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TM 201 00 Konsep Asas Teknologi Maklumat

Panduan Jawapan Latihan Unit 2

Panduan Jawapan Soalan Latihan Unit 3: Bab 8, 9 &10

Latihan 8.1. ms. 157

1. Kebaikan GUI: -pengguna tidak perlu menaip setiap baris perintah seperti CLI -pengguna tidak perlu hafal dan memasukkan arahan rumit seperti CLI -pengguna hanya perlu membuat pilihan dari paparan pada skrin (dgn menggunakan peranti penuding) -pengguna menggunakan Eg. Tetikus untuk manipulasi ikon, kotak dialog dan menu Penerangan tambahan:The importance of the focus on human-computer interaction has been recognized by industry, academia, and governments. User Interfaces are considered as one of the six core fields of Computer Science and are regarded as the most critical area for organizational impact.The communication of an O/S with the outside world is made with two interfaces, CLI and GUI. An intermediate step in user interfaces between the command line interface and the GUI was the non-graphical menu-based interface, which let you interact by using a mouse rather than by having to type in keyboard commands. In a few words GUI is a system that uses pictures rather than words to represent the input and output of a program, case in point, the background picture of this page is brought to you by a GUI. GUI (pronounced GOO-ee) stands for a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer.

Advantages and disadvantages of CLI

The term CLI came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to remember and computer responses that were notoriously brief. The command interface of the UNIX O/S, is an example of the typical user-computer interface before GUIs arrived.

Advantages of CLI* Historically the only available.* Execute commands faster. That's not the point of GUIs.* Powerful (scripts, macros easily supported)* Predictable command structure. Commands have obvious names! (MoVe, CoPy, LiSt, ReMove)* Low computational cost.* Remote access is easy.* Support and error handling.* Provide help facilities to list commands.* Maximizes what we know about human strengths.

Disadvantages of CLI* Non-interactive use* Simple user is left staring helplessly at a blank screen, wondering how to begin.* Needs Expert users.* Need to memorised commands. Not sure about the exact syntax.* Can't comfortably support many options

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* Time-consuming to page through* Cannot access Internet.

Advantages and disadvantages of GUI

The GUI familiar to most of us today in either the Mac or the Windows (x-windows) operating systems and their applications originated at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Laboratory in the late 1970s. Apple used it in their first Macintosh computers. Later, Microsoft used many of the same ideas in their first version of the Windows operating system for IBM-compatible PCs. Elements of a GUI include such things as: windows, pull-down menus, buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, wizards, the mouse, and no doubt many things that haven't been invented yet. With the increasing use of multimedia as part of the GUI, sound, voice, motion video, and virtual reality interfaces seem likely to become part of the GUI for many applications. A system's graphical user interface along with its input devices is sometimes referred to as its "look-and-feel."

Advantages of GUI

* Simple and easy to use. Clicking on an icon is so much easier. Word and Excel became widely accepted because they were simple to use for the novice while able to create documents that even publishers and graphic artists would be proud of.* They are all flashy, nice to look at.* Easy to learn. An intelligent interface is easy to learn and use. It allows users to do their work or perform a task in the way that makes the most sense to them, rather than having to adjust to the software.* Very intuitive to use* Productive.* Satisfying* Maximises User performance and human's efficiency because it looks familiar and feel comfortable to anyone* GUI makes the computer disappear from the user's view.* The success of a GUI for an entire operating systems is standardization.* Less requirement to remember things* Less chance of making mistakes* Accessible to non-computer experts* Walking menus help locate actions* A number of programs running in different windows* Natural metaphor for switching control* Cut and Paste between applications* Can set favoured fonts, colours, etc

Disadvantages of GUI

* Slower for experts to use* Requires mammoth processing power, memory and disk space* Macros/scripts less obviously accessible* Conflicts of control (Focus assignment)

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2. Cara membuka fail dgn GUI: -pilih ikon fail tersebut dan klik dengan tetikus (bincangkan dengan pelajar-pelajar anda)

Latihan 8.2 ms 162

2 kaedah multitugasan:-i) multitugasan kerjasamaii) multitugasan bantutan(rujuk 8.5.1: Multitugasan)

