchfaster than intube X because the airhas more water vapour

Respiration of mouseproduces carbon dioxide

Respiration of mouseproduces water vapour

y cm

{

12 3 4

56

7

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

c

a

b

c

ab

c

a

b

a

b

c ab

e

cb

2

1

2 1

1

2

5

34

1

2

1

13

Sterile nutrient agarCover

After 3 days

White thread-like growth andblack spots dueto growth ofm i cr o o rg a n is m s

No change

a

ExperimentsCOMPOSITION

Bicarbonateindicator

oxygen

CO2


Use less CFC

Fix filters to trappollutants in

chimneys

Usecatalytic

convertersto reducepollutants

Use unleaded petrol

Stopsmoking

habit

Stop openburning

Use public transport /car pool

Recycle paper,glass & metals

Action againstmotor vehicles

owners

Action againstfactory ownersMotor

Vehicles

Set up far awayfrom housing

areas

Factories

Green houseeffect

Increases earth'stemperature

Effects

Fossil fuelburning

Rubbishburning

Sources

Damagesozone layer

Atmosphere cannotfilter harmfulultraviolet light

Effects

Aerosolsprays

Electronicfactories

Sources

Retardschildren'smental

Damageskidney,heart,brain

Effects

Leadedpetrol

Sources

Acid rainEffect

Motor vehicles

Sources

damageslung cellsAcid rain

Damagesmetals

Damagesmarble/limestone

Kills aquatic life Kills plants

Effects

Coal

Sources

Death

Braindamage

Tiredness

HeadacheEffects

Cigarettes

Motorvehicles

Sources

Lung cancerCough & athma

Construction sites

Cement plants

EffectsSources

Burning rubbish

Cigarettes Motor vehicles

Fossil fuel burningForestfires

Breathingdifficulties

Eye irritationHaze

Sources

Effects

Smokeand soot

Due to pollutants -chemicals in

atmosphere harmfulto life

Candle

Carbon + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide+

Heat+

Light

CaC

Reactions

Kerosene

Natural gas

PetrolDiesel

Examples

Contains hydrogenand carbon

Charcoal

Coal

WoodExamples

Hydrocarbon

Carbon

Supportedby oxygen

Types

Heat Light

Produces

Oxygen

Fuel

Heat (to ignite)

Requires

Substancethat burns

Chemical reactionbetween a substance

and oxygen

FuelBurning

OXYGENFOR

COMBUSTION

FHydrocarbon + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide+

Water*+

Heat+

Light CaC

Carbon dioxideproduced whencarbon reacts withoxyg en .

Wate rproducedwhenhydrogenreactswithoxyg en .

Filter pump

Funnel

Burning candle( Hydrocarbon)

Limewater turns cloudy Carbon dioxide produced

Cobalt chloridepaper changes to pink Water produced Hydrocarbon contains hydrogen

Filter pump

Funnel

Burningcharcoal( Carbon)

Limewater turns cloudy Carbon dioxide producedCobalt chloride

paper unchaged No water produced Contains NO hydrogen

candle A candle B

Candle B burnslonger becauseits largercontainercontains moreoxygen.

Candle A burnsin shorter time.Smallercontainer hasless oxygen

DustCarbonmonoxideSulphur

Dioxide

Oxides ofNitrogen

CarbonDioxide

Chlorofluorocarbon(CFC)

LeadAir

Pollutants

AIRPOLLUTION

Public La wEnforcement

AIR POLLUTIONCONTROL

THE AIRAROUND US

(2 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 5

Acid clouds

Acid snow Acid rain

X

G

H

1

2

3 4

1

1 2

3

4

d

c

a

b

c ab

a

b

a

b

2

d

ea

bc

f

gh

ab

ab

a

b

ab

2

1

a

b

a

ab

c

a

b

a

b c

d

1

2

31 2

a

b

21

2

1

21

21

2

1

14

Experiments

Depleted ozonelayer at south pole


Coal

Petroleum

All energysources traced

back to Sun

Maximumpotentialenergy(minimumkineticenergy)

Maximumpotentialenergy(minimumkineticenergy)

Maximumkineticenergy(minimumpotentialenergy)

Examples

Interchangeble

POTENTIALENERGY

AND KINETICENERGY

Produce nuclear energyin form of heat energyto generate electricity ina nuclear plantUranium and

