perkembangan teknologi dan isu mutakhir tentang irradiasi...

Catatan Kuliah –ITP506

Isu mutakhir Tek Pangan - tentang Irradiasi Pangan

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Perkembangan teknologi dan Perkembangan teknologi dan isu mutakhir tentang isu mutakhir tentang Irradiasi PanganIrradiasi PanganIrradiasi PanganIrradiasi Pangan

PurwiyatnoPurwiyatno HariyadiHariyadiD tD t IlIl && T k l iT k l i PP

Purwiyatno Hariyadi/Isue Mutakhir Industri Pangan- Irradiasi PanganMPTP – IPB

DepartemenDepartemen IlmuIlmu & & TeknologiTeknologi PanganPanganFatetaFateta IPBIPB




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•• Radiasi = pancaran gelombang (energi)Radiasi = pancaran gelombang (energi)•• Semua gelombang dapat dikarakterisasi dengan frekuensi Semua gelombang dapat dikarakterisasi dengan frekuensi

(f) d j l b ((f) d j l b (λλ))

IrradiasiIrradiasi

(f) dan panjang gelombangnya ((f) dan panjang gelombangnya (λλ).).•• Kecepatan rambat gelombang tidak dipengaruhi oleh Kecepatan rambat gelombang tidak dipengaruhi oleh

frekuensinyafrekuensinyaf = c/ f = c/ λ

dimana , dimana , c = kecpt. cahaya (3 x 10c = kecpt. cahaya (3 x 101010 cm/sec) dlm hampa. cm/sec) dlm hampa. f = frekuensi (secf = frekuensi (sec--11))


f = frekuensi (secf = frekuensi (sec--11) ) λ λ = panjang gelombang (cm) = panjang gelombang (cm)

•• Energy (E) = h f Energy (E) = h f h = Kontanta Plank (6.626 x 10h = Kontanta Plank (6.626 x 10--2727 ergs sec) ergs sec)

• Makin pendek λ = makin tinggi energi

• Cahaya, gel radio, gel mikro (microwave), gel televisi = λ

Irradiasi Pengion = Irradiasi Pengion = Ionizing Radiation

panjang, energi rendah tidak bisa mempunyai pengaruh pada atom




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Irradiasi Pengion = Ionizing Radiation


• Panjang gelombang (λ) yang semakin pendek

i i ti i

Irradiasi Pengion = Ionizing Radiation

energi yang main tinggi

cukup untuk memukul elektron pada struktur atom

ionisasi (radikal bebas)

killing effect (terhadap DNA)

• Energi tidak cukup tinggi untuk “memecah” inti atom


• Energi tidak cukup tinggi untuk memecah inti atom

tidak menyebabkan “radioaktif”



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•• Iradiasi pengion : M Iradiasi pengion : M →→ MM++ + e+ e--

dimana, M = atom atau molekul dimana, M = atom atau molekul

IrradiasiIrradiasi

•• Gelombang elektromagnet yang bersifat pengion : Gelombang elektromagnet yang bersifat pengion : •• SinarSinar--x, x, •• Pancaran elektron (Pancaran elektron (electron beamselectron beams), ), •• sinar katoda (sinar katoda (cathode rayscathode rays), ), •• SinarSinar--ββ, dan , dan

SS


•• SinarSinar--γγ. .

•• Tipe iradiasi lainnya: Neutron, Deuteron dan partikelTipe iradiasi lainnya: Neutron, Deuteron dan partikel--α α menyebabkan kerusakan bahan pangan. menyebabkan kerusakan bahan pangan.

Irradiasi : Sifat-sifat beberapa radiasi pengion

Purwiyatno Hariyadi/Isue Mutakhir Industri Pangan- Irradiasi PanganMPTP – IPB Purwiyatno hariyadi/TPG/Fateta/IPB

??Penetration : Depth of absorber of unit density (water)

required to reduce radiation intensity by a factor of 1000



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Irradiasi : Sifat-sifat beberapa radiasi pengion

• Sinar Gamma– Radiasi

elektromagnet yang dipancarkann olehCo-60 dan Cs-137

– Penetrasi dalam dan


Penetrasi dalam danseragam ke segalaarah

• Pemaparan bahan pangan oleh radiasi untuk

Irradiasi PanganIrradiasi Pangan

keperluan “mengawetkan”

