1

Urban Transportation

Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Riza Atiq

Nilai-Bangi-Kajang-Putrajaya-Bandar seri

putra Public Transport Proposal

Prepared by:

1- Marwan Samir Mahmmoud P60167

2- Ibrahim Hakeem Mohammed P60120

3- Mustafa talib yousif P60915

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Chapter 1

Introduction:

The ability to access jobs, education, and public services is a fundamental part of human

development. An efficient and cost effective public transport system essentially connects

people to daily life. For many cites, though, effective public transport has been forgone,

leaving mobility needs exclusively in the hands of private vehicles and uncoordinated

paratransit operators. These cities have been largely unprepared for the consequences,

including severe traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, accidents, and the loss a sense

of community. A high-quality public transport system remains an indispensable element

in creating a city where people and community comes first.

The purpose of this research was to contribute to improvements in the planning and

design of public transport services in these five cities:

1- Kajang

2- Bangi

3- Putrajaya

4- Bandar seri putra

5- Nilai 3

Therefore it’s required to study public transport demand and requirement in 2020 for

these cities, which will be done by:

1- Urban transport study of these cities.

2- Studying of the current public transport.

3- Solutions for the problems of the urban transport.

4- Financial analysis.

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Chapter 2

Study Area:

In order to study public transport demand and requirement in 2020 for these cities, each

area will be defined briefly:

(Figure 1) location of the study areas

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Kajang:

Kajang, is a town in the eastern part of Selangor, Malaysia. Kajang is the district capital

of Hulu Langat. It is located 21 kilometers (13 mi) from of Malaysia's capital, Kuala

Lumpur.

The current locational gravity of growth in Kajang would be Sungai Chua. The total

population of Kajang has grown rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population

growth of 9% per annum. The soon-to-realize Klang Valley MRT station in Bandar

Kajang will boost the property value in Sungai Chua.

As of 2004, a few townships have been developed in Kajang, such as Taman Prima

Saujana (straight from Jalan Cheras), Sungai Chua, Taman Kajang Perdana (Kajang

Highlands). Lately, many high-end developments has mushroomed in Kajang such as

Twin Palms, Sri Banyan, Country Heights, Jade Hills and Prima Paramount.

Areas surrounding these new townships are easily accessible via the SILK Expressway.

Kajang is governed by the Majlis Perbandaran Kajang.

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Bangi:

Bangi is a small town situated on the south of the district of Hulu Langat, in Selangor,

Malaysia. It is roughly situated between the towns of Kajang (9 kilometres away) and

Putrajaya (formerly Prang Besar) (also 9 kilometres away), and is linked to KTM

Komuter commuter train services via the Bangi Komuter station. The town is surrounded

by palm oil estates; a Malaysian Palm Oil Board/UKM research station is also based

close to the town.

Bangi is not to be confused with Bandar Baru Bangi, a newer and larger township several

kilometres north, similar to the town only by name and located closer to Kajang.

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Putrajaya:

Putrajaya is a planned city, located 25km south of Kuala Lumpur that serves as the

federal administrative centre of Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999

from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala

Lumpur areas. It has a total area of 49 km2.

Named after the first Malaysian Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the city is

situated within the Multimedia Super Corridor, beside the also newly developed

Cyberjaya. The development of Putrajaya started in early 1990s, and today major

landmarks are completed and the population is expected to grow bigger.

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Panorama of Putrajaya from Cyberjaya Lake Gardens

Planned as a garden and intelligent city, 38% of the area is reserved for green spaces by

emphasizing the enhancement of natural landscape. A network of open spaces and wide

boulevards were incorporated to the plan. Construction began in August 1995 and it was

Malaysia's biggest project and one of Southeast Asia's largest with estimated final cost of

US$ 8.1 billion. The entire project was designed and constructed by Malaysian

companies with only 10% of the materials imported.