PlutoniumSteam producedused to rotateturbines togenerateelectricity, heathomes & factories

In forms of geysersand hot springs

Heat energyfrom inner layerof earth

Stored as potentialenergy in dams

Move water turbines indams to generate electricity(hydroelectricity)

Produceswaves

Move sailing boats

Move windmills to pumpwater or grind corn

Move windturbines toproduceelectricity

Uses

From garbage heat

Animal waste gas

From plantswood, charcoal,alcohol, biodiesel

Natural gas

Types

Formed fromdead plantsand animal

Biomassfuels

Fossilfuels

Classesof Fuel

gives heat andlight energywhen burnt

Energy isstored in food

Uses light energy fromsun, carbon dioxide andwater to make food

heat energy

light energygives

water

fuelsplants

animals

wind

providestored energy

in

Sun

Plants

FuelsWind

Water

Radioactivesubstances

Geothermal

Nuclear bomb

Nucleus

Stored innucleus of

atom

NuclearEnergy

Solar car

Released bythe sun

SolarEnergy

Flying plane

Runningman

Possesed bymovingobjects

KineticEnergy Compressed spring

Stretchedbow

Cyclist on top of hill

Stored inobjects due toits condition/

position

PotentialEnergy

Batteries

FuelsFood

Stored in

Blowing atrumpet

Guitarstring

Released byvibrations

ab

ChemicalEnergy

SoundEnergy

CandleBulb

Releasedby lightedobjects

LightEnergy

PylonsCables

Carried inelectriccurrent

a b

ElectricalEnergy

ElectricheaterSun

Burninggas

Releasedby hot

objects

a b c

HeatEnergy

ENERGYFORMS

ENERGYSOURCES

B

A

ENERGY :Ability to do

worka b

c

a

b

Solarcellsa

Food

turbine andgenerator

Cold waterpumpdown

Steam andhot water

generatingstation

C

Uranium Plutonium

Potentialenergy

Potentialenergy

Kineticenergy

SOURCES OFENERGY (1 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 6

D

1

6

2 34

5

789

16

2

34

5

7

1

2

a b

a

b

c

Solar heater

abb

a

b

c

a

b

a

ba

b

a

b

a

b

c

a b

a

b

2

34

1

5

2

1

2

b

1 a

2

1

3

b a

c

3

Primary sourceof energy

1

15

1

2


Wood is still lessexpensive thanfossil fuels

Cane sugar juicecan be fermentedto alcohol for fuel

Palm oil can beprocessed intobiodiesel fuel

Garbage burning inincinerator produces heat togenerate electricity

Plants and animal residues aredecomposed in a digester to producemethane gas and alcohol as fuels.

Biomassfuels

Solar cookersfocuses light thatproduce heat forcooking.

Convert light energyto electrical energyusing solar cells

Solarenergy

Reuse, Reduceand Recyclematerials

Close cooking potswhen cooking, shutrefrigeratorsproperly

Develope more efficientmachines and engines

RENEWABLEENERGY

DEVELOPEMENT

Use wisely so thatcan last longer

If used up leads toenergy crisis(shortage of energy sources)

Took millions ofyears to form

Usingnon-renewable

energy

ab

c

Energy within the earth

Fuel in form of wood, gas, alcoholand biodiesel.

Fuelsprocessedfrom plants,animalwastes andgarbage.

Biomass fuels

Use floats thatmove up and downto generateelectricity

Has lots ofkineticenergy

Cleanenergysource

Propel windturbines toproduceelectricity

Used potential energy of waterto generate electricity in hydroelectric power stations

Water

Solar energyLight energy converted intoelectrical energy usingsolar cells

To heat water inhomes

The Sun

Power ships,submarine,satellites

Produce nuclearenergy in nuclearreactors to generateelectricity

Burnt to produce heatand generate electricity

Burnt to produce heatfor cooking, heatingand electricity

Fuels forvehicles

Fuel to generateelectricity inpower station

Geothermal

WaveWind

Radioactivesubstances

Coal

Natural gas

Petroleum

Types

Can be replaced naturallyor by human

Cannot be used up

Can bereplenished

Cannotbereplaced

Types

Will notlastforever

Will beused up

Cannot bereplenished

NON-RENEWABLE

ENERGYSOURCES

RENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES

solar cells

solar cells

waterheater

a wind turbine

Prevent wastage

Ensure enoughenergy for future

Save cost onpaying for energy

Reduce pollution

USING ENERGYEFFICIENTLY

Userenewableenergysources

Switching off lights/appliances when notusing

Usefluorescentlamps (use lessenergy)