Latihan 8.3 ms 171

1. Lima fungsi sistem pengendalian: i) menyediakan antaramuka kepada pengguna untuk menggunakan komputer ii) menguruskan perkakasan seperti komponen-komponen input

iii) menguruskan sistem fail cakera kerasiv) menguruskan proses atau perjalanan perisian yang lainv) menjejak semua fail dalam storan cakera

2. Kelemahan-kelemahan DOS:

- sistem pengendalian 16-bit - Ingatan Maksimum 1MB

- Tiada ciri multitugasan, multipengguna dan ingatan maya (rujuk 8.7.1 DOS)

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3.Tiga sistem pengendalian komputer yang lazim:

i) Windows (rujuk 8.7.2)

- sistem pengendalian yang paling popular dgn 90 peratus pasaran

- direkabentuk untuk dijalankan di mikrokomputer Intel dan berserasian Intel

seperti Pentium IV

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- wujud dalam pelbagai versi: Windows 95, 98, ME dan Windows XP.

ii) Mac OS (rujuk 8.7.4)- Mac OS direka bentuk di komputer Macintosh.

- Walaupun kongsian pasarannya adalah kurang daripada Windows, sistem pengendaliannya sangat berkuasa dan mudah digunakan.

- Ia boleh didapati dalam pelbagai versi

- Mac OS 8.5 mengandungi Sherlock, satu ciri gelintar yang berinovatif untuk mendapatkan lokasi maklumat dalam Web atau dalam cakera keras anda.

iii) Unix- Pada mulanya direkabentuk untuk dijalankan pada minicomputer dalam

persekitaran rangkaian.

- Sekarang ia juga digunakan di mikrokomputer dan pelayan dalam Web.

- Terdapat banyak versi Unix yang berlainan. Satu daripadanya yang banyak mendapat perhatian ialah Linux

Penerangan tambahan

The OS selection process should give consideration to what types of tasks will be performed. In multitasking systems

OS Type: Capabilities: Examples: Special Features:

Single-tasking Systems

Capable of doing only one task at a time.

MS-DOS

Multitasking Systems

May run several tasks simultaneously.

Windows NT, UNIX, LINUX, OS/2, NetWare 4

Two types: Cooperative - each program can control the CPU as long as it needs.

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Preemptive - the OS parcels out CPU time slices to each program.

Single-user Systems

Intended for use on only one machine.

Windows, Windows 95, Windows XP, Windows NT, OS/2

Multiuser Systems

Two users can run the same program concurrently.

Windows NT, UNIX, LINUX, OS/2, NetWare 4

Microsoft's Windows NT - a preemptive, multitasking OSWindows NT comes in two versions, Windows NT Server, designed to act as a server in networks and Windows NT Workstations, for stand-alone or client workstations. OS/2 - a preemptive, multitasking OSOS/2 was created by IBM and Microsoft during the early 1980's and became very popular for a while. Microsoft pulled out of the venture and pursued Windows operating system creation. Currently, OS/2 is more often used for organizational telephone systems, clients on IBM mainframes, and heating and ventilation systems. IBM is still selling and supporting this OS.

UNIX - a preemptive, multitasking OS

UNIX began its life as a joke. AT&T Bell Laboratories started working on a multi-user operating system, called Multics in the late 1960s. Because of its slow and unwielding characteristics, a different group of programmers at AT&T Bell Labs created a small, fast multi-user OS. And as a contrast to Multics (many), they named it UNIX (one).

Part of the reason that UNIX caught on was that it was small and cheap. It allowed those with smaller budgets to get mainframe power without spending a great deal. UNIX was saved from a sure death when it was rewritten in C programming language during the mid-1970s. C is a portable language. Therefore, UNIX could be installed on nearly any platform by recompiling the program. Because of various reasons, Bell Labs allowed Berkley University to use its base UNIX. Therefore, there are two main varients, AT&T System V and Berkley University's BSD4.x (where x is a version number between 1 and 3). As of this writing, UNIX comes in many 'flavors'. SUN Solaris, IBM AIX, and Santa Cruz Operation SCO are some of the most popular platform versions.

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Upon first examination, UNIX may appear to be more expensive than Windows NT. However, ensure that NT's client licensing fees have been included in the cost comparison; this could make the costs comparable. UNIX does have a reputation for being difficult to operate versus the ease of use for Windows NT. But, UNIX has a lot to offer in the way of speed, reliability and scalability in addition to its longevity of existence. UNIX is the operating system of choice for many institutions such as banks and utility companies which operate 'mission critical' systems.