• Telah lama diteliti dan dipelajari

• Aplikasi pada industri terbatas = dibatasi oleh persepsi konsumen

• Saat ini; konsumen dunia mulai menunjukkan


; j“ketertarikan”nya terhadap teknologi irradiasi



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• Menyebabkan “gangguan” metabolisme internal sel karena ternjadinya kerusakan ikatan ikatan kimia

Irradiasi PanganIrradiasi Pangan

karena ternjadinya kerusakan ikatan-ikatan kimia

• Kerusakan DNA menyebabkan sel kehilangan kemampuan reproduksinya

• “radikal bebas” dibentuk ketika terjadi kontak dengan bahan pangan yang mengandung air

R dik l b b b k i d DNA b bk


• Radikal bebas berreaksi dengan DNA menyebabkan kematian

• DNA merupakan bagian sel yang “radiation sensitive”

•• Dikendalikan oleh “the International Commission on Dikendalikan oleh “the International Commission on Radiological Units” Radiological Units” RadRad1 R d j l h i di i b bk 1 b h1 R d j l h i di i b bk 1 b h

Dosis IrradiasiDosis Irradiasi

•• 1 Rad = jumlah irradiasi yang menyebabkan 1 g bahan 1 Rad = jumlah irradiasi yang menyebabkan 1 g bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 100 erg yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 100 erg (1 Rad = 100 erg/g)(1 Rad = 100 erg/g)

•• Satuan umum Satuan umum “Grey“ “Grey“ •• 1 Grey = jumlah irradiasi yang menyebabkan 1 kg 1 Grey = jumlah irradiasi yang menyebabkan 1 kg

bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 1bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 1


bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 1 bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 1 joule;joule;

•• 1,000 Grey = 1 kGy.1,000 Grey = 1 kGy.•• 100 Rad = 1 Gy 100 Rad = 1 Gy



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Dosis IrradiasiDosis Irradiasi


•• Cloud chamber or darkening of photographic filmsCloud chamber or darkening of photographic films

Dosis IrradiasiDosis Irradiasi-- Metoda pengukuran iradiasiMetoda pengukuran iradiasi

Cloud chamber or darkening of photographic filmsCloud chamber or darkening of photographic films•• Detection and visualization of tracks of individual Detection and visualization of tracks of individual

radioactive particles. radioactive particles. •• Not much relevance to foods but could be used for safety of Not much relevance to foods but could be used for safety of

personnel.personnel.

•• Ionization Chamber Ionization Chamber -- This is also used in GeigerThis is also used in Geiger--Mueller Mueller countercounter


counter. counter. •• The chamber is filled with a gas and an electric field is The chamber is filled with a gas and an electric field is

established between two electrodes. established between two electrodes. •• The ions are collected on electrodes and radiation is The ions are collected on electrodes and radiation is

measured as pulse intensity. measured as pulse intensity.



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•• Radiation absorbed by food is measured by chemicalRadiation absorbed by food is measured by chemical

Dosis IrradiasiDosis Irradiasi-- Metoda pengukuran iradiasiMetoda pengukuran iradiasi

Radiation absorbed by food is measured by chemical Radiation absorbed by food is measured by chemical dosimeter. dosimeter.

•• The standard used is often a calorimetric technique. The standard used is often a calorimetric technique.

•• The amount of heat produced by 10 kGy radiation absorbed The amount of heat produced by 10 kGy radiation absorbed by 1 g of water will produce 2.68C temperature increase. by 1 g of water will produce 2.68C temperature increase.

•• OxidationOxidation--reduction of metals or organic ions has been usedreduction of metals or organic ions has been used


OxidationOxidation reduction of metals or organic ions has been used reduction of metals or organic ions has been used as indicators. as indicators.