Use public transport, carpool - save petrol

CONSERVATIONOF ENERGYSOURCES

SOURCES OFENERGY (2 - 2)

FORM 1 CHAPTER 6

Bioalcohol plant

Biodiesel plant

Biogas plant

Incinerator

solar cell

E

F

G

H

I

1

2

1

2

12

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

67

1

2

c

d

a b

c

a

b

c

d

f

a

b

a b

c

a

b

e

c

d

e

a

b

a

b2

1

1

1

2

1

23

1

1

1

2

1

1

16


Acid andbaseLiquid

Contraction

GasContraction

SolidContraction

Called CONTRACTION

Volume decreases

Becomes smallerMATTER

CONTRACTSWHEN HEATED

Bubbles of gasescapes, when gasin flask expands

Water

HEAT/TEMPERATUREDIFFERENCES

GasExpansion

LiquidExpansion

Metal Bexpands fasterthan metal A

BA

Two strips of differentmetals (A and B)joined together

Expanding aBimetallic

strip

SolidExpansion

Called EXPANSION

Volume increases

Becomes biggerMATTER

EXPANDS WHENHEATED

HEATFLOW EFFECTS

Wooden block1 kg; 40oC

Concrete block1 kg; 40oC

Concrete block absorb more heat toto reach 40oC. Concrete block has more heat

Unit :Degree celcius (oC)orkelvin (K)Tells how hot or

cold the object isHot objecthas hightemperature

Cold objecthas lowtemperature

Degree of hotnessTEMPERATURE

Material

Temperature

Mass

Depends on

Hotness ofan object

Unit : Joules

HEAT

HEATAND

TEMPERATURE

Drilling

FuelsRubbing

Bulb

Electricheater

Reactivemetal andacid

Friction

Electricity

ChemicalReaction

Sun:Primary

Source Energy

DryingCookingIroning

Keeping warm

Melting

A cold objecthas less heat

A hot object hasmore heat

BurningUses

HEATPRODUCTION

A FORMOF

ENERGY

FORM 1 CHAPTER 7

HEAT (1 - 4)

Cold Hot

acid

base

acid

meta l

Beaker A Beaker B

Beaker B hasmore massBeaker Bhas more heat

50oCSame

temperaturea

b

Beaker A Beaker B

Beaker A hashigher temperatureBeaker A has more heat

80oC

Same mass

a

b 50oC

Before experiment,the iron ball just fitsthe iron ring Iron ball expands,

becomes bigger

Iron ball cannotpass throughthe ring

ab

Water level riseswhen heated dueto expansion

HEAT

Hotness ofobject

Unit: Joule

Travels from hotto cold area

TEMPERATURE

Degree of hotnessof object

Unit: Celcius (oC) orKelvin(K)

Increases whenmovement ofparticles increases

Iron ball canpass throughthe ring

Iced water

Ice

AB

Metal B contracts fasterthan metal A

BA

Water leveldrops due tocontraction

C

BA

D

E

12 3

4

1 2

3

4

1

21

2

c

d

e

a b a ab

a

b

a

b

c

a

b

cde

a

bc

d

e

a

b

f

c

d e

a

b

f

2

1

17

Ice

Colouredtrappedliquidmovesdown

Both strips bend


T ov a c u u mp u m p

To switch

After 10 minutes,thermometer shows arise in temperaure.

Heat flows invacuum byradiation.

Vacuum(No conductionor convention)

RADIATION

Cork

PolystyreneAsbestos

Wood Glass

Plastic

Rubber

Examples

Copper

Aluminium

Iron

Examples

Substance thatallows heat to move

through slowly

Alco called poor conductor

Becomes cold very fast

HEATINSULATOR

Substance that allows heat tomove through easily

Becomes hot very fast

HEATCONDUCTOR

HEATCONDUCTORS

ANDINSULATORS

BUILDINGS'COOLING/HEATINGSYSTEM

LAND BREEZE

Forms convection current

B CA

Experiment

Canflowthroughvacuum

Heat flowwithout medium

Experiments

Hot fluids moves upwards,cold fluids move downwards.