LINUX - a preemptive, multitasking, OS

LINUX was written by a college student, Linus Torvalds, and has been added to and refined by collaboration among many programmers over the Internet. LINUX is causing a really big shake up in the OS vendor world. Microsoft is paying attention and so aren't UNIX vendors. Many articles are available via the Internet, most written since January 1999.

LINUX is considered an "open system" or "open source", because it is essentially "freeware" and can be downloaded from many different sites on the Internet. It can also be acquired from certain vendors, such as Red Hat, for a small fee that includes support options provided by these vendors. Certain experts contend that when organizations make the decision to use LINUX as their OS, they should be prepared to support it 'in-house'.

Comparing the Operating Systems

IBM/Microsoft OS/2, UNIX, Microsoft's Windows NT Server, and LINUX all have a variety of positives and minuses. But one of the most important factors to consider is the level of technical capability an organization has in-house.

Operating System Advantages Disadvantages

LINUX Open Source (Cheap) Speed and Scalability

Many respected vendors, both hardware and software, are supporting LINUX with their products

Not 'battle tested', relatively new in the OS world

Microsoft Windows NT Very easy to use and maintain Security issues for compromise

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Server

Clients that can be supported 'out of the box': MS-DOS, Windows for Workgroups 3.x, Windows 95, Windows NT Workstation, Macintosh clients

of organizational data

OS/2 User-friendly developed by IBM and Microsoft in the early 1980's.

Compatible with Windows and DOS. Programs developed for either can be run on OS/2.

Not widely used for network operating systems.

Limited applications availability.

UNIX Speed Reliability (existence for 30 years) Very secure, OS of choice for

organizations with 'mission-critical' applications

Many, many software vendors support with UNIX versions

Customizable to suit organizations needs

Complex to use, not easy for 'average Joe' to maintain Market fragmentation, many 'flavors' of UNIX

Latihan 9.1 ms 176

-sila abaikan soalan ini

Latihan 9.2 ms 180

1.Sila rujuk 9.3 Generasi Bahasa Pengaturcaraan dan Contohnya.

2. Dua faedah:-

-memahami kelemahan bahasa pengaturcaraan

-menghasilkan penyelesaian yang lebih efisien

Latihan 9.3 ms 186

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Pengaturcaraan berorientasikan objek

-ialah proses di mana atur cara disusun mengikut objek. Setiap objek mengandungi data dan operasi pemprosesan yang berkaitan untuk melaksanakan tugas.

-pengaturcaraan berorientasikan objek menggunakan modul dipanggil objek. Objek ialah komponen yang boleh diguna semula dan lengkap. Aturcara yang dibina dengan objek ini menganggap fungsi tertentu sama.

(rujuk ms 9.4.3 Bahasa Berorientasikan Objek)

Latihan 9.4 ms 200

1. Lima generasi bahasa pengaturcaraan: rujuk 9.3 Generasi Bahasa Pengaturcaraan dan

contohnya.

2. Bahasa imperatif:

-Bahasa imperatif atau bahasa prosedur merupakan bahasa di mana setiap arahan untuk menyelesaikan masalah perlu dinyatakan dengan jelas.

-Idea asas bahasa ini adalah pengguna perlu menyatakan setiap langkah yang diperlukan dalam menyelesaikan masalah. (rujuk 9.4.2: Bahasa Imperatif)

Bahasa Berorientasikan Objek:

-memfokus kepada objek dalam sesuatu sistem bukan kepada fungsi yang berlaku dalam sistem.

-struktur bahasa ini membuatkan sesuatu program lebih mudah untuk direkabentuk dan difahami. (rujuk 9.4.3 : Bahasa Berorientasikan Objek)

3. Pengkompil: Menukar atucara yang ditulis dalam bahasa pengaturcaraan disebut sebagai kod punca ke bentuk bahasa mesin , dipanggil kod objek. Kod objek ini kemudian boleh disimpan dan dijalankan kemudiannya. Contoh bahasa pengaturcaraan yang menggunakan pengkompil ialah versi standard Pascal, COBOL dan FORTRAN