1.1. Pengaruhnya thd AirPengaruhnya thd Air"radiolisis“"radiolisis“

PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGANPENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN

air tereksitasi (Hair tereksitasi (H22O)O)**

radikal bebas OH· dan H·radikal bebas OH· dan H·air terionisasi (Hair terionisasi (H22O)O)++

elektron terhidrasi (eelektron terhidrasi (e--aqaq) )

gas hydrogen (Hgas hydrogen (H22))hidrogen peroksida (Hhidrogen peroksida (H22OO22))air (Hair (H22O) O) ion hidronium (Hion hidronium (H33OO++))ion Hidroxksida (OHion Hidroxksida (OH--))


Komponen Bahan

Pangan(lemak, kh, protein, dll)



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2. Pengaruhnya thd senyawa non2. Pengaruhnya thd senyawa non--akueusakueus

•• Rantai hidrokarbon (lipid, atau polimer bahan Rantai hidrokarbon (lipid, atau polimer bahan pengemas).pengemas).

PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGANPENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN

pengemas). pengemas). •• -- (CH(CH22) ) →→ -- (CH(CH··) ) -- + H+ H··•• Senyawa aromatik Senyawa aromatik → → stabilstabil•• Pati Pati dan dan pektinpektin cukup sensitif cukup sensitif •• ProteinProtein –– asamasam--asam amino tertentu (histidine, asam asam amino tertentu (histidine, asam

amino bersulfur, fenilalanin, dan tirosin) sangatamino bersulfur, fenilalanin, dan tirosin) sangat


amino bersulfur, fenilalanin, dan tirosin) sangat amino bersulfur, fenilalanin, dan tirosin) sangat sensitif.sensitif.

•• LemakLemak. . “ketengikan oksidatif““ketengikan oksidatif“•• KarbohidratKarbohidrat pencoklatan nonpencoklatan non--enzimatisenzimatis

PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA MIKROBAPENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA MIKROBA

-- memproduksi radikal bebasmemproduksi radikal bebas

-- radikal bebas bereraksi dengan protein radikal bebas bereraksi dengan protein

dan DNAdan DNA

-- sel matisel mati




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PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA MIKROBA

D10 : dosis irradiasi yang menyebabkan pengurangan jumlah mikroba dengan faktor 10

D10 dose

D10,veg bacterium

D10,yeast


Model inaktivasi mikroba oleh irradiasi bisa juga dinyatakan Model inaktivasi mikroba oleh irradiasi bisa juga dinyatakan sbb :sbb :

DD


00DD

DD

eeNN00NN−−

==

dimana, dimana, N N = jumlah mo setelah iradiasi, = jumlah mo setelah iradiasi, NN00 = jumlah mo awal (sebelum iradiasi), = jumlah mo awal (sebelum iradiasi), DD = Dosis radiasi yang diterima dan= Dosis radiasi yang diterima dan


D D = Dosis radiasi yang diterima, dan= Dosis radiasi yang diterima, danDD00 = konstanta; tgt jenis mo dan kondisi lingkungan= konstanta; tgt jenis mo dan kondisi lingkunganKonstanta DKonstanta D00 = dosis radiasi yang menyebabkan kematian = dosis radiasi yang menyebabkan kematian mikroba sebanyak 63% populasi. mikroba sebanyak 63% populasi.



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_______________________________________________________organisme medium in D10 (Rad)

which irradiated_______________________________________________________Bacterial spore


Bacterial sporeC botulinum A36 buffer 0.33 106

B53 buffer 0.33 106

B57 canned chicken 0.37 106

C. sprogenes 367 water 0.22 106

Veg bacteriaSal typhimrium buffer 2.0 104

egg yolk 8.0 104

E li b ff 9 0 103


E coli buffer 9.0 103

YeastSacc cerevisiae saline 5.0 104

MoldAsp niger saline 4.7 104


Organism DOrganism Dvalue value ResistanceResistance




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Menghambat perkecambahan

Irradiasi dosis rendah (sampai 1 kGy)

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN

Mengurangi risiko patogen dan meningkatkan masa

Dosis medium (1-10 kGy)

perkecambahan

Menunda pematangan buah

(sampai 1 kGy)

(1 Gy = 1 Joule/Kg)


StrilisasiDosis tinggi ( > 10 kGy)

gsimpan (keawetan)