By circulatory movementof heated fluid.

Heat flow through fluids(liquids and gases)

Experiment

Low conduction rate

Highconduction rate

Bad conductors : Insulators

Goodconductors

Metals

Non - Metals

Depends onmaterial

Heat flowthrough solids

Heat travels fromhot to cold end

Conductionrate

CONVECTION

CONDUCTION

RADIATION

HEAT FLOWTYPES

Due totemperaturedifference From a hot object

to cold object

WARMING OFEARTH BY SUN

SEA BREEZE

HEATFLOW IN NATURAL

PHENOMENA

HEATFLOW

FORM 1 CHAPTER 7

HEAT (2 - 4)

Potassiumpermanganatecrystal

Purple stream ofwater move upwards,and downwards incircular motion.

hot air

Smoulderingincense stick

cold air

Convection current

Pin A falls first,then pin B followedby pin C.

w a x

Heat flows fromhot end to coldend by conduction

A convection current is formedin heated water and air.

hot cold

During Daytime

Cooler air flowstowards land

C o l dai rs i n k s

Land heatsup faster

W a r mair rises

Sea warmerthan land

Land coolsdown faster

W a r mai rr i s e s

During Nighttime

C o o la i rs i n k s

Cooler air flowstowards sea

Ventilationholes atroof

Hot air risesand escapesfrom top

Cool air enters fromwindows near the ground

Heaterplaced nearfloor

Warm air rises

Colderair sinks

Convectioncurrentproduced

Cold airentersheater

Air condtionerplaced near ceiling

Warm airrises

Cold air sinks

Convectioncurrentproduced

H

G

F

I

1 2

1

2

3

1

23

4

1

2

ca b

c

de

a

b

c

ab

c

a

b

c

ab

d

a

b

c

2

3

4

1

567

2

3

1

2

3

4

1

a b

a

b

b

ab

2

1

21

21

1

34

5

23

4

1

2

1

2

3

1

2

3

4

1

18


solid

Sublimation

Sublimation CHANGES OFSTATE SUMMARY

Solid carbondioxide (dry ice)

ammoniumchloride

napthalene(mothballs)

Othersubstances

heat absorbed

heat released

liquid

Solid state Gaseous stateWITHOUT

LIQUID

STAGE

100oC

Boilingwater

Occurs atsurface of water

Occurs at anytemperature below100oC (boiling point)

Liquid state

Gaseous state

Liquid state

Gaseous state

WITHOUT

BOILING

Gas loses heatenergy tosurroundings

Particles vibratemore slower andcomes closer

Condensation

Temperature :Boiling point

Particles movemore quickltyand freely Particles

vibrate faster

Liquid absorbsheat energy

Liquid state

Gaseous state

Boiling

Particlesvibrate slower

Temperature :Freezing point

Particlesmove at fixedposition

Heat releasedto surroundings

Liquid state Solid stateFreezing

ice0 oC

Temperature :Melting point

Particlesmove freely

Particlesvibrate faster

Solid state Liquid state

Heat absorbedfrom surroundings

Melting

cottonclothe

Ceilings made of softboards contain airbubbles to preventheat gain or loss byconduction Ice used in igloos

acts as an insulatorto pevent heat loss

by conduction.

Keep homewa r m

woolen blanket

Plastic and glass usedin vacuum flask keepliquids hot or cold

Trapped airin sawdust

prevent heatreaching the

ice

Trapped air infabric preventheat loss

Prevent tablesburnt by hot

objects

To handlepots without

burning hands

Measuretemperature

change accurately

Expand andcontracts

easily

Made of mercury

Thermometer

Become coldquickly

Conduct heat tosurroundings

Goodconductors

Becomehot

quickly

Made ofmetals

Made ofmetals

Goodconductors

Heat upfood

quickly

SUBLIMATION

BOILINGAND

CONDENSATION

EVAPORATION

MELTINGAND

FREEZING

EFFECTS OF HEATON STATES OF

MATTER

Keepliquids hot

or cold

Keep bodywa r m

Slow downmelting of

ice

Table mats/Asbestos

Tiles

Handles ofCookingutensils

USES OF HEATINSULATORS

Engine coolers /cooling coils

Heating coils/ elements

Cookingutensils

USES OF HEATCONDUCTORS

FORM 1 CHAPTER 7

HEAT (3 - 4)