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Bandar Seri Putra:

Bandar Seri Putra (formerly Bandar Putra Mahkota) is known to many as the Seri Putra

is a new township in Hulu Langat district, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Accessible

via a dedicated Putra Mahkota Interchange EXIT 213 off the North-South Expressway

Southern Route.

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Nilai 3:

Nilai 3 wholesale centre is undoubtedly a one-stop destination of wholesale, tourist and

shopping paradise that offers a wide variety of goods and items at very attractive and

competitive prices. Especially its located in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia where very rare

having this kind of concept.

In judging from its sheer size — 165ha — it is currently still holds the record as the

country’s largest wholesale centre even though there are some areas try to establish same

concept. It is not easy to emerge as such and success like Nilai-3, Malaysia. Apparently,

hard work from the management and state government linkage is crucial. They have done

a great job on this.

It still has some free lands to be developed in future. Few years ago, the developer

completed some rows of shop named Istanabul near the first entrance junction. Roughly

about 40 newly built shops there. This is additional good news for tourist. After

completed these shops, size of the unoccupied land is reduced by some portion. We do

believe in the near future there will be some more shops to be build by developer. This is

to cope with the people coming to this place especially weekends and public holidays.

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Chapter 3

Transportation Facilities:

Public transport is a shared passenger transportation service which is

available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes such as taxicab, car

pooling or hired buses which are not shared by strangers without private arrangement.

Public transport modes include buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains, rapid transit (metro,

subways undergrounds etc) and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by

airlines, coaches, and intercity rail. High-speed rail networks are being developed in

many parts of the world.

Most public transport runs to a scheduled timetable with the most frequent services

running to headway. Share taxi offers on-demand services in many parts of the world and

some services will wait until the vehicle is full before it starts. Paratransit is sometimes

used in areas of low-demand and for people who need a door-to-door service.

Public transport services are usually funded by government subsidies and fares charged to

each passenger. Services are normally regulated and possibly subsidized from local or

national tax revenue.

Using public transport can be a very convenient way to travel. With increasing road

congestion traveling by bus or rail can often be quicker and more relaxing than traveling

by car. In addition, technological improvements such as real time information at bus

stops, and in other countries the use of social media and Smartphone apps have helped to

make travelling by bus and rail more convenient.

The public transportation system in Malaysia comprises of bus, railway and taxi

services. The Klang Valley has an integrated public transportation system incorporating

the Light Rail Transit (LRT), monorail, railway and bus services is being

developed. Taxis and limousine services are also available at reasonable rates, and these

facilities will be explained briefly:

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1- Bus:

A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as

300 passengers. The most common type of bus is the single-decker rigid bus, with larger

loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by

midibuses and minibuses; coaches are used for longer distance services. Bus

manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same design appearing around the

world.

Buses may be used for scheduled bus transport, scheduled coach transport, school

transport, private hire, tourism; promotional buses may be used for political campaigns

and others are privately operated for a wide range of purposes.

Buses are the cheapest way to get around Malaysia and the best place to catch the bus and

guarantee a seat is at the town’s bus terminal. There are luxury buses available for long-

distance travel and these can be booked a couple of days in advance. The air-conditioned

buses can be rather chilly, so take a blanket with you. Although they tend to be rather

slow, local buses are regular and reliable.

The bus types available in Malaysia are:

a) Mini bus:

The Kuala Lumpur Mini-Bus Service or Bas Mini was one of the oldest and popular

Malaysian public bus service, having served in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley

region. The buses were primarily painted pink with a white stripe on the sides, and had a

capacity of 20-30 passengers, due to its smaller size. The bus operated on a commission

basis, with service operators being paid according to the fare they collected.

The mini bus started operating on 23 September 1975 under the Ministry of

Transportation. At that time, the mini bus operated on various routes according to their

individual colours (blue- white, yellow-white, red-white, purple-white and dark green-

white). The mini bus was responsible for servicing nearly sixty different routes. Three

major companies (Syarikat Kerjasama Pengaman (M) Bhd, Bas Mini Wilayah and

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Konsortium Pengusaha Bas Mini Sdn Bhd) monopolized the various bus routes while

smaller operators were allowed to service certain areas only.