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Sterilization of foods (Sterilization of foods (radappertizingradappertizing) )


in hermetically sealed containersin hermetically sealed containers requires 2 requires 2 -- 4 x 104 x 1066 rad for room temperature storagerad for room temperature storage doses around 10doses around 105 5 rad can be used for pasteurization of rad can be used for pasteurization of

refrigerated foods. refrigerated foods. •• Waste treatment Waste treatment

DeDe infestation of grain dried foods spices etc 25 000 radinfestation of grain dried foods spices etc 25 000 rad


•• DeDe--infestation of grain, dried foods, spices etc., 25,000 rad infestation of grain, dried foods, spices etc., 25,000 rad •• Sprout inhibitor in potatoes, carrots, onions 15,000 rads Sprout inhibitor in potatoes, carrots, onions 15,000 rads •• Accelerated aging of whisky Accelerated aging of whisky



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Sumber IrradiasiSumber Irradiasi

•• Cobalt 60Cobalt 60•• Waktu paruh ~ 5 tahunWaktu paruh ~ 5 tahun•• Penetrasi lebih dalam daripada elektronPenetrasi lebih dalam daripada elektron•• Lebih murahLebih murah



1. Cobalt 1. Cobalt -- 6060Produced by irradiation of CoProduced by irradiation of Co--59 in a nuclear59 in a nuclearProduced by irradiation of CoProduced by irradiation of Co--59 in a nuclear 59 in a nuclear

reactor. This has a halfreactor. This has a half--life of 5.27 yr and emits life of 5.27 yr and emits two two γγ --rays per disintegration with energies of rays per disintegration with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. The metal is formed as strips 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. The metal is formed as strips and contains more than 100,000 cu per strip.and contains more than 100,000 cu per strip.

The food product is irradiated from two sides to The food product is irradiated from two sides to provide uniform dose throughout the containerprovide uniform dose throughout the container


provide uniform dose throughout the container. provide uniform dose throughout the container. The dose of irradiation is such that it does not The dose of irradiation is such that it does not cause radioactivity in the food.cause radioactivity in the food.



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IrradiasiIrradiasi

•• Cobalt 60 (Cobalt 60 (Gamma Radiation)

Cobalt 60

2 5 6 Mrad


2.5-6 Mrad

2.2. Dengan menggunakan MesinDengan menggunakan Mesin


•• Akselerator elektron : Akselerator elektron : mulai untuk aplikasi mulai untuk aplikasi nonnon--pangan (pangan (plastik, obat, dan cat). plastik, obat, dan cat).

•• Kelemahan?: penetrasi rendah. Kelemahan?: penetrasi rendah. •• Teknologi baru : banyak dioperasikan secara Teknologi baru : banyak dioperasikan secara

komersial.komersial.




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APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN TERTENTU :

Efek samping negatif Efek samping negatif off flavor, tekstur dan off flavor, tekstur dan penampakan. penampakan.

•• Masalah offMasalah off--flavor pada daging, ikan & unggas (oksidasi flavor pada daging, ikan & unggas (oksidasi lemak dan degradasi protein) :lemak dan degradasi protein) :

•• Daging (beef) paling sensitif (pork & poultry lebih stabil). Daging (beef) paling sensitif (pork & poultry lebih stabil). •• Perubahan warna :Perubahan warna :

daging mentah daging mentah →→ coklatcoklatdaging masakdaging masak →→ pinkishpinkish


daging masak daging masak →→ pinkish pinkish •• Buah/sayuran segar : Buah/sayuran segar :

..............> kerusakan tekstur & off> kerusakan tekstur & off--flavor @ > 10flavor @ > 1055 rad rad •• Produk Dairy : offProduk Dairy : off--flavor pada susu @ 10flavor pada susu @ 1044 -- 5 x 105 x 1044 rad rad •• Coklat : offCoklat : off--flavor @ 5,000 rad flavor @ 5,000 rad

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN TERTENTU :

Minimisasi Efek samping negatifMinimisasi Efek samping negatif

1.1. Gunakan dosis iradiasi rendahGunakan dosis iradiasi rendah2.2. Kombinasikan iradiasi dengan panas, atau Kombinasikan iradiasi dengan panas, atau

perlakuan kimiaperlakuan kimia3.3. Iradiasi pada kondisi bekuIradiasi pada kondisi beku4.4. Iradiasi pada kondisi atmosfer yang inertIradiasi pada kondisi atmosfer yang inert