heating coils heatingelement iniron

heating element at tip ofsoldering iron

mercury

Car radiator Motorcycle fins

cooling coil ofrefrigerator

plastic

wood

asbestos tiletable mat

ice covered bysawdust

water0 oC

gas(water vapour)

water

solidgas

gas

iodinecrystalsheated

fine iodinecrystalssublime

Ioinefumesformedthrough

sublimation

liquid

liquid

L

K

JM

1

23

4

1 2

3

4

56

1

2

12

3

4

c

ab

c

a

b

ca b

a

b

a a

a

a

a

a

b

d

ab

e

c

d a

b

e

cd

a

be

c

c

a

b

c

a

b

c

a

b

liquid

231

1

2

3

19


Cork

Vacuum

Plasticcasing

Liquid

Corksupport

Silvered,shinysurface

Sea & land breezes

Hydro

Waves

Wind

Earth'senergy

Cook food

Warmth

Air conditioning

Comfortablelife

Supports life

Heat flowfrom sun

Thermos flaskkeeps water hotfor a long time

Place a dentedping-pong ball in

hot water

Temperature drops,mercuy contractslevel drops

Temperature rises,mercury expandslevel rises

Expandsrapidly withlittle heat

Goodconductor glass

tube

Bulb

Mercury Temperaturescales

Metal blockcovered with

rough black paper

Metal blockcovered withwhite shiny

paper

After 15 minutes metalblock covered with

rough black paper hasa higher temperature

bulb Dull and darksurface absorbsheat faster than

white shinysurface

Car radiatorpainted black sothat it releasesheat faster

White clothes absorb lessheat, keep us cool

Buildings kept cool byhaving shiny glass to

reflect heat

APPLICATIONS OFHEAT ABSORPTIONAND HEAT RELEASE

Dull and darksurface releases

(radiates) heatfaster than white

shiny surface

HEAT ABSORPTIONAND

HEAT RELEASE

roller

metal bridge

The air inside itexpands and pushthe dented part to

its originalposition

Repairing aDented Ping-

Pong Ball

LooseningTight Bottle

Cap

SeparatingTwo Stuck

Glasses

Preventbridge from

cracking anddamaged

gaps allowsslabs to expandin hot day.

slab

GAPS BETWEENSLABS IN

PAVEMENTSPrevent

bridge fromdistorted and

damange

ROLLERS ANDGAPS OF STEEL

BRIDGES

Preventtrack

buckling

GAPS INRAILWAYTRACKS

Brass expands more than ironbimetalic strip bendstowards contactstart the alarm

Thermometer

Fire alarm

BIMETALLICSTRIP

HEAT FLOWBENEFITS

THERMOMETER

SOLVING PROBLEMSUSING EXPANSION

ANDCONTRACTION

APPLICATIONSOF EXPANSION

ANDCONTRACTIONFORM 1 CHAPTER 7

HEAT (4 - 4)

heatduringa firebrass

iron

contact

Brass stripexpands whenhot, contractswhen coldbimetalic stripcurls to showtemperature riseor fall.

gap allows track toexpand in hot weather.

metal track

alarm bell

gap allowsbridge toexpand in hotweather.

Hotwater

Immerse thetight bottle cap inhot water toexpand it

Expandedbottle cap

lossens

Pointer moves when stripcurls showing temperaturereadings

buckled track

Allows bridge to slideduring expansion

2 hot metalblocks with same

temperature

coveredwith rough

black paper

covered with whiteshiny paper

After 15 minutesmetal block coveredwith rough blackpaper has a lowertemperature

Hot water

Dip the lower glass inhot water so that itexpands

Pull out the topglass after thelower glassexpanded

A good insulator,prevent heatescaping

5

Prevent heatescaping

4

Good insulator

1

Goodinsulator2

Temperaturekept constantlonger

3

P O

N

Q

1 2

3

4

5

1

23

1

2

3

1

2

c d

a

b

a

b

a

a

b

a

b

ab

ab

a

a

a

b

c

d

a

b

1

1

2

1 2

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

21 2

3

1

2

1

2

3

20

peta minda untuk sains tingkatan 1

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