In 1975, when the mini bus was introduced as a service, the bus-fare was just 40 sen.

Later in 1991, the fare was increased to 50 sen while two years after, the fare was again

adjusted to 60 sen. The mini bus did not have any fixed time-table. Instead, the service

operated on a commission basis whereby the operators were paid according to the

number of trips and fare collection they could raise in one day. Sometimes, in order to

outdo a competitor, a driver would detour from the designated route much to the

annoyance of the passengers.

In 1990, the then Deputy Minister of Transport, Datuk Paduka Rahmah Osman,

standardized the colour of the mini bus to “Pink” and white. On the 1st July 1998, the

services of the mini bus was terminated in the city of Kuala Lumpur . Once a notorious

mode of transport for the many commuters in Kuala Lumpur, the “Pink Lady” will

always be remembered for its death-defying activities on public roads.

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b) Rapid KL buses:

RapidKL bus is the largest bus operator in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. As of 2011, it

operates 167 routes with 1400 buses covering 980 residential areas with a ridership of

about 400,000 per day.

RapidKL bus routes were previously operated by Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, a

subsidiary of DRB-Hicom Bhd; and Cityliner Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Park May Bhd.

When it took over, there were 179 routes. Since January 2006, RapidKL has redrawn the

entire network.

RapidKL divide into six areas:

1- Kuala Lumpur City Centre (Central Business District)

2- Kepong, Segambut, Selayang, Batu Caves, Gombak, Jalan Ipoh & Sentul

3- Setapak, Wangsa Maju, Ulu Klang, Setiawangsa, Keramat, Ampang & Pandan

4- Cheras, Kajang, Ulu Langat, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, Semenyih, Sungai Besi, Seri

Kembangan, Serdang & Balakong

5- Klang, Shah Alam Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Jalan Klang Lama &

Puchong

6- Shah Alam Utara, Subang, Damansara, Petaling Jaya Utara, Bangsar & Kota

Damansara

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c) Metrobus:

Metrobus Nationwide is a privately owned public transport company in the Klang Valley

that was formed in 1992. It is based in Subang Jaya. It is the second largest stage bus

(regular or trunk bus route) and feeder bus operator in Kuala Lumpur after Rapid KL.

Metrobus Natiowide owns a huge fleet of Nissan Diesel, Hino and Mercedez Benz buses

to serve all its routes.

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2- Train

Malaysia’s railway network is fast and efficient, consisting of three types of

service: express, limited express and local trains. Express trains are reserved for

1st and 2nd class passengers, limited express trains usually just 2nd and 3rd

coaches, while local trains are usually limited to 3rd class. There are overnight

sleeper births available on Express and limited express trains. Tourist rail passes

are a good way to save money if you planning on travelling by train a lot and last

for five days, ten days and fifteen days.

The types of train in Malaysia are:

1- KTM KOMUTER:

KTM Komuter is a commuter train service in Malaysia operated by Keretapi

Tanah Melayu (KTMB). It was introduced in 1995 to provide local rail

services in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley suburban areas.

It is popular with commuters into the city, who thus avoid being caught in

road traffic congestion. The trains used are air-conditioned electric multiple

units. 'Park & Ride' facilities are provided at stations at a nominal charge.

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KTM Komuter is currently the most profitable passenger service offered by

KTMB, contributing RM84.63 million to group revenue in 2006, higher than

KTM Intercity's profit of 70.94 million in the same year. According to the

Ministry of Transport Malaysia 2008 Statistics, the ridership for the KTM

Komuter is approximately 36.557 million passengers per annum.