5.5. Tambahkan freeTambahkan free--radical scavengers, seperti asam radical scavengers, seperti asam askorbat. askorbat.



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CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI






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Spices and Dried Vegetable Seasonings

Irradiated spices and dried vegetable seasonings have been retail marketed in South Africa over the past 10 years and the


volume is increasing. In fact, irradiation is used so routinely by the spice trade in South Africa that it would be difficult to find spices treated by some other means (fumigation, heat) in the country. A variety of processed food (for example, sauces, salad dressings, sandwich spread) also incorporate irradiated spices and vegetable seasonings. All irradiated products have to be labelled ith an irradiation logo pl s the ord ‘Rad rised’ Since


labelled with an irradiation logo plus the word ‘Radurised’. Since 1995, irradiated spices and dried vegetable seasonings have been marketed at retail levels in Belgium. Irradiated spices, condiments and seasonings are also available in China.



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Frog Legs

Because of strict microbiological specifications in France,


g p ,most, if not all, frog legs marketed in the country have been treated by irradiation to ensure their hygienic quality. The product has to be labelled ‘treated by ionization’ and can be purchased in most French food markets.


Onions, GarlicVidalia onions have been irradiated in Florida, to prevent sprouting, and marketed at retail level in Chicago since 1992.


p g, gIrradiated garlic has been sold in increasing quantities in several cities in China since the early 1990s. During 1995-98, about 166,000 tonnes of garlic were irradiated and marketed across China. All products are labelled to indicate the treatment.

ChickenFollowing the approval of the United States Food and Drug


Following the approval of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the quality control programme for irradiated poultry in 1993, small quantities of irradiated chicken have been offered for sale in some retail outlets in Florida, Illinois, Iowa and Kansas with success.



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Fermented Pork SausagesIrradiated fermented pork sausages (Nham, a local delicacy in Thailand which is almost always consumed raw) treated for


Thailand, which is almost always consumed raw) treated for controlling pathogenic microorganisms and parasites, are gaining popularity since their first market trial in 1986. During 1997, about 80 tonnes of Nham were irradiated in Thailand. Increasing quantities of this irradiated product are being supplied to supermarkets in Bangkok. In addition to marketing in Bangkok, the producers have developed new markets in the north and northwest of Thailand where Nham is a staple part of the diet There is a


of Thailand where Nham is a staple part of the diet. There is a widespread demand for this irradiated product as the risk from infection by Salmonella and Trichinella spiralis has been removed. The irradiation logo and a statement indicating irradiation treatment are required on the label.

Other Food ProductsSince a semi-commercial irradiator in Chittagong, Bangladesh went into operation in 1993, small quantities of irradiated dried fish (for insect control) have been available in the market in Chittagong


(for insect control) have been available in the market in Chittagong and other cities in Shelf-stable, ready-to-eat meals are commercially available in South Africa. At present, 12 such meals are in existence, including beef curry, beef stroganoff, chicken curry, lasagna and a Malaysian dish called bobotie. These meals are labelled as irradiated and have a shelf-life of greater than two years, making them ideal for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, yachting, safaris and mountaineering. Successful market trials of other irradiated foods such as rice, mungbeans, potatoes

d i i l t i i t ill lik l l d t


and onions in several countries in recent years will likely lead to further commercialization of irradiated food in the near future. The actual sale of irradiated food in the market in several countries has clearly demonstrated that consumers will accept irradiated food if they have the choice.



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FASILITAS IRRADIASI


FASILITAS IRRADIASI




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Iradiasi Pangan

• Identified by the FDA and World Health Organization y g(WHO) as having significant strategic importance for the future of food safety worldwide

• Non-thermal technology for pasteurization of solid food

• Improves food Safety and shelf-life economically• Can kill Salmonella and E coli


• Can kill Salmonella and E. coli



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pertanyaan/persepsi konsumenpertanyaan/persepsi konsumen

Apakah produk pangan yang diiradiasi menjadiApakah produk pangan yang diiradiasi menjadi

ISU IRRADIASI

Apakah produk pangan yang diiradiasi menjadi Apakah produk pangan yang diiradiasi menjadi radioaktif?radioaktif?Bagaimana keamanan personalia/operator fasilitas Bagaimana keamanan personalia/operator fasilitas irradiasi? irradiasi? Bagaimana potensi bahaya dari mikroba yang Bagaimana potensi bahaya dari mikroba yang bertahan (surviving microflora)? bertahan (surviving microflora)?