Penterjemah: Berfungsi untuk menterjemah dan melaksanakan aturcara baris demi baris. Tiada kod objek yang disimpan. Aturcara dalam penterjemah adalah bersifat mudah alih, iaitu ia boleh dilarikan pada mana-mana sistem pengendalian. Contoh: versi standard BASIC

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Latihan 10.1 ms 206

Perisian asas: Bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran pengguna dengan membantu pengguna melakukan tugas-tugas lazim. Ia disebut juga pakej pengeluaran(aturcara aplikasi tujuan am) Contoh: perisian pemprosesan kata

Perisian termaju: Perisian untuk tujuan khas dan memerlukan kebolehan dan kepakaran yang lebih untuk digunakan. Terbahagi kepada: aturcara aplikasi perniagaan, aturcara aplikasi sains, aturcara aplikasi lain.

Latihan 10.2 ms 210

1. Konsep WYSIWYG: apa yang dilihat pada skrin adalah bagaimana sesuatu

dokumen akan dihasilkan oleh pencetak – fon, grafik dan sebagainya.

2. Ciri tambahan pemproses kata:

-penyemak ejaan

-penyemak nahu

-thesaurus

(Boleh bincang denga pelajar-pelajar anda)

Latihan 10.3 ms 213

Kegunaan hamparan elektronik dalam perniagaan:

Aturcara Hamparan elektronik menyusun, manipulasi dan menggraf maklumat numeric.

Kekuatan hamparan ialah ia boleh melakukan pengiraan secara automatik dengan cepat dan tepat.

Kegunaan dlm perniagaan: melakukan analisis what-if, analisis kepekaan, keperluan perbelanjaan, ramalan keuntungan dll

Latihan 10.4 ms 226

1 Kebaikan:

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i) Perkongsian: Dalam organisasi maklumat daripada satu jabatan boleh dikongsi dengan yang lain. Jabatan pengebilan boleh membenarkan jabatan pemasaran mengetahui pelanggan yang memesan barangan dalam kuantiti yang besar

ii) Keselamatan: Pengguna diberi kata laluan atau capaian hanya kepada jenis maklumat yang mereka kehendaki. Oleh itu, jabatan pembayaran gaji boleh mencapai kadar gaji pekerja, tetapi jabatan lain tidak mendapat capaian tersebut.

iii) Lewahan data: Dengan beberapa jabatan mencapai satu fail, bilangan fail adalh sedikit. Kegunaan storan yang berlebihan dapat dikurangkan. Mikrokomputer yang disambungkan oleh rangkaian kepada pelayan fail, contohnya boleh menggantikan cakera keras yang berada dalam beberapa mikrokomputer individu.

iv) Integriti Data: Sistem fail yang lama tidak mempunyai ‘integriti’. Iaitu, perubahan yang dibuat dalam fail di satu jabatan mungkin tidak dilakukan pada jabatan lain. Sebagaimana yang anda jangkakan, ia boleh menyelesaikan masalah serius dan percanggahan apabila data digunakan untuk keputusan yang penting yang melibatkan beberapa jabatan.

2. Pengurusan pangkalan data: Untuk membina , mengubah dan memperolehi capaian terhadap pangkalan data, perisian khas diperlukan. Perisian ini dikenali sebagai sistem pengurusan pangkalan data atau DBMS. (rujuk 10.5 Pangkalan Data)

Latihan 10.5 ms 234

1. Perisian set: Gabungan perisian-perisian yang dijual secara kelompok dengan harga yang murah jika dibandingkan dengan membeli setiap perisian secara berasingan. Cth: Microsoft Office.

Perisian Bersepadu: Merupakan aturcara semua aplikasi dalam satu. Objektifnya ialah untuk pengguna melaksanakan pelbagai tugas tanpa perlu berpindah dari satu perisian ke perisian lain. Cth; Microsoft Works

2. Tujuan persembahan grafik:

Perisian persembahan grafik membantu anda membina persembahan yang professional dan menarik. Persembahan grafik digunakan untuk menggabungkan pelbagai objek visual untuk melahirkan persembahan yang menarik dan menyeronokkan .

Cth: Corel Presentations.

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3. 3 pakej perisian hamparan:

- Excel

- Lotus 1-2-3

- Quattro Pro

4. Tahap-tahap dalam pangkalan data dan huraian:

(rujuk rajah 10.8 dan 10.5 Pangkalan Data)

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