2- Klang Valley Mass Rail Transit:

The Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit is a proposed 3-line 150 km Mass Rapid Transit

(MRT) system in the Klang Valley/Greater KL conurbation which envisages a “Wheel

and Spoke” concept comprising two northeast-southwest radial lines and one circle line

looping around Kuala Lumpur city. Klang Valley MRT will not only significantly

increase the current inadequate rail network but will also serve to integrate the existing

rail networks and expectantly alleviate the severe traffic congestion in the Greater KL

metropolitan area. The proposal was announced in June 2010 and was approved by the

government of Malaysia in December 2010. Construction of the first line is targeted to

commence in July 2011. The project also represents one of the economic entry point

project identified for the Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley National Key Economic

Area under the Economic Transformation Programme.

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In June 2010, the Prime Minister Najib Razak announced during the tabling of the 10

Malaysia Plan that the government was studying the MRT proposal for Greater Kuala

Lumpur. The original proposal was dubbed the “Klang Valley Integrated Transportation

System”, but it is more commonly referred to as the “Greater Kuala Lumpur MRT” or

“Klang Valley MRT” by the press and analysts. While the concept plan itself was

conceived by a joint venture between Gamuda Berhad and MMC Corporation Berhad,

contract awards for the design and construction packages is expected to tendered out by

the government via the Swiss challenge method, if approved. The Gamuda-MMC JV

indicated its intention to be the project lead and undertake tunneling works. The newly-

launched Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD) will oversee and coordinate the

entire MRT development in terms of cost and viability, alignment and integration, and

will play the role of regulator once the project is completed. National infrastructure

company, Syarikat Prasarana Negara would ultimately own and operate the MRT.

In December 2010, the government approved the implementation of the MRT project,

and appointed Gamuda-MMC JV as Project Delivery Partner. Apart from tunneling

works, the Gamuda-MMC JV will not be allowed to bid for the other eight parcels of the

project.

The usual properties of any MRT are:

Speed Up to 100 km/hr

No. of couches 4-8 couches per train (couches 22m x 3.1m)

Capacity Up to 80000 passenger / hr / direction

Acceleration /

deceleration

1.2 m/s2

Rail 1435mm gauge

Headway ≥ 120 s

Suitable Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot

ratio area.

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Power supply 750 V dc

Sub-station 3 – 5 km spacing

3- RapidKL Light Rail Transit (LRT):

Light rail or light rail transit (LRT) is a form of urban rail public transportation that

generally has a lower capacity and lower speed than heavy rail and metro systems, but

higher capacity and higher speed than traditional street-running tram systems. The term is

typically used to refer to rail systems with rapid transit-style features that usually use

electric rail cars operating mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but

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sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. If this is the case, then

under the law of many countries such systems are legally tramways, although the vehicles

which run on them are sometimes designated "supertrams". Modern light rail technology

is flexible and adaptable, and whether any given system is considered a true rapid transit

system or not depends on its characteristics.

The properties of any LRT are:

Speed Up to 40 km/hr

No. of couches 2 - 6 couches per train

Capacity Up to 40000 passenger / hr / direction

Acceleration / deceleration 1.2 m/s2

Rail 1000 or 1435mm gauge

Headway ≥ 120 s

Suitable Suitable for high density and high plot ratio area.

Power supply 750 V dc

Sub-station 3 – 5 km spacing

Rapid KL LRT (rapid transit in central Kuala Lumpur) is serving a large part of the

Klang Valley conurbation in Malaysia. It is owned by Syarikat Prasarana Negara and

operated by RapidKL, a major public transport company in the conurbation. The rail

network consists of the Ampang Line and the Kelana Jaya Line, which were opened in

1995 and 1998 respectively. Along with the KTM Komuter and Kuala Lumpur Monorail

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networks, this system constitutes the core of public transport in Kuala Lumpur with an

average daily ridership of 326,000 in 2008, about 83% of the bus network's 392,000

operated by the same company during that period. The Ampang and Kelana Jaya lines

were constructed and initially operated by different owners; Sistem Transit Aliran Ringan

Sdn. Bhd. for the Ampang Line and Projek Usahasama Transit Ringan Automatik for the

Kelana Jaya Line. In 2004, operational aspects of the two LRT lines were transferred to

RapidKL under the second phase of the restructuring process of Kuala Lumpur's public

transportation network.