Kehilangan nutrisi?Kehilangan nutrisi?Perubahan kimia? Beracun? Karsinogenik? Perubahan kimia? Beracun? Karsinogenik? Irradiasi : Pro dan KontraIrradiasi : Pro dan Kontra

ISU IRRADIASI pelabelan




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Sejak 9/11 …….b b h???

PERSEPSI IRADIASI??PERSEPSI IRADIASI??

… berubah???


BioBio--Terrorist?Terrorist?

Sejak 9/11 …….b b h???

PERSEPSI IRADIASI??PERSEPSI IRADIASI??

Penggunaan teknologi iradiasi

… berubah???


Penggunaan teknologi iradiasi menggunakan mesin berkas elektron untuk proses dekontaminasi surat



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2.2. Dengan menggunakan Mesin Berkas Dengan menggunakan Mesin Berkas Elektron (EElektron (E--beam)beam)

E-beam accelerator

E- E-E-E- E- E-E- E- E-

3MeV-12 MeV


3MeV-12 MeV

•• Akselerator elektron : Akselerator elektron : mulai untuk aplikasi mulai untuk aplikasi


nonnon--pangan (pangan (plastik, obat, dan cat). plastik, obat, dan cat). •• LowLow--energy acceleratorsenergy accelerators (150 keV (150 keV -- 2.0 MeV). 2.0 MeV). •• MediumMedium--energy acceleratorsenergy accelerators (2.5 (2.5 -- 8.0 MeV). 8.0 MeV). •• HighHigh--energy acceleratorsenergy accelerators (> 9.0 MeV).(> 9.0 MeV).




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☺☺


☺☺ ☺☺

☺ Degradasi beberapa polimer minimal (paparan lebih singkat)

☺ Tanpa residu


☺ On/Off terkendali☺ “persepsi lebih aman”


Batasan legal ?

Tantangan dari segi engineering solved!Daya penetrasi rendah“cold pasteurization”???


Batasan legal ?(food authority)

p“electronic pasteurization”???



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2.2. Aplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (EAplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (E--beam)beam)




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Two Side Orange Irradiation

Orange irradiation type: one side, two side or rotation?


rotation?

3



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Main requirements:



q• purpose is orange pasteurization and disinfestation• electron energy up to 10 MeV• system includes two modules• beam power of each module up to 10 kW• orange diameter 7 cm


• orange weight 170 g • orange irradiation depth whole volume• irradiation dose up to 300 Gy

2

D th d di t ib ti f 10 M V P d t thi k t 10 M V



Depth dose distribution for 10 MeV

40

60

80

100

120

140

Rela

tive

dose

, %

• Product thickness at 10 MeV and 1 g/cm3 bulk density:

- 2.8 cm at one side irradiation,- 8.0 cm at two side irradiation.

• Optimal electron energy for two side irradiation of 7 cm diameter orange is 8.8 MeV.


0

20

0 2 4 6 8

Density*depth, g/ccm*cm

one-side irradiationsecond-side irradiationdouble-side irradiation

• Dose non-uniformity at one side irradiation is 100 % -unacceptable.

• Dose non-uniformity at two side irradiation is 25 %.

4



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There are two independent irradiation 10 kW systems irradiated one conveyor. Oranges go by rows with 7 oranges in each row without rotation. 300 Gy required dose.


y qV=1 m/sec conveyor speed.Scanning frequency 140 Hz.Scanning width is 50 cm.Total throughput is 1 T/min.



Francisco J. Bueso(AGEN 689, Texas A &M

University)



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Kesimpulan• Irradiasi Pangan- berpotensi menjadi bagian g p j g

penting dari pemecahan masalah keamanan pangan

• Mesin Berkas Elektron : mempunyai potensi memenangkan “hati” konsumen

P l li i i ik k ik i i ik


• Perlu analisis risiko komunikasi risiko yang efektif.

Detection Methods for Irradiated Food




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ISU IRRADIASI pelabelan





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