The network has 59 stations with 56 kilometres of lines that operate on standard gauge.

Sri Rampai LRT station was not in operation since the beginning of revenue service on

the line until December 2010. Under the line extension and MRT project, 54 new stations

and 83 km of new track will be constructed with an expected completion date at 2016.

These stations are scattered throughout Kuala Lumpur, with several stops close to or

within the peripheral regions of Selangor. Train services operate from 6.00 a.m and

typically end before midnight daily with frequencies varying from approximately three

minutes during peak hours to twenty-three minutes during non-peak hours.

4- KL Monorail:

A

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monorail is a rail-based transportation system based on a single rail, which acts as its sole

support and its guideway. The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the

system, or the vehicles traveling on such a beam or track. The term originates from

joining mono (one) and rail, from as early as 1897, possibly from German engineer

Eugen Langen who called an elevated railway system with wagons suspended the Eugen

Langen One-railed Suspension Tramway (Einschieniges Hängebahnsystem Eugen

Langen). The transportation system is often referred to as a railway.

Colloquially, the term "monorail" is often used erroneously to describe any form of

elevated rail or people mover. In fact, the term refers to the style of track, not its elevation.

The properties of any Monorail are:

Speed Up to 30 km/hr

No. of couches 2 - 4 couches per train

Capacity Up to 10000 passenger / hr / direction

Rail 10000 gauge

Headway ≥ 90 s

Suitable For intra-city travel

The KL Monorail (previously known as Peoplemover Rapid Transit - PRT) in Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia opened on 31 August 2003, and serves 11 stations running 8.6 km

(5 mi) with two parallel elevated tracks. It connects the Kuala Lumpur Sentral transport

hub with the "Golden Triangle". It was completed at a cost of MYR 1.18 billion by the

KL Infrastructure Group (KL Infra).

KL Infra declared bankruptcy on 15 May 2007 after repeatedly missing loan repayments.

On 29 November 2007, Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad (SPNB) signed a sale-and-

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purchase agreement with KL Monorail Systems Sdn Bhd (KLMS). The current operator

for the KL Monorail system is RapidKL Rail, a wholly owned subsidiary of SPNB.

According to Ministry of Transport statistics, the annual ridership for the Monorail Line

in 2008 was 21,765,233.

On 1 March 2012, KL Monorail was integrated with the Ampang Line light rail transit

when the "paid-up" or restricted areas of the Hang Tuah monorail and LRT stations, and

also at the Titiwangsa monorail and LRT stations, were physically linked up, allowing

transfers without the need to buy new tickets for the first time since the system became

operational.

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Chapter 4

The methodology adopted is shown in the Figure below:

The transportation planning process relies on travel demand forecasting, which involves

predicting the impacts that various policies and programs will have on travel in the urban

area. The forecasting process also provides detailed information, such as traffic volumes,

bus patronage, and turning movements, to be used by engineers and planners in their

designs. A travel demand forecast might include the number of cars on a future freeway

or the number of passengers on a new express bus service. It might also predict the

amount of reduction in auto use that would occur in response to a new policy imposing

taxes on central-area parking.

Estimation of total production and attraction from one zone to on other zones in this

study area will be based on land use and sosio-economic.

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Estimated Production and Attraction

Demand in 2020

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Balancing the Production and Attraction

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O-D Trip matrix

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Modal Split:

Modal split models aim to determine the number of trips on different modes given the

travel demand between different pairs of nodes (zones). These models try to

mathematically describe the mode choice phase of the sequential demand analysis

procedure. Generally, choice models are used for modal split analysis. That is, it is

assumed that the probability of choosing a particular mode is the probability that the

perceived utility from that mode is greater than the perceived utility from each of the

other available modes.

The factors which affect the choice of a mode (and hence the perceived utility from a

mode) are:

Socio-economic factors like income, automobile ownership, age, and so on.

Service-related factors like in-vehicle travel time, access to public transport (or

transit systems), frequency of transit system operation, out-of-pocket cost, and the

like.

The current modal split can be determined by observing equivalent land use in the area

based data collection by City Hall of Kuala Lumpur average modal split in Klang Valley.

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Item Land Use Bus user %

car/van/jeep user %

m/cycle user %

1. Government Office 27.6% 57.4% 15.0%

2. Non-Government Office

48.0% 45.6% 6.4%

3. Bank 49.9% 45.0% 5.1%

4. Hotel 35.9% 60.1% 4.0%

5. Shopping Centre 54.3% 40.7% 5.0%

6. Bungalow House 12.1% 84.0% 3.9%

7. Semi-Detached House 16.2% 79.4% 4.4%

8. Link House 42.1% 48.5% 9.4%

9. Condominium 13.7% 85.1% 1.2%

10. Apartment 39.9% 45.0% 15.1%

11. Flat 49.5% 28.3% 21.7%

Although these cities (Kajang, Bangi, Bandar seri putra, putrajaya, Nilai 3) have different

means of public transport like buses, trains and taxis but there are some problems and

in the quality of services which will discussed

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Existing Situations:

1) Traffic management: The smart traffic controlling system is able to effectively

reduce traffic congestion. The smart traffic light uses a camera as a sensor that

really”sees” the real traffic situation. Video images are captured by the cameras

placed on high positions and the images are processed in order to gauge the

number of incoming vehicles, the length of the queue as well as to detect

accidents.

This means that the smart traffic system responds almost immediately every time

a slight change occurs in the traffic patterns. It is done by using the total-disperse

system and all the traffic lights at every intersection are all smart traffic lights.

Thus, a fast response is achieved according to the traffic situation at a particular

intersection.

During peak periods, it distributes the green time according to the ratio length of

the respective queue. It also priorities traffic flows accordingly. Test on site shows

that the system is able to respond correctly within 120 seconds. Physically, the

system consists of four basic components, namely the Smart Camera sensor for

collecting traffic data, the Intelligent Controller for controlling traffic flows at an

individual intersection, the Intelligent Coordinator for coordinating the timing of

an individual controller with its neighbors and the Smart Traffic Advisor.

Communication is based on wireless Local Area Network that links all local

controllers.

This system has been employed at main intersections around Bangi and Kajang

for the past few years, but still, traffic flows cannot be eased if the traffic

demands still growing, because traffic management measures alone cannot

effectively increase road capacity levels.

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2) Public transport:

A. Rail Transport: Rail transport in Malaysia comprises heavy rail

(including high-speed rail), light rail transit (LRT), monorail and a

funicular railway line. Heavy rail is mostly used for intercity passenger

and freight transport as well as some urban public transport, while LRTs

are used for urban public transport and some special use such as

transporting passengers between airport buildings. There is one high-speed

railway line with two high-speed train services linking Kuala Lumpur with

the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The sole monorail line in the

country is also used for public transport in Kuala Lumpur while the only

funicular railway line is in Penang.

Rail transportation optimal usage had not been achieved for many reasons,

like unavailability of car/ motorcycle parking near the rail stations.

B. Bus: Many of companies operating in the area (Rapid KL) to support the

public transport by buses between each zone and connect them with

capital Kuala Lumpur. These companies do operating daily flights

contribute to these trips to provide transport for the citizens of the areas

mention most of these trips launched from the town of Kajang, but the

existing bus system and infrastructure is still lacking a lot, like

unavailability of key stations model.

C. Taxi: since not all people have private cars, so they need taxis to carry

them from place to other in a private way without crowding in buses, and

to save time if you see the time is more important than money, but the

problem is at peak periods and during bad weather, and because of the

variety of drivers nationalities and origins, mode taxicabs become

unreliable.

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3) Private transportation:

A. Private car: the high personal income lead to increasing the number of

private cars, which led to a traffic jam, especially in intersections at peak

hours at after noon time, and increasing the number of daily trips which also

cause a traffic jam especially in the center, and driving in speed resulted

traffic accidents in streets and intersections especially at the traffic peak in

crowds and the maximum capacity.

B. Motorcycle: motorcycles are used by the young and lower income groups,

and it is has economical usage of fuel around the city, but it is not safe for

those who don't have driving license, and that caused making road accidents.

4) Road Infrastructure: In today's world of globalization, the provision of

infrastructures, of which road network plays an important and integral role, is

essential to enhance the nation's competitiveness and maintain an edge over its

competitions. In Malaysia, the road network forms the bloodline of the country’s

economic activities carrying about 96% of transported goods and passengers.

Based on the Ministry of Transport’s statistics, the share of road transport of

passengers comprises 64.8% by private car and 30.0% by bus, as compared to

4.7% by rail transport and 0.5% by air transport. The road transport also moved

303 million tons of goods or an overwhelming 96.4% of total trips.

Development of the transportation infrastructure during the Seventh Plan period

focused on capacity expansion to ensure the availability of facilities to meet

demand. For the Eighth Plan period, emphasis was given to increasing the

capacity and accessibility in less developed areas while in urban areas, the focus

was to enhance efficiency and improve public transport services. In the Ninth

Malaysia Plan, PWD has so far been allocated RM9.6 billion for the construction

of new roads as well as upgrading of existing ones, but some roads have assumed

functions for which they were not originally designed such as residential roads

that have become trunk roads due to ill-considered road connections. These

anomalies have presented difficulties in the design and management of the overall

road network, and plot ratios for commercial spaces within the City Centre have

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progressively increased over the years and created increased pressure on the road

network.

Chapter 5

Solutions for the study area

1- Constructing a new LRT line.

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LRT SYSTEM

• Speed – up to 40 km/hr

• 2 – 6 couches per train

• Capacity – up to 40,000 passengers / hr / direction

• Acceleration / deceleration ≈ 1.2 m/s2

• Rail – 1000 or 1435mm gauge

• Headway ≥ 120 s

• Suitable for radial movement

• For high density and high plot ratio area.

• Feeder bus service is required

• Power supply: 750 V dc

• Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing

Cp = Theoretical passenger line capacity

n = vehicle per train

S = Maximum passenger per vehicle

h = headway in second

α = guideway utilisation factor (0.6)

τ = load factor (0.9)

h

nSCp

3600

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n h

1 25.93

2 51.86

3 77.79

4 103.72

5 129.65

6 155.58

7 181.51

9 207.44

10 259.3

Possible range:

(h) : 120 sec to 300 sec.

(n) Max. Couches: 5 (veh/train)

n=0.03856*h

h

n 280**75.0'*9.0*360026240

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2- Constructing a multi-storey parking near the LRT

stations.

A multi-storey car park or a parking garage is a building (or part

thereof) which is designed specifically to be for automobile parking

and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking

takes place, It is essentially a stacked parking lot, and limited to 5 till

6 stories with the total capacity up to 500 cars per lot and Apply

multiple access and exit system to avoid traffic congestion in and out.

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3- Provide Toll gate.

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Conclusion:

Sustainable transport means using transport with less impact to the

humans and the environment by using other transport such as bicycle, car

sharing and electric trains. Malaysia has achieved a progress in economics

especially in the last three decades of this century. The huge development in

Malaysia effect of the citizens to increase the private vehicles , motors and

other transportation .Therefore the amount of disposal materials and

emission the toxic gases increased due to this progress in the transportation.

However the grow ownership of the different type of transportation

contribute of increasing the air contamination and toxicity due to emission

poison gases such as carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide and lead.

However the grow ownership of the different type of transportation

contribute of increasing the air contamination and toxicity due to emission

poison gases such as carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide and lead.

Therefore, it is the responsibility of the government to provide public

transport that is safe and comfortable to help people. In addition, supply the

development of policies that help to reduce harmful emissions and find

alternatives that will ensure transport sustainability and its use by people.